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Hussain M, Liu G. Eosinophilic Asthma: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Horizons. Cells 2024; 13:384. [PMID: 38474348 PMCID: PMC10931088 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a prevalent chronic non-communicable disease, affecting approximately 300 million people worldwide. It is characterized by significant airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, obstruction, and remodeling. Eosinophilic asthma, a subtype of asthma, involves the accumulation of eosinophils in the airways. These eosinophils release mediators and cytokines, contributing to severe airway inflammation and tissue damage. Emerging evidence suggests that targeting eosinophils could reduce airway remodeling and slow the progression of asthma. To achieve this, it is essential to understand the immunopathology of asthma, identify specific eosinophil-associated biomarkers, and categorize patients more accurately based on the clinical characteristics (phenotypes) and underlying pathobiological mechanisms (endotypes). This review delves into the role of eosinophils in exacerbating severe asthma, exploring various phenotypes and endotypes, as well as biomarkers. It also examines the current and emerging biological agents that target eosinophils in eosinophilic asthma. By focusing on these aspects, both researchers and clinicians can advance the development of targeted therapies to combat eosinophilic pathology in severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musaddique Hussain
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Gang Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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2
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Rubatto M, Borriello S, Sciamarrelli N, Pala V, Tonella L, Ribero S, Quaglino P. Exploring the role of epigenetic alterations and non-coding RNAs in melanoma pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. Melanoma Res 2023; 33:462-474. [PMID: 37788101 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a rare but highly lethal type of skin cancer whose incidence is increasing globally. Melanoma is characterized by high resistance to therapy and relapse. Despite significant advances in the treatment of metastatic melanoma, many patients experience progression due to resistance mechanisms. Epigenetic changes, including alterations in chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA rearrangements, contribute to neoplastic transformation, metastasis, and drug resistance in melanoma. This review summarizes current research on epigenetic mechanisms in melanoma and their therapeutic potential. Specifically, we discuss the role of histone acetylation and methylation in gene expression regulation and melanoma pathobiology, as well as the promising results of HDAC inhibitors and DNMT inhibitors in clinical trials. We also examine the dysregulation of non-coding RNA, particularly miRNAs, and their potential as targets for melanoma therapy. Finally, we highlight the challenges of epigenetic therapies, such as the complexity of epigenetic mechanisms combined with immunotherapies and the need for combination therapies to overcome drug resistance. In conclusion, epigenetic changes may be reversible, and the use of combination therapy between traditional therapies and epigenetically targeted drugs could be a viable solution to reverse the increasing number of patients who develop treatment resistance or even prevent it. While several clinical trials are underway, the complexity of these mechanisms presents a significant challenge to the development of effective therapies. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of epigenetic mechanisms in melanoma and to develop more effective and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Rubatto
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatologic Clinic, University of Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy
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3
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Anestopoulos I, Kyriakou S, Tragkola V, Paraskevaidis I, Tzika E, Mitsiogianni M, Deligiorgi MV, Petrakis G, Trafalis DT, Botaitis S, Giatromanolaki A, Koukourakis MI, Franco R, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI. Targeting the epigenome in malignant melanoma: Facts, challenges and therapeutic promises. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108301. [PMID: 36283453 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most lethal type of skin cancer with high rates of mortality. Although current treatment options provide a short-clinical benefit, acquired-drug resistance highlights the low 5-year survival rate among patients with advanced stage of the disease. In parallel, the involvement of an aberrant epigenetic landscape, (e.g., alterations in DNA methylation patterns, histone modifications marks and expression of non-coding RNAs), in addition to the genetic background, has been also associated with the onset and progression of melanoma. In this review article, we report on current therapeutic options in melanoma treatment with a focus on distinct epigenetic alterations and how their reversal, by specific drug compounds, can restore a normal phenotype. In particular, we concentrate on how single and/or combinatorial therapeutic approaches have utilized epigenetic drug compounds in being effective against malignant melanoma. Finally, the role of deregulated epigenetic mechanisms in promoting drug resistance to targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors is presented leading to the development of newly synthesized and/or improved drug compounds capable of targeting the epigenome of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Anestopoulos
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - S Kyriakou
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - V Tragkola
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - I Paraskevaidis
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - E Tzika
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - M V Deligiorgi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - G Petrakis
- Saint George Hospital, Chania, Crete, Greece
| | - D T Trafalis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - S Botaitis
- Department of Surgery, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, Democritus University of Thrace School of Medicine, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - A Giatromanolaki
- Department of Pathology, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - M I Koukourakis
- Radiotherapy / Oncology, Radiobiology & Radiopathology Unit, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - R Franco
- Redox Biology Centre, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - A Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - M I Panayiotidis
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Khan AQ, Ahmad F, Raza SS, Zarif L, Siveen KS, Sher G, Agha MV, Rashid K, Kulinski M, Buddenkotte J, Uddin S, Steinhoff M. Role of non-coding RNAs in the progression and resistance of cutaneous malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:208-226. [PMID: 32717336 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mitsiogianni M, Trafalis DT, Franco R, Zoumpourlis V, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI. Sulforaphane and iberin are potent epigenetic modulators of histone acetylation and methylation in malignant melanoma. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:147-158. [PMID: 32215717 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02227-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) Growing evidence supports that isothiocyanates exert a wide range of bioactivities amongst of which is their capacity to interact with the epigenetic machinery in various cancers including melanoma. Our aim was to characterise the effect of sulforaphane and iberin on histone acetylation and methylation as a potential anti-melanoma strategy. METHODS We have utilised an in vitro model of malignant melanoma [consisting of human (A375, Hs294T, VMM1) and murine (B16F-10) melanoma cell lines as well as a non-melanoma (A431) and a non-tumorigenic immortalised keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell line] exposed to sulforaphane or iberin. Cell viability was evaluated by the Alamar blue assay whilst total histone deacetylases and acetyltransferases activities were determined by the Epigenase HDAC Activity/Inhibition and EpiQuik HAT Activity/Inhibition assay kits, respectively. The expression levels of specific histone deacetylases and acetyltransferases together with those of lysine acetylation and methylation marks were obtained by western immunoblotting. RESULTS Overall, both sulforaphane and iberin were able to (1) reduce cell viability, (2) decrease total histone deacetylase activity and (3) modulate the expression levels of various histone deacetylases as well as acetyl and methyl transferases thus modulating the acetylation and methylation status of specific lysine residues on histones 3 and 4 in malignant melanoma cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight novel insights as to how sulforaphane and iberin differentially regulate the epigenetic response in ways compatible with their anticancer action in malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Mitsiogianni
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Applied Sciences, Group of Translational Biosciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Dimitrios T Trafalis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Rodrigo Franco
- Redox Biology Centre, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Vasilis Zoumpourlis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Mihalis I Panayiotidis
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Applied Sciences, Group of Translational Biosciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2371, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Ogawa M, Yaginuma T, Nakatomi C, Nakajima T, Tada-Shigeyama Y, Addison WN, Urata M, Matsubara T, Watanabe K, Matsuo K, Sato T, Honda H, Hikiji H, Watanabe S, Kokabu S. Transducin-like enhancer of split 3 regulates proliferation of melanoma cells via histone deacetylase activity. Oncotarget 2019; 10:404-414. [PMID: 30719233 PMCID: PMC6349449 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, one of the most aggressive neoplasms, is characterized by rapid cell proliferation. Transducin-like Enhancer of Split (TLE) is an important regulator of cell proliferation via Histone deacetylase (HDAC) recruitment. Given that HDAC activity is associated with melanoma progression, we examined the relationship between TLE3, a TLE family member, and melanoma. TLE3 expression was increased during the progression of human patient melanoma (p < 0.05). Overexpression of Tle3 in B16 murine melanoma cells led to an increase in cell proliferation (p < 0.01) as well as the number of cyclinD1-positive cells. in vivo injection of mice with B16 cells overexpressing Tle3 resulted in larger tumor formation than in mice injected with control cells (p < 0.05). In contrast, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Tle3 in B16 cells or TLE3 in HMV-II human melanoma cells decreased proliferation (p < 0.01). Treatment of B16 cells with trichostatin A (2.5 μM), a class I and II HDAC inhibitor, prevented the effect s of Tle3 on proliferation. In conclusion, these data indicate that Tle3 is required, at least in part, for proliferation in the B16 mouse melanoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ogawa
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.,Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Science of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Yaginuma
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chihiro Nakatomi
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakajima
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukiyo Tada-Shigeyama
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Science of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - William N Addison
- Research Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mariko Urata
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuma Matsubara
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Watanabe
- Division of Developmental Stomatognathic Function Science, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kou Matsuo
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Honda
- School of Oral Health Sciences, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hisako Hikiji
- School of Oral Health Sciences, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Seiji Watanabe
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Science of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kokabu
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
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Mitsiogianni M, Amery T, Franco R, Zoumpourlis V, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI. From chemo-prevention to epigenetic regulation: The role of isothiocyanates in skin cancer prevention. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 190:187-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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The soy-derived peptide Lunasin inhibits invasive potential of melanoma initiating cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:25525-25541. [PMID: 28424421 PMCID: PMC5421948 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lunasin is a 44 amino acid peptide with multiple functional domains including an aspartic acid tail, an RGD domain, and a chromatin-binding helical domain. We recently showed that Lunasin induced a phenotype switch of cancer initiating cells (CIC) out of the stem compartment by inducing melanocyte-associated differentiation markers while simultaneously reducing stem-cell-associated transcription factors. In the present study, we advance the hypothesis that Lunasin can reduce pools of melanoma cells with stem cell-like properties, and demonstrate that Lunasin treatment effectively inhibits the invasive potential of CICs in vitro as well as in vivo in a mouse experimental metastasis model. Mice receiving Lunasin treatment had significantly reduced pulmonary colonization after injection of highly metastatic B16-F10 melanoma cells compared to mice in the control group. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that Lunasin reduced activating phosphorylations of the intracellular kinases FAK and AKT as well as reduced histone acetylation of lysine residues in H3 and H4 histones. Using peptides with mutated activity domains, we functionally demonstrated that the RGD domain is necessary for Lunasin uptake and its ability to inhibit oncosphere formation by CICs, thus confirming that Lunasin's ability to affect CICs is at least in part due to the suppression of integrin signaling. Our studies suggest that Lunasin represents a unique anticancer agent that could be developed to help prevent metastasis and patient relapse by reducing the activity of CICs which are known to be resistant to current chemotherapies.
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Mahmoud F, Shields B, Makhoul I, Avaritt N, Wong HK, Hutchins LF, Shalin S, Tackett AJ. Immune surveillance in melanoma: From immune attack to melanoma escape and even counterattack. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:451-469. [PMID: 28513269 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1323596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacologic inhibition of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and the programmed death receptor-1 (PD1) has resulted in unprecedented durable responses in metastatic melanoma. However, resistance to immunotherapy remains a major challenge. Effective immune surveillance against melanoma requires 4 essential steps: activation of the T lymphocytes, homing of the activated T lymphocytes to the melanoma microenvironment, identification and episode of melanoma cells by activated T lymphocytes, and the sensitivity of melanoma cells to apoptosis. At each of these steps, there are multiple factors that may interfere with the immune surveillance machinery, thus allowing melanoma cells to escape immune attack and develop resistance to immunotherapy. We provide a comprehensive review of the complex immune surveillance mechanisms at play in melanoma, and a detailed discussion of how these mechanisms may allow for the development of intrinsic or acquired resistance to immunotherapeutic modalities, and potential avenues for overcoming this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fade Mahmoud
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Bradley Shields
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Issam Makhoul
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Nathan Avaritt
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Henry K Wong
- c Department of Dermatology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Laura F Hutchins
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Sara Shalin
- d Departments of Pathology and Dermatology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Alan J Tackett
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
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10
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Rasmussen RD, Gajjar MK, Jensen KE, Hamerlik P. Enhanced efficacy of combined HDAC and PARP targeting in glioblastoma. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:751-63. [PMID: 26794465 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that targeting chromatin remodeling factors is as a promising strategy for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). We and others have shown constitutive activation of DNA damage response (DDR) pathways in gliomas and suggested that targeting the DDR may improve the currently grim prognosis for patients. Based on our previous findings that inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) increases radio-sensitivity of the notoriously radio-resistant GBM cells, we hypothesized that epigenetic down-regulation of the DDR responses and induction of oxidative stress via HDAC inhibition would contribute to more efficient targeting of this deadly disease. Our data show that SAHA, an HDAC class I + II inhibitor, in combination with olaparib (PARP inhibitor): i) enhanced inhibition of GBM cell survival, ii) induced apoptosis, and iii) impaired cell cycle progression. These results provide a pre-clinical rationale for combined administration of SAHA and olaparib, which are already individually in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke D Rasmussen
- Brain Tumor Biology Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100-DK, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Madhavsai K Gajjar
- Brain Tumor Biology Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100-DK, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamilla E Jensen
- Brain Tumor Biology Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100-DK, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petra Hamerlik
- Brain Tumor Biology Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100-DK, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Radiation Biology, The Finsen Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100-DK, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Schipper H, Alla V, Meier C, Nettelbeck DM, Herchenröder O, Pützer BM. Eradication of metastatic melanoma through cooperative expression of RNA-based HDAC1 inhibitor and p73 by oncolytic adenovirus. Oncotarget 2015; 5:5893-907. [PMID: 25071017 PMCID: PMC4171600 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive cancer that retains functional p53 and p73, and drug unresponsiveness largely depends on defects in death pathways after epigenetic gene silencing in conjunction with an imbalanced p73/DNp73 ratio. We constructed oncolytic viruses armed with an inhibitor of deacetylation and/or p73 to specifically target metastatic cancer. Arming of the viruses is aimed at lifting epigenetic blockage and re-opening apoptotic programs in a staggered manner enabling both, efficient virus replication and balanced destruction of target cells through apoptosis. Our results showed that cooperative expression of shHDAC1 and p73 efficiently enhances apoptosis induction and autophagy of infected cells which reinforces progeny production. In vitro analyses revealed 100% cytotoxicity after infecting cells with OV.shHDAC1.p73 at a lower virus dose compared to control viruses. Intriguingly, OV.shHDAC1.p73 acts as a potent inhibitor of highly metastatic xenograft tumors in vivo. Tumor expansion was significantly reduced after intratumoral injection of 3 × 108 PFU of either OV.shHDAC1 or OV.p73 and, most important, complete regression could be achieved in 100% of tumors treated with OV.shHDAC1.p73. Our results point out that the combination of high replication capacity and simultaneous restoration of cell death routes significantly enhance antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Schipper
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany; These authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Vijay Alla
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany; These authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Claudia Meier
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk M Nettelbeck
- Helmholtz University Group Oncolytic Adenoviruses, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ottmar Herchenröder
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte M Pützer
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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Palmieri G, Ombra M, Colombino M, Casula M, Sini M, Manca A, Paliogiannis P, Ascierto PA, Cossu A. Multiple Molecular Pathways in Melanomagenesis: Characterization of Therapeutic Targets. Front Oncol 2015; 5:183. [PMID: 26322273 PMCID: PMC4530319 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms involved in pathogenesis of malignant melanoma have been widely studied and novel therapeutic treatments developed in recent past years. Molecular targets for therapy have mostly been recognized in the RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK and PI3K–AKT signaling pathways; small-molecule inhibitors were drawn to specifically target key kinases. Unfortunately, these targeted drugs may display intrinsic or acquired resistance and various evidences suggest that inhibition of a single effector of the signal transduction cascades involved in melanoma pathogenesis may be ineffective in blocking the tumor growth. In this sense, a wider comprehension of the multiple molecular alterations accounting for either response or resistance to treatments with targeted inhibitors may be helpful in assessing, which is the most effective combination of such therapies. In the present review, we summarize the known molecular mechanisms underlying either intrinsic and acquired drug resistance either alternative roads to melanoma pathogenesis, which may become targets for innovative anticancer approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Palmieri
- Unità di Genetica dei Tumori, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Sassari , Italy
| | - MariaNeve Ombra
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Avellino , Italy
| | - Maria Colombino
- Unità di Genetica dei Tumori, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Sassari , Italy
| | - Milena Casula
- Unità di Genetica dei Tumori, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Sassari , Italy
| | - MariaCristina Sini
- Unità di Genetica dei Tumori, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Sassari , Italy
| | - Antonella Manca
- Unità di Genetica dei Tumori, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Sassari , Italy
| | - Panagiotis Paliogiannis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Microchirurgiche e Mediche, Università di Sassari , Sassari , Italy
| | | | - Antonio Cossu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Microchirurgiche e Mediche, Università di Sassari , Sassari , Italy
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Novel thalidomide analogs: Anti-angiogenic and apoptotic effects on Hep-G2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomag.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Grazia G, Penna I, Perotti V, Anichini A, Tassi E. Towards combinatorial targeted therapy in melanoma: from pre-clinical evidence to clinical application (review). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:929-49. [PMID: 24920406 PMCID: PMC4121406 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, clinical trials with BRAF and mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitors have shown significant clinical activity in melanoma, but only a fraction of patients respond to these therapies, and development of resistance is frequent. This has prompted a large set of preclinical studies looking at several new combinatorial approaches of pathway- or target-specific inhibitors. At least five main drug association strategies have been verified in vitro and in preclinical models. The most promising include: i) vertical targeting of either MEK or phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways, or their combined blockade; ii) association of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) inhibitors with other pro-apoptotic strategies; iii) engagement of death receptors in combination with MEK-, mTOR/PI3K-, histone deacetylase (HDAC)-inhibitors, or with anti-apoptotic molecules modulators; iv) strategies aimed at blocking anti-apoptotic proteins belonging to B-cell lymphoma (Bcl-2) or inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) families associated with MEK/BRAF/p38 inhibition; v) co-inhibition of other molecules important for survival [proteasome, HDAC and Signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat)3] and the major pathways activated in melanoma; vi) simultaneous targeting of multiple anti-apoptotic molecules. Here we review the anti-melanoma efficacy and mechanism of action of the above-mentioned combinatorial strategies, together with the potential clinical application of the most promising studies that may eventually lead to therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Grazia
- Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Penna
- Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Perotti
- Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Anichini
- Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Tassi
- Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Takebe M, Oishi H, Taguchi K, Aoki Y, Takashina M, Tomita K, Yokoo H, Takano Y, Yamazaki M, Hattori Y. Inhibition of histone deacetylases protects septic mice from lung and splenic apoptosis. J Surg Res 2014; 187:559-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Ilmarinen P, Kankaanranta H. Eosinophil apoptosis as a therapeutic target in allergic asthma. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 114:109-17. [PMID: 24148899 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways manifesting in many different phenotypes. Allergic asthma, comprising approximately half of patients with asthma, is characterized by the accumulation of eosinophils into the lungs. Eosinophils release factors that damage the surrounding cells and participate in the maintenance and exacerbation of inflammation. In the absence of any inflammatory survival-prolonging factors, eosinophils die by apoptosis in few days but in inflamed airways, eosinophil survival is thought to be prolonged due to the surrounding pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-5, IL-3 and GM-CSF. Resolution of eosinophilic inflammation is an important goal in the treatment of allergic asthma. Apoptosis is a physiological and non-inflammatory way to eliminate these harmful cells, and development of drugs targeting eosinophil apoptosis is one possible strategy for the therapy of allergic asthma. Importance of this strategy is supported by the fact that promotion of eosinophil apoptosis is a property of many anti-asthmatic agents such as glucocorticoids, the current main anti-inflammatory therapy of asthma, theophylline and leukotriene modifiers. β2 agonists have been shown to modulate eosinophil longevity by increasing survival. Also, anti-IL-5 antibody mesolizumab has shown efficacy in reducing asthma exacerbations in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. Many potential future anti-asthmatic agents, such as Siglec-8 activating antibody and novel humanized anti-IL-5 antibody MEDI-563, have the property of inducing eosinophil apoptosis. This MiniReview aims to present eosinophil apoptosis as a therapeutic target in the treatment of allergic asthma. We summarize the effects and mechanisms of current and potential future anti-asthmatic drugs on eosinophil apoptosis and additionally, discuss the potential factors that promote eosinophil longevity in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinja Ilmarinen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Cotargeting histone deacetylases and oncogenic BRAF synergistically kills human melanoma cells by necrosis independently of RIPK1 and RIPK3. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e655. [PMID: 23744355 PMCID: PMC3702278 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Past studies have shown that histone deacetylase (HDAC) and mutant BRAF (v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1) inhibitors synergistically kill melanoma cells with activating mutations in BRAF. However, the mechanism(s) involved remains less understood. Here, we report that combinations of HDAC and BRAF inhibitors kill BRAFV600E melanoma cells by induction of necrosis. Cotreatment with the HDAC inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) or panobinostat (LBH589) and the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 activated the caspase cascade, but caspases appeared dispensable for killing, in that inhibition of caspases did not invariably block induction of cell death. The majority of dying cells acquired propidium iodide positivity instantly when they became positive for Annexin V, suggesting induction of necrosis. This was supported by caspase-independent release of high-mobility group protein B1, and further consolidated by rupture of the plasma membrane and loss of nuclear and cytoplasmic contents, as manifested by transmission electron microscopic analysis. Of note, neither the necrosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 nor the small interference RNA (siRNA) knockdown of receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) inhibited cell death, suggesting that RIPK1 and RIPK3 do not contribute to induction of necrosis by combinations of HDAC and BRAF inhibitors in BRAFV600E melanoma cells. Significantly, SAHA and the clinically available BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib cooperatively inhibited BRAFV600E melanoma xenograft growth in a mouse model even when caspase-3 was inhibited. Taken together, these results indicate that cotreatment with HDAC and BRAF inhibitors can bypass canonical cell death pathways to kill melanoma cells, which may be of therapeutic advantage in the treatment of melanoma.
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18
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Venza I, Visalli M, Oteri R, Cucinotta M, Teti D, Venza M. Class II-specific histone deacetylase inhibitors MC1568 and MC1575 suppress IL-8 expression in human melanoma cells. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:193-204. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Venza
- Department of Experimental Specialized Medical and Surgical and Odontostomatology Sciences; University of Messina; Messina; Italy
| | - M. Visalli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Messina; Messina; Italy
| | - R. Oteri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Messina; Messina; Italy
| | - M. Cucinotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Messina; Messina; Italy
| | - D. Teti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Messina; Messina; Italy
| | - M. Venza
- Department of Experimental Specialized Medical and Surgical and Odontostomatology Sciences; University of Messina; Messina; Italy
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Chodurek E, Orchel A, Orchel J, Kurkiewicz S, Gawlik N, Dzierżewicz Z, Stępień K. Evaluation of melanogenesis in A-375 melanoma cells treated with 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin and valproic acid. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2012; 17:616-32. [PMID: 23001511 PMCID: PMC6275710 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-012-0033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (melanoma malignum) is one of the most dangerous types of tumor. It is very difficult to cure. In recent years, a lot of attention has been given to chemoprevention. This method uses natural and synthetic compounds to interfere with and inhibit the process of carcinogenesis. In this study, a new treatment strategy was proposed consisting of a combination of 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin (DMC), an activator of melanogenesis, and valproic acid (VPA), a well-known drug that is one of the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis). In conjunction with 1 mM VPA, all of the tested concentrations of DMC (10-150 μM) significantly decreased the proliferation of A-375 cells. VPA and DMC also induced the synthesis of melanin and the formation of dendrite and star-shaped cells. Tyrosinase gene expression and tyrosinase activity significantly increased in response to VPA treatment. Pyrolysis with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was used to investigate the structure of the isolated melanin. This showed that the quantitative and qualitative components of melanin degradation products are dependent on the type of applied melanogenesis inductor. Products derived from eumelanin were detected in the pyrolytic profile of melanin isolated from A-375 cells stimulated with DMC. Thermal degradation of melanin isolated from melanoma cells after exposure to VPA or a mixture of VPA and DMC revealed the additional presence of products derived from pheomelanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Chodurek
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland.
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Feng Y, Lau E, Scortegagna M, Ruller C, De SK, Barile E, Krajewski S, Aza-Blanc P, Williams R, Pinkerton AB, Jackson M, Chin L, Pellecchia M, Bosenberg M, Ronai ZA. Inhibition of melanoma development in the Nras((Q61K)) ::Ink4a(-/-) mouse model by the small molecule BI-69A11. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 26:136-42. [PMID: 23035722 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To date, there are no effective therapies for tumors bearing NRAS mutations, which are present in 15-20% of human melanomas. Here we extend our earlier studies where we demonstrated that the small molecule BI-69A11 inhibits the growth of melanoma cell lines. Gene expression analysis revealed the induction of interferon- and cell death-related genes that were associated with responsiveness of melanoma cell lines to BI-69A11. Strikingly, the administration of BI-69A11 inhibited melanoma development in genetically modified mice bearing an inducible form of activated Nras and a deletion of the Ink4a gene (Nras((Q61K)) ::Ink4a(-/-) ). Biweekly administration of BI-69A11 starting at 10 weeks or as late as 24 weeks after the induction of mutant Nras expression inhibited melanoma development (100 and 36%, respectively). BI-69A11 treatment did not inhibit the development of histiocytic sarcomas, which constitute about 50% of the tumors in this model. BI-69A11-resistant Nras((Q61K)) ::Ink4a(-/-) tumors exhibited increased CD45 expression, reflective of immune cell infiltration and upregulation of gene networks associated with the cytoskeleton, DNA damage response, and small molecule transport. The ability to attenuate the development of NRAS mutant melanomas supports further development of BI-69A11 for clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Feng
- Signal Transduction Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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21
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Pal-Bhadra M, Ramaiah MJ, Reddy TL, Krishnan A, Pushpavalli SNCVL, Babu KS, Tiwari AK, Rao JM, Yadav JS, Bhadra U. Plant HDAC inhibitor chrysin arrest cell growth and induce p21WAF1 by altering chromatin of STAT response element in A375 cells. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:180. [PMID: 22591439 PMCID: PMC3407000 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chrysin and its analogues, belongs to flavonoid family and possess potential anti-tumour activity. The aim of this study is to determine the molecular mechanism by which chrysin controls cell growth and induce apoptosis in A375 cells. Methods Effect of chrysin and its analogues on cell viability and cell cycle analysis was determined by MTT assay and flowcytometry. A series of Western blots was performed to determine the effect of chrysin on important cell cycle regulatory proteins (Cdk2, cyclin D1, p53, p21, p27). The fluorimetry and calorimetry based assays was conducted for characterization of chrysin as HDAC inhibitor. The changes in histone tail modification such as acetylation and methylation was studied after chrysin treatment was estimated by immuno-fluorescence and western blot analysis. The expression of Bcl-xL, survivin and caspase-3 was estimated in chrysin treated cells. The effect of chrysin on p21 promoter activity was studied by luciferase and ChIP assays. Results Chrysin cause G1 cell cycle arrest and found to inhibit HDAC-2 and HDAC-8. Chrysin treated cells have shown increase in the levels of H3acK14, H4acK12, H4acK16 and decrease in H3me2K9 methylation. The p21 induction by chrysin treatment was found to be independent of p53 status. The chromatin remodelling at p21WAF1 promoter induces p21 activity, increased STAT-1 expression and epigenetic modifications that are responsible for ultimate cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Conclusion Chrysin shows in vitro anti-cancer activity that is correlated with induction of histone hyperacetylation and possible recruitment of STAT-1, 3, 5 proteins at STAT (−692 to −684) region of p21 promoter. Our results also support an unexpected action of chrysin on the chromatin organization of p21WAF1 promoter through histone methylation and hyper-acetylation. It proposes previously unknown sequence specific chromatin modulations in the STAT responsive elements for regulating cell cycle progression negatively via the induction of the CDK inhibitor p21WAF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manika Pal-Bhadra
- Department of Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.
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22
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Lu X, Xiao L, Wang L, Ruden DM. Hsp90 inhibitors and drug resistance in cancer: the potential benefits of combination therapies of Hsp90 inhibitors and other anti-cancer drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:995-1004. [PMID: 22120678 PMCID: PMC3299878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hsp90 is a chaperone protein that interacts with client proteins that are known to be in the cell cycle, signaling and chromatin-remodeling pathways. Hsp90 inhibitors act additively or synergistically with many other drugs in the treatment of both solid tumors and leukemias in murine tumor models and humans. Hsp90 inhibitors potentiate the actions of anti-cancer drugs that target Hsp90 client proteins, including trastuzumab (Herceptin™) which targets Her2/Erb2B, as Hsp90 inhibition elicits the drug effects in cancer cell lines that are otherwise resistant to the drug. A phase II study of the Hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG and trastuzumab showed that this combination therapy has anticancer activity in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer progressing on trastuzumab. In this review, we discuss the results of Hsp90 inhibitors in combination with trastuzumab and other cancer drugs. We also discuss recent results from yeast focused on the genetics of drug resistance when Hsp90 is inhibited and the implications that this might have in understanding the effects of genetic variation in treating cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Lu
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Li Xiao
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Luan Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Douglas M. Ruden
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
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Qian FF, Jiang XM, Xu M, Zhang YL, Xu P, Wang XY, Wu Y. Effect of valproic acid on cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in human hepatoma cell line SMMC-7721. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:74-78. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i1.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of valproic acid (VPA) on cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 mRNA in human hepatoma cell line SMMC-7721 in vitro.
METHODS: SMMC-7721 cells were treated with different concentrations (0.2, 1.0 and 5.0 mmol/L) of VPA for different durations (24, 48 and 72 h). Cell growth was measured by MTT assay. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry. The expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 mRNA in SMMC-7721 cells treated with VPA for 72 h was detected by RT-PCR.
RESULTS: Compared to the control group and PBS group, treatment with different concentrations of VPA for different durations significantly reduced cell growth to a varying extent (all P < 0.05). VPA administration suppressed cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. After treatment with VPA, the percentage of cells in G1 phase increased significantly and that of cells in S phase decreased, suggesting an arrest in G0/G1 phrase. Significant up-regulation of p21WAF1/CIP1 mRNA was observed in SMMC-7721 cells 72 h after treatment with VPA.
CONCLUSION: VPA could significantly suppress cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and result in a cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase by inducing elevated expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 mRNA in SMMC-7721 cells.
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Petruccelli LA, Dupéré-Richer D, Pettersson F, Retrouvey H, Skoulikas S, Miller WH. Vorinostat induces reactive oxygen species and DNA damage in acute myeloid leukemia cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20987. [PMID: 21695163 PMCID: PMC3112218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are promising anti-cancer agents, however, their mechanisms of action remain unclear. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells, HDACi have been reported to arrest growth and induce apoptosis. In this study, we elucidate details of the DNA damage induced by the HDACi vorinostat in AML cells. At clinically relevant concentrations, vorinostat induces double-strand breaks and oxidative DNA damage in AML cell lines. Additionally, AML patient blasts treated with vorinostat display increased DNA damage, followed by an increase in caspase-3/7 activity and a reduction in cell viability. Vorinostat-induced DNA damage is followed by a G2-M arrest and eventually apoptosis. We found that pre-treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) reduces vorinostat-induced DNA double strand breaks, G2-M arrest and apoptosis. These data implicate DNA damage as an important mechanism in vorinostat-induced growth arrest and apoptosis in both AML cell lines and patient-derived blasts. This supports the continued study and development of vorinostat in AMLs that may be sensitive to DNA-damaging agents and as a combination therapy with ionizing radiation and/or other DNA damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca A. Petruccelli
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Daphné Dupéré-Richer
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Filippa Pettersson
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hélène Retrouvey
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sophia Skoulikas
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Wilson H. Miller
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Lee SH, Zhao YZ, Park EJ, Che XH, Seo GS, Sohn DH. 2',4',6'-Tris(methoxymethoxy) chalcone induces apoptosis by enhancing Fas-ligand in activated hepatic stellate cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 658:9-15. [PMID: 21349266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Suppression of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and proliferation, and induction of apoptosis in activated HSCs have been proposed as therapeutic strategies for the treatment and prevention of the hepatic fibrosis. We previously showed that 2',4',6'-tris(methoxymethoxy) chalcone (TMMC), a synthesized chalcone derivative, inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-induced HSC proliferation at 5-20 μM. Here, we showed that TMMC induces apoptosis in activated HSCs at higher concentrations (30-50 μM), but is not cytotoxic to primary hepatocytes. Moreover, TMMC induces hyperacetylation of histone by inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC) in activated HSCs. Interestingly, TMMC treatment remarkably increased Fas-ligand (FasL) mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner. Cycloheximide treatment reversed the induction of TMMC on apoptosis, indicating that de novo protein synthesis was required for TMMC-induced apoptosis in activated HSCs. In addition, FasL synthesis by TMMC is closely associated with maximal procaspase-3 proteolytic processing. In vivo, TMMC reduced activated HSCs in CCl(4)-intoxicated rats during liver injury recovery, as demonstrated by α-smooth muscle actin expression in rat liver. TMMC treatment also resulted in apoptosis, as demonstrated by cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in rat liver. In conclusion, TMMC may have therapeutic potential by inducing HSC apoptosis for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Lee
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea
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26
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Nihal M, Roelke CT, Wood GS. Anti-melanoma effects of vorinostat in combination with polyphenolic antioxidant (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Pharm Res 2010; 27:1103-14. [PMID: 20232120 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Melanoma is an aggressive neoplasm with a propensity for metastases and resistance to therapy. Previously, we showed that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenolic antioxidant present in green tea, resulted in a significant decrease in the viability and growth of melanoma and induction of apoptosis via modulation of the cki-cdk-cyclin network and Bcl2 family proteins. Epigenetic regulation of gene transcription by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors is gaining momentum as a novel cancer therapy. SAHA-suberoylanilidine hydroxamic acid Zolinza (vorinostat) is the first HDAC inhibitor approved by the U.S. FDA. In this study, we determined if vorinostat alone or in combination with EGCG imparts anti-proliferative effects against human melanoma cells. METHODS Employing human melanoma cell lines A-375, Hs-294T and G-361, we determined the effect of vorinostat and/or EGCG on 1) growth/viability and colony formation, 2) apoptosis, and 3) the critical molecules involved in cell cycle and apoptosis regulation. RESULTS Our data demonstrated that the anti-proliferative effects of vorinostat were greater than or similar to those of EGCG among the cell lines tested. Furthermore, relative to monotherapy, the combination treatment resulted in significantly greater inhibition of cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, activation of p21, p27 and caspases (3, 7 and 9) and Bax as well as down-regulation of cdk2, cdk4, cyclin A, NF-kappaB protein p65/RelA and Bcl2 protein and transcript. CONCLUSIONS Our preclinical findings suggest that combination therapy with EGCG and vorinostat may be beneficial for the management of human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minakshi Nihal
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Avenue, Room B25, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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27
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Kankaanranta H, Janka-Junttila M, Ilmarinen-Salo P, Ito K, Jalonen U, Ito M, Adcock IM, Moilanen E, Zhang X. Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce apoptosis in human eosinophils and neutrophils. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2010; 7:9. [PMID: 20181093 PMCID: PMC2841159 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-7-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Granulocytes are important in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases. Apoptosis is pivotal in the resolution of inflammation. Apoptosis in malignant cells is induced by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, whereas HDAC inhibitors do not usually induce apoptosis in non-malignant cells. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of HDAC inhibitors on apoptosis in human eosinophils and neutrophils. Methods Apoptosis was assessed by relative DNA fragmentation assay, annexin-V binding, and morphologic analysis. HDAC activity in nuclear extracts was measured with a nonisotopic assay. HDAC expression was measured by real-time PCR. Results A HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA) induced apoptosis in the presence of survival-prolonging cytokines interleukin-5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in eosinophils and neutrophils. TSA enhanced constitutive eosinophil and neutrophil apoptosis. Similar effects were seen with a structurally dissimilar HDAC inhibitor apicidin. TSA showed additive effect on the glucocorticoid-induced eosinophil apoptosis, but antagonized glucocorticoid-induced neutrophil survival. Eosinophils and neutrophils expressed all HDACs at the mRNA level except that HDAC5 and HDAC11 mRNA expression was very low in both cell types, HDAC8 mRNA was very low in neutrophils and HDAC9 mRNA low in eosinophils. TSA reduced eosinophil and neutrophil nuclear HDAC activities by ~50-60%, suggesting a non-histone target. However, TSA did not increase the acetylation of a non-histone target NF-κB p65. c-jun-N-terminal kinase and caspases 3 and 6 may be involved in the mechanism of TSA-induced apoptosis, whereas PI3-kinase and caspase 8 are not. Conclusions HDAC inhibitors enhance apoptosis in human eosinophils and neutrophils in the absence and presence of survival-prolonging cytokines and glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Kankaanranta
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Medical School, FIN-33014, University of Tampere and Research Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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Biochemical mechanism of acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) selective toxicity toward melanoma cell lines. Melanoma Res 2009; 18:386-99. [PMID: 18971789 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e3283107df7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the current work, we investigated the biochemical toxicity of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; Aspirin) in human melanoma cell lines using tyrosinase enzyme as a molecular cancer therapeutic target. At 2 h, ASA was oxidized 88% by tyrosinase. Ascorbic acid and NADH, quinone reducing agents, were significantly depleted during the enzymatic oxidation of ASA by tyrosinase to quinone. The 50% inhibitory concentration (48 h) of ASA and salicylic acid toward SK-MEL-28 cells were 100 micromol/l and 5.2 mmol/l, respectively. ASA at 100 micromol/l was selectively toxic toward human melanocytic SK-MEL-28, MeWo, and SK-MEL-5 and murine melanocytic B16-F0 and B16-F10 melanoma cell lines. However, ASA was not significantly toxic to human amelanotic C32 melanoma cell line, which does not express tyrosinase enzyme, and human nonmelanoma BJ, SW-620, Saos, and PC-3 cells. Dicoumarol, a diaphorase inhibitor, and 1-bromoheptane, a GSH depleting agent, increased ASA toxicity toward SK-MEL-28 cells indicating quinone formation and intracellular GSH depletion played important mechanistic roles in ASA-induced melanoma toxicity. Ascorbic acid, a quinone reducing agent, and GSH, an antioxidant and quinone trap substrate, prevented ASA cell toxicity. Trifluoperazine, inhibitor of permeability transition pore in mitochondria, prevented ASA toxicity. ASA led to significant intracellular GSH depletion in melanocytic SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells but not in amelanotic C32 melanoma cells. ASA also led to significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in melanocytic SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells but not in amelanotic C32 melanoma cells. ROS formation was exacerbated by dicoumarol and 1-bromoheptane in SK-MEL-28. Our investigation suggests that quinone species, intracellular GSH depletion, ROS formation, and mitochondrial toxicity significantly contributed toward ASA selective toxicity in melanocytic SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells.
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Howell PM, Liu S, Ren S, Behlen C, Fodstad O, Riker AI. Epigenetics in human melanoma. Cancer Control 2009; 16:200-18. [PMID: 19556960 DOI: 10.1177/107327480901600302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent technological advances have allowed us to examine the human genome in greater detail than ever before. This has opened the door to an improved understanding of the gene expression patterns involved with cancer. METHODS A review of the literature was performed to determine the role of epigenetic modifications in human melanoma. We focused the search on histone deacetylation, methylation of gene promoter regions, demethylation of CpG islands, and the role of microRNA. We examined the relationship between human melanoma epigenetics and their importance in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and inhibition of metastasis. The development and clinical application of select pharmacologic agents are also discussed. RESULTS We identified several articles that have extensively studied the role of epigenetics in melanoma, further elucidating the complex processes involved in gene regulation and expression. Several new agents directly affect epigenetic mechanisms in melanoma, with divergent affects on the metastatic potential of melanoma. CONCLUSIONS Epigenetic mechanisms have emerged as having a central role in gene regulation of human melanoma, including the identification of several putative tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. Further research will focus on the development of novel therapeutics that will likely target and alter such epigenetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Howell
- Basic and Translational Research Department, University of South Alabama, Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, USA
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Abstract
Tumorigenesis is traditionally thought to be caused by the imbalance between oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. Epigenetics is a recently described phenomenon that uses an alternative mechanism to explain the transcriptional inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes predominantly by hypermethylation of the promoter regions. Hypermethylation of these regions has been described extensively in many neoplasms, including cutaneous melanoma. Histone modification, primarily by acetylation and deacetylation, is a current potential target for melanoma therapy, but more research is required to understand the mechanisms involved and the therapeutic effectiveness of regimens involving these agents. These mechanisms not only are important for understanding the origin and progression of neoplasms but also have important potential therapeutic implications. Understanding the epigenetic mechanisms involved in melanoma can provide valuable information with significant implications in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willmar D Patino
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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A phase I-II study of the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid plus chemoimmunotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma. Br J Cancer 2009; 100:28-36. [PMID: 19127265 PMCID: PMC2634690 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored in a phase I/II clinical trial the combination of valproic acid (VPA), a clinically available histone deacetylase inhibitor, with standard chemoimmunotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma, to evaluate its clinical activity, to correlate the clinical response with the biological activity of VPA and to assess toxicity. Patients were treated initially with VPA alone for 6 weeks. The inhibition of the target in non-tumour peripheral blood cells (taken as a potential surrogate marker) was measured periodically, and valproate dosing adjusted with the attempt to reach a measurable inhibition. After the treatment with valproate alone, dacarbazine plus interferon-alpha was started in combination with valproate. Twenty-nine eligible patients started taking valproate and 18 received chemoimmunotherapy and are assessable for response. We observed one complete response, two partial remissions and three disease stabilisations lasting longer than 24 weeks. With the higher valproate dosages needed to reach a measurable inhibition of the target, we observed an increase of side effects in those patients who received chemoimmunotherapy. The combination of VPA and chemoimmunotherapy did not produce results overtly superior to standard therapy in patients with advanced melanoma and toxicity was not negligible, casting some doubts on the clinical use of VPA in this setting (at least in the administration schedule adopted).
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Melanoma genetics and therapeutic approaches in the 21st century: moving from the benchside to the bedside. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:2575-2595. [PMID: 18927540 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is notoriously one of the most difficult cancers to treat. Although many therapeutic regimens have been tested, very few achieve response rates greater than 25%. Given the rising incidence of melanoma and the paucity of effective treatments, there is much hope and excitement in leveraging recent genetic and molecular insights for therapeutic advantage. Over the past 30 years, elegant studies by many groups have helped decipher the complex genetic networks involved in melanoma proliferation, progression and survival, as well as several genes involved in melanocyte development and survival. Many of these oncogenic loci and pathways have become crucial targets for pharmacological development. In this article we review: (1) our current understanding of melanoma genetics within the context of signaling networks; (2) targeted therapies, including an extensive discussion of promising agents that act in the Bcl-2 signaling network; (3) future areas of research.
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Zheng YG, Wu J, Chen Z, Goodman M. Chemical regulation of epigenetic modifications: opportunities for new cancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:645-87. [PMID: 18271058 DOI: 10.1002/med.20120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is concerned about heritable changes in gene expression without alteration of the coding sequence. Epigenetic modification of chromatin includes methylation of genomic DNA as well as post-translational modification of chromatin-associated proteins, in particular, histones. The spectrum of histone and non-histone modifications ranges from the addition of relatively small groups such as methyl, acetyl and phosphoryl groups to the attachment of larger moieties such as poly(ADP-ribose) and small proteins ubiquitin or small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO). The combinatorial nature of DNA methylation and histone modifications constitutes a significant pathway of epigenetic regulation and considerably extends the information potential of the genetic code. Chromatin modification has emerged as a new fundamental mechanism for gene transcriptional activity control associated with many cellular processes like proliferation, growth, and differentiation. Also it is increasingly recognized that epigenetic modifications constitute important regulatory mechanisms for the pathogenesis of malignant transformations. We review here the recent progress in the development of chemical inhibitors/activators that target different chromatin modifying enzymes. Such potent natural or synthetic modulators can be utilized to establish the quantitative contributions of epigenetic modifications in DNA regulated pathways including transcription, replication, recombination and repair, as well as provide leads for developing new cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun George Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, PO Box 4098, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4098, USA.
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Yokoyama S, Feige E, Poling LL, Levy C, Widlund HR, Khaled M, Kung AL, Fisher DE. Pharmacologic suppression of MITF expression via HDAC inhibitors in the melanocyte lineage. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008; 21:457-63. [PMID: 18627530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2008.00480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma incidence continues to rise at an alarming rate while effective systemic therapies remain very limited. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is required for development of melanocytes and is an amplified oncogene in a fraction of human melanomas. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor also plays an oncogenic role in human clear cell sarcomas, which typically exhibit melanoma-like features. Although pharmacologic suppression of MITF is of potential interest in a variety of clinical settings, it is not known to contain intrinsic catalytic activity capable of direct small molecule inhibition. An alternative drug-targeting strategy is to identify and interfere with lineage-restricted mechanisms required for its expression. Here, we report that multiple histone deacetylase (HDAC)-inhibitor drugs potently suppress MITF expression in melanocytes, melanoma and clear cell sarcoma cells. Although HDAC inhibitors may affect numerous cellular targets, we observed suppression of skin pigmentation by topical drug application as well as evidence of anti-melanoma efficacy in vitro and in mouse xenografts. Consequently, HDAC inhibitor drugs are candidates to play therapeutic roles in targeting conditions affecting the melanocyte lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Yokoyama
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Melanoma Program in Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
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Histone deacetylase inhibitors: mechanisms and clinical significance in cancer: HDAC inhibitor-induced apoptosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 615:261-98. [PMID: 18437899 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6554-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epigenic modifications, mainly DNA methylation and acetylation, are recognized as the main mechanisms contributing to the malignant phenotype. Acetylation and deacetylation are catalyzed by specific enzymes, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), respectively. While histones represent a primary target for the physiological function of HDACs, the antitumor effect of HDAC inhibitors might also be attributed to transcription-independent mechanisms by modulating the acetylation status of a series of non-histone proteins. HDAC inhibitors may act through the transcriptional reactivation of dormant tumor suppressor genes. They also modulate expression of several other genes related to cell cycle, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Several HDAC inhibitors are currently in clinical trials both for solid and hematologic malignancies. Thus, HDAC inhibitors, in combination with DNA-demethylating agents, chemopreventive, or classical chemotherapeutic drugs, could be promising candidates for cancer therapy. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of HDAC inhibitors for the treatment of cancer.
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Lillehammer T, Engesaeter BO, Prasmickaite L, Maelandsmo GM, Fodstad O, Engebraaten O. Combined treatment with Ad-hTRAIL and DTIC or SAHA is associated with increased mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in human melanoma cell lines. J Gene Med 2007; 9:440-51. [PMID: 17410615 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, dacarbazine (DTIC) is the only approved systemic treatment for metastatic malignant melanoma. However, the modest treatment effect encourages studies on novel therapeutic molecules, delivery systems and combination therapies. Full-length TRAIL, delivered from an adenoviral vector (Ad-hTRAIL), was studied in combination with DTIC or the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) in human melanoma cell lines. METHODS The cytotoxic potential of the combination treatments was assessed by cell viability measurements and CalcuSyn analysis. Involvement of apoptosis was analyzed by TUNEL staining, mitochondrial membrane potential measurements, and activation and expression levels of caspases and other mediators of apoptosis. RESULTS Ad-hTRAIL in combination with DTIC or SAHA resulted in additive or synergistic growth inhibition compared to each treatment used as single agent. Both combinations augmented apoptosis, which was mediated through the death receptor (DR) pathway by enhanced activation of caspase-8, and through increased loss of mitochondrial integrity. Provoked cleavage of Bid, which bridges the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways, and downregulation of the anti-apoptotic mediators Bcl-X(L), Mcl-1 and XIAP (but not Bcl-2) were critical contributing factors. Increased levels of DR4 and DR5 were not a common underlying mechanism as DTIC did not affect the levels of either of the receptors. However, SAHA-induced expression of DR4 may have reduced the TRAIL resistance in the SKMEL-28 cell line. CONCLUSION Administration of Ad-hTRAIL in combination with DTIC or SAHA enhances apoptosis in human melanoma cell lines, and suggests that the therapeutic potential of such treatment strategies should be further evaluated for possible clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Lillehammer
- Department of Tumor Biology, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Montebello, Oslo, Norway.
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Krämer OH, Knauer SK, Zimmermann D, Stauber RH, Heinzel T. Histone deacetylase inhibitors and hydroxyurea modulate the cell cycle and cooperatively induce apoptosis. Oncogene 2007; 27:732-40. [PMID: 17653085 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Therapy resistance represents a major problem for disease management in oncology. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have been shown to modulate the cell cycle, to induce apoptosis and to sensitize cancer cells for other chemotherapeutics. Our study shows that the HDACi valproic acid (VPA) and the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor hydroxyurea (HU) potentiate the pro-apoptotic effects of each other towards several cancer cell lines. This correlates with the HU-induced degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKI) p21 and p27, mediated by the proteasome or caspase-3. Moreover, we found that caspase-3 activation is required for VPA-induced apoptosis. Remarkably, p21 and p27 can confer resistance against VPA and HU. Both CDKI interact with caspase-3 and compete with other caspase-3 substrates. Hence, p21 and p27 may contribute to chemotherapy resistance as apoptosis inhibitors. Since the biological effects of VPA and HU could be achieved at concentrations used in current treatment protocols, the combined application of these compounds might be considered as a potential strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- O H Krämer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Demay F, Bilican B, Rodriguez M, Carreira S, Pontecorvi M, Ling Y, Goding CR. T-box factors: targeting to chromatin and interaction with the histone H3 N-terminal tail. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 20:279-87. [PMID: 17630961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2007.00389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
T-box transcription factors play a crucial role in development where they are implicated in patterning and cell fate decisions. Tbx2 and Tbx3 have also been implicated in several cancers including melanoma, and can act as antisenescence factors through their ability to repress p19(ARF) and p21(CIP1) expression. Although several target genes for T-box factors have been identified, it is unknown whether this family of proteins can bind chromatin, a property that would facilitate the epigenetic reprogramming that occurs in both development and cancer progression. Here, we show that Tbx2 has the potential to recognize mitotic chromatin in a DNA-dependent fashion, can interact specifically with the histone H3 N-terminal tail, a property shared with Tbx4, Tbx5 and Tbx6, and can also recognize nucleosomal DNA, with binding to nucleosomes being antagonized by the presence of the histone tails. Strikingly, in vivo Tbx2 co-localization with pericentric heterochromatin appears to be regulated and ectopic expression of Tbx2 leads to severe mitotic defects. Taken together our results suggest that Tbx2, and most likely other members of the T-box family, are able to target chromatin and may indicate a role for the T-box factors in epigenetic reprogramming events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Demay
- Signalling and Development Laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey, UK
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Abstract
Irreversible changes in the DNA sequence, including chromosomal deletions or amplification, activating or inactivating mutations in genes, have been implicated in the development and progression of melanoma. However, increasing attention is being turned towards the participation of 'epigenetic' events in melanoma progression that do not affect DNA sequence, but which nevertheless may lead to stable inherited changes in gene expression. Epigenetic events including histone modifications and DNA methylation play a key role in normal development and are crucial to establishing the correct program of gene expression. In contrast, mistargeting of such epigenetic modifications can lead to aberrant patterns of gene expression and loss of anti-cancer checkpoints. Thus, to date at least 50 genes have been reported to be dysregulated in melanoma by aberrant DNA methylation and accumulating evidence also suggests that mistargetting of histone modifications and altered chromatin remodeling activities will play a key role in melanoma. This review gives an overview of the many different types of epigenetic modifications and their involvement in cancer and especially in melanoma development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Rothhammer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg Medical School, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Ho SM, Tang WY. Techniques used in studies of epigenome dysregulation due to aberrant DNA methylation: an emphasis on fetal-based adult diseases. Reprod Toxicol 2007; 23:267-82. [PMID: 17317097 PMCID: PMC2055548 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic changes are heritable modifications that do not involve alterations in the primary DNA sequence. They regulate crucial cellular functions such as genome stability, X-chromosome inactivation, and gene imprinting. Epidemiological and experimental observations now suggest that such changes may also explain the fetal basis of adult diseases such as cancer, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, neurological diseases, and behavioral modifications. The main molecular events known to initiate and sustain epigenetic modifications are histone modification and DNA methylation. This review specifically focuses on existing and emerging technologies used in studying DNA methylation, which occurs primarily at CpG dinucleotides in the genome. These include standard exploratory tools used for global profiling of DNA methylation and targeted gene investigation: methylation sensitive restriction fingerprinting (MSRF), restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS), methylation CpG island amplification-representational difference analysis (MCA-RDA), differential methylation hybridization (DMH), and cDNA microarrays combined with treatment with demethylating agents and inhibitors of histone deacetylase. The basic operating principals, resource requirements, applications, and benefits and limitations of each methodology are discussed. Validation methodologies and functional assays needed to establish the role of a CpG-rich sequence in regulating the expression of a target or candidate gene are outlined. These include in silico database searches, methylation status studies (bisulfite genomic sequencing, COBRA, MS-PCR, MS-SSCP), gene expression studies, and promoter activity analyses. Our intention is to give readers a starting point for choosing methodologies and to suggest a workflow to follow during their investigations. We believe studies of epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation hold great promise in understanding the early origins of adult diseases and in advancing their diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuk-mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Kato Y, Salumbides BC, Wang XF, Qian DZ, Williams S, Wei Y, Sanni TB, Atadja P, Pili R. Antitumor effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitor LAQ824 in combination with 13-cis-retinoic acid in human malignant melanoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:70-81. [PMID: 17237267 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy is a major hurdle in the treatment of malignant melanoma. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been shown to have antitumor activity in different tumor types, including melanoma, and to reverse epigenetic repression of tumor suppressor genes, such as retinoic acid receptor beta (RARbeta). In this study, we tested the antitumor effect of the HDAC inhibitor LAQ824 in combination with 13-cis-retinoic acid (CRA) on two human melanoma cell lines both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of LAQ824 showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on A2058 and HMV-I cell lines in a clonogenic assay. These cell lines were relatively resistance to CRA. On treatment with combination of LAQ824 and CRA, a greater inhibitory effect (up to 98%) was achieved compared with single agents. Lack of RARbeta2 gene expression was associated with histone acetylation and gene methylation at the promoter level. Treatment with LAQ824 restored retinoid sensitivity by reverting RARbeta2 epigenetic silencing. The biological effect of LAQ824 was associated with p21 induction in both cell lines but G(2) cell cycle arrest in A2058 and apoptosis in HMV-I cell line. The induction of apoptosis by LAQ824 was associated with increased reactive oxygen species and induction of SM22 gene expression in HMV-I but not in A2058 cell line. Administration of the free radical scavenger l-N-acetylcysteine blocked LAQ824 + CRA-mediated apoptosis in HMV-I cells, suggesting a primary role for reactive oxygen species generation in LAQ824 + CRA-associated lethality. Combination treatment showed 61% and 82% growth inhibition in A2058 and HMV-I tumors, respectively. Greater induction of in vivo apoptosis was observed in the HMV-I but not in the A2058 tumors treated with combination therapy compared with single agents. These results suggest that the HDAC inhibitor LAQ824 has a greater antitumor activity in combination with CRA in melanoma tumors but the degree of induced apoptosis may vary. Combination of HDAC inhibitors and retinoids represents a novel therapeutic approach for malignant melanoma that warrants clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiko Kato
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Bunting-Blaustein Cancer Research Building 1M52, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21231, USA
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Gillespie S, Borrow J, Zhang XD, Hersey P. Bim plays a crucial role in synergistic induction of apoptosis by the histone deacetylase inhibitor SBHA and TRAIL in melanoma cells. Apoptosis 2007; 11:2251-65. [PMID: 17051334 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-0283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The wide variation in sensitivity of cancer cells to TRAIL- or histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor - induced apoptosis precludes successful treatment of cancer with these agents. We report here that TRAIL and SBHA synergistically induce apoptosis of melanoma cells as revealed by quantitative analysis using the normalized isobologram method. This is supported by enhanced activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of its substrates, PARP and ICAD. Co-treatment with SBHA and TRAIL did not enhance formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) and processing of caspase-8 and Bid, but potentiated activation of Bax and release of Cytochrome C and Smac/DIABLO from mitochondria into the cytosol. SBHA down-regulated Bcl-X(L), Mcl-1 and XIAP, but up-regulated Bax, Bak, and the BH3-only protein Bim(EL). Up-regulation of the latter by SBHA was attenuated by the presence of TRAIL, which was inhibitable by the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk. Inhibition of Bim by siRNA attenuated conformational changes of Bax, mitochondrial apoptotic events, and activation of caspase-3, leading to marked inhibition of the synergy between SBHA and TRAIL. Thus, Bim plays an essential role in synergistic induction of apoptosis by SBHA and TRAIL in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Gillespie
- Immunology and Oncology Unit, Room 443, Newcastle Misericordiae Hospital, NSW, Australia
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Hatayama H, Iwashita J, Kuwajima A, Abe T. The short chain fatty acid, butyrate, stimulates MUC2 mucin production in the human colon cancer cell line, LS174T. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 356:599-603. [PMID: 17374366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The short fatty acid, butyrate, which is produced by intestinal anaerobic bacteria in the colon, has inhibitory activity on histone deacetylases (HDACs). Treatment of the human colon cancer cell line, LS174T, with 1-2 mM sodium butyrate stimulated MUC2 mucin production, as determined by histological PAS staining of carbohydrate chains of mucin, and confirmed at the protein and mRNA levels by immunoblotting with anti-MUC2 antibody and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. Increases in acetylated histone H3 in the LS174T cells treated with butyrate suggest inhibition of HDACs in these cells. Butyrate-stimulated MUC2 production in the LS174T cells was inhibited by the MEK inhibitor, U0126, implicating the involvement of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascades in this process. Proliferation of the LS174T cells was inhibited by butyrate treatment. Although apoptotic nuclear DNA fragmentation could not be detected, cell-cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase in the butyrate-treated cells was demonstrated by flow cytometry. Thus butyrate, an HDAC inhibitor, inhibits proliferation of LS174T cells but stimulates MUC2 production in individual cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Hatayama
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
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Zhao J, Huang WG, He J, Tan H, Liao QJ, Su Q. Diallyl disulfide suppresses growth of HL-60 cell through increasing histone acetylation and p21WAF1 expression in vivo and in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:1459-66. [PMID: 17049122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the differentiation induction and growth inhibition of HL-60 cells by diallyl disulfide (DADS), and its relationship with the alterations of histone acetylation and p21(WAF1) expression in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Differentiation was studied by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction of HL-60 cell in vitro. HL-60 cells 5x10(6) were injected into the right side of the peritoneal cavity of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. When the peritoneal neoplasms were detected, the SCID mice were randomly divided into 3 groups and received an ip injection of vehicle alone (NS), DADS or sodium butyrate (SB). The growth inhibition of peritoneal neoplasms induced by DADS was observed by a growth curve. The cycle distribution of HL-60 cells in SCID mice was monitored by flow cytometry. The expression of acetylated histone H3, H4 and p21(WAF1) were measured by Western blot. RESULTS After treatment with DADS for 0-72 h, the NBT reduction ability of HL-60 cells increased in a time-dependent manner, compared with no treatment of HL-60 cells. In the HL-60 cells treated with DADS for 24 h, the expression of acetylated histone H3, H4, and p21(WAF1) increased obviously. After treatment with DADS, tumor growth was markedly suppressed. HL-60 cells from mice treated with DADS were blocked in the G1 phase, from 25.4% to 63.4%. The tumors from the mice treated with DADS showed an increase of acetylated histone H3, H4, and p21(WAF1). CONCLUSION DADS could induce differentiation and inhibit the growth of HL-60 cells through increasing the expression of acetylated histone H3, H4, and p21(WAF1) in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Cancer Research Institute, Nanhua University, Hengyang 421001, China
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Lacreusette A, Nguyen JM, Pandolfino MC, Khammari A, Dreno B, Jacques Y, Godard A, Blanchard F. Loss of oncostatin M receptor beta in metastatic melanoma cells. Oncogene 2006; 26:881-92. [PMID: 16909117 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM) is an interleukin-6 (IL-6) type cytokine originally described by its capacity to inhibit melanoma proliferation in vitro. Here, the mechanisms involved in resistance to growth inhibition by OSM were analysed for the first time on a large panel of metastatic melanoma cell lines. OSM resistance did not strictly correlate with IL-6, interferon-gamma or tumor necrosis factor-alpha resistance. Rather, it correlated with a specific loss of the OSM receptor-beta (OSMRbeta) subunit, in conjunction with a lower level of histone acetylation in the OSMRbeta promoter region. Treatment of various OSM-resistant melanoma cells with the histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A increased activity and histone acetylation of the OSMRbeta promoter as well as expression of OSMRbeta mRNA and protein, allowing OSM to activate the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and to inhibit proliferation. Other defects associated with OSM resistance were identified at the level of OSMRbeta transcription or protein expression, as well as downstream of or parallel to STAT3 activation. Altogether, our results suggest a role for OSM in the prevention of melanoma progression and that metastatic melanoma cells could escape this growth control by the epigenetic silencing of OSMRbeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lacreusette
- INSERM, U601, Groupe de Recherche Cytokines et Récepteurs, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France
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