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Rocco JM, York Z, Shen C, Shiboski C, Cyriaque-Webster J, McLaughlin J, Borowski L, Chen H, Aberg JA, Dittmer DP, Ghannoum M, Rinaldo CR, Macatangay B. Oral Cytokine Levels Are More Linked to Levels of Plasma and Oral HIV-1 RNA Than to CD4 + T-Cell Counts in People With HIV. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa047. [PMID: 32158775 PMCID: PMC7051037 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We determined the levels of 11 soluble immune mediators in oral washings of AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5254 participants with varying degrees of plasma viremia and CD4 T-cell counts to characterize the mucosal immune response at different stages of HIV-1 infection. Methods A5254 was a multicenter, cross-sectional study in people with HIV (PWH) recruited into 4 strata based on CD4 count and levels of plasma viremia: stratum (St) A: CD4 ≤200 cells/mm3, HIV-1 RNA (viral load [VL]) >1000 cps/mL; St B: CD4 ≤200, VL ≤1000; St C: CD4 >200, VL >1000; St D: CD4 >200, VL ≤1000. Oral/throat washings were obtained from all participants. Soluble markers were tested in oral/throat washings using a multibead fluorescent platform and were compared across strata. Linear regression was used to determine the associations between cytokines and HIV-1 in plasma and oral fluid. Results St A participants had higher levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and interferon gamma (IFNγ) compared with St B and D (P = .02; P < .0001) but were not different from St C. IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12 were elevated in St A compared with the other 3 strata (P = .046; P < .0001). Linear regression demonstrated that oral HIV-1 levels were associated with IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα production (R > .40; P < .001) when controlling for CD4 count and opportunistic infections. Conclusions Our results show that high levels of oral HIV-1, rather than low CD4 counts, were linked to the production of oral immune mediators. Participants with AIDS and uncontrolled viremia demonstrated higher levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory soluble immune mediators compared with participants with lower HIV-1 RNA. The interplay of HIV-1 and these immune mediators could be important in the oral health of PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary York
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Chengli Shen
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Caroline Shiboski
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Huichao Chen
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Judith A Aberg
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Yan Y, Ren Y, Chen R, Hu J, Ji Y, Yang J, Shen J, Hu L, Pei H, Wang J, Qiu Y, Lu H, Huang L. Evaluation of Epstein-Barr Virus Salivary Shedding in HIV/AIDS Patients and HAART Use: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Virol Sin 2018; 33:227-233. [PMID: 29654554 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Little data is available on the evaluation of the occurrence rates of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in saliva and relationship with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) use in HIV/AIDS patients in China. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of EBV serological tests for HIV/AIDS patients who were treated in the hospitals for infectious diseases in Wuxi and Shanghai, China from May 2016 to April 2017. The EBV-seropositive samples were identified by ELISA. EBV-specific primers and probes were used for the quantitative detection of viral DNA from saliva via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. CD4 cell counts of the HIV/AIDS patients were detected by a flow cytometry. A total of 372 HIV/AIDS patients were ultimately selected and categorized for this retrospective cohort study. For EBV IgG and IgM, the HIV/AIDS HAART use (H) and non-HAART use (NH) groups had significantly higher seropositive rates than the HIV-negative control group. The HIV/AIDS (NH) group had the highest seropositive rate (IgG, 94.27%; IgM, 68.98%) and the highest incidence of EBV reactivation or infection. For salivary EBV DNA-positive rates and quantities, the HIV/AIDS (H) (73.69%) and the HIV/AIDS (NH) (100%) groups showed significantly higher values than the HIV-negative control group (35.79%, > twofold). Further, the salivary EBV DNA-negative population had significantly higher CD4 cell counts than the EBV DNA-positive population in the HIV/AIDS (H) group and the HIV/AIDS (NH) groups. Thus, HAART use is beneficial in decreasing the EBV salivary shedding in HIV/AIDS patients and indirectly decreases EBV transmission risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214016, China.,Wuxi Institute of Hepatology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214016, China.,The International Joint Research Laboratory for Infection and Immunity (China-Germany), The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214016, China
| | - Yong Ren
- Wuxi Red Ribbon Care Center of China Red Cross, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214016, China
| | - Renfang Chen
- Wuxi Institute of Hepatology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214016, China.,Wuxi Red Ribbon Care Center of China Red Cross, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214016, China
| | - Jing Hu
- The International Joint Research Laboratory for Infection and Immunity (China-Germany), Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yongjia Ji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Junyang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jiayin Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Lvyin Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Hao Pei
- Wuxi Institute of Hepatology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214016, China.,The International Joint Research Laboratory for Infection and Immunity (China-Germany), The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214016, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214016, China.,The International Joint Research Laboratory for Infection and Immunity (China-Germany), The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214016, China
| | - Yuanwang Qiu
- Wuxi Institute of Hepatology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214016, China.,The International Joint Research Laboratory for Infection and Immunity (China-Germany), The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214016, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
| | - Lihua Huang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214016, China. .,Wuxi Institute of Hepatology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214016, China. .,The International Joint Research Laboratory for Infection and Immunity (China-Germany), The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214016, China.
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3
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Bagan L, Ocete-Monchon MD, Leopoldo-Rodado M, Murillo-Cortes J, Díaz-Fernández JM, Medina-Gonzalez R, Gimeno-Cardona C, Bagan JV. Prevalence of salivary Epstein-Barr virus in potentially malignant oral disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2016; 21:e157-60. [PMID: 26827058 PMCID: PMC4788793 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.20785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To analyze the presence of salivary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in oral squamous cell carcinoma and potentially malignant oral disorders. Material and Methods Three groups were studied: Group 1 (12 oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC)), Group 2 (12 potentially malignant oral disorders (PMD)) and Group 3 (47 healthy controls). EBV DNA salivary analysis was performed by PCR. Results The highest percentage of positive salivary EBV DNA corresponded to the OSCC group (58.3%), followed by the PMD group (41.7%) and the controls (40.4%). The differences between groups were not statistically significant, however (p>0.05). Conclusions Salivary EBV DNA was more prevalent in OSCC than in PMD or the controls. Key words:EBV DNA, saliva, oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral leukoplakia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Bagan
- Oral Medicine Department, C/ Gasco Oliag 1, 46010 Valencia, Spain,
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Scaggiante R, Andreis S, Basso M, Franchin E, Franzetti M, Del Vecchio C, Torti C, Mengoli C, Cruciani M, Sarmati L, Palù G, Parisi SG. Epstein-Barr and cytomegalovirus DNA salivary shedding correlate with long-term plasma HIV RNA detection in HIV-infected men who have sex with men. J Med Virol 2015; 88:1211-21. [PMID: 26636290 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA salivary shedding in HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) and to determine whether viro-immunological parameters and long-term (24 months) plasma HIV RNA (pHIV) detection may predict herpesviruses replication. A total of 193 HIV-positive MSM were consecutively recruited (mean CD4+ cell count 607 cells/mm(3) and mean nadir value 333 cells/mm(3) ); pHIV was analyzed for 24 months prior to saliva sampling: patients were categorized as successfully suppressed (SS) and not suppressed (NS). The EBV viral load was categorized as high viral load (HVL), intermediate (IVL), or low (LVL), CMV DNA as positive or negative. NS patients experienced both herpesviruses detectability more frequently respect to SS patients (P = 0.034); conversely, no salivary shedding was more frequent in SS patients (P = 0.014). HVL EBV was more frequent in NS patients than in SS subjects (P = 0.038 for isolated EBV detection and P = 0.001 when CMV shedding was associated). NS subjects with HVL EBV had a median pHIV of 43,820 copies/ml, significantly higher respect to IVL and LVL patients (P = 0.027 and P = 0.0005, respectively). CMV shedding was mostly associated to EBV shedding. NS patients showed a significantly higher frequency of saliva HVL EBV detection compared to SS patients; moreover, NS patients with HVL EBV had a higher pHIV respect to those with IVL and LVL shedding. Our results suggest that a successful pHIV suppression could reduce the burden of salivary EBV replication and likely the risk of herpesviruses-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samantha Andreis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Monica Basso
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Franchin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlo Torti
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carlo Mengoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Loredana Sarmati
- Clinical Infectious Diseases, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Santos L, Azevedo K, Silva L, Oliveira L. Epstein-Barr virus in oral mucosa from human immunodeficiency virus positive patients. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2014; 60:262-9. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.60.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: the detection rate of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is higher in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In an attempt to contribute to our epidemiological understanding of this coinfection and to investigate the activity of EBV in normal oral mucosa, we performed a cross-sectional study with HIV-positive patients. Methods: oral smears from 145 HIV-positive patients were collected between March 2010 and March 2011. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) were used to genotype EBV and to detect EBNA-2 expression, respectively. Results: EBV DNA was detected in 48.3% of the study participants, of whom 32.85% were EBV-1 and 45.71% were EBV-2 carriers. Additionally, 14.28% were coinfected with both types. EBNA-2 mRNA was expressed in 45.7% of the EBV -positive samples, including 20.0% with EBV-1 only, 20.0% with EBV-2 only and 1.4% with both genotypes. Immune status affected the overall EBV infection, and EBV-2 positivity was significantly correlated with sexual lifestyle of the participants. EBV co-infection with both viral types was dependent upon HIV viral load and the activity of the EBNA-2 gene. Conclusion: we report a high prevalence of active EBV in the oral mucosa of asymptomatic HIV-seropositive individuals. This study addresses the need for monitoring and treatment of HIV-infected patients with EBV reactivation.
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