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Breivik TJ, Gjermo P, Gundersen Y, Opstad PK, Murison R, Hugoson A, von Hörsten S, Fristad I. Microbiota-immune-brain interactions: A new vision in the understanding of periodontal health and disease. Periodontol 2000 2024. [PMID: 39233381 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
This review highlights the significance of interactions between the microbiota, immune system, nervous and hormonal systems, and the brain on periodontal health and disease. Microorganisms in the microbiota, immune cells, and neurons communicate via homeostatic nervous and hormonal systems, regulating vital body functions. By modulating pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory adaptive immune responses, these systems control the composition and number of microorganisms in the microbiota. The strength of these brain-controlled responses is genetically determined but is sensitive to early childhood stressors, which can permanently alter their responsiveness via epigenetic mechanisms, and to adult stressors, causing temporary changes. Clinical evidence and research with humans and animal models indicate that factors linked to severe periodontitis enhance the responsiveness of these homeostatic systems, leading to persistent hyperactivation. This weakens the immune defense against invasive symbiotic microorganisms (pathobionts) while strengthening the defense against non-invasive symbionts at the gingival margin. The result is an increased gingival tissue load of pathobionts, including Gram-negative bacteria, followed by an excessive innate immune response, which prevents infection but simultaneously destroys gingival and periodontal tissues. Thus, the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory adaptive immunity is crucial in controlling the microbiota, and the responsiveness of brain-controlled homeostatic systems determines periodontal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torbjørn Jarle Breivik
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Odontology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division for Protection, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Per Gjermo
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Odontology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvar Gundersen
- Division for Protection, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Per Kristian Opstad
- Division for Protection, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Robert Murison
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Hugoson
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg and School of Health and Welfare, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephan von Hörsten
- Department for Experimental Therapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Preclinical Experimental Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Inge Fristad
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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2
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Tamiya H, Abe M, Nagase T, Mitani A. The Link between Periodontal Disease and Asthma: How Do These Two Diseases Affect Each Other? J Clin Med 2023; 12:6747. [PMID: 37959214 PMCID: PMC10650117 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that the effects of poor oral hygiene extend beyond the oral cavity and are associated with a variety of systemic diseases, including asthma. Asthma, which results in symptoms of cough, wheezing, and dyspnoea, and is characterized by airflow limitation with variability and (partial or complete) reversibility, is amongst the most prevalent respiratory diseases with approximately 262 million patients worldwide, and its prevalence and disease burden is on the increase. While asthma can occur at a young age, it can also develop later in life and affects a variety of age groups. Both of these diseases have a chronic course, and various researchers have suggested a link between the two. In this article, we aim to provide a literature review focusing on the association between the two diseases. The results demonstrate that medications (primarily, inhaler medicine), hypoxia induced by asthma, and the breathing behaviour of patients potentially trigger periodontal disease. In contrast, oral periodontopathogenic microorganisms and the inflammatory mediators produced by them may be involved in the onset and/or exacerbation of asthma. Common contributing factors, such as smoking, gastro-oesophageal reflux, and type-2 inflammation, should also be considered when evaluating the relationship between the two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tamiya
- Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- The Department of Respiratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Masanobu Abe
- Department of Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takahide Nagase
- The Department of Respiratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Akihisa Mitani
- The Department of Respiratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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3
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Reel JM, Abbadi J, Bueno AJ, Cizio K, Pippin R, Doyle DA, Mortan L, Bose JL, Cox MA. The Sympathetic Nervous System Is Necessary for Development of CD4+ T-Cell Memory Following Staphylococcus aureus Infection. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:966-974. [PMID: 37163747 PMCID: PMC10547460 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes and spleens are innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers that enter alongside arteries. Despite discovery of these nerve fibers nearly 40 years ago, the role of these nerves during response to infection remains poorly defined. We have found that chemical depletion of sympathetic nerve fibers compromises the ability of mice to develop protective immune memory to a Staphylococcus aureus infection. Innate control of the primary infection was not impacted by sympathectomy. Germinal center formation is also compromised in nerve-depleted animals; however, protective antibody responses are still generated. Interestingly, protective CD4+ T-cell memory fails to form in the absence of sympathetic nerves after S aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura Mortan
- Stephenson Cancer Center
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Jeffrey L Bose
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
| | - Maureen A Cox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Stephenson Cancer Center
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Moraes RM, Garcia MT, Stossi F, de Barros PP, Junqueira JC, Anbinder AL. Effects of α and β-adrenergic signaling on innate immunity and Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence in an invertebrate model. Virulence 2022; 13:1614-1630. [PMID: 36121102 PMCID: PMC9487758 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2123302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of adrenergic signalling (AS) in the host immune response and Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence, we compared norepinephrine (NE) and isoproterenol (ISO) responses in Galleria mellonella. P. gingivalis infection was evaluated by survival; humoral immune responses (i.e. melanization and cecropin and gloverin mRNA expression); cellular immune responses (i.e. haemocyte count, nodulation by histology); and P. gingivalis recovery (CFU/mL). P. gingivalis was cultivated in the presence of ISO (PgISO) or NE and injected into the larvae for survival evaluation. Finally, we co-injected ISO and PgISO to evaluate the concomitant effects on the immune response and bacterial virulence. None of the ligands were toxic to the larvae; ISO increased haemocyte number, even after P. gingivalis infection, by mobilizing sessile haemocytes in a β-adrenergic-specific manner, while NE showed the opposite effect. ISO treatment reduced larval mortality and the number of recovered bacteria, while NE increased mortality and showed no effect on bacterial recovery. ISO and NE had similar effects on melanization and decreased the expression of cecropin. Although co-cultivation with NE and ISO increased the gene expression of bacterial virulence factors in vitro, only the injection of PgISO increased larval death, which was partially reversed by circulating ISO. Therefore, α- and β-adrenergic signalling had opposite effects after P. gingivalis infection. Ultimately, the catecholamine influence on the immune response overcame the effect of more virulent strains. The effect of AS directly on the pathogen found in vitro did not translate to the in vivo setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Mendonça Moraes
- Institute of Science and Technology, Biosciences and Diagnosis Department, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maíra Terra Garcia
- Institute of Science and Technology, Biosciences and Diagnosis Department, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Stossi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,GCC Center for Advanced Microscopy and Image Informatics, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Patrícia Pimentel de Barros
- Institute of Science and Technology, Biosciences and Diagnosis Department, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.,Multicampi School of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Caicó, RN, Brazil
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Institute of Science and Technology, Biosciences and Diagnosis Department, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Lia Anbinder
- Institute of Science and Technology, Biosciences and Diagnosis Department, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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5
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Psychological stress: neuroimmune roles in periodontal disease. Odontology 2022:10.1007/s10266-022-00768-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-022-00768-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhu L, Zhou C, Chen S, Huang D, Jiang Y, Lan Y, Zou S, Li Y. Osteoporosis and Alveolar Bone Health in Periodontitis Niche: A Predisposing Factors-Centered Review. Cells 2022; 11:3380. [PMID: 36359775 PMCID: PMC9657655 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a periodontal inflammatory condition that results from disrupted periodontal host-microbe homeostasis, manifested by the destruction of tooth-supporting structures, especially inflammatory alveolar bone loss. Osteoporosis is characterized by systemic deterioration of bone mass and microarchitecture. The roles of many systemic factors have been identified in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, including endocrine change, metabolic disorders, health-impaired behaviors and mental stress. The prevalence rate of osteoporotic fracture is in sustained elevation in the past decades. Recent studies suggest that individuals with concomitant osteoporosis are more vulnerable to periodontal impairment. Current reviews of worse periodontal status in the context of osteoporosis are limited, mainly centering on the impacts of menopausal and diabetic osteoporosis on periodontitis. Herein, this review article makes an effort to provide a comprehensive view of the relationship between osteoporosis and periodontitis, with a focus on clarifying how those risk factors in osteoporotic populations modify the alveolar bone homeostasis in the periodontitis niche.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Gunes N, Gül M, Dundar S, Artas G, Kobat MA, Tekin S, Bozoglan A, Isayev A. Effects of Systemic Propranolol Application on the New Bone Formation in Periimplant Guided Bone Regeneration. EJOURNAL OF ORAL MAXILLOFACIAL RESEARCH 2021; 12:e2. [PMID: 34777724 PMCID: PMC8577584 DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2021.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this experimental animal study was to evaluate the effects of systemic propranolol on new bone formation in peri-implant bone defects. Material and Methods Implant slots were created 4mm long and 2.5 mm wide. After the titanium implants were placed in the sockets, 2 mm defects were created in the neck of the implants. Bone grafts were placed in these defects. Then the rats were randomly divided into three equal groups: control (n = 8), propranolol dose-1 (PRP-1) (n = 8), and propranolol dose-2 (PRP-2) (n = 8) groups. In the control group, the rats received no further treatment during the eight-week experimental period after the surgery. The rats in the PRP-1 and PRP-2 groups were given 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg propranolol, respectively, every three days for the eight-week experimental period after the surgery. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were euthanized. Blood serum was collected for biochemical analysis, and the implants and surrounding bone tissues were used for the histological analysis. Results There were no significant differences in the histological analysis results and the biochemical parameters (alkaline phosphatase, calcium, creatinine and phosphorus) of the groups (P > 0.05). Also, in the test groups, there was numerically but not statistically more new bone formation detected compared with the controls. Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, propranolol did not affect the new bone formation in peri-implant defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedim Gunes
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Dicle University, DiyarbakirTurkey
| | - Mehmet Gül
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Harran University, SanliurfaTurkey
| | - Serkan Dundar
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Firat University, ElazigTurkey
| | - Gokhan Artas
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, ElazigTurkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Kobat
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, ElazigTurkey
| | - Samet Tekin
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Firat University, ElazigTurkey
| | - Alihan Bozoglan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Firat University, ElazigTurkey
| | - Abulfaz Isayev
- Department of Prosthodontics, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, BostonUSA
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Moraes RM, Elefteriou F, Anbinder AL. Response of the periodontal tissues to β-adrenergic stimulation. Life Sci 2021; 281:119776. [PMID: 34186048 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors (βAR) in osteoblasts by isoproterenol (ISO) was shown to induce Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and angiogenesis in long bones. We thus aimed to determine the vascular response of mandibular tissues to βAR stimulation regarding blood vessel formation. MAIN METHODS Six-week-old wild-type C57BL6 female mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of ISO or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 1 month. Hemimandibles and tibias were collected for immunolocalization of endomucin, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and norepinephrine transporter (NET). Moreover, Vegfa, Il-1 β, Il-6, Adrb2 and Rankl mRNA expression was assessed in mandibles and tibias 2 h after PBS or ISO treatment. KEY FINDINGS Despite similar sympathetic innervation and Adrb2 expression between mandibular tissues and tibias, with TH and NPY+ nerve fibers distributed around blood vessels, ISO treatment did not increase endomucin+ vessel area or the total number of endomucin+ vessels in any of the regions investigated (alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and dental pulp). Consistent with these results, the expression of Vegfα, Il-6, Il-1β, and Rankl in the mandibular molar region did not change following ISO administration. We detected high expression of NET by immunofluorescence in mandible alveolar osteoblasts, osteocytes, and periodontal ligament fibroblasts, in addition to significantly higher Net expression by qPCR compared to the tibia from the same animals. SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicate a differential response to βAR agonists between mandibular and tibial tissues, since the angiogenic potential of sympathetic outflow observed in long bones is absent in periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Mendonça Moraes
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Florent Elefteriou
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Skeletal Medicine and Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Ana Lia Anbinder
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Ribeiro AB, Brognara F, da Silva JF, Castania JA, Fernandes PG, Tostes RC, Salgado HC. Carotid sinus nerve stimulation attenuates alveolar bone loss and inflammation in experimental periodontitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19258. [PMID: 33159128 PMCID: PMC7648828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes modulate inflammatory responses. However, whether these reflexes attenuate periodontal diseases has been poorly examined. Thus, the present study determined the effects of electrical activation of the carotid sinus nerve (CSN) in rats with periodontitis. We hypothesized that activation of the baro and chemoreflexes attenuates alveolar bone loss and the associated inflammatory processes. Electrodes were implanted around the CSN, and bilateral ligation of the first mandibular molar was performed to, respectively, stimulate the CNS and induce periodontitis. The CSN was stimulated daily for 10 min, during nine days, in unanesthetized animals. On the eighth day, a catheter was inserted into the left femoral artery and, in the next day, the arterial pressure was recorded. Effectiveness of the CNS electrical stimulation was confirmed by hypotensive responses, which was followed by the collection of a blood sample, gingival tissue, and jaw. Long-term (9 days) electrical stimulation of the CSN attenuated bone loss and the histological damage around the first molar. In addition, the CSN stimulation also reduced the gingival and plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by periodontitis. Thus, CSN stimulation has a protective effect on the development of periodontal disease mitigating alveolar bone loss and inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Barbosa Ribeiro
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Brognara
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Josiane Fernandes da Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaci Airton Castania
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | | | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Helio Cesar Salgado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
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10
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Matos FDS, do Prado RF, Khoury RD, de Oliveira LD, Valera MC, Tomson PL, Carvalho CAT. Anti-inflammatory and anti-resorptive efficacy of adrenergic blockers on late replanted rat incisors. Dent Traumatol 2019; 36:253-263. [PMID: 31647601 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM In addition to their anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoclastogenesis properties, adrenergic blockers may also have promising anti-resorptive effects that can prevent root resorption when teeth are replanted because of avulsion. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of phentolamine (Ph) and propranolol (Pr) in gels on the repair process of late replanted rat incisors. A further aim was to evaluate the biocompatibility of both drugs to human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLFs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-eight maxillary right incisors were extracted from male Wistar rats, stored in paper napkins for 60 minutes, and randomly allocated to one of eight groups (n = 6). The root canal, root surface, and alveolus were treated with 0.75 µg/mL Ph gel (Ph0.75), 10 µg/mL Ph gel (Ph10), 100 µg/mL Ph gel (Ph100), 2.5 µg/mL Pr gel (Pr2.5), 10 µg/mL Pr gel (Pr10), 100 µg/mL Pr gel (Pr100), or sodium carboxymethylcellulose gel (CMC) before replantation. In the control group (CH), only the root canal was treated with calcium hydroxide paste. Thirty days following surgery, the animals were euthanized, and the right hemimaxilla was removed to perform micro-CT and histomorphometric analysis to determine osteoclastic activity. Ethanolic solutions of Ph10 and Pr10 were selected based on the in vivo study, and the viability of HPDLFs stimulated with lipopolysaccharide was determined by MTT assays. RESULTS The micro-CT and histomorphometric analysis revealed no significant differences among the treatments (P > .05). The presence of active osteoclasts was significantly decreased in the Ph10 and Pr10 groups (P < .05). Ph10 and Pr10 produced statistically similar cell survival rates compared to the control group (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Ph10 and Pr10 significantly decreased osteoclastogenesis in delayed replanted rat teeth and were not cytotoxic toward HPDLFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe de Souza Matos
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Renata Falchete do Prado
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Rayana Duarte Khoury
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Luciane Dias de Oliveira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Marcia Carneiro Valera
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Phillip Leo Tomson
- Department of Oral Biology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The University of Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cláudio Antonio Talge Carvalho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
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Bucsek MJ, Giridharan T, MacDonald CR, Hylander BL, Repasky EA. An overview of the role of sympathetic regulation of immune responses in infectious disease and autoimmunity. Int J Hyperthermia 2019; 34:135-143. [PMID: 29498310 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2017.1411621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress in patients and pre-clinical research animals plays a critical role in disease progression Activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) by stress results in secretion of the catecholamines epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NE) from the adrenal gland and sympathetic nerve endings. Adrenergic receptors for catecholamines are present on immune cells and their activity is affected by stress and the accompanying changes in levels of these neurotransmitters. In this short review, we discuss how this adrenergic stress impacts two categories of immune responses, infections and autoimmune diseases. Catecholamines signal primarily through the β2-adrenergic receptors present on innate and adaptive immune cells which are critical in responding to infections caused by pathogens. In general, this adrenergic input, particularly chronic stimulation, suppresses lymphocytes and allows infections to progress. On the other hand, insufficient adrenergic control of immune responses allows progression of several autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Bucsek
- a Department of Immunology , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | | | - Cameron R MacDonald
- a Department of Immunology , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Bonnie L Hylander
- a Department of Immunology , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Elizabeth A Repasky
- a Department of Immunology , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
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12
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Breivik T, Gundersen Y, Murison R, Turner JD, Muller CP, Gjermo P, Opstad K. Maternal Deprivation of Lewis Rat Pups Increases the Severity of Experi-mental Periodontitis in Adulthood. Open Dent J 2015; 9:65-78. [PMID: 25713634 PMCID: PMC4333617 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601509010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Early life adverse events may influence susceptibility/resistance to chronic inflammatory diseases later in life by permanently dysregulating brain-controlled immune-regulatory systems. We have investigated the impact of infant-mother separation during early postnatal life on the severity of experimental periodontitis, as well as systemic stress and immune responses, in adulthood. Material and Methods: Pups of periodontitis resistant Lewis rats were separated from their mothers for 3 h daily during postnatal days 2-14 (termed maternal deprivation; MD), separated for 15 min daily during the same time period (termed handling; HD), or left undisturbed. As adults, their behaviour was tested in a novel stressful situation, and ligature-induced periodontitis applied for 21 days. Two h before sacrifice all rats were exposed to a gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge to induce a robust immune and stress response. Results: Compared to undisturbed controls, MD rats developed significantly more periodontal bone loss as adults, whereas HD rats showed a tendency to less disease. MD and HD rats exhibited depression-like behaviour in a novel open field test, while MD rats showed higher glucocorticoid receptor (Gr) expression in the hippocampus, and HD rats had altered methylation of genes involved in the expression of hippocampal Gr. LPS provoked a significantly lower increase in circulating levels of the cytokine TGF-1β in MD and HD rats, but there were no significant differences in levels of the stress hormone corticosterone. Conclusion: Stressful environmental exposures in very early life may alter immune responses in a manner that influences susceptibility/resistance to periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torbjørn Breivik
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway ; Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for Protection, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Yngvar Gundersen
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for Protection, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Robert Murison
- Department of Biology and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Jonathan D Turner
- Institute of Immunology, CRP- Santé/Laboratoire National de Sante, 20A Rue Auguste Lumière, L-1950, Luxembourg
| | - Claude P Muller
- Institute of Immunology, CRP- Santé/Laboratoire National de Sante, 20A Rue Auguste Lumière, L-1950, Luxembourg
| | - Per Gjermo
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Opstad
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for Protection, Kjeller, Norway
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Semenoff-Segundo A, Borges ÁH, Bandeca MC, Porto AN, Pedro FLM, Santos RSSD, Tonetto MR, Semenoff TADV. Effect of chronic stress on ligature-induced periodontitis in inbred and noninbred rats: a radiographic study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014; 15:556-560. [PMID: 25707825 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim was to compare the effect of chronic stress on ligature-induced periodontitis in inbred and noninbred female rats by means of a radiographic study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult Lewis (inbred) and Wistar (non-inbred) rats were used and divided into the following groups: Ligature/Stress Lewis Group (LSLG, n = 8); Ligature/Stress Wistar Group (LSWG, n = 8); Ligature Lewis Group (LLG, n = 8) and Ligature Wistar Group (LWG, n = 8). The animals were anesthetized and a silk thread was continuously kept around their second upper right molar. Then, groups LSLG and LSWG were subjected to physical stress test (physical restraint for 12 hours). After 15 days of ligature placement, the animals were euthanized. The right hemimaxilla was kept in formalin solution for 48 hours. Radiographs of the hemimaxillae were obtained using the parallelism technique and subsequently submitted to a standardized radiographic processing. The examiner was blinded to the groups and calibrated. The bone height level was measured and the data were subjected to statistical analysis (ANOVA, Tukey, p < 0.05). RESULTS LSWG showed bone destruction significantly higher than that of LSLG (32.1 ± 1.45 mm and 23.6 mm ± 2.13, respectively). Similarly, LWG showed bone destruction significantly higher than that of LLG (28.6 ± 1.18 mm and 25.2 ± 2.76 mm, respectively). CONCLUSION Inbred rats (Lewis) are less susceptible to the effects of chronic stress than are noninbred rats (Wistar) in relation to ligature-induced periodontitis. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Epidemiological studies have shown a relationship between stress and periodontitis. One of the major difficulties of this type of research is the bias of the exact diagnosis of the patient's emotional state. Inbred lines animals have standards-specific neuroendocrine, this allows answers about the susceptibility of periodontal disease, making knowledge applicable in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Semenoff-Segundo
- Professor, Department of Master Program in Integrated Dentistry Science, University of Cuiabé (UNIC), Cuiabé, Mato Grosso Brazil
| | - Álvaro Henrique Borges
- Professor, Department of Master Program in Integrated Dentistry Science, University of Cuiabé (UNIC), Cuiabé, Mato Grosso Brazil
| | - Matheus Coelho Bandeca
- Professor, Department of Master Program in Dentistry, CEUMA University - UniCEUMA, São Luis, Maranhao, Brazil, e-mail:
| | - Alessandra Nogueira Porto
- Professor, Department of Master Program in Integrated Dentistry Science, University of Cuiabé (UNIC), Cuiabé, Mato Grosso Brazil
| | - Fébio Luis Miranda Pedro
- Professor, Department of Master Program in Integrated Dentistry Science, University of Cuiabé (UNIC), Cuiabé, Mato Grosso Brazil
| | | | - Mateus Rodrigues Tonetto
- Professor, Department of Master Program in Integrated Dentistry Science, University of Cuiabé (UNIC), Cuiabé, Mato Grosso Brazil
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Effects of long-term exposure of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; "ecstasy") on neuronal transmitter transport, brain immuno-regulatory systems and progression of experimental periodontitis in rats. Neurochem Int 2014; 72:30-6. [PMID: 24726767 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of long-term exposure (4 weeks) to the widely used narcotic drug and putative neurotoxicant 3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine (MDMA; "ecstasy") on neuronal transmitter transport and progression of experimental periodontitis in male Wistar rats. The rats were exposed to MDMA (10mg/kg/day i.p.) or saline five days a week for four consecutive weeks. Exposure to MDMA induced a significant reduction in the synaptosomal reuptake of serotonin, while the uptake of dopamine was significantly increased 24h after the last injection of MDMA. In contrast, the synaptosomal uptake of noradrenaline and the vesicular uptake through the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 were not affected. In the experiments of periodontitis development, ligature-induced periodontitis was induced three days prior to MDMA administration. Compared to controls, MDMA-treated rats developed significantly more periodontitis. In conclusion, our results show that long-term exposure to MDMA affects the serotonergic and dopaminergic transport systems in the rat brain and increased the susceptibility to the psychosomatic ailment periodontitis following disturbances of brain immune-regulatory systems. These results are interesting with respect to recent research showing that changes in neurotransmitter signalling may alter the reactivity of brain-controlled immunoregulatory systems controlling pathogenic microorganisms colonizing mucosal surfaces.
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Gruber R, Leimer M, Fischer M, Agis H. Beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists reduce proliferation but not protein synthesis of periodontal fibroblasts stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor-BB. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1812-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Breivik T, Gundersen Y, Gjermo P, Opstad PK. Chronic treatment with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 inhibits diabetes-induced enhancement of experimental periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:36-44. [PMID: 23586673 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Chronic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity and excessive glucocorticoid hormone release have been associated with diabetes, altered immune responses and increased susceptibility to periodontitis. In the present study we tested the impact of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes on ligature-induced periodontitis and the effect of subsequent treatment with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist, RU486. MATERIAL AND METHODS A single dose of STZ [45 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)] or vehicle was given 10 d before induction of ligature-induced periodontitis and implantation subcutaneously of a drug pellet containing the GR antagonist, RU486, or a placebo pellet. Periodontitis was assessed when the ligatures had been in place for 21 d. Two hours before decapitation all rats received gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (150 μg/kg, i.p.) to induce a robust immune and stress response. RESULTS Compared with control rats, STZ-treated rats developed significantly more periodontal bone loss, and RU486 treatment of STZ -treated rats significantly inhibited this effect. STZ-treated rats also showed significantly higher levels of the HPA axis-derived hormone, corticosterone, as well as of the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), but lower levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-1beta (TGF-1β) after LPS stimulation. GR blockade had no statistically significant effects on these measurements in diabetic rats, but tended to enhance the levels of TNF-α and TGF-1β, and reduce the levels of IL-10 and blood glucose. CONCLUSION In diabetic subjects, excessive GR activation as a result of chronic high levels of glucocorticoid hormones may alter immune-system responses in a manner that may increase the susceptibility to periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Breivik
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Protection, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway
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Rodrigues WF, Madeira MFM, da Silva TA, Clemente-Napimoga JT, Miguel CB, Dias-da-Silva VJ, Barbosa-Neto O, Lopes AH, Napimoga MH. Low dose of propranolol down-modulates bone resorption by inhibiting inflammation and osteoclast differentiation. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2140-51. [PMID: 21950592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Bones are widely innervated, suggesting an important role for the sympathetic regulation of bone metabolism, although there are controversial studies. We investigated the effects of propranolol in a model of experimental periodontal disease. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats were assigned as follows: animals without ligature; ligated animals receiving vehicle and ligated animals receiving 0.1, 5 or 20 mg·kg(-1) propranolol. After 30 days, haemodynamic parameters were measured by cardiac catheterization. Gingival tissues were removed and assessed for IL-1β, TNF-α and cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX) by elisa, or intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), receptor activator of NF-κ B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) by Western blot analysis. Sections from the mandibles were evaluated for bone resorption. Also, we analysed the ability of propranolol to inhibit osteoclastogenesis in vitro. RESULTS Propranolol at 0.1 and 5 mg·kg(-1) reduced the bone resorption as well as ICAM-1 and RANKL expression. However, only 0.1 mg·kg(-1) reduced IL-1β, TNF-α and CTX levels as well as increased the expression of OPG, but did not alter any of the haemodynamic parameters. Propranolol also suppressed in vitro osteoclast differentiation and resorptive activity by inhibiting the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc)1 pathway and the expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), cathepsin K and MMP-9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Low doses of propranolol suppress bone resorption by inhibiting RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis as well as inflammatory markers without affecting haemodynamic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biopathology and Molecular Biology, University of Uberaba, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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Semenoff-Segundo A, Delle Vedove Semenoff TA, Borges ÁH, Pedro FLM, Caporossi LS, Bosco ÁF. The influence of chronic stress imposed on pregnant rats on the induced bone loss in their adult offspring. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 57:477-82. [PMID: 22153316 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Stress during pregnancy may alter offspring susceptibility to diseases during adulthood. In the present study, female Lewis rats were subjected to chronic stress during the gestational period, and the effect of this stress was evaluated histometrically on the progression of ligature-induced bone loss in their adult offspring. MATERIAL AND METHODS After confirming pregnancy, half of the pregnant rats were randomly designated as control animals (no stress regimen was imposed), and the other half was submitted to a chronic stress model (immobilization at cold temperature) between the 7th and the 18th gestational day. After birth, 12 male rats delivered by stressed mothers - Group 1 (G1) - and 12 male rats delivered by non-stressed mothers - Group 2 (G2) - were selected. When birthed rats reached 250 g of body weight, a silk ligature was placed around their maxillary right second molar in order to induce bone loss. The non-ligated left side served as a control. Sixty days later, these animals were sacrificed by anaesthetic overdose. After routine laboratorial processing, images of the histological sections were digitized and submitted for histometric measurement using two parameters: histological attachment loss and bone loss. RESULTS On the ligated side, G1 presented with greater histological attachment and bone loss than G2 (p<0.05). On the non-ligated control side, neither of the groups presented with alterations in these parameters (p>0.05). CONCLUSION The chronic stress regimen imposed on pregnant rats produced a greater progression of ligature-induced bone loss in their adult offspring.
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Breivik T, Gundersen Y, Gjermo P, Taylor SM, Woodruff TM, Opstad PK. Oral treatment with complement factor C5a receptor (CD88) antagonists inhibits experimental periodontitis in rats. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:643-7. [PMID: 21722134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The complement activation product 5a (C5a) is a potent mediator of the innate immune response to infection, and may thus also importantly determine the development of periodontitis. The present study was designed to explore the effect of several novel, potent and orally active C5a receptor (CD88) antagonists (C5aRAs) on the development of ligature-induced periodontitis in an animal model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three different cyclic peptide C5aRAs, termed PMX205, PMX218 and PMX273, were investigated. Four groups of Wistar rats (n = 10 in each group) were used. Starting 3 d before induction of experimental periodontitis, rats either received one of the C5aRas (1-2 mg/kg) in the drinking water or received drinking water only. Periodontitis was assessed when the ligatures had been in place for 14 d. RESULTS Compared with control rats, PMX205- and PMX218-treated rats had significantly reduced periodontal bone loss. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that complement activation, and particularly C5a generation, may play a significant role in the development and progression of periodontitis. Blockade of the major C5a receptor, CD88, with specific inhibitors such as PMX205, may offer novel treatment options for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Breivik
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Breivik T, Gundersen Y, Gjermo P, Fristad I, Opstad PK. Systemic chemical desensitization of peptidergic sensory neurons with resiniferatoxin inhibits experimental periodontitis. Open Dent J 2011; 5:1-6. [PMID: 21339860 PMCID: PMC3040995 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601105010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective: The immune system is an important player in the pathophysiology of periodontitis. The brain controls immune responses via neural and hormonal pathways, and brain-neuro-endocrine dysregulation may be a central determinant for pathogenesis. Our current knowledge also emphasizes the central role of sensory nerves. In line with this, we wanted to investigate how desensitization of peptidergic sensory neurons influences the progression of ligature-induced periodontitis, and, furthermore, how selected cytokine and stress hormone responses to Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation are affected. Material and methods: Resiniferatoxin (RTX; 50 μg/kg) or vehicle was injected subcutaneously on days 1, 2, and 3 in stress high responding and periodontitis-susceptible Fischer 344 rats. Periodontitis was induced 2 days thereafter. Progression of the disease was assessed after the ligatures had been in place for 20 days. Two h before decapitation all rats received LPS (150 μg/kg i.p.) to induce a robust immune and stress response. Results: Desensitization with RTX significantly reduced bone loss as measured by digital X-rays. LPS provoked a significantly higher increase in serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, but lower serum levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 and the stress hormone corticosterone. Conclusions: In this model RTX-induced chemical desensitization of sensory peptidergic neurons attenuated ligature-induced periodontitis and promoted a shift towards stronger pro-inflammatory cytokine and weaker stress hormone responses to LPS. The results may partly be explained by the attenuated transmission of immuno-inflammatory signals to the brain. In turn, this may weaken the anti-inflammatory brain-derived pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torbjørn Breivik
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway
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Raju B, Ibrahim SO. Pathophysiology of oral cancer in experimental animal models: a review with focus on the role of sympathetic nerves. J Oral Pathol Med 2010; 40:1-9. [PMID: 20819130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Global increase in incidence and mortality as well as poor prognosis of oral cancer (OC) has intensified efforts towards early detection and prevention of this disfiguring disease. Several studies have been conducted using experimental animal models to understand the pathophysiology and molecular events involved in OC. Lack of identification of specific biomarkers during the multifaceted steps of oral carcinogenesis has hindered its diagnosis and treatment. Solid stress generated by growing tumors as well as abnormalities in tumor vasculature lead to increased interstitial fluid pressure, which could obstruct therapeutic drug delivery to tumors. Furthermore, the sympathetic nervous system is known to affect angiogenesis, vessel permeability, immune responses and carcinogenesis. Recent findings indicate that, in addition to angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors, tumor cells release neurotrophic factors that initiate innervation. Interactions between cytokines and sympathetic neurotransmitters, and their respective receptors expressed by the nerve, immune and tumor cells appear to influence tumor growth. Thus, understanding the complex signaling processes and interrelationships between vascular, nervous and immune systems during oral carcinogenesis may prove vital for successful prevention and treatment of OC. This review aims at outlining the available knowledge on pathophysiology of OC in experimental animal models including evidence from our own findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bina Raju
- Department of Biomedicine, Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Breivik T, Gundersen Y, Gjermo P, von Hörsten S, Opstad PK. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation mediates nicotine-induced enhancement of experimental periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2009; 44:297-304. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Breivik T, Gundersen Y, Gjermo P, von Hörsten S, Opstad PK. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation mediates nicotine-induced enhancement of experimental periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2009; 44:110-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Righi DA, Xavier FG, Palermo-Neto J. Cyhalothrin increased c-fos immunoreactivity at the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats, and suppressed macrophage activity in an adrenal-dependent fashion. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 27:96-102. [PMID: 21783926 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic type II pyrethroid insecticides, such as cyhalothrin at certain dosage levels, simultaneously induce stress-like symptoms and innate immunosuppressive effects in laboratory animals. The present study was designed to further analyze the stress-like effects induced by cyhalotrin and also investigate the role of Hypothalamus-Hypophysis-Adrenal (HHA) axis and Sympathetic Nervous Systems (SNS) and their effects on macrophage activity of rats. Results showed that cyhalothrin treatment (3.0mg/kg/day, for 7 days) increased corticosterone serum levels and c-fos immunoreactivity at the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) but induced no changes in c-fos expression at the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Both areas were related to HHA axis and SNS activations by stress. Further analysis showed that adrenalectomy partially abrogated the suppression effects of cyhalothrin on macrophage activity and that 6-OHDA-induced peripheral symphatectyomy had no effects on this innate immune cell activity. The present observed data support and reinforce the notion that cyhalotrin at this treatment schedule induces stress-like symptoms and suggest that other factors, beyond indirect neuroadaptative responses, are necessary for the suppression effects of insecticide on innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Righi
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Breivik T, Gundersen Y, Myhrer T, Fonnum F, Osmundsen H, Murison R, Gjermo P, von Hörsten S, Opstad PK. Enhanced susceptibility to periodontitis in an animal model of depression: reversed by chronic treatment with the anti-depressant tianeptine. J Clin Periodontol 2006; 33:469-77. [PMID: 16820034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2006.00935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the olfactory bulbectomy model of depression in rats could influence susceptibility to ligature-induced periodontitis, and that chronic treatment with the anti-depressant drug tianeptine could attenuate this effect. MATERIAL AND METHODS Tianeptine was given twice daily (10 mg/kg, i.p.) during the entire experiment, starting 29 days before induction of olfactory bulbectomy and periodontitis. Olfactory bulbectomized (OB) rats and sham-operated rats were given saline in a similar manner. Periodontal disease was assessed when the ligatures had been in place for 21 days. Two hours before decapitation, rats were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS;100 microg/kg, i.p.) to induce a robust immune and stress response. RESULTS Compared with sham-operated controls, OB rats developed significantly more periodontal bone loss, exhibited characteristic behavioural responses in a novel open field test, and showed a decreased expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in the hippocampus. LPS provoked a significantly larger increase in circulating levels of the stress hormone corticosterone and the cytokine transformation growth factor (TGF)-1beta but smaller tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels. Tianeptine treatment of OB rats significantly inhibited peridodontal bone loss, normalized behavioural responses, enhanced TGF-1beta levels, and abolished TNF-alpha decrease, but did not attenuate the increased corticosterone response and the decreased hippocampal GR expression. CONCLUSIONS These experimental results are consistent with an emerging literature showing that life stress, anxiety, depression, pathological grief, and poor coping behaviour may dysregulate regulatory mechanisms within the brain involved in immune regulation, and thereby alter immune responses and influence the susceptibility/resistance to inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torbjørn Breivik
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Breivik T, Gundersen Y, Osmundsen H, Fonnum F, Opstad PK. Neonatal dexamethasone and chronic tianeptine treatment inhibit ligature-induced periodontitis in adult rats. J Periodontal Res 2006; 41:23-32. [PMID: 16409252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2005.00833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been found to play a significant role for susceptibility and resistance to periodontal disease. In the present study we have investigated the effects of two different treatment strategies, which have been found to down-regulate the HPA axis, on ligature-induced periodontitis. METHODS In experiment 1, newborn rats were treated with the synthetic glucocorticoid hormone dexamethasone-21-phosphate, which permanently down-regulates HPA axis responsiveness. In experiment 2, adult rats were treated with the novel antidepressant drug tianeptine, which opposes the action of stress. Periodontitis was inflicted upon all rats. Just before decapitation the animals received gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce a robust immune and HPA axis response. RESULTS Compared to the saline-treated control rats, dexamethasone-treated rats had significantly less periodontal bone loss (p < 0.01), reduced expression of glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus (p < 0.001), lower corticosterone (p=0.01) and higher plasma levels of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (p < 0.05) after LPS challenge. Also the tianeptine-treated rats showed significantly reduced periodontal bone loss (p=0.01), enhanced plasma levels of TNF-alpha (p < 0.05), and transforming growth factor-1beta (p < 0.01), whereas no significant difference was found in corticosterone levels. CONCLUSION An individual's responsiveness to danger signals, whether they are of immunological, chemical, or psychological origin, may be an important factor for explaining variability in susceptibility to periodontal disease. The results may provide new insight into the mechanisms of periodontal disease development, and open new vistas for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torbjørn Breivik
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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