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Chen Y, Guan Q, Han X, Bai D, Li D, Tian Y. Proteoglycans in the periodontium: A review with emphasis on specific distributions, functions, and potential applications. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:617-632. [PMID: 33458817 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are largely glycosylated proteins, consisting of a linkage sugar, core proteins, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). To date, more than 40 kinds of PGs have been identified, and they can be classified as intracellular, cell surface, pericellular, and extracellular PGs according to cellular locations. To illustrate, extracellular PGs are known for regulating the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix; cell-surface PGs play a role in mediating cell adhesion and binding various growth factors. In the field of periodontology, PGs are implicated in cellular proliferation, migration, adhesion, contractility, and anoikis, thereby exerting a profound influence on periodontal tissue development, wound repair, the immune response, biomechanics, and pathological process. Additionally, the expression patterns of some PGs are dynamic and cell-specific. Therefore, determining the roles and spatial-temporal expression patterns of PGs in the periodontium could shed light on treatments for wound healing, tissue regeneration, periodontitis, and gingival overgrowth. In this review, close attention is paid to the distributions, functions, and potential applications of periodontal PGs. Related genetically modified animal experiments and involved signal transduction cascades are summarized for improved understanding of periodontal PGs. To date, however, there is a large amount of speculation on this topic that requires rigorous experiments for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuyue Guan
- Department of Geriatrics, People's Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianglong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Defu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Rega-Kaun G, Kaun C, Ebenbauer B, Jaegersberger G, Prager M, Wojta J, Hohensinner PJ. Bariatric surgery in morbidly obese individuals affects plasma levels of protein C and thrombomodulin. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2019; 47:51-56. [PMID: 30259314 PMCID: PMC6336753 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-018-1744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a prothrombotic milieu and an increased risk for thrombotic events. Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for obesity resulting in dramatic weight loss and reduced inflammation and extrinsic coagulation pathway activation. Blood samples were drawn from 60 patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery before and 1 year after the intervention. Protein C (PC), activated PC (APC), soluble thrombomodulin (TM), soluble E-selectin (E-Sel), prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were evaluated. Both PC (187.4 ± 64.5% before surgery to 118.1 ± 48% 1 year after surgery, p < 0.001) and APC (138.7 ± 64.4% before surgery to 69.1 ± 65.7% after surgery, p < 0.001) were reduced following surgical intervention. TM showed a similar behavior with a reduction of soluble TM after the procedure from 5.7 ± 2.6 to 3.2 ± 1.4 ng/ml (p < 0.001). Similarly, soluble E-Sel was reduced after surgery from 26.6 ± 12.7 to 5.5 ± 4.1 ng/ml (p < 0.001). In contrast, aPTT was not shortened but slightly increased from 29.1 ± 4.8 s. before surgery to 31 ± 4.4 s. (p = 0.001) after surgery and levels of PT were reduced after surgery to 89.6 ± 15.5% from an initial 97.5 ± 13.5% (p < 0.001). In conclusion, we demonstrate a reduction of PC and APC 1 year after bariatric surgery accompanied by a reduction in soluble TM and soluble E-Sel. The reduction of PC and APC is not paralleled by a reduction but in contrast by a prolongation of aPTT suggesting a compensatory upregulation of PC during obesity. The reduction of TM and E-Sel might hint towards an improved endothelial function in this cohort of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gersina Rega-Kaun
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- 5th Medical Department for Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Wilhelminen Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Kaun
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Ebenbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Manfred Prager
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Oberwart, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Wojta
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria.
- Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Kim SD, Baker P, DeLay J, Wood RD. Thrombomodulin Expression in Tissues From Dogs With Systemic Inflammatory Disease. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:797-802. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985815626571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM) is a membrane glycoprotein expressed on endothelial cells, which plays a major role in the protein C anticoagulation pathway. In people with inflammation, TM expression can be down-regulated on endothelial cells and a soluble form released into circulation, resulting in increased risk of thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. TM is present in dogs; however, there has been minimal investigation of its expression in canine tissues, and the effects of inflammation on TM expression in canine tissues have not been investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate endothelial TM expression in tissues from dogs with systemic inflammatory diseases. A retrospective evaluation of tissue samples of lung, spleen, and liver from dogs with and without systemic inflammatory diseases was performed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and a modified manual IHC scoring system. TM expression was significantly reduced in all examined tissues in dogs diagnosed with septic peritonitis or acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. D. Kim
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - P. Baker
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J. DeLay
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - R. D. Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Martin FA, Murphy RP, Cummins PM. Thrombomodulin and the vascular endothelium: insights into functional, regulatory, and therapeutic aspects. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 304:H1585-97. [PMID: 23604713 PMCID: PMC7212260 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00096.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM) is a 557-amino acid protein with a broad cell and tissue distribution consistent with its wide-ranging physiological roles. When expressed on the lumenal surface of vascular endothelial cells in both large vessels and capillaries, its primary function is to mediate endothelial thromboresistance. The complete integral membrane-bound protein form displays five distinct functional domains, although shorter soluble (functional) variants comprising the extracellular domains have also been reported in fluids such as serum and urine. TM-mediated binding of thrombin is known to enhance the specificity of the latter serine protease toward both protein C and thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), increasing their proteolytic activation rate by almost three orders of magnitude with concomitant anticoagulant, antifibrinolytic, and anti-inflammatory benefits to the vascular wall. Recent years have seen an abundance of research into the cellular mechanisms governing endothelial TM production, processing, and regulation (including flow-mediated mechanoregulation)--from transcriptional and posttranscriptional (miRNA) regulation of TM gene expression, to posttranslational processing and release of the expressed protein--facilitating greater exploitation of its therapeutic potential. The goal of the present paper is to comprehensively review the endothelial/TM system from these regulatory perspectives and draw some fresh conclusions. This paper will conclude with a timely examination of the current status of TM's growing therapeutic appeal, from novel strategies to improve the clinical efficacy of recombinant TM analogs for resolution of vascular disorders such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), to an examination of the complex pleiotropic relationship between statin treatment and TM expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Martin
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Cytogenetic analysis of gingival epithelial cells, as related to smoking habits and occurrence of periodontal disease. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 216:71-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhang J, Zhou S, Li R, Cao T, Zheng H, Wang X, Zhou Y, Du N, Chen F, Lin J. Magnetic bead-based salivary peptidome profiling for periodontal-orthodontic treatment. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:63. [PMID: 23126675 PMCID: PMC3514385 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with periodontitis seek periodontal-orthodontic treatment to address certain functional and aesthetic problems. However, little is known of the effect of periodontitis on orthodontic treatment. Thus, we compared the differences in peptide mass fingerprints of orthodontic patients with and without periodontitis by MALDI-TOF MS using a magnetic bead-based peptidome analysis of saliva samples. In this way, we aimed to identify and explore a panel of differentially-expressed specific peptides. Results Saliva samples from 24 patients (eight orthodontic patients without periodontitis, eight with periodontitis and another eight with periodontitis but no orthodontic treatment) were analyzed, and peptide mass fingerprints were created by scanning MS signals using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) combined with magnetic beads. Nine mass peaks showed significant differences. Orthodontic patients in the group without periodontal disease showed higher mass peaks for seven peptides of the nine, whereas the mass peaks for the other two peptides were higher in the periodontal-orthodontic patients. Besides, these differentially-expressed peptides were sequenced. Conclusions The elucidated candidate biomarkers indicated interactions between periodontal condition and orthodontic treatment and their contributions to the changes of saliva protein profiles. Our results provide novel insight into the altered salivary protein profile during periodontal-orthodontic treatment, and may lead to the development of a therapeutic monitoring strategy for periodontics and orthodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieni Zhang
- Departments of Orthodontics and Central Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Peking University, #22 Zhongguancun South Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaonan Zhou
- Departments of Orthodontics and Central Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Peking University, #22 Zhongguancun South Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoxuan Li
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Cao
- Departments of Orthodontics and Central Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Peking University, #22 Zhongguancun South Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Departments of Orthodontics and Central Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Peking University, #22 Zhongguancun South Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- Departments of Orthodontics and Central Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Peking University, #22 Zhongguancun South Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanheng Zhou
- Departments of Orthodontics and Central Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Peking University, #22 Zhongguancun South Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Du
- Department of Central Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Central Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuxiang Lin
- Departments of Orthodontics and Central Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Peking University, #22 Zhongguancun South Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
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Reducing agents induce thrombomodulin shedding in human endothelial cells. Thromb Res 2010; 126:e88-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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