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Park B, Biswas S, Park H. Electrical Characterization of the Tongue and the Soft Palate Using Lumped-Element Model for Intraoral Neuromodulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 68:3151-3160. [PMID: 33819145 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3070867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intraoral functions are results of complex and well-orchestrated sensorimotor loop operations, and therefore vulnerable to small functional or neural defects. To secure the vital intraoral functions, it is important to find a way to favorably intervene the intraoral sensorimotor loop operations. The tongue and the soft palate are heavily associated with intraoral sensorimotor loops, with their dense neural innervations and occupancy of intraoral space. Therefore, electrical stimulation onto the tongue and the soft palate has a great potential to solve the problems in the intraoral functions. However, the electrical interface for both of them have not been characterized yet as a lumped-element model, for designing electrical stimulation and analyzing its effect. In this study, we measured stimulation thresholds to evoke electrotactile feedback and characterized electrical impedance across electrodes using lumped-element models. We found that average perception/discomfort thresholds for the tongue tip, lateral-inferior side of the tongue, and anterolateral side of the soft palate as 0.18/1.31, 0.37/3.99, and 1.19/7.55 mA, respectively. An R-C-R-R-C model represented the electrical interface across the tongue and the soft palate with the highest accuracy. The average component values of the R-C-R-R-C model were found as 2.72kΩ, 45.25nF, 1.27kΩ, 22.09GΩ, and 53.00nF, on average.
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Li Y, Ma R, Wang X, Jin J, Wang H, Liu Z, Yin T. Tissue coefficient as a novel index in bioelectric impedance analysis researches and applications. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Emran S, Hurskainen M, Tomppo L, Lappalainen R, Kullaa AM, Myllymaa S. Bioimpedance spectroscopy and spectral camera techniques in detection of oral mucosal diseases: a narrative review of the state-of-the-art. J Med Eng Technol 2019; 43:474-491. [DOI: 10.1080/03091902.2019.1692940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shekh Emran
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miia Hurskainen
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Laura Tomppo
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Reijo Lappalainen
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arja M. Kullaa
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Educational Dental Clinic, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sami Myllymaa
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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O'Sullivan-Greene E, Kameneva T, Trevaks D, Shafton A, Payne SC, McAllen R, Furness JB, Grayden DB. Modeling experimental recordings of vagal afferent signaling of intestinal inflammation for neuromodulation. J Neural Eng 2018; 15:056032. [PMID: 30095078 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aad96d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Artificial modulation of peripheral nerve signals (neuromodulation) by electrical stimulation is an innovation with potential to develop treatments that replace or supplement drugs. One function of the nervous system that can be exploited by neuromodulation is regulation of disease intensity. Optimal interfacing of devices with the nervous system requires suitable models of peripheral nerve systems so that closed-loop control can be utilized for therapeutic benefit. APPROACH We use physiological data to model afferent signaling in the vagus nerve that carries information about inflammation in the small intestine to the brain. MAIN RESULTS The vagal nerve signaling system is distributed and complex; however, we propose a class of reductive models using a state-space formalism that can be tuned in a patient-specific manner. SIGNIFICANCE These models provide excellent fits to a large range of nerve recording data but are computationally simple enough for feedback control in implantable neuromodulation devices.
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Richter I, Alajbeg I, Boras VV, Rogulj AA, Brailo V. Mapping Electrical Impedance Spectra of the Healthy Oral Mucosa: a Pilot Study. Acta Stomatol Croat 2016; 49:331-9. [PMID: 27688418 DOI: 10.15644/asc49/4/9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electrical impedance is the resistance to the electric current flow through a tissue and depends on the tissue's structure and chemical composition. The aim of this study was to map electrical impedance spectra for each region of the healthy oral mucosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS Electrical impedance was measured in 30 participants with healthy oral mucosa. Measurements were performed in 14 points on the right and the left side of the oral cavity, and repeated after 7 and 14 days respectively. RESULTS The lowest values were measured on the tongue dorsum and the highest values were measured on the hard palate. No significant differences were found between the right and the left side. Significantly higher values were found in females on the upper labial mucosa, tongue dorsum and the ventral tongue. Significant difference between smokers and non-smokers on the lower labial mucosa and floor of the mouth was found. Electrical impedance was negatively correlated with salivary flow on the upper labial mucosa, hard palate, tongue dorsum and sublingual mucosa. Higher variability of measurements was found at low frequencies. CONCLUSIONS Electrical impedance mostly depends on the degree of mucosal keratinization. Demographic and clinical factors probably affect its values. Further studies with bigger number of participants are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Richter
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Alajbeg
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vanja Vučićević Boras
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Andabak Rogulj
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vlaho Brailo
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
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Nicander I, Aberg P, Ollmar S. The use of different concentrations of betaine as a reducing irritation agent in soaps monitored visually and non-invasively. Skin Res Technol 2003; 9:43-9. [PMID: 12535284 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0846.2003.00362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Products containing detergents can damage the skin and give rise to irritant contact dermatitis. Therefore, attempts have been made to find less irritating detergents as well as substances decreasing undesired side-effects of detergents, and a novel approach is offered by betaine. The aim of the study has been to determine the irritating properties of some liquid soaps for personal hygiene and to map the effect of different concentrations of betaine using electrical impedance, trans-epidermal water loss and visual inspection. METHODS Twenty-eight healthy subjects were patch tested with different commercial soaps with and without betaine and sodium lauryl sulphate on both volar forearms for 24 h. A site with distilled water and an unoccluded area were used as references. Responses of the skin reactions were evaluated by visual inspection and by measuring trans-epidermal water loss and electrical impedance before application and 24 h after removal of the chambers. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Significant skin reactions were found for all soaps tested but the soaps containing betaine were the least irritating. However, the skin irritation did not decrease with increasing concentrations of betaine in the tested range. On the whole the differences between the products were not large. The non-invasive methods used were more sensitive than visual assessment for evaluation of invisible or barely visible skin responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Nicander
- Department of Dermatology I 43, Huddinge University Hospital, SE-14186 Huddinge, Sweden.
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Nicander I, Rantanen I, Rozell BL, Söderling E, Ollmar S. The ability of betaine to reduce the irritating effects of detergents assessed visually, histologically and by bioengineering methods. Skin Res Technol 2003; 9:50-8. [PMID: 12535285 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0846.2003.00367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS A novel approach for reducing the undesired irritating properties of detergents on skin might be offered by betaine, which is a natural product derived from the sugar beet. The aim of the study was to explore the ability of betaine to reduce the irritating effects of two surfactants, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and cocoamidopropylbetaine (CAPB). For evaluation of changes in skin reactions visual scoring, electrical impedance, transepidermal water loss and histology were used. METHODS Twenty-one healthy subjects were patch tested for 24 h with SLS and CAPB alone and together with betaine, betaine alone, and the two controls distilled water and an unoccluded test site on both volar forearms. Responses were evaluated by measuring electrical impedance and transepidermal water loss before exposure and 24 h after the removal of the test substances, and also by visual inspection and histology. The electrical impedance device enables measurements at 31 frequencies and relevant information was extracted from the spectra using four indices. RESULTS CAPB was found to be less irritating than SLS. The used detergents gave rise to distinctive impedance patterns also reflected by different types of histopathological skin responses. After the adding of betaine, the irritant reaction decreased for both detergents. CONCLUSIONS Betaine is a promising ingredient to reduce the side effects of detergents and electrical impedance is a suitable tool both to quantify the degree of irritation as well as to differentiate between various types of reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Nicander
- Department of Dermatology I 43, Huddinge University Hospital, SE-14186 Huddinge, Sweden.
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Rantanen I, Nicander I, Jutila K, Ollmar S, Tenovuo J, Söderling E. Betaine reduces the irritating effect of sodium lauryl sulfate on human oral mucosa in vivo. Acta Odontol Scand 2002; 60:306-10. [PMID: 12418722 DOI: 10.1080/00016350260248292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to evaluate whether betaine has a protective effect during exposure of the human oral mucosa in vivo to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or cocoamidopropylbetaine (CAPB) as measured with a multifrequency electrical impedance spectrometer (EI). Both detergents were used at the concentration of 2.0% w/v with and without 4.0% w/v betaine in distilled water in 20 volunteers, and 0.5% and 1.0% w/v SLS combined with 4.0% w/v betaine in 5 volunteers. EI measurements were taken before application of the test solutions, after their removal, and every 15 min up to 45 min. Both 0.5% and 1% SLS solutions showed a significant reduction in 3 of the 4 indices, indicating mucosal irritation after the 15-min exposure (P < 0.05), whereas 2% SLS did so in all 4 indices (P < 0.001). Betaine had no effect on the detergent-induced decline with either the 2% or the 0.5% SLS solutions. However, when combined with the 1% SLS solution, betaine significantly (P < 0.05) reduced mucosal irritation by abolishing decreases in indices MIX (magnitude index) and IMIX (imaginary part index) and lowering it for PIX (phase index). The 2% CAPB solution showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in all 4 indices after the 15-min exposure, but the effect was significantly weaker than that of 2% SLS (P < 0.05). Betaine did not reduce the irritating effect of 2% CAPB. These findings can be used in the development of less irritating products for oral health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Rantanen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland.
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Jay S, Fountain W, Cui Z, Mumper RJ. Transmucosal delivery of testosterone in rabbits using novel bi-layer mucoadhesive wax-film composite disks. J Pharm Sci 2002; 91:2016-25. [PMID: 12210048 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone exhibits very low oral bioavailability because of its low aqueous solubility and extensive first-pass metabolism. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel bi-layer mucoadhesive wax-film composite (WFC), and to test the relative bioavailability of testosterone via the buccal route in rabbits. The release rate of testosterone from optimal WFCs (3/8-in. diameter) per unit surface area was 5.6 microg x cm(2) x mL(-1) x min(-1) and was zero-order. Bi-layer WFCs (average weight of 14 +/- 2.6 mg and thickness of 186 +/- 34 microns) containing 4 mg of testosterone were applied to the buccal pouch of anesthetized New Zealand white rabbits. Rabbits (n = 3) injected intravenously had C(max) and area under the curve values of 1200 +/- 46 ng/mL, and 48,227 +/- 12,995 ng x min/mL, respectively. Rabbits (n = 3) dosed via the buccal pouch had C(max), T(max), and area under the curve values of 127 +/- 13 ng/mL, 200 +/- 35 min, and 24,221 +/- 1543 ng x min/mL. The relative bioavailability for rabbits treated with the WFC was 50.2 +/- 3.2% with a coefficient of variation of 6.4%. It was concluded that these bi-layer mucoadhesive WFCs disks could deliver physiologically relevant amounts of insoluble drugs such as testosterone across the buccal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Jay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 907 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082, USA
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Riedel CH, Dössel O. BERÜHRUNGSLOSE MESSUNG DER ELEKTRISCHEN IMPEDANZ VON KÖRPERGEWEBE. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2001. [DOI: 10.1515/bmte.2001.46.s1.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Nicander I, Ollmar S. Electrical bioimpedance related to structural differences and reactions in skin and oral mucosa. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 873:221-6. [PMID: 10372171 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrical bioimpedance can reflect structural and chemical changes of the skin and the oral mucosa in the beta-dispersion frequency range. From our measured multifrequency data set, four physically distinct indices have been formulated to distinguish the electrical properties for different anatomical locations and to detect different reactions and conditions of the skin and the oral mucosa. In comparison with the skin, the differences for various anatomical regions were greater in the oral cavity, which showed as well a different impedance pattern after irritant responses. We conclude that the impedance technique is able to classify and quantify different responses and conditions, preferably by using contralateral reference sites, or following a site in time; however, mapping of baseline properties facilitates the use of the method even if a large part of the skin or the oral mucosa is involved. The method has the potential of becoming a diagnostic decision support tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nicander
- Center for Oral Biology, Karolinska Institute at NOVUM, Huddinge, Sweden
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Ollmar S. Methods of information extraction from impedance spectra of biological tissue, in particular skin and oral mucosa—a critical review and suggestions for the future. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-4598(98)00082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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