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Ruangsri S, Doolgindachbaporn G, Chokwatwikul W, Wattanawareekul K, Puasiri S, Sawanyawisuth K. Salivary trefoil factor family peptide 3 (TFF3) and flow rate in persons with and without obstructive sleep apnea: A preliminary study. Clin Exp Dent Res 2023; 9:935-941. [PMID: 37183529 PMCID: PMC10582241 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the most common chronic diseases. Trefoil factor family 3 (TFF3) peptides are secreted by major and minor salivary glands and may be involved in the pathogenesis of OSA. This study aimed to evaluate salivary TFF3 and flow rate between those with and without OSA. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a prospective experimental study that enrolled patients with OSA and non-OSA. Total unstimulated saliva was collected, the salivary flow rate was measured, and the TFF3 level was analyzed by using a modified sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Baseline characteristics, TFF3 level, and salivary flow rate were compared between both groups. Factors associated with the TFF3 level and flow rate were computed by using multivariate linear regression analysis. RESULTS Twenty-eight participants were recruited in the study: 20 patients with OSA (71.42%) and 8 non-OSA as control. The TFF3 and salivary flow rates between both groups of non-OSA versus OSA were comparable (TFF3 non-OSA 61.06 vs. OSA 96.00 ng/mg; p = .276 and flow rate non-OSA 0.40 vs. OSA 0.35 mL/min; p = .320). Factors associated with the TFF3 level were neck circumference with a negative coefficient of -16.419 (p = .042). For the salivary flow rate, only age was a significant factor with the coefficient of -0.013 (p = .044). CONCLUSIONS TFF3 and salivary flow rate were comparable between patients with OSA and non-OSA. The factor associated with TFF3 level was neck circumference, while age was negatively associated with the salivary flow rate in patients with OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supanigar Ruangsri
- Department of Oral Biomedical Science, Faculty of DentistryKhon Kaen UniversityKhon KaenThailand
- Neuroscience Research and Development Group (NRDG)Khon Kaen UniversityKhon KaenThailand
| | | | - Worrapon Chokwatwikul
- Department of Oral Biomedical Science, Faculty of DentistryKhon Kaen UniversityKhon KaenThailand
| | | | - Subin Puasiri
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of DentistryKhon Kaen UniversityKhon KaenThailand
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Salivary Trefoil Factor Family (TFF) Peptides and Their Roles in Oral and Esophageal Protection: Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212221. [PMID: 34830103 PMCID: PMC8624312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human saliva is a complex body fluid with more than 3000 different identified proteins. Besides rheological and lubricating properties, saliva supports wound healing and acts as an antimicrobial barrier. TFF peptides are secreted from the mucous acini of the major and minor salivary glands and are typical constituents of normal saliva; TFF3 being the predominant peptide compared with TFF1 and TFF2. Only TFF3 is easily detectable by Western blotting. It occurs in two forms, a disulfide-linked homodimer (Mr: 13k) and a high-molecular-mass heterodimer with IgG Fc binding protein (FCGBP). TFF peptides are secretory lectins known for their protective effects in mucous epithelia; the TFF3 dimer probably has wound-healing properties due to its weak motogenic effect. There are multiple indications that FCGBP and TFF3-FCGBP play a key role in the innate immune defense of mucous epithelia. In addition, homodimeric TFF3 interacts in vitro with the salivary agglutinin DMBT1gp340. Here, the protective roles of TFF peptides, FCGBP, and DMBT1gp340 in saliva are discussed. TFF peptides are also used to reduce radiotherapy- or chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Thus, TFF peptides, FCGBP, and DMBT1gp340 are promising candidates for better formulations of artificial saliva, particularly improving wound healing and antimicrobial effects even in the esophagus.
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Different Forms of TFF3 in the Human Saliva: Heterodimerization with IgG Fc Binding Protein (FCGBP). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205000. [PMID: 31658587 PMCID: PMC6834163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide TFF3 is a member of a family of secretory lectins, and is typically synthesized by mucous epithelia together with mucins. It is mainly released from intestinal goblet cells as a high-molecular mass heterodimer with IgG Fc binding protein (FCGBP). Herein, we investigated human saliva by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) and proteomics and identified high- and low-molecular-mass forms of TFF3. Whereas the high-molecular-mass forms represent a heterodimer with FCGBP, the low-molecular-mass forms represent homodimeric TFF3 forms. Proteomic analysis also revealed a C-terminally truncated form of TFF3. We hypothesize that salivary TFF3-FCGBP might play a role in the innate immune defense of the oral cavity and that TFF3 might also bind to microbial glycans. The known interaction of TFF3 with the agglutinin DMBT-1, a typical constituent of human saliva, further supports this protective role.
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Hormdee D, Prajaneh S, Kampichai A, Tak R, Chaiyarit P. Prolonged Suppressive Effects of Periodontitis on Salivary TFF3 Production. Eur J Dent 2019; 13:193-198. [PMID: 31466117 PMCID: PMC6777149 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1693949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
As a follow-up to our previous study that demonstrated decreased salivary trefoil factor family 3 (TFF3) peptide levels in chronic periodontitis patients, this current study aimed to observe the effects of nonsurgical periodontal treatment on salivary TFF3 peptides in patients with periodontal diseases.
Materials and Methods
Eighty-seven volunteers that comprised of 30 individuals with healthy periodontium, 31 with gingivitis, and 26 with chronic periodontitis were considered for the study. Prior to periodontal treatment, a general periodontal examination was performed along with collection of saliva samples from each volunteer. Nonsurgical periodontal treatments were provided to patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. Two weeks post-treatment, saliva samples were recollected, and the periodontal status was re-evaluated. Salivary TFF3 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Statistical Analysis
Mann–Whitney U test was used when the investigated data were not normally distributed. Chi-squared test was used when dealing with categorical data. Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc corrections was used to compare data among the three investigated groups. Two-tailed
p
< 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results
Prior to the periodontal treatment, salivary TFF3 concentrations in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis were significantly lower than those with healthy periodontium. Two weeks post-treatment, increased levels of salivary TFF3 were observed in patients with gingivitis, whereas the concentrations decreased in patients with chronic periodontitis.
Conclusion
This study demonstrated the effects of periodontal disease on the production of salivary TFF3 peptides. Interestingly, nonsurgical periodontal treatment also affected the recovery of salivary TFF3 peptides but varied in their outcomes between gingivitis and periodontitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doosadee Hormdee
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Research Group of Chronic Inflammatory Oral Diseases and Systemic Diseases Associated with Oral Health, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | - Saengsome Prajaneh
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Ranuch Tak
- Faculty of Dentistry, International University, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ponlatham Chaiyarit
- Research Group of Chronic Inflammatory Oral Diseases and Systemic Diseases Associated with Oral Health, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.,Division of Oral Diagnosis, Department of Oral Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Fabisiak A, Bartoszek A, Kardas G, Fabisiak N, Fichna J. Possible application of trefoil factor family peptides in gastroesophageal reflux and Barrett's esophagus. Peptides 2019; 115:27-31. [PMID: 30831146 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic disorder of the digestive tract characterised mainly by a heartburn. Being one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases, the prevalence of GERD reaches up to 25.9% in Europe. Barrett's esophagus (BE) is an acquired condition characterized by the replacement of the normal stratified squamous epithelium with metaplastic columnar epithelium. BE is believed to develop mainly from chronic GERD and is the most important risk factor of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Despite the availability of drugs such as proton pomp inhibitors and antacids, GERD is still a burden to local economy and impairs health-related quality of life in patients. Also, the endoscopic surveillance in patients with BE is burdensome and expensive what drives the need for biomarker of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia. Trefoil factor family (TFF), consisting of TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3 peptides is gaining more and more attention due to its unique biochemical features and numerous functions. In this review the role of TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3 as potential treatment option and/or biomarker in the upper GI tract is discussed with particular focus on GERD and BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Fabisiak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Adrian Bartoszek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kardas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Natalia Fabisiak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Military Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Hakami Z, Hand AR. Developmental Morphology of the Palatine Glands in Rats: An Electron Microscope Study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1820-1833. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaki Hakami
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Orthodontics; College of Dentistry, Jazan University; Jazan Saudi Arabia
| | - Arthur R. Hand
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences and Cell Biology; School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut; Farmington Connecticut
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Khummuang S, Phanphrom W, Laopajon W, Kasinrerk W, Chaiyarit P, Pata S. Production of Monoclonal Antibodies against Human Trefoil Factor 3 and Development of a Modified-Sandwich ELISA for Detection of Trefoil Factor 3 Homodimer in Saliva. Biol Proced Online 2017; 19:14. [PMID: 29151819 PMCID: PMC5678759 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-017-0064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human trefoil factor (TFF) peptides consist of three members: TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3. TFF3 is the most abundant TFF peptide in saliva. TFF3 homodimer was suggested to be involved in apoptosis inhibition and malignancy. Determination of TFF3 homodimer expression profiles in saliva may lead to new information about oral biology and diseases. The objective of this study was to generate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against TFF3 and apply the produced mAbs for the establishment of ELISA for quantification of dimeric TFF3 in saliva. Results With our modified hybridoma technique, three hybridoma clones producing anti-TFF3 mAbs having IgG isotype were generated. The mAbs were specific for TFF3 with no cross-reactivity to other TFFs. Using the generated mAbs, a modified-sandwich ELISA with high sensitivity for the quantification of dimeric TFF3 in saliva was developed. Using this ELISA, the amount of dimeric TFF3 in saliva could be measured. Conclusions A modified-sandwich ELISA for the quantification of TFF3 dimeric form was established. The established ELISA will be a valuable tool for facilitating the investigation of the physiological roles and the diagnostic values of TFF3 in oral diseases. The concept of this modified-sandwich ELISA may be applied for the determination of other homodimeric peptides of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saichit Khummuang
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand.,Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Waraporn Phanphrom
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand
| | - Witida Laopajon
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand.,Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Watchara Kasinrerk
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand.,Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Ponlatham Chaiyarit
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand.,Research Group of Chronic Inflammatory Oral Diseases and Systemic Diseases Associated with Oral Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand
| | - Supansa Pata
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand.,Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
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Siber-Hoogeboom R, Schicht M, Hoogeboom S, Paulsen F, Traxdorf M. Obstructive sleep apnea and rhonchopathy are associated with downregulation of trefoil factor family peptide 3 (TFF3)-Implications of changes in oral mucus composition. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185200. [PMID: 29028798 PMCID: PMC5640215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Study objectives Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides belong to the family of mucin-associated peptides and are expressed in most mucosal surfaces. TFF peptides carry out functions such as proliferation and migration enhancement, anti-apoptosis, and wound healing. Moreover, TFFs are associated with mucins and interact with them as “linker peptides”, thereby influencing mucus viscosity. To test the hypothesis that in rhonchopathy and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) changes occur in the expression of TFF3 and -2 that could contribute to changes in mucus viscosity, leading to an increase in upper airway resistance during breathing. Methods RT-PCR, Western-blot, immunohistochemistry and ELISA were performed to detect and quantify TFF3 and -2 in uvula samples. In addition, 99 saliva samples from patients with mild, moderate or severe OSA, as well as samples from rhonchopathy patients and from healthy volunteers, were analyzed by ELISA. Results TFF3 was detected in all uvula samples. Immunohistochemistry revealed a subjectively decreasing antibody reactivity of the uvula epithelia with increasing disease severity. ELISA demonstrated significantly higher TFF3 saliva protein concentrations in the healthy control group compared to cases with rhonchopathy and OSA. Predisposing factors of OSA such as BMI or age showed no correlation with TFF3. No significant changes were observed with regard to TFF2. Conclusions The results suggest the involvement of TFF3 in the pathogenesis of rhonchopathy and OSA and lead to the hypothesis that reduction of TFF3 production by the epithelium and subepithelial mucous glands of the uvula contribute to an increase in breathing resistance due to a change in mucus organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Siber-Hoogeboom
- Department of Anatomy II, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Schicht
- Department of Anatomy II, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hoogeboom
- Department of Anatomy II, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Department of Anatomy II, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Maximilian Traxdorf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Increased immunoexpression of trefoil factors in salivary gland tumors. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 18:1305-1312. [PMID: 23959378 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Very little is known about the role of trefoil factors (TFFs) in salivary gland tumors, and TFF immunoexpression has never been investigated in such tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate TFF immunoexpression in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Benign (n = 25) and malignant (n = 25) salivary gland tumor specimens were included in this study, using mucocele (n = 25) specimens as a control group. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to evaluate the expression of TFFs (TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3) by semiquantitative means. RESULTS Expression of TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3 was significantly increased in benign (p = 0.001, p = 0.005, p < 0.001, respectively) and malignant (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively) groups as compared with the control group. Patterns of co-expression between TFF1/TFF2, TFF2/TFF3, and TFF1/TFF3 were different among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS The present study provided new information showing that all TFFs were significantly increased in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors, and overexpression of TFFs could be associated with neoplastic transformation in salivary gland tissues. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Overexpression of TFFs may be useful as biomarkers in terms of differential diagnosis between salivary gland tumors and other oral neoplasms for which clinical manifestations are indistinguishable.
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10
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Choudhary A, Smitha C, Suresh D. Trefoils: An unexplored natural protective shield of oral cavity. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2015; 5:226-31. [PMID: 26587385 PMCID: PMC4623889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The new mammalian growth factor peptide family consists of three peptides, TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3, which are secreted mainly from mucous epithelia with mucus gel. The predominant secretion of trefoil factor (TFF) occurs from gastric mucosal lining, small and large intestine, oral mucosal cells, and salivary glands. Research regarding trefoil factors is an immerging aspect in the dental field. The mucosal healing and restitution function describes about its novel role in case of chronic inflammatory conditions, but its expression from different tissue at different pathological condition shows its importance in immune response. At present, TFF expression has been detected from the severe periodontal diseased tissue samples. Future research from mild to moderate chronic periodontal diseased condition should be carried out to assess the protective response of TFF in gingival tissues. In future, assessment of TFF levels and its expression in oral mucosal tissues and oral secretions, such as saliva and gingival crevicular fluid, will provide a negative biomarker for chronic periodontal diseases and a novel therapeutic agent in oral mucosal healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Choudhary
- PG Student, Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, MMCDSR, Mullana, Ambala, India
| | - C.N. Smitha
- Professor, Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, MMCDSR, Mullana, Ambala, India
| | - D.K. Suresh
- Professor and Head, Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, MMCDSR, Mullana, Ambala, India
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11
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Wu JF, Zhang J, Xue G, Zhang HQ. Expression and localization of trefoil factor family genes in rat submandibular glands. Biotech Histochem 2014; 89:424-32. [PMID: 24588600 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2014.885565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The trefoil factor (TFF) family, which comprises TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3, plays an essential role in epithelial regeneration within the gastrointestinal tract. All three TFFs are present in human saliva; TFF3 is the predominant trefoil peptide. Little is known about the expression and tissue distribution of TFFs in rats, which are commonly used as a model system for human studies. We investigated the localization of the TFF genes that encode secretory peptides in rat submandibular glands (SMG). All three TFFs were expressed in rat SMG, although their location varied. Substantial amounts of TFF1 were detected only in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the SMG granular convoluted tubules (GCT), while TFF2 and TFF3 were widely distributed in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of intercalated ducts (ID), striated ducts (SD) and interlobular ducts (ILD). The three TFFs also were detected especially in the lumens of the SD and ILD. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and in situ hybridization experiments confirmed TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3 mRNA expressions in the SMG. Greater expression of TFF peptides and mRNA was observed in male rats than in females. The broad expression of TFFs in rat SMG cells and lumens suggests that TFFs function in this organ by their secretion into the duct lumens. We also found differences in TFF expression profiles between rat and human SMG; therefore, caution should be exercised when using rats as a model for human TFF studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hebei North University , Zhangjiakou
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Gut-associated biomarkers L-FABP, I-FABP, and TFF3 and LIT score for diagnosis of surgical necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Ann Surg 2014; 258:1111-8. [PMID: 23470582 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e318288ea96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the use of gut barrier proteins, liver-fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), intestinal-fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), and trefoil factor 3 (TFF3), as biomarkers for differentiating necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) from septicemic/control infants and to identify the most severely affected surgical NEC from nonsurgical NEC infants. BACKGROUND Clinical features and routine radiologic investigations have low diagnostic utilities in identifying surgical NEC patients. METHODS The diagnostic utilities of individual biomarkers and the combination of biomarkers, the LIT score, were assessed among the NEC (n = 20), septicemia (n = 40), and control groups (n = 40) in a case-control study for the identification of proven NEC and surgical NEC infants. RESULTS Plasma concentrations of all gut barrier biomarkers and the LIT score were significantly higher in the NEC than in the septicemia or control group (P < 0.01). Using median values of biomarkers and the LIT score in the NEC group as cutoff values for identifying NEC from septicemic/control cases, all had specificities of 95% or more and sensitivities of 50%. Significantly higher levels of biomarkers and the LIT score were found in infants with surgical NEC than in nonsurgical NEC cases (P ≤ 0.02). The median LIT score of 4.5 identified surgical NEC cases with sensitivity and specificity of 83% and 100%%, respectively. A high LIT score of 6 identified nonsurvivors of NEC with sensitivity and specificity of 78% and 91%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The LIT score can effectively differentiate surgical NEC from nonsurgical NEC infants and nonsurvivors of NEC from survivors at the onset of clinical presentation. Frontline neonatologists and surgeons may, therefore, target NEC infants who are most in need of close monitoring and those who may benefit from early surgical intervention.
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Khan QES, Sehic A, Khuu C, Risnes S, Osmundsen H. Expression of Clu and Tgfb1 during murine tooth development: effects of in-vivo transfection with anti-miR-214. Eur J Oral Sci 2013; 121:303-12. [PMID: 23841781 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Expression of clusterin (Clu) in the murine first molar tooth germ was markedly increased at postnatal developmental stages. The time-course of expression of this gene paralleled those of other genes encoding proteins involved during the secretory phase of odontogenesis, as described previously. Immunohistochemical studies of clusterin in murine molar tooth germs suggested this protein to be located in outer enamel epithelium, regressing enamel organ, secretory ameloblasts, and the dental epithelium connecting the tooth to the oral epithelium at an early eruptive stage. Immunolabelling of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) revealed it to be located close to clusterin. The levels of expression of Clu and Tgfb1 were markedly decreased following in-vivo transfection with anti-miR-214. In contrast, the expression of several genes associated with regulation of growth and development were increased by this treatment. We suggest that clusterin has functions during secretory odontogenesis and the early eruptive phase. Bioinformatic analysis after treatment with anti-miR-214 suggested that, whilst cellular activities associated with tooth mineralization and eruption were inhibited, activities associated with an alternative developmental activity (i.e. biosynthesis of contractile proteins) appeared to be stimulated. These changes probably occur through regulation mediated by a common cluster of transcription factors and support suggestions that microRNAs (miRNAs) are highly significant as regulators of differentiation during odontogenesis.
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Khan QES, Sehic A, Skalleberg N, Landin MA, Khuu C, Risnes S, Osmundsen H. Expression of delta-like 1 homologue and insulin-like growth factor 2 through epigenetic regulation of the genes during development of mouse molar. Eur J Oral Sci 2013; 120:292-302. [PMID: 22813219 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2012.00976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Delta-like 1 homolog (Dlk1) and insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) are two of six well-studied mouse imprinted gene clusters that are paternally expressed. Their expression is also linked to their maternally expressed non-coding RNAs, encoded by Gene trap locus 2 (Gtl2) and Imprinted maternally expressed transcript (H19), co-located as imprinted gene clusters. Using deoxyoligonucleotide microarrays and real-time RT-PCR analysis we showed Dlk1 and Gtl2 to exhibit a time-course of expression during tooth development that was similar to that of Igf2 and H19. Western blot analysis of proteins encoded by Dlk1 and Igf2 suggested that the levels of these proteins reflected those of the corresponding mRNAs. Immunohistochemical studies of DLK1 in murine molars detected the protein in both epithelial and mesenchymal regions, in developing cusp mesenchyme, and in newly synthesized enamel and dentin tubules. IGF2 protein was detected primarily at prenatal stages, suggesting that it may be active before birth. Analysis of methylation of cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) islands in both Dlk1 and Igf2 suggested the presence of an increasing fraction of hypermethylated bases with increasing time of development. The increased levels of hypermethylation coincided both with the diminished levels of expression of Dlk1 and Igf2 and with decreased levels of DLK1 and IGF2 proteins in the tooth germ, suggesting that their expression is regulated via methylation of CpG islands present in these genes.
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Naesse EP, Schreurs O, Messelt E, Hayashi K, Schenck K. Distribution of nerve growth factor, pro-nerve growth factor, and their receptors in human salivary glands. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 121:13-20. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olav Schreurs
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry; University of Oslo; Oslo; Norway
| | - Edward Messelt
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry; University of Oslo; Oslo; Norway
| | - Katsuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Dentistry; Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Karl Schenck
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry; University of Oslo; Oslo; Norway
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Chaiyarit P, Chayasadom A, Wara-Aswapati N, Hormdee D, Sittisomwong S, Nakaresisoon S, Samson MH, Pitiphat W, Giraud AS. Trefoil Factors in Saliva and Gingival Tissues of Patients With Chronic Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2012; 83:1129-38. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.110431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Verey F, Nexo E, Greenwood R, Berry M, Corfield AP. Trefoil factor family peptides are increased in the saliva of children with mucositis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:2051-5. [PMID: 21793798 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucositis is a painful ulcerative condition of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract, occurring in association with chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimes. Trefoil factor family peptides (TFF, trefoil peptides), present in saliva, contribute to epithelial restitution and repair and are therefore potentially important in the healing phase of mucositis. This study aimed to assess any changes in the levels of trefoil peptides in oncology patients with and without mucositis. METHODS Saliva was collected from healthy children, pretreatment oncology patients, neutropenic patients on treatment with no oral disease and mucositic patients. TFF1, 2 and 3 were quantified using ELISA. RESULTS In healthy children TFF2 and 3 were positively correlated with age (r = 0.454, p = 0.01 for TFF2; r = 0.410, p = 0.05 for TFF3 Spearman rank correlation). TFF3 was higher in mucositis compared to all other groups. A linear regression prediction model indicated that TFF3, but not TFF1 and TFF2, was significantly different in mucositic and healthy controls, suggesting an altered pattern of trefoil peptide secretion (p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to focus on trefoil peptides in paediatric saliva. It shows the correlation between TFF2, TFF3 and age in healthy children. Paediatric mucositis disease occurs in the presence of increased concentrations and an altered pattern of trefoil peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran Verey
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK
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Samson MH, Chaiyarit P, Nortvig H, Vestergaard EM, Ernst E, Nexo E. Trefoil factor family peptides in human saliva and cyclical cervical mucus. Method evaluation and results on healthy individuals. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:861-8. [PMID: 21275809 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trefoil peptides are 7-12 kDa molecules, se-creted by a variety of mucin-producing epithelial cells from different tissues and believed to be essential for protection and maintenance of gastrointestinal mucosa. Data on concentrations of trefoil peptides in secretions are limited. METHODS We validated in-house ELISA assays, developed for measurement of trefoil peptide concentrations (TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3) in serum, for use with saliva and cervical mucus. Saliva from healthy individuals (n=30), and cervical mucus as well as blood collected three times during the menstrual cycle from healthy women (n=18) were analyzed. RESULTS Recovery of all trefoil peptides in the initial supernatants of saliva and (cervical mucus) were 86 and (92)% or more. Recovery of exogenously added trefoil peptides was 93 and (95)% or more. Western blotting showed that antibodies used in the TFF3-ELISA assay recognised one molecule of the same size as TFF3 in both saliva and cervical mucus. Median concentrations of TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3 in saliva and (cervical mucus) were 2.7 (2.7), 0.08 (0.58) and 14 (430) nmol/g protein, with a significant decrease in concentrations in cervical mucus after ovulation. Serum concentrations resembled previously measured values in blood donors and showed no cyclic change. CONCLUSIONS Previously established ELISA assays can be employed for measurement of trefoil peptides in saliva and cervical mucus. TFF3 was the predominant trefoil peptide in both saliva and cervical mucus, and TFF3 in cervical mucus represents the highest concentration measured in a biological fluid to date.
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Abstract
In this article, the literature on minor salivary gland secretion rates, composition, and function is reviewed. Measurements of the minor salivary gland secretion rates and composition are complicated, and the secretions display large biological variability. Despite this, some characteristics of these secretions have been found repeatedly in independent investigations. Minor gland saliva varies between different oral sites. Buccal saliva flow is higher than labial saliva flow, which in turn is usually higher than the palatal gland secretion rate. It is generally agreed that minor gland saliva is important for the whole saliva composition, and especially for the secretory immunoglobulin A and mucins. The secretion from these glands seems also important for subjective feelings of dry mouth and general wellbeing. Further research is essential for understanding the role of these secretions for oral, as well as for general, health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Eliasson
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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