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Gori A, Brindisi G, Daglia M, del Giudice MM, Dinardo G, Di Minno A, Drago L, Indolfi C, Naso M, Trincianti C, Tondina E, Brunese FP, Ullah H, Varricchio A, Ciprandi G, Zicari AM. Exploring the Role of Lactoferrin in Managing Allergic Airway Diseases among Children: Unrevealing a Potential Breakthrough. Nutrients 2024; 16:1906. [PMID: 38931261 PMCID: PMC11206375 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic diseases has dramatically increased among children in recent decades. These conditions significantly impact the quality of life of allergic children and their families. Lactoferrin, a multifunctional glycoprotein found in various biological fluids, is emerging as a promising immunomodulatory agent that can potentially alleviate allergic diseases in children. Lactoferrin's multifaceted properties make it a compelling candidate for managing these conditions. Firstly, lactoferrin exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, which can mitigate the chronic inflammation characteristic of allergic diseases. Secondly, its iron-binding capabilities may help regulate the iron balance in allergic children, potentially influencing the severity of their symptoms. Lactoferrin also demonstrates antimicrobial properties, making it beneficial in preventing secondary infections often associated with respiratory allergies. Furthermore, its ability to modulate the immune response and regulate inflammatory pathways suggests its potential as an immune-balancing agent. This review of the current literature emphasises the need for further research to elucidate the precise roles of lactoferrin in allergic diseases. Harnessing the immunomodulatory potential of lactoferrin could provide a novel add-on approach to managing allergic diseases in children, offering hope for improved outcomes and an enhanced quality of life for paediatric patients and their families. As lactoferrin continues to capture the attention of researchers, its properties and diverse applications make it an intriguing subject of study with a rich history and a promising future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gori
- Department of Mother-Child, Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Giulia Brindisi
- Department of Mother-Child, Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.D.); (A.D.M.); (H.U.)
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Michele Miraglia del Giudice
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.M.d.G.); (G.D.); (C.I.)
| | - Giulio Dinardo
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.M.d.G.); (G.D.); (C.I.)
| | - Alessandro Di Minno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.D.); (A.D.M.); (H.U.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Drago
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology & Microbiome, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- UOC Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, MultiLab Department, IRCCS Multimedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristiana Indolfi
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.M.d.G.); (G.D.); (C.I.)
| | - Matteo Naso
- Allergy Center, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (M.N.); (C.T.)
| | - Chiara Trincianti
- Allergy Center, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (M.N.); (C.T.)
| | - Enrico Tondina
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | | | - Hammad Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.D.); (A.D.M.); (H.U.)
| | - Attilio Varricchio
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Ciprandi
- Allergy Clinic, Casa di Cura Villa Montallegro, 16145 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Anna Maria Zicari
- Department of Mother-Child, Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (G.B.)
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Ustianowska K, Ustianowski Ł, Bakinowska E, Kiełbowski K, Szostak J, Murawka M, Szostak B, Pawlik A. The Genetic Aspects of Periodontitis Pathogenesis and the Regenerative Properties of Stem Cells. Cells 2024; 13:117. [PMID: 38247810 PMCID: PMC10814055 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis (PD) is a prevalent and chronic inflammatory disease with a complex pathogenesis, and it is associated with the presence of specific pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. Dysbiosis and dysregulated immune responses ultimately lead to chronic inflammation as well as tooth and alveolar bone loss. Multiple studies have demonstrated that genetic polymorphisms may increase the susceptibility to PD. Furthermore, gene expression is modulated by various epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, or the activity of non-coding RNA. These processes can also be induced by PD-associated pathogens. In this review, we try to summarize the genetic processes that are implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. Furthermore, we discuss the use of these mechanisms in diagnosis and therapeutic purposes. Importantly, novel treatment methods that could promote tissue regeneration are greatly needed in PD. In this paper, we also demonstrate current evidence on the potential use of stem cells and extracellular vesicles to stimulate tissue regeneration and suppress inflammation. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of PD, as well as the impact of PD-associated bacteria and stem cells in these processes, may enhance future research and ultimately improve long-term treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Ustianowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.U.); (Ł.U.); (E.B.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Łukasz Ustianowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.U.); (Ł.U.); (E.B.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Estera Bakinowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.U.); (Ł.U.); (E.B.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Kajetan Kiełbowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.U.); (Ł.U.); (E.B.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Joanna Szostak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Martyna Murawka
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.U.); (Ł.U.); (E.B.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Bartosz Szostak
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.U.); (Ł.U.); (E.B.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.U.); (Ł.U.); (E.B.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (B.S.)
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Blancas-Luciano BE, Zamora-Chimal J, da Silva-de Rosenzweig PG, Ramos-Mares M, Fernández-Presas AM. Macrophages immunomodulation induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis and oral antimicrobial peptides. Odontology 2023; 111:778-792. [PMID: 36897441 PMCID: PMC10492884 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00798-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen associated with periodontitis development, a chronic inflammatory pathology characterized by the destruction of the supporting teeth structure. Macrophages are recruited cells in the inflammatory infiltrate from patients with periodontitis. They are activated by the P. gingivalis virulence factors arsenal, promoting an inflammatory microenvironment characterized by cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), prostaglandins, and metalloproteinases (MMPs) that foster the tissular destruction characteristic of periodontitis. Furthermore, P. gingivalis suppresses the generation of nitric oxide, a potent antimicrobial molecule, through its degradation, and incorporating its byproducts as a source of energy. Oral antimicrobial peptides can contribute to controlling the disease due to their antimicrobial and immunoregulatory activity, which allows them to maintain homeostasis in the oral cavity. This study aimed to analyze the immunopathological role of macrophages activated by P. gingivalis in periodontitis and suggested using antimicrobial peptides as therapeutic agents to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Esther Blancas-Luciano
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Ciudad Universitaria, Edificio D, 1° Piso, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Zamora-Chimal
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis, 148 Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, C.P. 06726, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo Gomes da Silva-de Rosenzweig
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Mariana Ramos-Mares
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ana María Fernández-Presas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Shaddox LM, Morford LA, Nibali L. Periodontal health and disease: The contribution of genetics. Periodontol 2000 2020; 85:161-181. [PMID: 33226705 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infectious, inflammatory disease that is associated with a complex interplay between specific bacteria, host response, and environmental factors. Because of its high degree of familial aggregation, specifically for the more aggressive forms of the disease, genetics factors have been implicated in disease pathogenesis for several decades. This review provides an overview of what we currently know regarding the genetic and epigenetic contributions to periodontal disease and discusses future opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Macchion Shaddox
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health Practice, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lorri Ann Morford
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Luigi Nibali
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Kings College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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Zupin L, Polesello V, Segat L, Kamada AJ, Kuhn L, Crovella S. Association Between LTF Polymorphism and Risk of HIV-1 Transmission Among Zambian Seropositive Mothers. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:52-57. [PMID: 29165086 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x15666171120105752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactoferrin is a member of the innate immune system acting in the first line of defence against pathogens, and it is known for its antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity, including HIV-1. Two polymorphisms, T29A and R47K, in the exon 1 region of the LTF gene (encoding for the lactoferrin protein) were previously described as able to influence the lactoferrin antimicrobial function. OBJECTIVES LTF T29A and R47K genetic variants were analysed in a Zambian population to unravel if these polymorphisms could play a role in HIV-1 mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission. METHODS LTF T29A and R47K polymorphisms were genotyped, using allelic specific fluorescent probes and real time PCR, in a population comprising 101 HIV-1 positive mothers and 333 children born to seropositive mothers. RESULTS Maternal LTF T29A A/A and A/G genotypes were found to be associated with decreased risk of HIV-1 MTCT, being more frequent among non-transmitter mothers respect to transmitter mothers. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that maternal LTF genetic background contributes to the susceptibility to HIV-1 transmission from mother to new-borns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Zupin
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Vania Polesello
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Ludovica Segat
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Louise Kuhn
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
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Wang M, Qin M. Lack of association between LTF gene polymorphisms and different caries status in primary dentition. Oral Dis 2018; 24:1545-1553. [PMID: 29989276 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dental caries is related to cariogenic bacteria, salivary components, oral hygiene and host susceptibility. Lactoferrin is an important antimicrobial glycoprotein in saliva; however, the role of the LTF gene in caries susceptibility is unclear. We investigated the association between LTF polymorphisms and the severity of caries. DESIGN Our study included 910 healthy paediatric subjects (aged 24-48 months) categorised into three groups: 403 with no caries or white-spot lesions; 230 with moderate caries (8 ≤ dmft ≤ 12); and 277 with severe caries (13 ≤ dmft ≤ 20). Information regarding the subjects' oral habits was gathered using questionnaires. The LTF rs1126477 and rs1126478 polymorphism alleles were genotyped by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS The three groups showed no significant differences in LTF polymorphisms alleles, genotypes or haplotypes distribution. Multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis showed that the interactions between breastfeeding for a duration >24 months, night feeding >24 months and high frequency of sweet food intake increased the risk of caries (p = 0.0014); however, we detected no interaction effect between the LTF polymorphisms and oral habits on caries susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS The LTF rs1126477 and rs1126478 polymorphisms showed no association with the different levels of caries risk in our Chinese paediatric cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchen Wang
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Man Qin
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Velliyagounder K, Bahdila D, Pawar S, Fine DH. Role of lactoferrin and lactoferrin‐derived peptides in oral and maxillofacial diseases. Oral Dis 2018; 25:652-669. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Velliyagounder
- Department of Oral BiologyRutgers School of Dental Medicine Newark New Jersey
| | - D Bahdila
- Department of Oral BiologyRutgers School of Dental Medicine Newark New Jersey
| | - S Pawar
- Department of Oral BiologyRutgers School of Dental Medicine Newark New Jersey
| | - DH Fine
- Department of Oral BiologyRutgers School of Dental Medicine Newark New Jersey
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Cardiometabolic risk factors and lactoferrin: polymorphisms and plasma levels in French-Canadian children. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:741-748. [PMID: 28678770 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundLactoferrin (LTF) could play a beneficial role in insulin resistance and diabetes, but the association of its gene variants with cardio-metabolic disorders in children has not been investigated. This study aimed to examine the relationship between LTF variants, plasma LTF concentrations, and cardio-metabolic risk factors in French-Canadian children.MethodsThe study cohort comprises 1,749 French Canadians aged 9, 13, and 16 years. The association of 13 LTF polymorphisms, metabolic parameters, and plasma LTF levels was tested in this cross-sectional, province-wide school-based survey.ResultsNone of the genetic association remained significant after correction for multiple testing and LTF SNPs were not associated with LTF levels. Plasma LTF was positively correlated with body mass index (r2=0.2245, P=0.0011) and weight (r2=0.2515, P=0.0008). After segregating according to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), the association remained only in subjects exhibiting low HDL-C (r2=0.3868, P=0.0002 for body mass index and r2=0.3665, P=0.0004 for weight). In girls, plasma LTF was positively correlated with total cholesterol (r2=0.2231, P=0.0378), LDL cholesterol (r2=0.2409, P=0.0246), and apolipoprotein B (r2=0.2478, P=0.0207).ConclusionsWe found no association between LTF gene variants and metabolic parameters following correction for multiple testing. HDL-C and gender-specific positive associations were evidenced between plasma LTF, anthropometric profile, and lipid levels.
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Zupin L, Robino A, Navarra CO, Pirastu N, Di Lenarda R, Gasparini P, Crovella S, Bevilacqua L. LTFandDEFB1polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility toward chronic periodontitis development. Oral Dis 2017; 23:1001-1008. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Zupin
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Health Sciences; University of Trieste; Trieste Italy
| | - A Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”; Trieste Italy
| | - CO Navarra
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Health Sciences; University of Trieste; Trieste Italy
| | - N Pirastu
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Health Sciences; University of Trieste; Trieste Italy
| | - R Di Lenarda
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Health Sciences; University of Trieste; Trieste Italy
| | - P Gasparini
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Health Sciences; University of Trieste; Trieste Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”; Trieste Italy
| | - S Crovella
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Health Sciences; University of Trieste; Trieste Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”; Trieste Italy
| | - L Bevilacqua
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Health Sciences; University of Trieste; Trieste Italy
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Lactoferrin gene polymorphisms in Italian patients with recurrent tonsillitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 88:153-6. [PMID: 27497404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recurrent tonsillitis is an oral pathology characterized by inflammation of tonsils. The disease susceptibility depends upon environmental and host factors, specifically the innate immune response, the first line of host defence could play an important role. Among innate immunity members, lactoferrin, known for its antimicrobial properties, was previously correlated with the risk of oral pathology as periodontitis and dental caries. METHODS 89 Italian children presenting recurrent tonsillitis and 95 healthy children were genotyped for two LTF non-synonymous polymorphisms, called Thr29Ala and Arg47Lys, in order to investigate their potential role in recurrent tonsillitis susceptibility. RESULTS no different allele, genotype and haplotype frequency distributions were detected comparing patients and controls. CONCLUSION data from the current study indicate that LTF polymorphisms might not be involved in recurrent tonsillitis development in our Italian population. However, since the importance of lactoferrin in oral immunity has been previously assessed, further studies should be necessary to unravel the potential role of LTF genetic variants in oral cavity.
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Doetzer AD, Brancher JA, Pecharki GD, Schlipf N, Werneck R, Mira MT, Riess O, Bauer P, Trevilatto PC. Lactotransferrin Gene Polymorphism Associated with Caries Experience. Caries Res 2015; 49:370-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000366211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a common multifactorial disease, resulting from the interaction of biofilm, cariogenic diet and host response over time. Lactotransferrin (LTF) is a main salivary glycoprotein, which modulates the host immune-inflammatory and antibacterial response. Although a genetic component for caries outcome has been identified, little is known over the genetic aspects underlying its susceptibility. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between LTF polymorphisms and caries susceptibility. Six hundred seventy seven 12-year-old students were selected: 346 with (DMFT ≥ 1) and 331 without caries experience (DMFT = 0). Also, individuals concentrating higher levels of disease (polarization group, DMFT ≥ 2, n = 253) were tested against those with DMFT ≤ 1 (n = 424). Along with clinical parameters, three representative LTF tag SNPs (rs6441989, rs2073495, rs11716497) were genotyped and the results were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses. Allele A for tag SNP rs6441989 was found to be significantly less frequent in the polarization group, conferring a protective effect against caries experience [AA + AG × GG (OR: 0.710, 95% CI: 0.514-0.980, p = 0.045)], and remained significantly associated with caries protection in the presence of gingivitis (p = 0.020) and plaque (p = 0.035). These results might contribute to the understanding of the genetic control of caries susceptibility in humans.
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Zupin L, Polesello V, Coelho AVC, Boniotto M, Arraes LC, Segat L, Crovella S. Lactotransferrin gene functional polymorphisms do not influence susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus-1 mother-to-child transmission in different ethnic groups. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:222-9. [PMID: 25946246 PMCID: PMC4489453 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactotransferrin, also known as lactoferrin, is an iron binding glycoprotein that
displays antiviral activity against many different infectious agents, including human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. Lactotransferrin is present in the breast milk and in
the female genitourinary mucosa and it has been hypothesised as a possible candidate
to prevent mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission. To verify if two functional
polymorphisms, Thr29Ala and Arg47Lys, in the lactotransferrin encoding gene (LTF)
could affect HIV-1 infection and vertical transmission, a preliminary association
study was performed in 238 HIV-1 positive and 99 HIV-1 negative children from Brazil,
Italy, Africa and India. No statistically significant association for the Thr29Ala
and Arg47Lys LTF polymorphisms and HIV-1 susceptibility in the studied populations
was found. Additionally LTF polymorphisms frequencies were compared between the four
different ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Zupin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Scientific Institute For Research, Hospitalization and Care Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Vania Polesello
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Scientific Institute For Research, Hospitalization and Care Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Michele Boniotto
- Faculty of Medicine, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, University of Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | | | - Ludovica Segat
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Scientific Institute For Research, Hospitalization and Care Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Scientific Institute For Research, Hospitalization and Care Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
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Abstract
Lactoferrin is one of a number of multifunctional proteins that are present in or on all mucosal surfaces throughout the body. Levels of lactoferrin are consistently elevated in inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, corneal disease, and periodontitis. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in lactoferrin have been shown to be present in individuals susceptible to Escherichia coli-induced travelers' diarrhea and in tear fluid derived from virally associated corneal disease. Here, we review data showing a lactoferrin SNP in amino acid position 29 in the antimicrobial region of lactoferrin that acts against caries associated bacteria. This SNP was initially discovered in African American subjects with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP) who had proximal bone loss but minimal proximal caries. Results were confirmed in a genetic association study of children from Brazil with this same SNP who showed a reduced level of caries. In vitro data indicate that lactoferrin from whole saliva derived from subjects with this SNP, recombinant human lactoferrin containing this SNP, or an 11-mer peptide designed for this SNP kills mutans streptococci associated with caries by >1 log. In contrast, the SNP has minimal effect on Gram-negative species associated with periodontitis. Moreover, periodontally healthy subjects homozygous for this lysine (K) SNP have lactoferrin in their saliva that kills mutans streptococci and have reduced proximal decay. The review summarizes data supporting the ecologic plaque hypothesis and suggests that a genetic variant in lactoferrin with K in position 29 when found in saliva and crevice fluid can influence community biofilm composition. We propose that, for caries, this SNP is ethnicity independent and protective by directly killing caries-provoking bacteria (reducing proximal decay). However, the clinical effect of this SNP in LAP is ethnicity dependent, destructive (increases LAP incidence), and complex with mechanisms still to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Fine
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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Doetzer AD, Schlipf N, Alvim-Pereira F, Alvim-Pereira CC, Werneck R, Riess O, Bauer P, Trevilatto PC. Lactotransferrin Gene (LTF) Polymorphisms and Dental Implant Loss: A Case-Control Association Study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2014; 17 Suppl 2:e550-61. [PMID: 25535701 DOI: 10.1111/cid.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental implants have been widely used to replace missing teeth, accomplishing aesthetics and function. Due to its large use worldwide, the small percentage of implant loss becomes significant in number of cases. Lactotransferrin (LTF) is a pleiotropic protein, expressed in various body tissues and fluids, which modulates the host immune-inflammatory response and bone metabolism, and might be involved in dental implant osseointegration. Recently, a few studies have been investigating genetic aspects underlying dental implant failure. PURPOSE This case-control study aimed to investigate the association of genetic markers (tag SNPs) in LTF gene and clinical parameters with dental implant loss. MATERIAL AND METHODS 278 patients, both sexes, mean age 51 years old, divided into 184 without and 94 with implant loss, were genotyped for sixteen tag SNPs, representative of the whole LTF gene. Also, clinical oral and systemic parameters were analyzed. Univariate and Multivariate Logistic Regression model were used to analyze the results (p < .05). RESULTS No association was found between the tag SNPs and implant loss in the study population. Clinical association was found with medical treatment, hormonal reposition, edentulism, number of placed implants, plaque, calculus, and mobility. CONCLUSION Clinical variables, but not LTF gene polymorphisms, were associated with implant loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Duarte Doetzer
- Core for Advanced Molecular Investigation (COMI), School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Nina Schlipf
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fabiano Alvim-Pereira
- Department of Dentistry/Postgraduate Program in Science Applied to Health, UFS-Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, SE, Brazil
| | - Claudia Cristina Alvim-Pereira
- Department of Medicine/Postgraduate Program in Science Applied to Health, UFS-Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, SE, Brazil
| | - Renata Werneck
- Core for Advanced Molecular Investigation (COMI), School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Olaf Riess
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Bauer
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paula Cristina Trevilatto
- Core for Advanced Molecular Investigation (COMI), School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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The intracellular inhibition of HCV replication represents a novel mechanism of action by the innate immune Lactoferrin protein. Antiviral Res 2014; 111:13-22. [PMID: 25193851 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major public-health problem with 130-170 million individuals chronically infected worldwide. In order to halt the epidemic, therapy against HCV will need to be both effective and widely available. Studies focusing on safe and affordable natural product active against HCV have revealed the antiviral activity of the human Lactoferrin (hLF) protein which binds and neutralizes the circulating virion. In the current study, investigation of hLF activity on the HCV subgenomic replicon system, which is independent from viral entry and shedding, revealed a distinct antireplicative activity of hLF against HCV. Hepatocellular uptake of hLF was confirmed and correlated with qualitative HCV staining reduction. Quantitative dose-response inhibition assays confirmed an hLF-mediated and dose-dependent HCV replication reduction reaching up to 60%. The in cellulo anti-HCV activity of hLF was additive to both Ribavirin and Interferon-α-2b. Further investigation of hLF activity against the essential viral proteins involved in HCV genome replication revealed an inhibitory activity against the HCV ATPase/Helicase NS3 protein but not against the HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5B protein). NS3 inhibition was mediated by a direct and specific interaction between hLF and an allosteric binding site on NS3. Taken together, our findings reveal a new antiviral mechanism of action by which hLF inhibits intracellular HCV replication.
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Shih YS, Fu E, Fu MM, Lin FG, Chiu HC, Shen EC, Chiang CY. Association of CCL5 and CCR5 gene polymorphisms with periodontitis in Taiwanese. J Periodontol 2014; 85:1596-602. [PMID: 25119558 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.130651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that genetic factors may predispose individuals to periodontal diseases. The present case-control study aims to test whether the -403 single nucleotide polymorphism of chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5-403) and the 32-bp deletion of CCR5 (CCR5Δ32) polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to chronic and aggressive periodontitis. METHODS Taiwanese participants (N = 213) were grouped into control group (CG), generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP), or chronic periodontitis (CP) groups. DNA samples were obtained from peripheral blood. CCL5-403, evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, and CCR5Δ32, evaluated by polymerase chain reaction, were compared among the three groups. RESULTS There was a significant association between type of periodontitis and having allele A or G in the CCL5-403 polymorphism. GAgP patients were 3.7 times more likely than CP patients and 2.0 times more likely than CG patients to have allele A, instead of allele G, in CCL5-403. GAgP patients were 3.1 times more likely than CG patients to have AG versus GG genotype. GAgP patients were also 5.0 and 19.8 times more likely than CP patients to have AG and AA genotypes, respectively, compared to GG. For the CCR5Δ32 polymorphism, no association was found between the type of periodontitis and having different genotype or allele distributions among GAgP, CP, or CG patients. CONCLUSION The single nucleotide polymorphism of CCL5-403 G substitution by A may play a role in AgP; however, the CCR5Δ32 polymorphism may not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Seng Shih
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Ikuta T, Inagaki Y, Tanaka K, Saito T, Nakajima Y, Bando M, Kido JI, Nagata T. Gene polymorphism of β-defensin-1 is associated with susceptibility to periodontitis in Japanese. Odontology 2013; 103:66-74. [PMID: 24276427 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-013-0139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease associated with genetic and environmental factors. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with susceptibility to common diseases such as diabetes and periodontitis. Although the oral cavity is exposed to various organisms, the conditions are well controlled by innate and acquired immune systems. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play an important role in the innate immune system; however, the association of AMP-SNPs with periodontitis has not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the relationship between AMP-SNPs and periodontitis in Japanese. One hundred and five Japanese subjects were recruited, which included patients with aggressive, severe, moderate and mild periodontitis, and age-matched healthy controls. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood and genotypes of SNPs of β-defensin-1 and lactoferrin genes (DEFB1: rs1799946, rs1800972 and rs11362; and LTF: rs1126478) were investigated using the PCR-Invader assay. Protein level of AMPs in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was quantified by ELISA. Case-control studies revealed that the -44 CC genotype of DEFB1 (rs1800972) was associated with periodontitis (OR 2.51), particularly with severe chronic periodontitis (OR 4.15) and with combined severe and moderate chronic periodontitis (OR 4.04). No statistical differences were found in other genotypes. The β-defensin-1 concentrations in GCF were significantly lower in subjects with the -44 CC genotype of DEFB1 than in those without this genotype. No significant differences between GCF concentrations of AMPs and other genotypes were detected. The -44 CC genotype of the β-defensin-1 gene (DEFB1 rs1800972) may be associated with susceptibility to chronic periodontitis in Japanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Ikuta
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
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Volckova M, Linhartova PB, Trefna T, Vlazny J, Musilova K, Kukletova M, Kukla L, Holla LI. Lack of association between lactotransferrin polymorphism and dental caries. Caries Res 2013; 48:39-44. [PMID: 24217007 DOI: 10.1159/000351689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dental caries is a complex, multifactorial disease and one of the most common illnesses worldwide. Its etiology is related to microbial, dietary and host factors. Recent evidence suggests a role of lactotransferrin (LTF) in caries. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between LTF gene polymorphism and dental caries. METHODS In this case-control study, 637 unrelated children, aged 11-13 years, were enrolled. The subjects were divided into two groups, i.e. caries-free (decayed/missing/filled teeth = 0) and caries-affected children (decayed/missing/filled teeth ≥ 1). The LTF rs1126478 (140A/G in exon 2, Lys/Arg) genotypes were determined by PCR with restriction analysis using the EarI enzyme. RESULTS Of 637 children, 155 (24.3%) were caries free. There were no statistically significant differences between caries levels and allele or genotype distributions in the total cohort. When the caries-affected group (n = 482) was stratified into low (decayed/missing/filled teeth = 1), moderate (2 ≤ decayed/missing/filled teeth ≤ 3) and high (decayed/missing/filled teeth ≥ 4) caries experience, allele and genotype frequencies were similar among all subgroups. CONCLUSIONS The LTF 140A/G (exon 2, Lys/Arg) polymorphism was not associated with the susceptibility to or severity of dental caries in the Czech population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Volckova
- Clinic of Stomatology, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Alexander DB, Iigo M, Yamauchi K, Suzui M, Tsuda H. Lactoferrin: an alternative view of its role in human biological fluids. Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 90:279-306. [PMID: 22553915 DOI: 10.1139/o2012-013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is a major component of biologically important mucosal fluids and of the specific granules of neutrophils. Understanding its biological function is essential for understanding neutrophil- and mucosal-mediated immunity. In this review, we reevaluate the in vivo functions of human lactoferrin (hLF) emphasizing in vivo studies and in vitro studies performed in biologically relevant fluids. We discuss the evidence in the literature that supports (or does not support) proposed roles for hLF in mucosal immunity and in neutrophil function. We argue that the current literature supports a microbiostatic role, but not a microbicidal role, for hLF in vivo. The literature also supports a role for hLF in inhibiting colonization and infection of epithelial surfaces by microorganisms and in protecting tissues from neutrophil-mediated damage. Using this information, we briefly discuss hLF in the context of the complex biological fluids in which it is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Alexander
- Laboratory of Nanotoxicology Project, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabedohri, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
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Videm V, Dahl H, Wålberg LE, Wiseth R. Functional polymorphisms in the LTF gene and risk of coronary artery stenosis. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:554-9. [PMID: 22406253 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasma lactoferrin concentrations are increased in patients with coronary artery stenosis. We investigated the effects of LTF gene polymorphisms in 305 healthy blood donors and their associations with coronary artery stenosis in 236 patients admitted for coronary angiography. Lactoferrin concentrations were determined by enzyme immunoassay. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing of LTF exons 2 and 4. In the blood donors, the deletion variant of rs10662431 and the G allele of rs1126478 were associated with higher plasma lactoferrin concentrations. The G allele of rs1126478 was more frequent in patients with significant coronary artery stenosis (p = 0.018, p value limit for significance by permutation = 0.030). The association remained significant in logistic regression with adjustment for clinical risk factors (odds ratio 2.485 [95% confidence interval 1.116-5.536], p = 0.026), but was weakened upon the inclusion of plasma lactoferrin (odds ratio 2.295 [0.949-5.550], p = 0.064). Current evidence indicates that rs1126478 affects the antibacterial effect of lactoferrin and that lactoferrin is involved in lipid metabolism. The relationships among lactoferrin genotypes, lactoferrin concentrations, and clinical factors on the risk for atherosclerosis are not fully understood, but the G allele of rs1126478 seems to have a detrimental effect in a European population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Videm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Morinha F, Albuquerque C, Requicha J, Dias I, Leitão J, Gut I, Guedes-Pinto H, Viegas C, Bastos E. Analysis of new lactotransferrin gene variants in a case-control study related to periodontal disease in dog. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:4673-81. [PMID: 21947848 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The molecular and genetic research has contributed to a better understanding of the periodontal disease (PD) in humans and has shown that many genes play a role in the predisposition and progression of this complex disease. Variations in human lactotransferrin (LTF) gene appear to affect anti-microbial functions of this molecule, influencing the PD susceptibility. PD is also a major health problem in small animal practice, being the most common inflammatory disease found in dogs. Nevertheless, the research in genetic predisposition to PD is an unexplored subject in this species. This work aims to contribute to the characterization of the genetic basis of canine PD. In order to identify genetic variations and verify its association with PD, was performed a molecular analysis of LTF gene in a case-control approach, including 40 dogs in the PD cases group and 50 dogs in the control group. In this study were detected and characterized eight new single nucleotide variations in the dog LTF gene. Genotype and allele frequencies of these variations showed no statistically significant differences between the control and PD cases groups. Our data do not give evidence for the contribution of these LTF variations to the genetic background of canine PD. Nevertheless, the sequence variant L/15_g.411C > T leads to an aminoacid change (Proline to Leucine) and was predicted to be possibly damaging to the LTF protein. Further investigations would be of extreme value to clarify the biological importance of these new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Morinha
- IBB/CGB-UTAD (Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro), Quinta de Prados, P.O. Box 1013, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
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Abstract
AIMS The goal of this review is to identify the antimicrobial proteins in the oral fluids, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid and identify functional families and candidates for antibacterial treatment. RESULTS Periodontal biofilms initiate a cascade of inflammatory and immune processes that lead to the destruction of gingival tissues and ultimately alveolar bone loss and tooth loss. Treatment of periodontal disease with conventional antibiotics does not appear to be effective in the absence of mechanical debridement. An alternative treatment may be found in antimicrobial peptides and proteins, which can be bactericidal and anti-inflammatory and block the inflammatory effects of bacterial toxins. The peptides have co-evolved with oral bacteria, which have not developed significant peptide resistance. Over 45 antibacterial proteins are found in human saliva and gingival crevicular fluid. The proteins and peptides belong to several different functional families and offer broad protection from invading microbes. Several antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) serve as templates for the development of therapeutic peptides and peptide mimetics, although to date none have demonstrated efficacy in human trials. CONCLUSIONS Existing and newly identified AMPs may be developed for therapeutic use in periodontal disease or can serve as templates for peptide and peptide mimetics with improved therapeutic indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven-Ulrik Gorr
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Wu YM, Chuang HL, Ho YP, Ho KY, Tsai CC. Investigation of interleukin-13 gene polymorphisms in individuals with chronic and generalized aggressive periodontitis in a Taiwanese (Chinese) population. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:695-701. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wakabayashi H, Kondo I, Kobayashi T, Yamauchi K, Toida T, Iwatsuki K, Yoshie H. Periodontitis, periodontopathic bacteria and lactoferrin. Biometals 2010; 23:419-24. [PMID: 20155438 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is a component of saliva and is suspected to be a defense factor against oral pathogens including Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Periodontitis is a very common oral disease caused by periodontopathic bacteria. Antimicrobial activities and other biological effects of LF against representative periodontopathic bacteria, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia, have been widely studied. Association of polymorphisms in LF with incidence of aggressive periodontitis and the role of LF in the gingival crevicular fluid as a marker of periodontitis severity have also been reported. Periodontopathic bacteria reside as a biofilm in supragingival and subgingival plaque. Our recent study indicated that LF exhibits antibacterial activity against planktonic forms of P. gingivalis and P. intermedia at higher concentrations, and furthermore, LF effectively inhibits biofilm formation and reduces the established biofilm of these bacteria at physiological concentrations. A small-scale clinical study indicated that oral administration of bovine LF reduces P. gingivalis and P. intermedia in the subgingival plaque of chronic periodontitis patients. LF seems to be a biofilm inhibitor of periodontopathic bacteria in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Wakabayashi
- Food Science and Technology Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd, 5-1-83 Higashihara, Zama, Kanagawa 228-8583, Japan.
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Gene polymorphisms in chronic periodontitis. Int J Dent 2010; 2010:324719. [PMID: 20339487 PMCID: PMC2844543 DOI: 10.1155/2010/324719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to conduct a review of the literature for gene polymorphisms associated with chronic periodontitis (CP) susceptibility. A comprehensive search of the literature in English was performed using the keywords: periodontitis, periodontal disease, combined with the words genes, mutation, or polymorphism. Candidate gene polymorphism studies with a case-control design and reported genotype frequencies in CP patients were searched and reviewed. There is growing evidence that polymorphisms in the IL1, IL6, IL10, vitamin D receptor, and CD14 genes may be associated with CP in certain populations. However, carriage rates of the rare (R)-allele of any polymorphism varied considerably among studies and most of the studies appeared under-powered and did not correct for other risk factors. Larger cohorts, well-defined phenotypes, control for other risk factors, and analysis of multiple genes and polymorphisms within the same pathway are needed to get a more comprehensive insight into the contribution of gene polymorphisms in CP.
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