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Huang P, Tang Q, Yang X, Li M, Li S. Effects of oropharyngeal exercises on CPAP compliance: A prospective intervention study. Am J Otolaryngol 2024; 45:104274. [PMID: 38593552 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2024.104274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of oropharyngeal exercise on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) compliance in patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea over a period of 6 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted as a prospective, observational, and interventional investigation. A total of 70 patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea were randomly assigned to either the oropharyngeal exercise group (n = 44) or the sham-therapy group (n = 26). The compliance of the enrolled patients with CPAP therapy was assessed at baseline, 3-month follow-up and 6-month follow-up. Objective sleep data, questionnaire and CPAP use time were collected over a half-year period (i.e., baseline, 6 months, and 12 months). RESULTS The study found that the average use time of CPAP within one month was significantly longer in the oropharyngeal exercises group compared to the sham-therapy group at the 3-month assessment (5.5 ± 1.2 vs 4.8 ± 1.3 h per night; p=0.030), and much significantly longer at 6-months assessment (6.0 ± 1.4 vs 4.9 ± 1.3 h per night; p=0.001). Furthermore, the average use time of CPAP increased over time, with the oropharyngeal exercises group exhibiting a more pronounced growth from baseline to the six-month follow-up (4.8 ± 1.0 h per night to 6.0 ± 1.3 h per night, p < 0.001) compared to the sham-therapy group (4.8 ± 1.3 h per night to 4.9 ± 1.3 h per night, p=0.952). Additionally, the oropharyngeal exercise group demonstrated an improvement in the Epworth sleepiness scale compared to the sham-therapy group at the 3-month follow-up (6.0 ± 2.0 vs 8.8 ± 3.2; p < 0.001), as well as decreased significantly at 6-month follow-up (p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS CPAP adherence can be improved with oropharyngeal exercises therapy among moderate to severe OSA patients. Notably, the average duration of CPAP usage and reduction in daytime sleepiness were maintained even after six months of oropharyngeal exercise therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiying Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Qinglai Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xinming Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Shisheng Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
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Conde SV, Polotsky VY, Joseph V, Kinkead R. On the origins of sleep disordered breathing, cardiorespiratory and metabolic dysfunction: which came first, the chicken or the egg? J Physiol 2023; 601:5509-5525. [PMID: 36988138 PMCID: PMC10539476 DOI: 10.1113/jp284113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is a complex, sex specific and highly heterogeneous group of respiratory disorders. Nevertheless, sleep fragmentation and repeated fluctuations of arterial blood gases for several hours per night are at the core of the problem; together, they impose significant stress to the organism with deleterious consequences on physical and mental health. SDB increases the risk of obesity, diabetes, depression and anxiety disorders; however, the same health issues are risk factors for SDB. So, which came first, the chicken or the egg? What causes the appearance of the first significant apnoeic events during sleep? These are important questions because although moderate to severe SDB affects ∼500 million adults globally, we still have a poor understanding of the origins of the disease, and the main treatments (and animal models) focus on the symptoms rather than the cause. Because obesity, metabolic dysfunction and stress-related neurological disorders generally appear progressively, we discuss how the development of these diseases can lead to specific anatomical and non-anatomical traits of SDB in males and females while considering the impacts of sex steroids. In light of the growing evidence indicating that the carotid bodies are important sensors of key metabolic and endocrine signals associated with stress and dysmetabolism, we propose that these organs play a key role in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia V. Conde
- NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vsevolod Y Polotsky
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Vincent Joseph
- Département de Pédiatrie, Université Laval & Research Center of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Québec, QC. Canada
| | - Richard Kinkead
- Département de Pédiatrie, Université Laval & Research Center of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Québec, QC. Canada
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3
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Bouvier J, Martin C, Fouré A. Effect of hip and knee joint angles on resting hamstring muscles rigidity in men and women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2375-2383. [PMID: 35945385 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hamstring muscle strains are one of the most common injuries in sports practice, for both men and women. However, sex disparities in the rate of muscle injuries have been observed. As these muscular injuries usually occur at long muscle length, this study aimed to determine the effect of sex on hamstring muscles' resting rigidity under different stretching conditions. METHODS The shear wave speed (SWS) of resting hamstring muscles was measured in 12 men and 12 women in different hip and knee positions (hip extended with knee flexed, hip flexed with knee extended, both joints extended and both joints flexed). RESULTS Combining all the positions, the SWS of the semitendinosus was higher in men than in women (2.96 vs. 2.71 m.s-1). Regardless of sex, a significant rise in SWS was systematically observed when the semimembranosus was stretched (1.86, 2.37, 2.76 and 4.39 m.s-1) but it was neither the case for the semitendinosus (p = 0.82) nor for the biceps femoris (p = 0.50). Finally, differences in SWS among the hamstring muscles were only observed at the longest muscle length, with greater SWS values for the semimembranosus and semitendinosus in comparison with the biceps femoris (4.39 and 4.12 vs. 3.38 m.s-1 respectively). CONCLUSION In conclusion, a sex difference was only observed in the resting semitendinosus rigidity. Independently of sex, the increase in resting hamstring muscles SWS with stretch was muscle specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Bouvier
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM), Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 27-29 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Cyril Martin
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM), Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 27-29 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alexandre Fouré
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM), Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 27-29 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.
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4
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Drummond SE, Burns DP, Maghrani SE, Ziegler O, Healy V, O'Halloran KD. NADPH oxidase-2 is necessary for chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced sternohyoid muscle weakness in adult male mice. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:946-964. [PMID: 35728802 PMCID: PMC9542769 DOI: 10.1113/ep090536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
New Findings What is the central question of this study? Exposure to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) evokes redox changes, culminating in impaired upper airway muscle function: what is the specific source of CIH‐induced reactive oxygen species? What is the main finding and its importance? Profound sternohyoid muscle dysfunction following exposure to CIH was entirely prevented by apocynin co‐treatment or NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) deletion. The results have implications for human obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and point to antioxidant intervention, potentially targeting NOX2 blockade, as a therapeutic strategy.
Abstract Exposure to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) evokes redox changes, culminating in impaired upper airway muscle function. We sought to determine if NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)‐derived reactive oxygen species underpin CIH‐induced maladaptive changes in upper airway (sternohyoid) muscle performance. Adult male mice (C57BL/6J) were assigned to one of three groups: normoxic controls (sham); CIH‐exposed (CIH, 12 cycles/hour, 8 h/day for 14 days); and CIH + apocynin (NOX2 inhibitor, 2 mM) given in the drinking water throughout exposure to CIH. In addition, we studied sham and CIH‐exposed NOX2‐null mice (B6.129S‐CybbTM1Din/J). Profound sternohyoid muscle dysfunction following exposure to CIH was entirely prevented by apocynin co‐treatment or NOX2 deletion. Exposure to CIH increased sternohyoid muscle NOX enzyme activity, with no alteration to the gene or protein expression of NOX subunits. There was no evidence of overt oxidative stress, muscle regeneration, inflammation or atrophy following exposure to CIH. We suggest that NOX‐dependent CIH‐induced upper airway muscle weakness increases vulnerability to upper airway obstruction. Our results have implications for human obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and point to antioxidant intervention, potentially targeting NOX2 blockade, as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Drummond
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - David P Burns
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sarah El Maghrani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Oscar Ziegler
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Vincent Healy
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Dugral E, Ordu G. Differences in Polysomnography Parameters of Women in the Post and Transitional Phases of Menopause. Cureus 2021; 13:e20570. [PMID: 35103149 PMCID: PMC8773356 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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da Silva MP, Magalhães KS, de Souza DP, Moraes DJA. Chronic intermittent hypoxia increases excitability and synaptic excitation of protrudor and retractor hypoglossal motoneurones. J Physiol 2021; 599:1917-1932. [PMID: 33507557 DOI: 10.1113/jp280788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Dysfunctions in the hypoglossal control of tongue extrinsic muscles are implicated in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) syndrome. Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), an important feature of OSA syndrome, produces deleterious effects on the motor control of oropharyngeal resistance, but whether the hypoglossal motoneurones innervating the tongue extrinsic muscles are affected by CIH is unknown. We show that CIH enhanced the respiratory-related activity of rat hypoglossal nerve innervating the protrudor and retractor tongue extrinsic muscles. Intracellular recordings revealed increases in respiratory-related firing frequency and synaptic excitation of inspiratory protrudor and retractor hypoglossal motoneurones after CIH. CIH also increased their intrinsic excitability, depolarised resting membrane potential and reduced K+ -dominated leak conductance. CIH affected the breathing-related synaptic control and intrinsic electrophysiological properties of protrudor and retractor hypoglossal motoneurones to optimise the neural control of oropharyngeal function. ABSTRACT Inspiratory-related tongue movements and oropharyngeal motor actions are controlled mainly by the protrudor and retractor extrinsic tongue muscles, which are innervated by the hypoglossal motoneurones. Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), an important feature of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, produces detrimental effects on the contractile function of the tongue extrinsic muscles and the medullary inspiratory network of rodents. However, the impact of the CIH on the electrophysiological properties of protrudor and retractor hypoglossal motoneurones has not been described before. Using nerves and intracellular recordings in in situ preparation of rats (5 weeks old), we tested the hypothesis that CIH (FiO2 of 0.06, SaO2 74%, during 30-40 s, every 9 min, 8 h/day for 10 days) increases the intrinsic excitability of protrudor and retractor motoneurones from the hypoglossal motor nucleus of rats. Recordings of hypoglossal nerve, before its bifurcation to innervate the tongue protrudor and retractor muscles, revealed that CIH enhances its pre-inspiratory, simultaneously with the presence of active expiration, and inspiratory activities. These changes were mediated by increases in the respiratory-related firing frequency and synaptic excitation of inspiratory protrudor and retractor hypoglossal motoneurones. Besides, CIH increases their intrinsic excitability and depolarises resting membrane potential by reducing a K+ -dominated leak conductance. In conclusion, CIH enhances the respiratory-related neural control of oropharyngeal function of rats by increasing the synaptic excitation, intrinsic excitability, and reducing leak conductance in both protrudor and retractor hypoglossal motoneurones. We propose that these network and cellular changes are important to optimise the oropharyngeal resistance in conditions related to intermittent hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina P da Silva
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Karolyne S Magalhães
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel P de Souza
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Davi J A Moraes
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Aging Induced p53/p21 in Genioglossus Muscle Stem Cells and Enhanced Upper Airway Injury. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8412598. [PMID: 32190060 PMCID: PMC7073476 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8412598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging of population brings related social problems, such as muscle attenuation and regeneration barriers with increased aging. Muscle repair and regeneration depend on muscle stem cells (MuSCs). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) rises in the aging population. OSA leads to hypoxia and upper airway muscle injury. However, little is known about the effect of increasing age and hypoxia to the upper airway muscle. The genioglossus (GG) is the major dilator muscle to keep the upper airway open. Here, we reported that muscle fiber and MuSC function declined with aging in GG. Increasing age also decreased the migration and proliferation of GG MuSCs. p53 and p21 were high expressions both in muscle tissue and in GG MuSCs. We further found that hypoxia inhibited GG MuSC proliferation and decreased myogenic differentiation. Then, hypoxia enhanced the inhibition effect of aging to proliferation and differentiation. Finally, we investigated that hypoxia and aging interact to form a vicious circle with upregulation of p53 and p21. This vicious hypoxia plus aging damage accelerated upper airway muscle injury. Aging and hypoxia are the major damage elements in OSA patients, and we propose that the damage mechanism of hypoxia and aging in GG MuSCs will help to improve upper airway muscle regeneration.
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8
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Role of menopause and hormone replacement therapy in sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Med Rev 2019; 49:101225. [PMID: 31739179 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There are suggestions that the loss of female sex hormones following menopause is critical for the development or progression of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). We conducted a review of the literature on the role of menopause and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in SDB risk. There is an increase in SDB during the menopausal transition period, but data on an effect beyond that of increasing age and changes in body habitus are weak or absent. Early community-based, observational studies reported a protective effect by HRT on SDB prevalence, but this could possibly be explained as a healthy user effect. Interventional studies of the effect of HRT on SDB are sparse, with only a few randomized placebo-controlled studies, often performed on small samples of women without clinically significant SDB. HRT regimens have varied and all the studies are fairly old. They do not definitely assure the alleviation of SDB and HRT cannot thus be recommended as treatment for SDB. It is concluded that there is no evidence that female sex hormone changes during menopause per se are able to explain the increase in SDB in midlife women and conclusions on the effect of HRT on SDB cannot be drawn from the current literature.
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Robertson BD, Lerner BS, Collen JF, Smith PR. The Effects of Transgender Hormone Therapy on Sleep and Breathing: A Case Series. J Clin Sleep Med 2019; 15:1529-1533. [PMID: 31596219 PMCID: PMC6778344 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.7992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
None The effect of hormone therapy on sleep-disordered breathing in transgender patients has not been described. We present three cases of patients undergoing gender reassignment and treated with hormone replacement. The first case was a transgender woman (assigned male at birth) with a prolonged history of severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) that resolved following initiation of female sex hormones. The second and third cases both address transgender males (assigned female at birth) in whom OSA developed following initiation of male sex hormones (with pretreatment polysomnography documenting absence of OSA). The growing interest in transgender health warrants further evaluation of the effects of related therapies on sleep and sleep-disordered breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Robertson
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center-Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brian S. Lerner
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center-Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jacob F. Collen
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Patrick R. Smith
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center-Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland
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10
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Zhang L, Ou X, Zhu T, Lv X. Beneficial effects of estrogens in obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome. Sleep Breath 2019; 24:7-13. [PMID: 31309463 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-019-01896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies showing the higher frequency of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome in men, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and in post-menopausal women suggest the beneficial role of estrogen. These findings are well supported by the pre-clinical studies (ten research studies described in this review) showing that estrogen and phytoestrogens attenuate the deleterious effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia (obstructive apnea in animals) on the genioglossal muscles and on other organs (co-morbidities) in ovariectomized rodents. Moreover, clinical studies (four research studies described in this review) have also shown the beneficial role of estrogen therapy on the parameters of obstructive apnea in post-menopausal women. The beneficial effects of estrogen and phytoestrogens on obstructive sleep apnea and its co morbidities have been attributed to increase in thioredoxin, Nrf-2, activation of p38 MAP kinases, inhibition of vagal C fibers, and attenuation of HIF-1α. It is possible that estrogen-mediated activation of p38 MAP kinase may inhibit HIF-1α to attenuate lung inflammation, which may inhibit the activation of vagal C fibers to attenuate bronchoconstriction and prevent obstruction during sleep. Moreover, estrogen-mediated increase in thioredoxin and Nrf-2 may also contribute in increasing antioxidant defense and attenuating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiu Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiyan Ou
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Tonggang Zhu
- Experimental Center, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaohong Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Road, Changchun, 130041, Jilin, China.
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Pessa ME, Janes F, Gigli GL, Valente M. Sleep Disorders in Menopause: Review of the Literature and Occurrence through Menopausal Stages. Health (London) 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2019.115041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Laouafa S, Ribon-Demars A, Marcouiller F, Roussel D, Bairam A, Pialoux V, Joseph V. Estradiol Protects Against Cardiorespiratory Dysfunctions and Oxidative Stress in Intermittent Hypoxia. Sleep 2017. [PMID: 28633495 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsx104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives We tested the hypothesis that estradiol (E2) protects against cardiorespiratory disorders and oxidative stress induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) in adult female rats. Methods Sprague-Dawley female rats (230-250 g) were ovariectomized and implanted with osmotic pumps delivering vehicle or E2 (0.5 mg/kg/d). After 14 days of recovery, the rats were exposed to CIH (21%-10% O2: 8 h/d, 10 cycles per hour) or room air (RA). After 7 days of CIH or RA exposure, we measured arterial pressures (tail cuff), metabolic rate (indirect calorimetry), minute ventilation, the frequency of sighs and apneas at rest, and ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia (whole body plethysmography). We collected the cerebral cortex, brainstem, and adrenal glands to measure the activity of NADPH and xanthine oxidase (pro-oxidant enzymes), glutathione peroxidase, and the mitochondrial and cytosolic superoxide dismutase (antioxidant enzymes) and measured lipid peroxidation and advanced oxidation protein products (markers of oxidative stress). Results CIH increased arterial pressure, the frequency of apnea at rest, and the hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory responses and reduced metabolic rate. CIH also increased oxidant enzyme activities and decreased antioxidant activity in the cortex. E2 treatment reduced body weight and prevented the effects of CIH. Conclusions E2 prevents cardiorespiratory disorders and oxidative stress induced by CIH. These observations may help to better understand the underlying mechanisms linking menopause and occurrence of sleep apnea in women and highlight a potential advantage of hormone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofien Laouafa
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,CNRS, UMR 5023, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alexandra Ribon-Demars
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire interuniversitaire de biologie de la motricité EA7424, Villeurbanne, France
| | - François Marcouiller
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Damien Roussel
- CNRS, UMR 5023, Universite´ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aida Bairam
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire interuniversitaire de biologie de la motricité EA7424, Villeurbanne, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Joseph
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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O'Halloran KD, Lewis P. Respiratory muscle dysfunction in animal models of hypoxic disease: antioxidant therapy goes from strength to strength. HYPOXIA 2017; 5:75-84. [PMID: 28770235 PMCID: PMC5529115 DOI: 10.2147/hp.s141283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The striated muscles of breathing play a critical role in respiratory homeostasis governing blood oxygenation and pH regulation. Upper airway dilator and thoracic pump muscles retain a remarkable capacity for plasticity throughout life, both in health and disease states. Hypoxia, whatever the cause, is a potent driver of respiratory muscle remodeling with evidence of adaptive and maladaptive outcomes for system performance. The pattern, duration, and intensity of hypoxia are key determinants of respiratory muscle structural-, metabolic-, and functional responses and adaptation. Age and sex also influence respiratory muscle tolerance of hypoxia. Redox stress emerges as the principal protagonist driving respiratory muscle malady in rodent models of hypoxic disease. There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that antioxidant intervention alleviates hypoxia-induced respiratory muscle dysfunction, and that N-acetyl cysteine, approved for use in humans, is highly effective in preventing hypoxia-induced respiratory muscle weakness and fatigue. We posit that oxygen homeostasis is a key driver of respiratory muscle form and function. Hypoxic stress is likely a major contributor to respiratory muscle malaise in diseases of the lungs and respiratory control network. Animal studies provide an evidence base in strong support of the need to explore adjunctive antioxidant therapies for muscle dysfunction in human respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Philip Lewis
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Preventative Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany
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Nie X, Zhou L, Wang A, Jin H, Qin Z, Pang J, Wang W, Kang J. Noradrenergic Activation of Hypoglossal Nucleus Modulates the Central Regulation of Genioglossus in Chronic Intermittent Hypoxic Rats. Front Neurol 2017; 8:171. [PMID: 28507531 PMCID: PMC5410562 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular compensation of the genioglossus muscle can be induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) in obstructive sleep apnea to maintain upper airway stability. Noradrenergic activation of hypoglossal nucleus plays a critical role in the central control of the genioglossus. However, it remains unknown whether norepinephrine takes part in the central regulation of the genioglossus during CIH. Adult male Wistar rats (n = 32) were studied to explore the influence of noradrenergic activation of hypoglossal nucleus on the central control of the genioglossus at different stages of CIH. The rats were divided into four groups: normal control or normoxic (NO) group, CIH group, CIH + normal saline (NS) group, and CIH + prazosin (PZ, α1-adrenergic antagonist) group. PZ (0.2 mM, 60 nl) and NS (0.9%, 60 nl) were microinjected into the hypoglossal nucleus. The responses of the genioglossus corticomotor area to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) were recorded on the 1st, 7th, 14th, and 21st day of CIH. The CIH group showed significantly shorter TMS latencies on days 1, 7, and 14 (3.85 ± 0.37 vs. 4.58 ± 0.42, 3.93 ± 0.17 vs. 4.49 ± 0.55, 3.79 ± 0.38 vs. 4.39 ± 0.30 ms, P < 0.05), and higher TMS amplitudes on day 1 (2.74 ± 0.87 vs. 1.60 ± 0.52 mV, P < 0.05) of CIH than the NO group. Compared to the CIH + NS group, the CIH + PZ group showed decreased TMS responses (longer latencies and lower amplitudes) only on the 14th day of CIH (3.99 ± 0.28 vs. 4.61 ± 0.48 ms, 2.51 ± 0.67 vs. 1.18 ± 0.62 mV, P < 0.05). These results indicated that noradrenergic activation of the hypoglossal nucleus played a role in the central compensation of genioglossus through α1-adrenoceptor on the 14th day of CIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinshi Nie
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Aidi Wang
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongyu Jin
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zheng Qin
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Pang
- The 463rd Hospital of the Chinese PLA, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Effect of the Lipoxygenase Inhibitor Baicalein on Muscles in Ovariectomized Rats. J Nutr Metab 2016; 2016:3703216. [PMID: 28050282 PMCID: PMC5165164 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3703216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, a loss of muscle mass accompanying osteoporosis, leads to falls and fall-related injuries. Baicalein, as a phytochemical agent, has an antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effect in muscle. In this study, sixty-one female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups: four groups were ovariectomized (OVX) and one control group was nonovariectomized (NON-OVX). Eight weeks after ovariectomy, three disparate concentrations (1 mg/kg body weight (BW), 10 mg/kg BW, and 100 mg/kg BW) of baicalein were applied subcutaneously daily in three OVX groups. Mm. soleus, gastrocnemius, and longissimus were extracted; their diameter, area, relation to body, and muscle weights as well as number of capillaries per fibre were recorded. In Mm. soleus and gastrocnemius, the baicalein effect (increasing number of capillaries per fibre) was proportional to the dose applied. The fibre diameters and area under baicalein treatment were significantly greater compared to OVX and NON-OVX groups. In M. longissimus, we observed a shift to type IIa fibres. Serum creatine kinase levels were significantly lower in highest baicalein concentration group. We conclude that baicalein can stimulate angiogenesis, though not fibre type-specific, in skeletal muscle and reduce the estrogen-related loss of fibre diameter and area in the skeletal muscle in rats. Therefore, a protective effect of baicalein on muscle cells can be assumed.
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16
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O'Halloran KD, Lewis P, McDonald F. Sex, stress and sleep apnoea: Decreased susceptibility to upper airway muscle dysfunction following intermittent hypoxia in females. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 245:76-82. [PMID: 27884793 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is a devastating respiratory control disorder more common in men than women. The reasons for the sex difference in prevalence are multifactorial, but are partly attributable to protective effects of oestrogen. Indeed, OSAS prevalence increases in post-menopausal women. OSAS is characterized by repeated occlusions of the pharyngeal airway during sleep. Dysfunction of the upper airway muscles controlling airway calibre and collapsibility is implicated in the pathophysiology of OSAS, and sex differences in the neuro-mechanical control of upper airway patency are described. It is widely recognized that chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), a cardinal feature of OSAS due to recurrent apnoea, drives many of the morbid consequences characteristic of the disorder. In rodents, exposure to CIH-related redox stress causes upper airway muscle weakness and fatigue, associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Of interest, in adults, there is female resilience to CIH-induced muscle dysfunction. Conversely, exposure to CIH in early life, results in upper airway muscle weakness equivalent between the two sexes at 3 and 6 weeks of age. Ovariectomy exacerbates the deleterious effects of exposure to CIH in adult female upper airway muscle, an effect partially restored by oestrogen replacement therapy. Intriguingly, female advantage intrinsic to upper airway muscle exists with evidence of substantially greater loss of performance in male muscle during acute exposure to severe hypoxic stress. Sex differences in upper airway muscle physiology may have relevance to human OSAS. The oestrogen-oestrogen receptor α axis represents a potential therapeutic target in OSAS, particularly in post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Philip Lewis
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Preventative Research, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Fiona McDonald
- Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom
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17
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O’Halloran KD. Chronic intermittent hypoxia creates the perfect storm with calamitous consequences for respiratory control. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 226:63-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Capllonch-Amer G, Sbert-Roig M, Galmés-Pascual BM, Proenza AM, Lladó I, Gianotti M, García-Palmer FJ. Estradiol stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and adiponectin expression in skeletal muscle. J Endocrinol 2014; 221:391-403. [PMID: 24681828 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism has been found in mitochondrial features of skeletal muscle, with female rats showing greater mitochondrial mass and function compared with males. Adiponectin is an insulin-sensitizing adipokine whose expression has been related to mitochondrial function and that is also expressed in skeletal muscle, where it exerts local metabolic effects. The aim of this research was to elucidate the role of sex hormones in modulation of mitochondrial function, as well as its relationship with adiponectin production in rat skeletal muscle. An in vivo study with ovariectomized Wistar rats receiving or not receiving 17β-estradiol (E2) (10 μg/kg per 48 h for 4 weeks) was carried out, in parallel with an assay of cultured myotubes (L6E9) treated with E2 (10 nM), progesterone (Pg; 1 μM), or testosterone (1 μM). E2 upregulated the markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, and also of mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle and L6E9. Although in vivo E2 supplementation only partially restored the decreased adiponectin expression levels induced by ovariectomy, these were enhanced by E2 and Pg treatment in cultured myotubes, whereas testosterone showed no effects. Adiponectin receptor 1 expression was increased by E2 treatment, both in vivo and in vitro, but testosterone decreased it. In conclusion, our results are in agreement with the sexual dimorphism previously reported in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and indicate E2 to be its main effector, as it enhances mitochondrial function and diminishes oxidative stress. Moreover, our data support the idea of the existence of a link between mitochondrial function and adiponectin expression in skeletal muscle, which could be modulated by sex hormones.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Adiponectin/blood
- Adiponectin/genetics
- Adiponectin/metabolism
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Estradiol/blood
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Estrogens/pharmacology
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood
- Female
- Male
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Mitochondria, Muscle/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Ovariectomy
- Oxidation-Reduction/drug effects
- Progesterone/blood
- Progesterone/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Adiponectin/genetics
- Receptors, Adiponectin/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Testosterone/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Capllonch-Amer
- Grup Metabolisme Energètic i NutricióDepartament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, SpainCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobnCB06/03/0043), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Sbert-Roig
- Grup Metabolisme Energètic i NutricióDepartament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, SpainCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobnCB06/03/0043), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bel M Galmés-Pascual
- Grup Metabolisme Energètic i NutricióDepartament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, SpainCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobnCB06/03/0043), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Proenza
- Grup Metabolisme Energètic i NutricióDepartament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, SpainCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobnCB06/03/0043), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, SpainGrup Metabolisme Energètic i NutricióDepartament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, SpainCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobnCB06/03/0043), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Lladó
- Grup Metabolisme Energètic i NutricióDepartament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, SpainCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobnCB06/03/0043), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, SpainGrup Metabolisme Energètic i NutricióDepartament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, SpainCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobnCB06/03/0043), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Magdalena Gianotti
- Grup Metabolisme Energètic i NutricióDepartament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, SpainCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobnCB06/03/0043), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, SpainGrup Metabolisme Energètic i NutricióDepartament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, SpainCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobnCB06/03/0043), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J García-Palmer
- Grup Metabolisme Energètic i NutricióDepartament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, SpainCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobnCB06/03/0043), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, SpainGrup Metabolisme Energètic i NutricióDepartament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, SpainCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobnCB06/03/0043), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Miousse IR, Gomez-Acevedo H, Sharma N, Vantrease J, Hennings L, Shankar K, Cleves MA, Badger TM, Ronis MJ. Mammary gland morphology and gene expression signature of weanling male and female rats following exposure to exogenous estradiol. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:1033-46. [PMID: 23925648 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213497322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to characterize the actions of xenoestrogens, it is essential to possess a solid portrait of the physiological effects of exogenous estradiol. We assessed effects of three doses of exogenous estradiol (E2) (0.1, 1.0 and 10 µg/kg/day) given between postnatal days 21 and 33 on the mammary gland morphology and gene expression profiles of male and female rats compared to vehicle-treated controls. The male mammary gland was more responsive to E2 treatment than in females, with 509 genes regulated >2-fold in a dose-dependent manner in males and only 174 in females. In males, E2 treatment significantly (P < 0.01) increased the number of terminal end buds (TEBs) and the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein (P < 0.05), both of which are indicators of proliferation. This change was linked to a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the expression of the gene encoding amphiregulin, which is known to induce TEB formation. There was also a dose-dependent increase (P < 0.001) in the estrogen-regulated gene encoding the progesterone receptor. In intact females, despite lack of changes in mammary morphology, we observed a dose-dependent increase (P < 0.05) in the expression of genes encoding three milk proteins: whey acidic protein, casein beta and casein kappa. There was a significant (P < 0.05) downregulation of both estrogen receptors in response to E2 treatment. These results suggest that mammary glands of male rats are very sensitive to exogenous E2 during development post-weaning. The dose-dependent increase observed in amphiregulin and progesterone receptor gene expression was linked to morphological changes and represents a reliable and sensitive tool to evaluate estrogenicity. In contrast, intact weanling female rats were less responsive.
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20
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Shortt CM, Fredsted A, Bradford A, O'Halloran KD. Diaphragm muscle remodeling in a rat model of chronic intermittent hypoxia. J Histochem Cytochem 2013; 61:487-99. [PMID: 23640977 DOI: 10.1369/0022155413490947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory muscle remodeling occurs in human sleep apnea--a common respiratory disorder characterized by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) due to recurrent apnea during sleep. We sought to determine if CIH causes remodeling in rat sternohyoid (upper airway dilator) and diaphragm muscles. Adult male Wistar rats were exposed to CIH (n=8), consisting of 90 sec of hypoxia (5% at the nadir; SaO₂ ~80%)/90 sec of normoxia, 8 hr per day, for 7 consecutive days. Sham animals (n=8) were exposed to alternating air/air cycles in parallel. The effect of CIH on myosin heavy-chain (MHC) isoform (1, 2a, 2x, 2b) distribution, sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) isoform distribution, succinate dehydrogenase activity, glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase activity, and Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump content was determined. Sternohyoid muscle structure was unaffected by CIH treatment. CIH did not alter oxidative/glycolytic capacity or the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump content of the diaphragm. CIH significantly increased the areal density of MHC 2b fibers in the rat diaphragm, and this was associated with a shift in SERCA proteins from SERCA2 to SERCA1. We conclude that CIH causes a slow-to-fast fiber transition in the rat diaphragm after just 7 days of treatment. Respiratory muscle functional remodeling may drive aberrant functional plasticity such as decreased muscle endurance, which is a feature of human sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Shortt
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Roles of gender, age, race/ethnicity, and residential socioeconomics in obstructive sleep apnea syndromes. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2013; 18:568-73. [PMID: 22990656 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0b013e328358be05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Review recent research on the roles of gender, race/ethnicity, residential socioeconomics and age in obstructive sleep apnea syndromes (OSA) and their treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Men have a higher prevalence of OSA than women and require higher continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) pressures for treatment, given similar severity of OSA. When comparing age, women have less severe apnea at all ages. Menopause, pregnancy and polycystic ovarian syndrome increase the risk for OSA in women. Neck fat and BMI influence apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) severity in women; abdominal fat and neck-to-waist ratio do so in men. Obesity, craniofacial structure, lower socioeconomic status and neighborhood disadvantage may better explain ethnic/racial differences in the prevalence and severity of OSA. Ethnicity was no longer significantly associated with OSA severity when WHO criteria for obesity were used. SUMMARY OSA has a male predominance; women have a lower AHI than men during certain stages of sleep; women require less CPAP pressure for treatment of similar severity of OSA, and there are ethnic/racial differences in the prevalence and severity of OSA but these may be due to environmental factors, such as living in disadvantaged neighborhoods.
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22
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Skelly JR, Edge D, Shortt CM, Jones JFX, Bradford A, O'Halloran KD. Tempol ameliorates pharyngeal dilator muscle dysfunction in a rodent model of chronic intermittent hypoxia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 46:139-48. [PMID: 21868712 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0084oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory muscle dysfunction is implicated in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), an oxidative stress disorder prevalent in men. Pharmacotherapy for OSAS is an attractive option, and antioxidant treatments may prove beneficial. We examined the effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) on breathing and pharyngeal dilator muscle structure and function in male and female rats. Additionally, we tested the efficacy of antioxidant treatment in preventing (chronic administration) or reversing (acute administration) CIH-induced effects in male rats. Adult male and female Wistar rats were exposed to alternating cycles of normoxia and hypoxia (90 s each; Fi(O(2)) = 5% O(2) at nadir; Sa(O(2)) ∼ 80%) or sham treatment for 8 h/d for 9 days. Tempol (1 mM, superoxide dismutase mimetic) was administered to subgroups of sham- and CIH-treated animals. Breathing was assessed by whole-body plethysmography. Sternohyoid muscle contractile and endurance properties were examined in vitro. Muscle fiber type and cross-sectional area and the activity of key metabolic enzymes were determined. CIH decreased sternohyoid muscle force in male rats only. This was not attributable to fiber transitions or alterations in oxidative or glycolytic enzyme activity. Muscle weakness after CIH was prevented by chronic Tempol supplementation and was reversed by acute antioxidant treatment in vitro. CIH increased normoxic ventilation in male rats only. Sex differences exist in the effects of CIH on the respiratory system, which may contribute to the higher prevalence of OSAS in male subjects. Antioxidant treatment may be beneficial as an adjunct OSAS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Richard Skelly
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
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Huang Y, Liu YH. Effects of phytoestrogens on genioglossus contractile properties in ovariectomized rats exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia may be independent of their estrogenicity. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119:128-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Jia SS, Liu YH. Down-regulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha: a possible explanation for the protective effects of estrogen on genioglossus fatigue resistance. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118:139-44. [PMID: 20487002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2010.00712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) often exhibit fatigued or inefficient upper airway dilator muscle activity. It has been shown that estrogen may have some impact on upper airway contractility under normoxic conditions. Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is a frequent feature of OSAHS, and it may alter muscle susceptibility to oxidative stress, a characteristic of a fatigable nature. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that is responsible for the regulation of oxygen homeostasis under hypoxic conditions. We examined the effects of estrogen on the contractility of the genioglossus by exposing rats to alternating cycles of 6-8% O(2) every 15 s for a total duration of 35 d. The results showed that muscle fatigue resistance was significantly decreased after CIH but was partially reversed after estrogen treatment. Compared with the control group, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting showed higher levels of HIF-1alpha messenger RNA and protein in the CIH group, but estrogen treatment reduced, in a dose-independent manner, the levels of HIF-1alpha messenger RNA and protein in rats exposed to CIH. We conclude that CIH induced the expression of HIF-1alpha in the genioglossus and altered the physical properties towards a more fatigable phenotype, whereas estrogen inhibited the over-expression of HIF-1alpha, and this may account for the improvement of upper airway muscle endurance in CIH rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Jia
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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