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Baker RP, Liu AZ, Casadevall A. Cell wall melanin impedes growth of the Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide capsule by sequestering calcium. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.20.599928. [PMID: 38948764 PMCID: PMC11212976 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.20.599928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans has emerged as a frontrunner among deadly fungal pathogens and is particularly life-threatening for many HIV-infected individuals with compromised immunity. Multiple virulence factors contribute to the growth and survival of C. neoformans within the human host, the two most prominent of which are the polysaccharide capsule and melanin. As both of these features are associated with the cell wall, we were interested to explore possible cooperative or competitive interactions between these two virulence factors. Whereas capsule thickness had no effect on the rate at which cells became melanized, build-up of the melanin pigment layer resulted in a concomitant loss of polysaccharide material, leaving melanized cells with significantly thinner capsules than their non-melanized counterparts. When melanin was provided exogenously to cells in a transwell culture system we observed a similar inhibition of capsule growth and maintenance. Our results show that melanin sequesters calcium thereby limiting its availability to form divalent bridges between polysaccharide subunits required for outer capsule assembly. The decreased ability of melanized cells to incorporate exported polysaccharide into the growing capsule correlated with the amount of shed polysaccharide, which could have profound negative impacts on the host immune response. Significance Statement Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that presents a significant health risk for immunocompromised individuals. We report an interaction between the two major cryptococcal virulence factors, the polysaccharide capsule and melanin. Melanin impacted the growth and maintenance of the polysaccharide capsule, resulting in loss of capsular material during melanization. Our results suggest that melanin can act as a sink for calcium, thereby limiting its availability to form ionic bridges between polysaccharide chains on the growing surface of the outer capsule. As polysaccharide is continuously exported to support capsule growth, failure of melanized cells to incorporate this material results in a higher concentration of shed polysaccharide in the extracellular milieu, which is expected to interfere with host immunity.
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Kaushik H, Kumar V, Parsad D. Mitochondria-Melanocyte cellular interactions: An emerging mechanism of vitiligo pathogenesis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2023; 37:2196-2207. [PMID: 36897230 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria has emerged as a potential modulator of melanocyte function other than just meeting its cellular ATP demands. Mitochondrial DNA defects are now an established cause of maternal inheritance diseases. Recent cellular studies have highlighted the mitochondrial interaction with other cellular organelles that lead to disease conditions such as in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, where defective mitochondria was found in melanocytes of these patients. Vitiligo, a depigmentory ailment of the skin, is another such disorder whose pathogenesis is now found to be associated with mitochondria. The complete absence of melanocytes at the lesioned site in vitiligo is a fact; however, the precise mechanism of this destruction is still undefined. In this review we have tried to discuss and link the emerging facts of mitochondrial function or its inter- and intra-organellar communications in vitiligo pathogenesis. Mitochondrial close association with melanosomes, molecular involvement in melanocyte-keratinocyte communication and melanocyte survival are new paradigm of melanogenesis that could ultimately account for vitiligo. This definitely adds the new dimensions to our understanding of vitiligo, its management and designing of future mitochondrial targeted therapy for vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitaishi Kaushik
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Davinder Parsad
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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Fernandes B, Cavaco-Paulo A, Matamá T. A Comprehensive Review of Mammalian Pigmentation: Paving the Way for Innovative Hair Colour-Changing Cosmetics. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020290. [PMID: 36829566 PMCID: PMC9953601 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The natural colour of hair shafts is formed at the bulb of hair follicles, and it is coupled to the hair growth cycle. Three critical processes must happen for efficient pigmentation: (1) melanosome biogenesis in neural crest-derived melanocytes, (2) the biochemical synthesis of melanins (melanogenesis) inside melanosomes, and (3) the transfer of melanin granules to surrounding pre-cortical keratinocytes for their incorporation into nascent hair fibres. All these steps are under complex genetic control. The array of natural hair colour shades are ascribed to polymorphisms in several pigmentary genes. A myriad of factors acting via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms also contributes for hair colour diversity. Given the enormous social and cosmetic importance attributed to hair colour, hair dyeing is today a common practice. Nonetheless, the adverse effects of the long-term usage of such cosmetic procedures demand the development of new methods for colour change. In this context, case reports of hair lightening, darkening and repigmentation as a side-effect of the therapeutic usage of many drugs substantiate the possibility to tune hair colour by interfering with the biology of follicular pigmentary units. By scrutinizing mammalian pigmentation, this review pinpoints key targetable processes for the development of innovative cosmetics that can safely change the hair colour from the inside out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fernandes
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.-P.); (T.M.); Tel.: +351-253-604-409 (A.C.-P.); +351-253-601-599 (T.M.)
| | - Teresa Matamá
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.-P.); (T.M.); Tel.: +351-253-604-409 (A.C.-P.); +351-253-601-599 (T.M.)
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4
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Slavi N, Balasubramanian R, Lee MA, Liapin M, Oaks-Leaf R, Peregrin J, Potenski A, Troy CM, Ross ME, Herrera E, Kosmidis S, John SWM, Mason CA. CyclinD2-mediated regulation of neurogenic output from the retinal ciliary margin is perturbed in albinism. Neuron 2023; 111:49-64.e5. [PMID: 36351424 PMCID: PMC9822872 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In albinism, aberrations in the ipsi-/contralateral retinal ganglion cell (RGC) ratio compromise the functional integrity of the binocular circuit. Here, we focus on the mouse ciliary margin zone (CMZ), a neurogenic niche at the embryonic peripheral retina, to investigate developmental processes regulating RGC neurogenesis and identity acquisition. We found that the mouse ventral CMZ generates predominantly ipsilaterally projecting RGCs, but this output is altered in the albino visual system because of CyclinD2 downregulation and disturbed timing of the cell cycle. Consequently, albino as well as CyclinD2-deficient pigmented mice exhibit diminished ipsilateral retinogeniculate projection and poor depth perception. In albino mice, pharmacological stimulation of calcium channels, known to upregulate CyclinD2 in other cell types, augmented CyclinD2-dependent neurogenesis of ipsilateral RGCs and improved stereopsis. Together, these results implicate CMZ neurogenesis and its regulators as critical for the formation and function of the mammalian binocular circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nefeli Slavi
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Revathi Balasubramanian
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Ann Lee
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Liapin
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Oaks-Leaf
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Peregrin
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna Potenski
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carol Marie Troy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Margaret Elizabeth Ross
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain & Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eloisa Herrera
- Instituto de Neurociencias (CSIC-UMH), Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Stylianos Kosmidis
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simon William Maxwell John
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carol Ann Mason
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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5
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Valette T, Leitwein M, Lascaux JM, Desmarais E, Berrebi P, Guinand B. Redundancy analysis, genome-wide association studies and the pigmentation of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:96-118. [PMID: 36218076 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The association of molecular variants with phenotypic variation is a main issue in biology, often tackled with genome-wide association studies (GWAS). GWAS are challenging, with increasing, but still limited, use in evolutionary biology. We used redundancy analysis (RDA) as a complimentary ordination approach to single- and multitrait GWAS to explore the molecular basis of pigmentation variation in brown trout (Salmo trutta) belonging to wild populations impacted by hatchery fish. Based on 75,684 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers, RDA, single- and multitrait GWAS allowed the extraction of 337 independent colour patterning loci (CPLs) associated with trout pigmentation traits, such as the number of red and black spots on flanks. Collectively, these CPLs (i) mapped onto 35 out of 40 brown trout linkage groups indicating a polygenic genomic architecture of pigmentation, (ii) were found to be associated with 218 candidate genes, including 197 genes formerly mentioned in the literature associated to skin pigmentation, skin patterning, differentiation or structure notably in a close relative, the rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), and (iii) related to functions relevant to pigmentation variation (e.g., calcium- and ion-binding, cell adhesion). Annotated CPLs include genes with well-known pigmentation effects (e.g., PMEL, SLC45A2, SOX10), but also markers associated with genes formerly found expressed in rainbow or brown trout skins. RDA was also shown to be useful to investigate management issues, especially the dynamics of trout pigmentation submitted to several generations of hatchery introgression.
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Anti-Melanogenesis Effects of a Cyclic Peptide Derived from Flaxseed via Inhibition of CREB Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010536. [PMID: 36613979 PMCID: PMC9820828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Linosorbs (Los) are cyclic peptides from flaxseed oil composed of the LO mixture (LOMIX). The activity of LO has been reported as being anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory. However, the study of skin protection has still not proceeded. In particular, there are poorly understood mechanisms of melanogenesis to LO. Therefore, we investigated the anti-melanogenesis effects of LOMIX and LO, and its activity was examined in mouse melanoma cell lines. The treatment of LOMIX (50 and 100 μg/mL) and LO (6.25-50 μM) suppressed melanin secretion and synthesis, which were 3-fold increased, in a dose-dependent manner, up to 95%. In particular, [1-9-NαC]-linusorb B3 (LO1) and [1-9-NαC]-linusorb B2 (LO2) treatment (12.5 and 25 μM) highly suppressed the synthesis of melanin in B16F10 cell lines up to 90%, without toxicity. LOMIX and LOs decreased the 2- or 3-fold increased mRNA levels, including the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), Tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TYRP2) at the highest concentration (25 μM). Moreover, the treatment of 25 μM LO1 and LO2 inhibited the expression of MITF and phosphorylation of upper regulatory proteins such as CREB and PKA. Taken together, these results suggested that LOMIX and its individual LO could inhibit melanin synthesis via downregulating the CREB-dependent signaling pathways, and it could be used for novel therapeutic materials in hyperpigmentation.
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7
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Niazi A, Parvin P, Jafargholi A, Basam MA, Khodabakhshi Z, Bavali A, Kamyab Hesari K, Sohrabizadeh Z, Hassanzadeh T, Shirafkan Dizaj L, Amiri R, Heidari O, Aghaei M, Atyabi F, Ehtesham A, Moafi A. Discrimination of normal and cancerous human skin tissues based on laser-induced spectral shift fluorescence microscopy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20927. [PMID: 36463297 PMCID: PMC9719548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A homemade spectral shift fluorescence microscope (SSFM) is coupled with a spectrometer to record the spectral images of specimens based on the emission wavelength. Here a reliable diagnosis of neoplasia is achieved according to the spectral fluorescence properties of ex-vivo skin tissues after rhodamine6G (Rd6G) staining. It is shown that certain spectral shifts occur for nonmelanoma/melanoma lesions against normal/benign nevus, leading to spectral micrographs. In fact, there is a strong correlation between the emission wavelength and the sort of skin lesions, mainly due to the Rd6G interaction with the mitochondria of cancerous cells. The normal tissues generally enjoy a significant red shift regarding the laser line (37 nm). Conversely, plenty of fluorophores are conjugated to unhealthy cells giving rise to a relative blue shift i.e., typically SCC (6 nm), BCC (14 nm), and melanoma (19 nm) against healthy tissues. In other words, the redshift takes place with respect to the excitation wavelength i.e., melanoma (18 nm), BCC (23 nm), and SCC (31 nm) with respect to the laser line. Consequently, three data sets are available in the form of micrographs, addressing pixel-by-pixel signal intensity, emission wavelength, and fluorophore concentration of specimens for prompt diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Niazi
- grid.411368.90000 0004 0611 6995Department of Physics and Energy Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - P. Parvin
- grid.411368.90000 0004 0611 6995Department of Physics and Energy Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Jafargholi
- grid.411368.90000 0004 0611 6995Department of Physics and Energy Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, England, UK
| | - M. A. Basam
- grid.411368.90000 0004 0611 6995Department of Physics and Energy Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Z. Khodabakhshi
- grid.440804.c0000 0004 0618 762XFaculty of Physics, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | - A. Bavali
- grid.411368.90000 0004 0611 6995Department of Physics and Energy Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - K. Kamyab Hesari
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Dermatopathology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Z. Sohrabizadeh
- grid.411368.90000 0004 0611 6995Department of Physics and Energy Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - T. Hassanzadeh
- grid.411368.90000 0004 0611 6995Department of Physics and Energy Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - L. Shirafkan Dizaj
- grid.411368.90000 0004 0611 6995Department of Physics and Energy Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - R. Amiri
- grid.415733.7Department of Pathology, Razi Hospital, POX:1199663911, Tehran, Iran
| | - O. Heidari
- grid.411368.90000 0004 0611 6995Department of Physics and Energy Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - M. Aghaei
- grid.411368.90000 0004 0611 6995Department of Physics and Energy Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran ,grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393Department of Ocean Operations and Civil Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 6009 Ålesund, Norway
| | - F. Atyabi
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Ehtesham
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Radiation Oncology Department, School of Medicine Washington University, St. Louis, USA
| | - A. Moafi
- grid.411368.90000 0004 0611 6995Department of Physics and Energy Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
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Huang H, Xu R, Ni P, Zhang Z, Sun C, He H, Wang X, Zhang L, Liang Z, Liu H. Water-driven noninvasively detachable wet tissue adhesives for wound closure. Mater Today Bio 2022; 16:100369. [PMID: 35937571 PMCID: PMC9352973 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue adhesive with on-demand detachment feature is critically important since it can minimize hurt to patient when it is stripped away. Herein, a water-driven noninvasively detachable wet tissue adhesive hydrogel (w-TAgel) was produced by UV-initiated radical copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), acrylamide (AAm), gelatin methacrylate (GelMA), and urushiol. As a w-TAgel, its robust and tough mechanical property makes it suitable for dynamic wound tissue. The polyurushiol segments of it are crucial to the formation of tough adhesion interface with various wet tissues, while polyNIPAM units play an indispensable role in on-demand detachment via thermo-responsive swelling behavior because the hydrophobic aggregation among isopropyl groups is destroyed upon water treatment with temperature of 25 °C or less. Additionally, it exhibits multiple merits including good hemocompatibility, cytocompatibility as well as pro-coagulant activity and hemostasis. Therefore, our w-TAgel with strong adhesion and facile detachment is an advanced prospective dressing for wound closure and rapid hemostasis. The wet tissue adhesion and water-driven detachable mechanism may shed new light on the development of on-demand noninvasively detachable wet tissue adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Renfeng Xu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Peng Ni
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Zhenghong Zhang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fujian, 350007, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Caixia Sun
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Huaying He
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Lidan Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Ziyi Liang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Haiqing Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fujian, 350007, China
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Biocatalysis, Fujian Province Higher Education Institutes, Fujian, 350007, China
- Corresponding author. Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fujian, 350007, China.
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Integrative QTL mapping and selection signatures in Groningen White Headed cattle inferred from whole-genome sequences. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276309. [PMID: 36288367 PMCID: PMC9605288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we aimed to identify and characterize genomic regions that differ between Groningen White Headed (GWH) breed and other cattle, and in particular to identify candidate genes associated with coat color and/or eye-protective phenotypes. Firstly, whole genome sequences of 170 animals from eight breeds were used to evaluate the genetic structure of the GWH in relation to other cattle breeds by carrying out principal components and model-based clustering analyses. Secondly, the candidate genomic regions were identified by integrating the findings from: a) a genome-wide association study using GWH, other white headed breeds (Hereford and Simmental), and breeds with a non-white headed phenotype (Dutch Friesian, Deep Red, Meuse-Rhine-Yssel, Dutch Belted, and Holstein Friesian); b) scans for specific signatures of selection in GWH cattle by comparison with four other Dutch traditional breeds (Dutch Friesian, Deep Red, Meuse-Rhine-Yssel and Dutch Belted) and the commercial Holstein Friesian; and c) detection of candidate genes identified via these approaches. The alignment of the filtered reads to the reference genome (ARS-UCD1.2) resulted in a mean depth of coverage of 8.7X. After variant calling, the lowest number of breed-specific variants was detected in Holstein Friesian (148,213), and the largest in Deep Red (558,909). By integrating the results, we identified five genomic regions under selection on BTA4 (70.2-71.3 Mb), BTA5 (10.0-19.7 Mb), BTA20 (10.0-19.9 and 20.0-22.7 Mb), and BTA25 (0.5-9.2 Mb). These regions contain positional and functional candidate genes associated with retinal degeneration (e.g., CWC27 and CLUAP1), ultraviolet protection (e.g., ERCC8), and pigmentation (e.g. PDE4D) which are probably associated with the GWH specific pigmentation and/or eye-protective phenotypes, e.g. Ambilateral Circumocular Pigmentation (ACOP). Our results will assist in characterizing the molecular basis of GWH phenotypes and the biological implications of its adaptation.
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Thulasiram MR, Ogier JM, Dabdoub A. Hearing Function, Degeneration, and Disease: Spotlight on the Stria Vascularis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:841708. [PMID: 35309932 PMCID: PMC8931286 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.841708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The stria vascularis (SV) is a highly vascularized tissue lining the lateral wall of the cochlea. The SV maintains cochlear fluid homeostasis, generating the endocochlear potential that is required for sound transduction. In addition, the SV acts as an important blood-labyrinth barrier, tightly regulating the passage of molecules from the blood into the cochlea. A healthy SV is therefore vital for hearing function. Degeneration of the SV is a leading cause of age-related hearing loss, and has been associated with several hearing disorders, including Norrie disease, Meniere's disease, Alport syndrome, Waardenburg syndrome, and Cytomegalovirus-induced hearing loss. Despite the SV's important role in hearing, there is still much that remains to be discovered, including cell-specific function within the SV, mechanisms of SV degeneration, and potential protective or regenerative therapies. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries elucidating the molecular regulatory networks of SV function, mechanisms underlying degeneration of the SV, and otoprotective strategies for preventing drug-induced SV damage. We also highlight recent clinical developments for treating SV-related hearing loss and discuss future research trajectories in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matsya R Thulasiram
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jacqueline M Ogier
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alain Dabdoub
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Lien KH, Ger TY, Chi CC. Association of vitiligo with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 36:373-379. [PMID: 34779053 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The association between vitiligo and hearing loss has been noted but the specific frequencies and degrees of hearing impairment remain unclear. The objective of this systematic review was to investigate the relationship between vitiligo and hearing thresholds at various specific frequencies. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched MEDLINE and Embase for relevant studies from inception to 10th April 2021. Case-control studies, cross-sectional, or cohort studies that compared the frequency-specific hearing thresholds between vitiligo patients and age-matched non-vitiligo controls were included. There were neither language nor geographic limitations. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess the risk of bias of included studies. The DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was utilized in meta-analyses due to expected clinical heterogeneity. We included 9 case-control studies with 371 vitiligo patients and 349 controls, which were rated with low or unclear risk. We found neither relevant cross-sectional nor cohort studies. The meta-analysis showed that when compared with controls, vitiligo patients had significantly higher pure-tone hearing thresholds at 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz. In conclusions, vitiligo patients are prone to high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-H Lien
- Division of Otology, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - T-Y Ger
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - C-C Chi
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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12
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Le L, Sirés-Campos J, Raposo G, Delevoye C, Marks MS. Melanosome Biogenesis in the Pigmentation of Mammalian Skin. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1517-1545. [PMID: 34021746 PMCID: PMC8516112 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanins, the main pigments of the skin and hair in mammals, are synthesized within membrane-bound organelles of melanocytes called melanosomes. Melanosome structure and function are determined by a cohort of resident transmembrane proteins, many of which are expressed only in pigment cells and localize specifically to melanosomes. Defects in the genes that encode melanosome-specific proteins or components of the machinery required for their transport in and out of melanosomes underlie various forms of ocular or oculocutaneous albinism, characterized by hypopigmentation of the hair, skin, and eyes and by visual impairment. We review major components of melanosomes, including the enzymes that catalyze steps in melanin synthesis from tyrosine precursors, solute transporters that allow these enzymes to function, and structural proteins that underlie melanosome shape and melanin deposition. We then review the molecular mechanisms by which these components are biosynthetically delivered to newly forming melanosomes-many of which are shared by other cell types that generate cell type-specific lysosome-related organelles. We also highlight unanswered questions that need to be addressed by future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Le
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julia Sirés-Campos
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Synchronized Cardiac Impulses Emerge From Heterogeneous Local Calcium Signals Within and Among Cells of Pacemaker Tissue. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2021; 6:907-931. [PMID: 32819526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2020.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to identify subcellular Ca2+ signals within and among cells comprising the sinoatrial node (SAN) tissue. BACKGROUND The current paradigm of SAN impulse generation: 1) is that full-scale action potentials (APs) of a common frequency are initiated at 1 site and are conducted within the SAN along smooth isochrones; and 2) does not feature fine details of Ca2+ signaling present in isolated SAN cells, in which small subcellular, subthreshold local Ca2+ releases (LCRs) self-organize to generate cell-wide APs. METHODS Immunolabeling was combined with a novel technique to detect the occurrence of LCRs and AP-induced Ca2+ transients (APCTs) in individual pixels (chronopix) across the entire mouse SAN images. RESULTS At high magnification, Ca2+ signals appeared markedly heterogeneous in space, amplitude, frequency, and phase among cells comprising an HCN4+/CX43- cell meshwork. The signaling exhibited several distinguishable patterns of LCR/APCT interactions within and among cells. Rhythmic APCTs that were apparently conducted within the meshwork were transferred to a truly conducting HCN4-/CX43+ network of striated cells via narrow functional interfaces where different cell types intertwine, that is, the SAN anatomic/functional unit. At low magnification, the earliest APCT of each cycle occurred within a small area of the HCN4 meshwork, and subsequent APCT appearance throughout SAN pixels was discontinuous and asynchronous. CONCLUSIONS The study has discovered a novel, microscopic Ca2+ signaling paradigm of SAN operation that has escaped detection using low-resolution, macroscopic tissue isochrones employed in prior studies: synchronized APs emerge from heterogeneous subcellular subthreshold Ca2+ signals, resembling multiscale complex processes of impulse generation within clusters of neurons in neuronal networks.
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14
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Andresen NS, Coreas S, Villavisanis DF, Lauer AM. Comparison of Age-Related Pigmentary Changes in the Auditory and Vestibular Systems Within Mouse and Human Temporal Bones. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:680994. [PMID: 34054423 PMCID: PMC8163230 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.680994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melanin pigmentation is present within the auditory and vestibular systems of the mammalian inner ear and may play a role in maintaining auditory and vestibular function. Melanocytes within the stria vascularis (SV) are necessary for the generation of the endocochlear potential (EP) and decreased EP has been linked to age-related hearing loss. Melanocytes and pigment-containing "dark cells" are present within the vestibular system, but have a less well-defined role. African-American individuals have increased pigmentation within the SV and vestibular system, which is hypothesized to be related to lower rates of age-related hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. It remains unclear if increased pigmentation confers lifelong protection against hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. Methods Mouse temporal bones were collected from juvenile (3-4 week) and aged (20-32 months) CBA/CaJ mice. Pediatric and adult human temporal bones from Caucasian or African-American individuals were examined from the Johns Hopkins Temporal Bone Collection. Information regarding Fitzpatrick skin type were unavailable, and self-identified race/ethnicity was used as a proxy. Images were taken using light microscopy at 20× magnification. ImageJ software (v1.53) was used to measure pigment within the SV and vestibular system. Results In mouse temporal bones pigmentation within the SV increased with age, but pigmentation within the vestibular system did not increase with age. In human temporal bones pigmentation within the SV increased with age and pigmentation within the vestibular system increased within the wall of the utricle, but not other regions of the vestibular system. African-American individuals had higher amounts of pigment within the SV and vestibular system, among both pediatric and adult populations. Conclusion Stria vascularis pigmentation increases with age in mouse and human temporal bones. Pigmentation within the vestibular system did not increase with age in mouse specimens and only increased within the utricular wall with age in human specimens. Individuals who identified as African-American had higher pigment content within the SV and vestibular system, both as children and as adults. These results highlight how similar age-related pigmentary changes occur in the auditory and vestibular systems across species and underscore the importance of racial/ethnic diversity in human temporal bone studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Andresen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sarah Coreas
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Amanda M Lauer
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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15
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Scales JL, Koroma DC, Oancea E. Single organelle measurements of melanosome pH using the novel ratiometric indicator RpHiMEL. Methods Enzymol 2021; 654:315-344. [PMID: 34120720 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Melanocytes are specialized cells that produce melanin pigments responsible for skin, hair, and eye pigmentation. The synthesis and storage of melanin occurs in unique lysosome-related organelles called melanosomes, which regulate melanin production via complex regulatory mechanisms. Maintenance of the melanosome luminal ionic environment and pH is crucial for proper function of the main melanogenic enzymes. Defects in genes encoding pH-regulating melanosomal proteins result in oculocutaneous albinism, which is characterized by hypopigmentation, impaired vision, and increased susceptibility to skin and eye cancers. We recently uncovered several ion channels and transporters that modulate melanin synthesis by acidifying or neutralizing the luminal pH of melanosomes. However, our understanding of how melanosomes and other related organelles maintain their luminal pH is far from complete. The study of melanosome pH regulation requires robust imaging and quantification tools. Despite recent advances in the development of such methods, many limitations remain, particularly for quantitative analysis of individual organelle pH. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of the available methods used for melanosome pH determination, including their advantages, limitations, and challenges. To address the critical, unmet need for reliable melanosome pH quantification tools, we engineered a novel genetically encoded, ratiometric pH sensor for melanosomes that we named RpHiMEL. Here, we describe the design and optimization of RpHiMEL, and provide a pH quantification method for individual melanosomes in live cells. We demonstrate that RpHiMEL is a highly versatile tool with the potential to advance our understanding of pH regulation in melanosomes and related organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Scales
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Donald C Koroma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Elena Oancea
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
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16
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Xie J, Li H, Che H, Dong X, Yang X, Xie W. Extraction, physicochemical characterisation, and bioactive properties of ink melanin from cuttlefish (
Sepia
esculenta
). Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Xie
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao266011China
| | - Hongyan Li
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao266011China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Qingdao266011China
| | - Hongxia Che
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao266011China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Qingdao266011China
| | - Xiufang Dong
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao266011China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Qingdao266011China
| | - Xihong Yang
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao266011China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Qingdao266011China
| | - Wancui Xie
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao266011China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Qingdao266011China
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17
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Galeb HA, Wilkinson EL, Stowell AF, Lin H, Murphy ST, Martin‐Hirsch PL, Mort RL, Taylor AM, Hardy JG. Melanins as Sustainable Resources for Advanced Biotechnological Applications. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2021; 5:2000102. [PMID: 33552556 PMCID: PMC7857133 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are a class of biopolymers that are widespread in nature and have diverse origins, chemical compositions, and functions. Their chemical, electrical, optical, and paramagnetic properties offer opportunities for applications in materials science, particularly for medical and technical uses. This review focuses on the application of analytical techniques to study melanins in multidisciplinary contexts with a view to their use as sustainable resources for advanced biotechnological applications, and how these may facilitate the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa A. Galeb
- Department of ChemistryLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
- Department of ChemistryScience and Arts CollegeRabigh CampusKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21577Saudi Arabia
| | - Emma L. Wilkinson
- Department of Biomedical and Life SciencesLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YGUK
| | - Alison F. Stowell
- Department of Organisation, Work and TechnologyLancaster University Management SchoolLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YXUK
| | - Hungyen Lin
- Department of EngineeringLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - Samuel T. Murphy
- Department of EngineeringLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
- Materials Science InstituteLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
| | - Pierre L. Martin‐Hirsch
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustRoyal Preston HospitalSharoe Green LanePrestonPR2 9HTUK
| | - Richard L. Mort
- Department of Biomedical and Life SciencesLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YGUK
| | - Adam M. Taylor
- Lancaster Medical SchoolLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of ChemistryLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
- Materials Science InstituteLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
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18
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Transcriptional Differences of Coding and Non-Coding Genes Related to the Absence of Melanocyte in Skins of Bama Pig. Genes (Basel) 2019; 11:genes11010047. [PMID: 31905971 PMCID: PMC7017308 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is the body’s largest organ, and the main function of skin is to protect underlying organs from possible external damage. Melanocytes play an important role in skin pigmentation. The Bama pig has a “two-end-black” phenotype with different coat colors across skin regions, e.g., white skin (without melanocytes) and black skin (with melanocytes), which could be a model to investigate skin-related disorders, specifically loss of melanocytes. Here, we generated expression profiles of mRNAs and long noncoding RNAs in Bama pig skins with different coat colors. In total, 14,900 mRNAs and 7549 lncRNAs were expressed. Overall, 2338 mRNAs/113 lncRNAs with FDR-adjusted p-value ≤ 0.05 were considered to be differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs/lncRNAs, with 1305 down-regulated mRNAs and 1033 up-regulated mRNAs in white skin with|log2(fold change)| > 1. The genes down-regulated in white skin were associated with pigmentation, melanocyte–keratinocyte interaction, and keratin, while up-regulated ones were mainly associated with cellular energy metabolisms. Furthermore, those DE lncRNAs were predicted to be implicated in pigmentation, keratin synthesis and cellular energy metabolism. In general, this study provides insight into the transcriptional difference involved in melanocyte-loss-induced keratinocyte changes and promotes the Bama pig as a biomedical model in skin research.
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19
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Zhang Z, Gong J, Sviderskaya EV, Wei A, Li W. Mitochondrial NCKX5 regulates melanosomal biogenesis and pigment production. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs232009. [PMID: 31201282 PMCID: PMC6679581 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.232009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a heterogeneous and autosomal recessive hypopigmentation disorder, which is caused by mutations of genes involved in pigment biosynthesis or melanosome biogenesis. We have previously identified NCKX5 (also known as SLC24A5) as a causative gene for OCA type 6 (OCA6). However, the pathogenesis of OCA6 is unknown. We found that NCKX5 is localized to mitochondria, not to melanosomes. Pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial function or NCKX exchanger activity reduced pigment production. Loss of NCKX5 attenuated Ca2+ enrichment in melanosomes, which compromised PMEL fibril formation, melanosome maturation and pigment production. Thus, we have defined a new class of hypopigmentation attributable to dysfunctional mitochondria and an impairment of mitochondrial Ca2+ transfer into melanosomes. Thus, it is possible that mitochondrial function could have a role in the graying of hair in older people and formation of hypopigmented lesions in vitiligo patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute; MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children; Genetics and Birth Defects Control Center, National Center for Children's Health; Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Juanjuan Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute; MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children; Genetics and Birth Defects Control Center, National Center for Children's Health; Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Elena V Sviderskaya
- Cell Signalling Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Aihua Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute; MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children; Genetics and Birth Defects Control Center, National Center for Children's Health; Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
- Shunyi Women and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital, Beijing 101300, China
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20
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The ion channel activator CyPPA inhibits melanogenesis via the GSK3β/β-catenin pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 300:1-7. [PMID: 30597128 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Research into materials that inhibit melanogenesis in skin has gained interest. Screening for such compounds in B16F10 cells revealed that cyclohexyl-[2-(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-6-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl]-amine (CyPPA), a positive modulator of small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels, is a strong inhibitor of melanogenesis. We investigated the anti-melanogenic activity of CyPPA and the molecular mechanism by which CyPPA reduced melanin production in normal human melanocytes (NHM). CyPPA treatment resulted in a significant concentration-dependent reduction in melanin content without significant cytotoxicity; treatment likewise resulted in a significant time-dependent reduction in tyrosinase (TYR) activity. Treatment with CyPPA also decreased transcription of melanogenesis-related genes, including the gene encoding microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). In addition, visual evaluation of the MelanoDerm™ human skin model revealed significantly lower melanin content in the CyPPA-treated condition than in the untreated control. CyPPA was determined to modulate glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) activity, thereby leading to a decrease in β-catenin/MITF expression. Thus, CyPPA acts as a melanogenesis inhibitor by modulating the GSK3β/β-catenin/MITF pathway.
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21
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Gi M, Shim DB, Wu L, Bok J, Song MH, Choi JY. Progressive hearing loss in vitamin A-deficient mice which may be protected by the activation of cochlear melanocyte. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16415. [PMID: 30401931 PMCID: PMC6219529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) produces various pathologic phenotypes in humans and animals. However, evidence regarding the effect of VAD on hearing function has been inconsistent. In this study, we evaluated the effect of VAD on hearing function in two mouse models of VAD. Hearing ability was evaluated on the basis of auditory brainstem response from 3 to 20 weeks after birth in C57BL/6 (pigmented) and imprinting control region (albino) mice. The two mice strains were divided into the VAD (purified vitamin A-free diet from 7 days after pregnancy) and control (normal diet) groups. Albino VAD mice exhibited hearing loss after 6 weeks and became deaf at 18 weeks. Histological findings revealed degenerative changes in outer hair cells and neuronal loss in the spiral ganglion in albino VAD mice. In contrast, pigmented VAD mice, except those with middle-ear infection, showed no significant hearing loss. Interestingly, pigmented VAD mice exhibited melanocyte activation in the stria vascularis and upregulation of tyrosinase. Recovery of hearing after noise exposure was poorer in pigmented VAD mice than in control mice. In conclusion, complete VAD might be related to age-related or noise-induced hearing loss in mice, protection against which might involve melanocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Gi
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae Bo Shim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Ling Wu
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinwoong Bok
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mee Hyun Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University Medical Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Jae Young Choi
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. .,Research Center for Natural Human Defense System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. .,The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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22
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Ultracytochemical visualization of calcium distribution in heart cells and erythrocytes of zebrafish Danio rerio. Micron 2018; 111:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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23
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Kyrmizi I, Ferreira H, Carvalho A, Figueroa JAL, Zarmpas P, Cunha C, Akoumianaki T, Stylianou K, Deepe GS, Samonis G, Lacerda JF, Campos A, Kontoyiannis DP, Mihalopoulos N, Kwon-Chung KJ, El-Benna J, Valsecchi I, Beauvais A, Brakhage AA, Neves NM, Latge JP, Chamilos G. Calcium sequestration by fungal melanin inhibits calcium-calmodulin signalling to prevent LC3-associated phagocytosis. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:791-803. [PMID: 29849062 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) is a non-canonical autophagy pathway regulated by Rubicon, with an emerging role in immune homeostasis and antifungal host defence. Aspergillus cell wall melanin protects conidia (spores) from killing by phagocytes and promotes pathogenicity through blocking nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-dependent activation of LAP. However, the signalling regulating LAP upstream of Rubicon and the mechanism of melanin-induced inhibition of this pathway remain incompletely understood. Herein, we identify a Ca2+ signalling pathway that depends on intracellular Ca2+ sources from endoplasmic reticulum, endoplasmic reticulum-phagosome communication, Ca2+ release from phagosome lumen and calmodulin (CaM) recruitment, as a master regulator of Rubicon, the phagocyte NADPH oxidase NOX2 and other molecular components of LAP. Furthermore, we provide genetic evidence for the physiological importance of Ca2+-CaM signalling in aspergillosis. Finally, we demonstrate that Ca2+ sequestration by Aspergillus melanin inside the phagosome abrogates activation of Ca2+-CaM signalling to inhibit LAP. These findings reveal the important role of Ca2+-CaM signalling in antifungal immunity and identify an immunological function of Ca2+ binding by melanin pigments with broad physiological implications beyond fungal disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Kyrmizi
- Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Helena Ferreira
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Julio Alberto Landero Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati/Agilent Technologies Metallomics Center of the Americas, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Pavlos Zarmpas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Cristina Cunha
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Tonia Akoumianaki
- Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kostas Stylianou
- Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - George Samonis
- Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - João F Lacerda
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Serviço de Hematologia e Transplantação de Medula, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António Campos
- Serviço de Transplantação de Medula Óssea (STMO), Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Kyung J Kwon-Chung
- Molecular Microbiology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, DHU FIRE, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | | | - Anne Beauvais
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) and Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Nuno M Neves
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | - Georgios Chamilos
- Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. .,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Palma S, Boldrini P, Nucci R, Fano RA, Cenacchi G, Martini A. Melanin in human vestibular organs: what do we know now? An ultrastructural study and review of the literature. HEARING, BALANCE AND COMMUNICATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/21695717.2018.1461488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Palma
- ENT, Primary Care Department, ASL, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Raul Nucci
- ENT Department, Ospedale Civile di Legnano, Legnano, Italy
| | - Rita Adriana Fano
- Dipartimento di Economia Marco Biagi, Universita degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cenacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Statistiche, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Martini
- Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences Department, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Kim E, Kang M, Tschirhart T, Malo M, Dadachova E, Cao G, Yin JJ, Bentley WE, Wang Z, Payne GF. Spectroelectrochemical Reverse Engineering DemonstratesThat Melanin’s Redox and Radical Scavenging Activities Are Linked. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:4084-4098. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyoung Kim
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 4291 Fieldhouse Drive, 5112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8228 Paint
Branch Drive, 2330 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Mijeong Kang
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 4291 Fieldhouse Drive, 5112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8228 Paint
Branch Drive, 2330 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Tanya Tschirhart
- American
Society for Engineering Education, Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Mackenzie Malo
- College
of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Dadachova
- College
of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Gaojuan Cao
- Center for Food
Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food
and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Jun-Jie Yin
- Center for Food
Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food
and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - William E. Bentley
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 4291 Fieldhouse Drive, 5112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8228 Paint
Branch Drive, 2330 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Zheng Wang
- Center for
Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Gregory F. Payne
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 4291 Fieldhouse Drive, 5112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8228 Paint
Branch Drive, 2330 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Knörle R. Neuromelanin in Parkinson's Disease: from Fenton Reaction to Calcium Signaling. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:515-522. [PMID: 28879408 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuromelanin is supposed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. A common theory is the formation of reactive oxygen species through the Fenton reaction catalyzed by neuromelanin-bound iron ions and subsequent death of the dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra. From a physicochemical point of view, this pathway is rather implausible: a highly reactive radical built within a powerful radical scavenger would more promptly be inactivated before it might diffuse within the cell to reach a target to exert its deleterious potential. This review of the literature provides evidence for an interaction of neuromelanin with the calcium signaling pathway in Parkinson's disease and expands the view of the pathophysiological contribution of neuromelanin towards a cytoprotective involvement of this macromolecule in the calcium signaling system. More probably than being directly involved in the production of reactive oxygen species, neuromelanin may act as a calcium reservoir and thus protect dopaminergic cells from cell death. A loss of neuromelanin, as observed in the substantia nigra of Parkinson patients, would lead to enhanced calcium messaging through the loss of an important calcium reservoir and thus finally via the formation of reactive oxygen species to cell death within the substantia nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Knörle
- IBAM GbR Dr. Rainer Knörle Dr. Peter Schnierle, Ferdinand-Porsche-Str. 5, 79211, Denzlingen, Germany.
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da Silva LP, Oliveira S, Pirraco RP, Santos TC, Reis RL, Marques AP, Correlo VM. Eumelanin-releasing spongy-like hydrogels for skin re-epithelialization purposes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 12:025010. [PMID: 28181477 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa5f79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Melanin function in the skin has been associated with pigmentation but other properties such as electrical conductance, photoprotection, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity have also been recognized. Nonetheless, the use of melanin in a skin wound healing context has never been considered. In this sense, eumelanin particles with a typical round and nano-sized morphology and electrical conductivity of 2.09 × 10-8 S cm-1 were extracted from the ink of Sepia officinalis. The ability of primary human keratinocytes (hKCs) to phagocyte eumelanin, which was then accumulated in cytosolic vesicles and nuclei surroundings, was demonstrated. Keratinocyte viability and maturation was not affected by eumelanin contact, but at eumelanin amounts higher than 0.1 mg l-1 cell morphology was altered and cell proliferation was inhibited. A time and eumelanin amount-dependent reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) released by eumelanin-containing ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated keratinocytes was observed. Eumelanin-containing gellan gum (GG) spongy-like hydrogels allowed a sustained release of eumelanin in the range of 0.1 to 5 mg l-1, which was shown in vitro to not be harmful to hKCs, and the absence of a strong host reaction after subcutaneous implantation in mice. Herein, we propose spongy-like hydrogels as sustained release matrices of S. officinalis eumelanin for predicting a beneficial role in skin wound healing through a direct effect over keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucília P da Silva
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, 4805-017 Barco, Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal. ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Bystander effects elicited by single-cell photo-oxidative blue-light stimulation in retinal pigment epithelium cell networks. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:16071. [PMID: 28179989 PMCID: PMC5292780 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
‘Bystander effect’ refers to the induction of biological effects in cells not directly targeted. The retinal pigment epithelium consists of hexagonal cells, forming a monolayer interconnected by gap junctions (GJs). Oxidative stress initiated in an individual cell by photostimulation (488 nm) triggered changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca2+ and mitochondrial membrane potential (ψm). The Ca2+ signal was transmitted to neighboring cells slowly and non-uniformly; the ROS signal spread fast and radially. Increased Ca2+ levels were associated with a loss in ψm. GJ blockers prevented the spreading of the Ca2+, but not the ROS-related signal. The GJ-mediated Ca2+ wave was associated with cell death by 24 h, requiring endoplasmic reticulum–mitochondria Ca2+ transfer. Ensuing cell death was correlated with baseline Ca2+ levels, and baseline Ca2+ levels were correlated with pigmentation. Hence, local oxidative stress in a donor cell can trigger changes in certain connected recipient cells, a signal that required GJ communication and an ROS-Ca2+ dual-hit. Finally, damage apparently occurred in susceptible cells, which correlated with baseline Ca2+ levels.
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30
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Skin Whitening Cosmetics: Feedback and Challenges in the Development of Natural Skin Lighteners. COSMETICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics3040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Albano LGS, Di Mauro E, Kumar P, Cicoira F, Graeff CFO, Santato C. Novel insights on the physicochemical properties of eumelanins and their DMSO derivatives. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz GS Albano
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; POSMAT - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais; Bauru SP Brazil
| | - Eduardo Di Mauro
- Département de Génie physique; Polytechnique Montréal; CP 6079, Succ. Centre-ville Montréal Québec Canada H3C 3A7
| | - Prajwal Kumar
- Département de Génie chimique; Polytechnique Montréal; CP 6079, Succ. Centre-ville Montréal Québec Canada H3C 3A7
| | - Fabio Cicoira
- Département de Génie chimique; Polytechnique Montréal; CP 6079, Succ. Centre-ville Montréal Québec Canada H3C 3A7
| | - Carlos FO Graeff
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; POSMAT - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais; Bauru SP Brazil
- DF-FC, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube 14-01 17033-360 Bauru SP Brazil
| | - Clara Santato
- Département de Génie physique; Polytechnique Montréal; CP 6079, Succ. Centre-ville Montréal Québec Canada H3C 3A7
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Iwai-Takekoshi L, Ramos A, Schaler A, Weinreb S, Blazeski R, Mason C. Retinal pigment epithelial integrity is compromised in the developing albino mouse retina. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:3696-3716. [PMID: 27097562 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the developing murine eye, melanin synthesis in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) coincides with neurogenesis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Disruption of pigmentation in the albino RPE is associated with delayed neurogenesis in the ventrotemporal retina, the source of ipsilateral RGCs, and a reduced ipsilateral RGC projection. To begin to unravel how melanogenesis and the RPE regulate RGC neurogenesis and cell subpopulation specification, we compared the features of albino and pigmented mouse RPE cells during the period of RGC neurogenesis (embryonic day, E, 12.5 to 18.5) when the RPE is closely apposed to developing RGC precursors. At E12.5 and E15.5, although albino and pigmented RPE cells express RPE markers Otx2 and Mitf similarly, albino RPE cells are irregularly shaped and have fewer melanosomes compared with pigmented RPE cells. The adherens junction protein P-cadherin appears loosely distributed within the albino RPE cells rather than tightly localized on the cell membrane, as in pigmented RPE. Connexin 43 (gap junction protein) is expressed in pigmented and albino RPE cells at E13.5 but at E15.5 albino RPE cells have fewer small connexin 43 puncta, and a larger fraction of phosphorylated connexin 43 at serine 368. These results suggest that the lack of pigment in the RPE results in impaired RPE cell integrity and communication via gap junctions between RPE and neural retina during RGC neurogenesis. Our findings should pave the way for further investigation of the role of RPE in regulating RGC development toward achieving proper RGC axon decussation. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3696-3716, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Iwai-Takekoshi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anna Ramos
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ari Schaler
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samuel Weinreb
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard Blazeski
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carol Mason
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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Tsivion E, Mason JA, Gonzalez MI, Long JR, Head-Gordon M. A computational study of CH 4 storage in porous framework materials with metalated linkers: connecting the atomistic character of CH 4 binding sites to usable capacity. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4503-4518. [PMID: 30155097 PMCID: PMC6016331 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00529b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Open-metal sites are shown to significantly increase the CH4 storage capacity of porous materials. It is shown that the capacity is not determined solely by their CH4 affinity, but also by their geometry as well as by guest molecules.
To store natural gas (NG) inexpensively at adequate densities for use as a fuel in the transportation sector, new porous materials are being developed. This work uses computational methods to explore strategies for improving the usable methane storage capacity of adsorbents, including metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), that feature open-metal sites incorporated into their structure by postsynthetic modification. The adsorption of CH4 on several open-metal sites is studied by calculating geometries and adsorption energies and analyzing the relevant interaction factors. Approximate site-specific adsorption isotherms are obtained, and the open-metal site contribution to the overall CH4 usable capacity is evaluated. It is found that sufficient ionic character is required, as exemplified by the strong CH4 affinities of 2,2′-bipyridine-CaCl2 and Mg, Ca-catecholate. In addition, it is found that the capacity of a single metal site depends not only on its affinity but also on its geometry, where trigonal or “bent” low-coordinate exposed sites can accommodate three or four methane molecules, as exemplified by Ca-decorated nitrilotriacetic acid. The effect of residual solvent molecules at the open-metal site is also explored, with some positive conclusions. Not only can residual solvent stabilize the open-metal site, surprisingly, solvent molecules do not necessarily reduce CH4 affinity, but can contribute to increased usable capacity by modifying adsorption interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Tsivion
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA.,Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | - Jarad A Mason
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | - Miguel I Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | - Jeffrey R Long
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA.,Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA . .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA.,Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
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Tsai WC, Chan YH, Hsueh CH, Everett TH, Chang PC, Choi EK, Olaopa MA, Lin SF, Shen C, Kudela MA, Rubart-von der Lohe M, Chen Z, Jadiya P, Tomar D, Luvison E, Anzalone N, Patel VV, Chen PS. Small conductance calcium-activated potassium current and the mechanism of atrial arrhythmia in mice with dysfunctional melanocyte-like cells. Heart Rhythm 2016; 13:1527-35. [PMID: 26961301 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The melanin synthesis enzyme dopachrome tautomerase (Dct) regulates intracellular Ca(2+) in melanocytes. Homozygous Dct knockout (Dct(-/-)) adult mice are vulnerable to atrial arrhythmias (AA). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether apamin-sensitive small conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (SK) currents are upregulated in Dct(-/-) mice and contribute to AA. METHODS Optical mapping was used to study the membrane potential of the right atrium in Langendorff perfused Dct(-/-) (n = 9) and Dct(+/-) (n = 9) mice. RESULTS Apamin prolonged action potential duration (APD) by 18.8 ms (95% confidence interval [CI] 13.4-24.1 ms) in Dct(-/-) mice and by 11.5 ms (95% CI 5.4-17.6 ms) in Dct(+/-) mice at a pacing cycle length of 150 ms (P = .047). The pacing cycle length threshold to induce APD alternans was 48 ms (95% CI 34-62 ms) for Dct(-/-) mice and 21 ms (95% CI 12-29 ms) for Dct(+/-) mice (P = .002) at baseline, and it was 35 ms (95% CI 21-49 ms) for Dct(-/-) mice and 22 ms (95% CI 11-32 ms) for Dct(+/-) mice (P = .025) after apamin administration. Apamin prolonged post-burst pacing APD by 8.9 ms (95% CI 3.9-14.0 ms) in Dct(-/-) mice and by 1.5 ms (95% CI 0.7-2.3 ms) in Dct(+/-) mice (P = .005). Immunoblot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that protein and transcripts levels of SK1 and SK3 were increased in the right atrium of Dct(-/-) mice. AA inducibility (89% vs 11%; P = .003) and duration (281 seconds vs 66 seconds; P = .008) were greater in Dct(-/-) mice than in Dct(+/-) mice at baseline, but not different (22% vs 11%; P = 1.00) after apamin administration. Five of 8 (63%) induced atrial fibrillation episodes in Dct(-/-) mice had focal drivers. CONCLUSION Apamin-sensitive SK current upregulation in Dct(-/-) mice plays an important role in the mechanism of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chung Tsai
- The Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Chan
- The Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiang Hsueh
- The Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas H Everett
- The Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Po-Cheng Chang
- The Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Eue-Keun Choi
- The Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael A Olaopa
- The Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Shien-Fong Lin
- The Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Changyu Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine and the Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Maria Aleksandra Kudela
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine and the Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Zhenhui Chen
- The Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Pooja Jadiya
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Physiology, Section of Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dhanendra Tomar
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emily Luvison
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Physiology, Section of Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas Anzalone
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Physiology, Section of Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vickas V Patel
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Physiology, Section of Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,; Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peng-Sheng Chen
- The Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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Lipid transfer and metabolism across the endolysosomal-mitochondrial boundary. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:880-894. [PMID: 26852832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes and mitochondria occupy a central stage in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, by playing complementary roles in nutrient sensing and energy metabolism. Specifically, these organelles function as signaling hubs that integrate environmental and endogenous stimuli with specific metabolic responses. In particular, they control various lipid biosynthetic and degradative pipelines, either directly or indirectly, by regulating major cellular metabolic pathways, and by physical and functional connections established with each other and with other organelles. Membrane contact sites allow the exchange of ions and molecules between organelles, even without membrane fusion, and are privileged routes for lipid transfer among different membrane compartments. These inter-organellar connections typically involve the endoplasmic reticulum. Direct membrane contacts have now been described also between lysosomes, autophagosomes, lipid droplets, and mitochondria. This review focuses on these recently identified membrane contact sites, and on their role in lipid biosynthesis, exchange, turnover and catabolism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The cellular lipid landscape edited by Tim P. Levine and Anant K. Menon.
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Pathophysiology of the cochlear intrastrial fluid-blood barrier (review). Hear Res 2016; 338:52-63. [PMID: 26802581 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) in the stria vascularis is a highly specialized capillary network that controls exchanges between blood and the intrastitial space in the cochlea. The barrier shields the inner ear from blood-born toxic substances and selectively passes ions, fluids, and nutrients to the cochlea, playing an essential role in the maintenance of cochlear homeostasis. Anatomically, the BLB is comprised of endothelial cells (ECs) in the strial microvasculature, elaborated tight and adherens junctions, pericytes (PCs), basement membrane (BM), and perivascular resident macrophage-like melanocytes (PVM/Ms), which together form a complex "cochlear-vascular unit" in the stria vascularis. Physical interactions between the ECs, PCs, and PVM/Ms, as well as signaling between the cells, is critical for controlling vascular permeability and providing a proper environment for hearing function. Breakdown of normal interactions between components of the BLB is seen in a wide range of pathological conditions, including genetic defects and conditions engendered by inflammation, loud sound trauma, and ageing. In this review, we will discuss prevailing views of the structure and function of the strial cochlear-vascular unit (also referred to as the "intrastrial fluid-blood barrier"). We will also discuss the disrupted homeostasis seen in a variety of hearing disorders. Therapeutic targeting of the strial barrier may offer opportunities for improvement of hearing health and amelioration of auditory disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled <Annual Reviews 2016>.
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Han JH, Moon Y, Lee JJ, Choi S, Kim YC, Jeong S. Differentiation of cutaneous melanoma from surrounding skin using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:57-66. [PMID: 26819817 PMCID: PMC4722910 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has the potential to be used as a surgical tool for simultaneous tissue ablation and elemental analysis of the ablated tissue. LIBS may be used to distinguish melanoma lesions from the surrounding dermis based on the quantitative difference of elements within melanoma lesions. Here, we measured the elements in homogenized pellets and real tissues from excised skin samples of melanoma-implanted mice. In addition, statistical analysis of LIBS spectra using principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis was performed. Our results showed that this method had high detection sensitivity, highlighting the potential of this tool in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Han
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-dong Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
- Co-first authors with equal contribution
| | - Youngmin Moon
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-dong Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
- Co-first authors with equal contribution
| | - Jong Jin Lee
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-dong Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Sujeong Choi
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-dong Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-dong Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-dong Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
- Co-corresponding authors:
| | - Sungho Jeong
- School of Mechatronics, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-dong Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
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Riley PA, Stratford MR. Oxidative calcium release from catechol. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1453-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mujica-Mota MA, Schermbrucker J, Daniel SJ. Eye color as a risk factor for acquired sensorineural hearing loss: A review. Hear Res 2015; 320:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bellono NW, Oancea EV. Ion transport in pigmentation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 563:35-41. [PMID: 25034214 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Skin melanocytes and ocular pigment cells contain specialized organelles called melanosomes, which are responsible for the synthesis of melanin, the major pigment in mammals. Defects in the complex mechanisms involved in melanin synthesis and regulation result in vision and pigmentation deficits, impaired development of the visual system, and increased susceptibility to skin and eye cancers. Ion transport across cellular membranes is critical for many biological processes, including pigmentation, but the molecular mechanisms by which it regulates melanin synthesis, storage, and transfer are not understood. In this review we first discuss ion channels and transporters that function at the plasma membrane of melanocytes; in the second part we consider ion transport across the membrane of intracellular organelles, with emphasis on melanosomes. We discuss recently characterized lysosomal and endosomal ion channels and transporters associated with pigmentation phenotypes. We then review the evidence for melanosomal channels and transporters critical for pigmentation, discussing potential molecular mechanisms mediating their function. The studies investigating ion transport in pigmentation physiology open new avenues for future research and could reveal novel molecular mechanisms underlying melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Bellono
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Elena V Oancea
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States.
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Daniele T, Schiaffino MV. Organelle biogenesis and interorganellar connections: Better in contact than in isolation. Commun Integr Biol 2014; 7:e29587. [PMID: 25346798 PMCID: PMC4203768 DOI: 10.4161/cib.29587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane contact sites (MCSs) allow the exchange of molecules and information between organelles, even when their membranes cannot fuse directly. In recent years, a number of functions have been attributed to these contacts, highlighting their critical role in cell homeostasis. Although inter-organellar connections typically involve the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), we recently reported the presence of a novel MCSs between melanosomes and mitochondria. Melanosome-mitochondrion contacts appear mediated by fibrillar bridges resembling the protein tethers linking mitochondria and the ER, both for their ultrastructural features and the involvement of Mitofusin 2. The frequency of these connections correlates spatially and timely with melanosome biogenesis, suggesting a functional link between the 2 processes and in general that organelle biogenesis in the secretory pathway requires interorganellar crosstalks at multiple steps. Here, we summarize the different functions attributed to MCSs, and discuss their possible relevance for the newly identified melanosome-mitochondrion liaison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Daniele
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Experimental Imaging Center; Milan, Italy ; University of Genoa; Department of Experimental Medicine; Genoa, Italy
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Arianayagam S, Ryan TJ. Human pigmentation: A side effect adapted from a primitive organism's survival, acting through cell attachment with an affinity for the keratinocyte and for elastin: Part I. Indian Dermatol Online J 2014; 5:201-9. [PMID: 24860764 PMCID: PMC4030357 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5178.131125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigmentation featured millions of years ago and perhaps began with an amoeba frightening off a predator with some agent such as dopamine to prevent its attachment for phagocytosis by an enemy. This paper suggests that the environmental forces of grip and stick deserve greater emphasis and that mechanical forces involved in grip and stick or release from attachment, all point to control of proteases underlying pigmentation. There is an affinity for elastin as a pathway for melanin to exit its peripheral location in the epidermis into lymphatics and play a humeral role in defense mechanisms. The hair follicle follows the epidermal-dermal pattern of behavior with an affinity for elastin, a controlling function of melanin and through the bulge, an influence of mechanical forces and control by protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terence J Ryan
- Department of Dermatology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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Dubey S, Roulin A. Evolutionary and biomedical consequences of internal melanins. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:327-38. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Dubey
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Biophore Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Roulin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Biophore Lausanne Switzerland
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Daniele T, Hurbain I, Vago R, Casari G, Raposo G, Tacchetti C, Schiaffino MV. Mitochondria and melanosomes establish physical contacts modulated by Mfn2 and involved in organelle biogenesis. Curr Biol 2014; 24:393-403. [PMID: 24485836 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To efficiently supply ATP to sites of high-energy demand and finely regulate calcium signaling, mitochondria adapt their metabolism, shape, and distribution within the cells, including relative positioning with respect to other organelles. However, physical contacts between mitochondria and the secretory/endocytic pathway have been demonstrated so far only with the ER, through structural and functional interorganellar connections. RESULTS Here we show by electron tomography that mitochondria physically contact melanosomes, specialized lysosome-related organelles of pigment cells, through fibrillar bridges resembling the protein tethers linking mitochondria and the ER. Mitofusin (Mfn) 2, which bridges ER to mitochondria, specifically localizes also to melanosome-mitochondrion contacts, and its knockdown significantly reduces the interorganellar connections. Contacts are associated to the melanogenesis process, as indicated by the fact that they are reduced in a model of aberrant melanogenesis whereas they are enhanced both where melanosome biogenesis takes place in the perinuclear area and when it is actively stimulated by OA1, a G protein-coupled receptor implicated in ocular albinism and organellogenesis. Consistently, Mfn2 knockdown prevents melanogenesis activation by OA1, and the pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthesis severely reduces contact formation and impairs melanosome biogenesis, by affecting in particular the developing organelles showing the highest frequency of contacts. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our findings reveal the presence of an unprecedented physical and functional connection between mitochondria and the secretory/endocytic pathway that goes beyond the ER-mitochondria linkage and is spatially and timely associated to secretory organelle biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Daniele
- Organelle Biogenesis and Motility Unit, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilse Hurbain
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248, France; Structure and Membrane Compartments CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France; Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA) CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
| | - Riccardo Vago
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy; Neurogenomics Unit, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Casari
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy; Neurogenomics Unit, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248, France; Structure and Membrane Compartments CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France; Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA) CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
| | - Carlo Tacchetti
- Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Schiaffino
- Organelle Biogenesis and Motility Unit, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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Kapur S, Macrae CA. The developmental basis of adult arrhythmia: atrial fibrillation as a paradigm. Front Physiol 2013; 4:221. [PMID: 24062689 PMCID: PMC3771314 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal cardiac rhythm is one of the most fundamental physiologic phenomena, emerging early in the establishment of the vertebrate body plan. The developmental pathways underlying the patterning and maintenance of stable cardiac electrophysiology must be extremely robust, but are only now beginning to be unraveled. The step-wise emergence of automaticity, AV delay and sequential conduction are each tightly regulated and perturbations of these patterning events is now known to play an integral role in pediatric and adult cardiac arrhythmias. Electrophysiologic patterning within individual cardiac chambers is subject to exquisite control and is influenced by early physiology superimposed on the underlying gene networks that regulate cardiogenesis. As additional cell populations migrate to the developing heart these too bring further complexity to the organ, as it adapts to the dynamic requirements of a growing organism. A comprehensive understanding of the developmental basis of normal rhythm will inform not only the mechanisms of inherited arrhythmias, but also the differential regional propensities of the adult heart to acquired arrhythmias. In this review we use atrial fibrillation as a generalizable example where the various factors are perhaps best understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kapur
- Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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Zhang F, Dai M, Neng L, Zhang JH, Zhi Z, Fridberger A, Shi X. Perivascular macrophage-like melanocyte responsiveness to acoustic trauma--a salient feature of strial barrier associated hearing loss. FASEB J 2013; 27:3730-40. [PMID: 23729595 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-232892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tissue perivascular resident macrophages (PVM/Ms), a hybrid cell type with characteristics of both macrophages and melanocytes, are critical for establishing and maintaining the endocochlear potential (EP) required for hearing. The PVM/Ms modulate expression of tight- and adherens-junction proteins in the endothelial barrier of the stria vascularis (intrastrial fluid-blood barrier) through secretion of a signaling molecule, pigment epithelium growth factor (PEDF). Here, we identify a significant link between abnormalities in PVM/Ms and endothelial barrier breakdown from acoustic trauma to the mouse ear. We find that acoustic trauma causes activation of PVM/Ms and physical detachment from capillary walls. Concurrent with the detachment, we find loosened tight junctions between endothelial cells and decreased production of tight- and adherens-junction protein, resulting in leakage of serum proteins from the damaged barrier. A key factor in the intrastrial fluid-blood barrier hyperpermeability exhibited in the mice is down-regulation of PVM/M modulated PEDF production. We demonstrate that delivery of PEDF to the damaged ear ameliorates hearing loss by restoring intrastrial fluid-blood barrier integrity. PEDF up-regulates expression of tight junction-associated proteins (ZO-1 and VE-cadherin) and PVM/M stabilizing neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM-120). These studies point to the critical role PVM/Ms play in regulating intrastrial fluid-blood barrier integrity in healthy and noise-damaged ears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
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Abstract
AbstractThe majority of melanocytes originate from the neural crest cells (NCC) that migrate, spread on the whole embryo’s body to form elements of the nervous system and skeleton, endocrinal glands, muscles and melanocytes. Human melanocytes differentiate mainly from the cranial and trunk NCC. Although melanocyte development has traditionally been associated with the dorsally migrating trunk NCC, there is evidence that a part of melanocytes arise from cells migrating ventrally. The ventral NCC differentiate into neurons and glia of the ganglia or Schwann cells. It has been suggested that the precursors for Schwann cells differentiate into melanocytes. As melanoblasts travel through the dermis, they multiply, follow the process of differentiation and invade the forming human fetal epidermis up to third month. After birth, melanocytes lose the ability to proliferate, except the hair melanocytes that renew during the hair cycle. The localization of neural crest-derived melanocytes in non-cutaneous places e.g. eye (the choroid and stroma of the iris and the ciliary body), ear (cells of the vestibular organ, cochlear stria vascularis), meninges of the brain, heart seems to indicate that repertoire of melanocyte functions is much wider than we expected e.g. the protection of tissues from potentially harmful factors (e.g. free radicals, binding toxins), storage ions, and anti-inflammatory action.
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Cichorek M, Wachulska M, Stasiewicz A, Tymińska A. Skin melanocytes: biology and development. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2013; 30:30-41. [PMID: 24278043 PMCID: PMC3834696 DOI: 10.5114/pdia.2013.33376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the human skin, melanocytes are present in the epidermis and hair follicles. The basic features of these cells are the ability to melanin production and the origin from neural crest cells. This last element is important because there are other cells able to produce melanin but of different embryonic origin (pigmented epithelium of retina, some neurons, adipocytes). The life cycle of melanocyte consists of several steps including differentiation of melanocyte lineage/s from neural crest, migration and proliferation of melanoblasts, differentiation of melanoblasts into melanocytes, proliferation and maturation of melanocytes at the target places (activity of melanogenic enzymes, melanosome formation and transport to keratinocytes) and eventual cell death (hair melanocytes). Melanocytes of the epidermis and hair are cells sharing some common features but in general they form biologically different populations living in unique niches of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Cichorek
- Department of Embryology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland. Head: Mirosława Cichorek PhD
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Melnick M, Jaskoll T. An in vitro mouse model of congenital cytomegalovirus-induced pathogenesis of the inner ear cochlea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 97:69-78. [PMID: 23281115 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Congenital human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the leading nongenetic etiology of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) at birth and prelingual SNHL not expressed at birth. The paucity of temporal bone autopsy specimens from infants with congenital CMV infection has hindered the critical correlation of histopathology with pathogenesis. Here, we present an in vitro embryonic mouse model of CMV-infected cochleas that mimics the human sites of viral infection and associated pathology. There is a striking dysplasia/hyperplasia in mouse CMV-infected cochlear epithelium and mesenchyme, including organ of Corti hair and supporting cells and stria vascularis. This is concomitant with significant dysregulation of p19, p21, p27, and Pcna gene expression, as well as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein expression. Other pathologies similar to those arising from known deafness gene mutations include downregulation of KCNQ1 protein expression in the stria vascularis, as well as hypoplastic and dysmorphic melanocytes. Thus, this model provides a relevant and reliable platform within which the detailed cell and molecular biology of CMV-induced deafness may be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Melnick
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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