1
|
Chan AA, Tran PT, Lee DJ. Quantitative Aggregation of Microbiome Sequencing Data Provides Insights into the Associations between the Skin Microbiome and Psoriasis. JID INNOVATIONS 2024; 4:100249. [PMID: 38282647 PMCID: PMC10810833 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2023.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Although prior studies have reported distinct skin microbiome profiles associated with psoriasis, differences in methods and analyses limit generalizable conclusions. Individual studies have actually reported conflicting findings; for example, Propionibacterium and Staphylococcus have been significantly associated with both psoriatic lesions and healthy skin. Qualitative reviews have attempted to summarize this body of work, but there is great variability across the studies' findings and methods. To better unify these data, we created a meta-analysis of all publicly available datasets by utilizing a uniform bioinformatics pipeline and reference database to investigate associations of the skin microbiome in psoriasis. A total of 977 skin swab samples (341 lesional, 295 nonlesional, and 341 healthy) from 6 studies were analyzed. The aggregated analysis revealed a higher relative abundance of microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus and Corynebacterium simulans, among others, from patients with psoriasis than those from healthy swab samples; in addition, Cutibacterium acnes, Lawsonella unclassified, and S warneri were significantly higher in healthy samples. Furthermore, comparison of functional pathways predicted from 16S gene markers showed that L-ornithine biosynthesis and L-histidine biosynthesis were lower in psoriatic lesions than in healthy controls. Taken together, this meta-analysis allows for a more generalizable association between the skin microbiome and psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick T Tran
- Division of Dermatology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Delphine J Lee
- The Lundquist Institute, Torrance, California, USA
- Division of Dermatology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Endogenous photosensitizers play a critical role in both beneficial and harmful light-induced transformations in biological systems. Understanding their mode of action is essential for advancing fields such as photomedicine, photoredox catalysis, environmental science, and the development of sun care products. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of endogenous photosensitizers in human skin, investigating the connections between their electronic excitation and the subsequent activation or damage of organic biomolecules. We gather the physicochemical and photochemical properties of key endogenous photosensitizers and examine the relationships between their chemical reactivity, location within the skin, and the primary biochemical events following solar radiation exposure, along with their influence on skin physiology and pathology. An important take-home message of this review is that photosensitization allows visible light and UV-A radiation to have large effects on skin. The analysis presented here unveils potential causes for the continuous increase in global skin cancer cases and emphasizes the limitations of current sun protection approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erick L Bastos
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank H Quina
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício S Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
González S, Aguilera J, Berman B, Calzavara-Pinton P, Gilaberte Y, Goh CL, Lim HW, Schalka S, Stengel F, Wolf P, Xiang F. Expert Recommendations on the Evaluation of Sunscreen Efficacy and the Beneficial Role of Non-filtering Ingredients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:790207. [PMID: 35433750 PMCID: PMC9008233 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.790207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of non-filtering agents have been introduced to enhance sunscreen photoprotection. Most of those agents have only weak erythema protective properties but may be valuable and beneficial in supporting protection against other effects of UV radiation, such as photoimmunosuppression, skin aging, and carcinogenesis, as well as photodermatoses. The question arises how to measure and evaluate this efficacy since standard SPF testing is not appropriate. In this perspective, we aim to provide a position statement regarding the actual value of SPF and UVA-PF to measure photoprotection. We argue whether new or additional parameters and scales can be used to better indicate the protection conferred by these products against the detrimental effects of natural/artificial, UV/visible light beyond sunburn, including DNA damage, photoimmunosuppression and pigmentation, and the potential benefits of the addition of other ingredients beyond traditional inorganic and organic filters to existing sunscreens. Also, we debate the overall usefulness of adding novel parameters that measure photoprotection to reach two tiers of users, that is, the general public and the medical community; and how this can be communicated to convey the presence of additional beneficial effects deriving from non-filtering agents, e.g., biological extracts. Finally, we provide a perspective on new challenges stemming from environmental factors, focusing on the role of the skin microbiome and the role of air pollutants and resulting needs for photoprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador González
- Medicine and Medical Specialties Department, University of Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Salvador González,
| | - José Aguilera
- Dermatological Photobiology Laboratory, Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Brian Berman
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami-Florida, Miami, FL, United States
| | | | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Henry W. Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Sergio Schalka
- Photoprotection Laboratory, Medicine Skin Research Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Flora Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Medical College, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dusingize JC, Olsen CM, An J, Pandeya N, Liyanage UE, Law MH, Neale RE, Ong JS, MacGregor S, Whiteman DC. Genetically determined risk of keratinocyte carcinoma and risk of other cancers. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 50:1316-1324. [PMID: 33370439 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyaa265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have consistently documented an increased risk of developing primary non-cutaneous malignancies among people with a history of keratinocyte carcinoma (KC). However, the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. We conducted two separate analyses to test whether genetically predicted KC is related to the risk of developing cancers at other sites. METHODS In the first approach (one-sample), we calculated the polygenic risk scores (PRS) for KC using individual-level data in the UK Biobank (n = 394 306) and QSkin cohort (n = 16 896). The association between the KC PRS and each cancer site was assessed using logistic regression. In the secondary (two-sample) approach, we used genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics identified from the most recent GWAS meta-analysis of KC and obtained GWAS data for each cancer site from the UK-Biobank participants only. We used inverse-variance-weighted methods to estimate risks across all genetic variants. RESULTS Using the one-sample approach, we found that the risks of cancer at other sites increased monotonically with KC PRS quartiles, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13-1.19 for those in KC PRS quartile 4 compared with those in quartile 1. In the two-sample approach, the pooled risk of developing other cancers was statistically significantly elevated, with an OR of 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03-1.07 per doubling in the odds of KC. We observed similar trends of increasing cancer risk with increasing KC PRS in the QSkin cohort. CONCLUSION Two different genetic approaches provide compelling evidence that an instrumental variable for KC constructed from genetic variants predicts the risk of cancers at other sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Claude Dusingize
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Catherine M Olsen
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jiyuan An
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nirmala Pandeya
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Upekha E Liyanage
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew H Law
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rachel E Neale
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jue-Sheng Ong
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David C Whiteman
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hart PH, Norval M. The Multiple Roles of Urocanic Acid in Health and Disease. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:496-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
6
|
Lima FV, Martins TEA, Morocho-Jácome AL, Almeida IF, Rosado CF, Velasco MVR, Baby AR. Analytical tools for urocanic acid determination in human samples: A review. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:438-447. [PMID: 33090611 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Urocanic acid is a chromophore found in the skin that has been identified as an important immunosuppressant and carcinogenesis mediator through its photoisomerization from trans to cis form induced by ultraviolet radiation. Research on analytical methods that explore urocanic acid isomerization is indispensable to fully understand the deleterious effects mediated by this biomarker. In this context, the current relevant analytical methods for determination of these isomers in human samples are summarized in this review. The methods presented here are applicable to human samples collected by noninvasive methods (or minimally invasive), encompassing an array of analytical techniques, including high-performance capillary electrophoresis, confocal Raman spectroscopy, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry, among others. Developed high-performance liquid chromatography methods have proven to be advantageous, allowing noninvasive collections for in vivo analysis and the confocal Raman, specially, for real-time analysis. Among all these methods, high-performance liquid chromatography is the most investigated one with mass spectrometry or ultraviolet detector, and the mass spectrometry detector being the most studied in the last years, demonstrating high sensitivity, very low detection limits, and accurate identification, especially for clinical investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Vieira Lima
- Division to Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Healthy Science, University of Espírito Santo, São Mateus, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Health Sciences Institute, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Morocho-Jácome
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel Filipa Almeida
- Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, MedTech-Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Fialho Rosado
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - André Rolim Baby
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ultraviolet imaging in dermatology. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
8
|
Liyanage UE, Law MH, Han X, An J, Ong JS, Gharahkhani P, Gordon S, Neale RE, Olsen CM, MacGregor S, Whiteman DC. Combined analysis of keratinocyte cancers identifies novel genome-wide loci. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:3148-3160. [PMID: 31174203 PMCID: PMC6737293 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The keratinocyte cancers (KC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the most common cancers in fair-skinned people. KC treatment represents the second highest cancer healthcare expenditure in Australia. Increasing our understanding of the genetic architecture of KC may provide new avenues for prevention and treatment. We first conducted a series of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of KC across three European ancestry datasets from Australia, Europe and USA, and used linkage disequilibrium (LD) Score regression (LDSC) to estimate their pairwise genetic correlations. We employed a multiple-trait approach to map genes across the combined set of KC GWAS (total N = 47 742 cases, 634 413 controls). We also performed meta-analyses of BCC and SCC separately to identify trait specific loci. We found substantial genetic correlations (generally 0.5–1) between BCC and SCC suggesting overlapping genetic risk variants. The multiple trait combined KC GWAS identified 63 independent genome-wide significant loci, 29 of which were novel. Individual separate meta-analyses of BCC and SCC identified an additional 13 novel loci not found in the combined KC analysis. Three new loci were implicated using gene-based tests. New loci included common variants in BRCA2 (distinct to known rare high penetrance cancer risk variants), and in CTLA4, a target of immunotherapy in melanoma. We found shared and trait specific genetic contributions to BCC and SCC. Considering both, we identified a total of 79 independent risk loci, 45 of which are novel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Upekha E Liyanage
- Statistical Genetics Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Matthew H Law
- Statistical Genetics Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Xikun Han
- Statistical Genetics Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Jiyuan An
- Statistical Genetics Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Jue-Sheng Ong
- Statistical Genetics Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Puya Gharahkhani
- Statistical Genetics Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Scott Gordon
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Rachel E Neale
- Cancer Aetiology and Prevention, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Catherine M Olsen
- Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | | | - Stuart MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - David C Whiteman
- Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Paul SP. Ensuring the Safety of Sunscreens, and Their Efficacy in Preventing Skin Cancers: Challenges and Controversies for Clinicians, Formulators, and Regulators. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:195. [PMID: 31552252 PMCID: PMC6736991 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When people think about sun-protection or prevention of skin cancer, sunscreens readily come to mind. Sunscreen effectiveness is tested in vivo by the ability to prevent erythema of skin, yet testing methods vary between markets, and many sunscreens fail to achieve their claims. This article discusses the mechanism of action of sunscreens, Sun Protection Factor (SPF), safety concerns and the challenges for regulators. Many sunscreens that prevent erythema do not provide adequate protection as they contain anti-inflammatory agents; others have ingredients whose risks have not been fully evaluated. This article reviews the imperfect science behind sunscreens and points out the gaps in knowledge regarding safety, efficacy, public knowledge, and perception. Regulations vary between countries and only adds to the confusion. To truly prevent skin cancer, clinicians, formulators and regulators need to come together to research more and improve public education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharad P. Paul
- Faculty of Design and Creative Technologies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Heede NG, Thyssen JP, Thuesen BH, Linneberg A, Szecsi PB, Stender S, Johansen JD. Health-related quality of life in adult dermatitis patients stratified by filaggrin genotype. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 76:167-177. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina G. Heede
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, The National Allergy Research Centre; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jacob P. Thyssen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, The National Allergy Research Centre; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Betina H. Thuesen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark; 2600 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark; 2600 Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research; Rigshospitalet; Glostrup Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine; University of Copenhagen; 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Pal B. Szecsi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Steen Stender
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, The National Allergy Research Centre; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Protective Effect of Chitin Urocanate Nanofibers against Ultraviolet Radiation. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:7463-75. [PMID: 26703629 PMCID: PMC4699249 DOI: 10.3390/md13127076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urocanic acid is a major ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing chromophore. Chitins are highly crystalline structures that are found predominantly in crustacean shells. Alpha-chitin consists of microfibers that contain nanofibrils embedded in a protein matrix. Acid hydrolysis is a common method used to prepare chitin nanofibrils (NFs). We typically obtain NFs by hydrolyzing chitin with acetic acid. However, in the present study, we used urocanic acid to prepare urocanic acid chitin NFs (UNFs) and examined its protective effect against UVB radiation. Hos: HR-1 mice coated with UNFs were UVB irradiated (302 nm, 150 mJ/cm2), and these mice showed markedly lower UVB radiation-induced cutaneous erythema than the control. Additionally, sunburn cells were rarely detected in the epidermis of UNFs-coated mice after UVB irradiation. Although the difference was not as significant as UNFs, the number of sunburn cells in mice treated with acetic acid chitin nanofibrils (ANFs) tended to be lower than in control mice. These results demonstrate that ANFs have a protective effect against UVB and suggest that the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of NFs influence the protective effect of ANFs against UVB radiation. The combination of NFs with other substances that possess UV-protective effects, such as urocanic acid, may provide an enhanced protective effect against UVB radiation.
Collapse
|
12
|
Tosato M, Orallo D, Ali S, Churio M, Martin A, Dicelio L. Confocal Raman spectroscopy: In vivo biochemical changes in the human skin by topical formulations under UV radiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 153:51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
13
|
Loss-of-Function Mutations in the Gene Encoding Filaggrin Are Not Strongly Associated with Chronic Actinic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1919-1921. [PMID: 25734812 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
14
|
Park NH, Park JS, Kang YG, Bae JH, Lee HK, Yeom MH, Cho JC, Na YJ. Soybean extract showed modulation of retinoic acid-related gene expression of skin and photo-protective effects in keratinocytes. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 35:136-42. [PMID: 23075113 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Soy extracts are well known as medicinal and nutritional ingredients, and exhibit benefits towards human skin including depigmenting or anti-ageing effects. Despite the wrinkle decreasing effects of retinoids on skin as an anti-ageing ingredient, retinoid application can causes photo-sensitive responses such as skin irritation. Thus, their daytime usage is not recommended. The aim of this study is the investigation into the activities of soybean extract as an anti-ageing ingredient and their comparison to retinoids in this respect. Soybean extract decreased the relative ratio of MMP-1/TIMP-1 mRNA to the same degree as retinoic acid in normal human fibroblasts. It also affected mRNA levels of HAS2 and CRABP2 in normal human keratinocytes. Furthermore, we investigated its effect on mRNA expression of histidase, an enzyme that converts histidine into urocanic acid, the main UV light absorption factor of the stratum corneum. Unlike the complete inhibition of histidase exhibited by the mRNA expression of retinoic acid, the effect of soybean extract on histidase gene expression was weaker in normal human keratinocytes. Also, soybean extract pretreatment inhibited UVB-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation dose-dependently in normal human keratinocytes. In this study, we found that soybean extract modulated retinoic acid-related genes and showed photo-protective effects. Our findings suggest that soybean extract could be an anti-ageing ingredient that can be safely used under the sunlight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N-H Park
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific R&D center, 314-1 Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, 446-729, Yongin, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Caspase-14 is required for filaggrin degradation to natural moisturizing factors in the skin. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:2233-41. [PMID: 21654840 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-14 is a protease that is mainly expressed in suprabasal epidermal layers and activated during keratinocyte cornification. Caspase-14-deficient mice display reduced epidermal barrier function and increased sensitivity to UVB radiation. In these mice, profilaggrin, a protein with a pivotal role in skin barrier function, is processed correctly to its functional filaggrin (FLG) repeat unit, but proteolytic FLG fragments accumulate in the epidermis. In wild-type stratum corneum, FLG is degraded into free amino acids, some of which contribute to generation of the natural moisturizing factors (NMFs) that maintain epidermal hydration. We found that caspase-14 cleaves the FLG repeat unit and identified two caspase-14 cleavage sites. These results indicate that accumulation of FLG fragments in caspase-14(-/-) mice is due to a defect in the terminal FLG degradation pathway. Consequently, we show that the defective FLG degradation in caspase-14-deficient skin results in substantial reduction in the amount of NMFs, such as urocanic acid and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid. Taken together, we identified caspase-14 as a crucial protease in FLG catabolism.
Collapse
|
16
|
Yao L, Li Y, Gohel MDI, Chung WJ. The effects of pajama fabrics' water absorption properties on the stratum corneum under mildly cold conditions. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 64:e29-36. [PMID: 21075479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction of textiles with the skin is a fertile area for research. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of clothing fabric on the stratum corneum (SC) under mildly cold conditions. METHODS A longitudinal controlled parallel study was designed to investigate the effects of the liquid/moisture absorption properties of pajama fabrics on the SC water content, transepidermal water loss, skin surface acidity (pH), and sebum. RESULTS The hygroscopicity of pajama fabrics had significant associations with the SC water content and transepidermal water loss on the skin of the volunteers' backs. Sebum in the hydrophilic cotton group was slightly lower than in the polyester groups and hydrophobic cotton groups. Subjects felt warmer in the hydrophobic groups than in the hydrophilic groups. The hydrophilicity of the fabric also showed an association with overnight urinary free catecholamines. LIMITATIONS In this study, detailed components of sebum were not analyzed. CONCLUSIONS The hygroscopicity of the fabric may be a key factor influencing SC hydration during daily wear under mildly cold conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yao
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Barresi C, Stremnitzer C, Mlitz V, Kezic S, Kammeyer A, Ghannadan M, Posa-Markaryan K, Selden C, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Increased sensitivity of histidinemic mice to UVB radiation suggests a crucial role of endogenous urocanic acid in photoprotection. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 131:188-94. [PMID: 20686493 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Urocanic acid (UCA) is produced by the enzyme histidase and accumulates in the stratum corneum of the epidermis. In this study, we investigated the photoprotective role of endogenous UCA in the murine skin using histidinemic mice, in which the gene encoding histidase is mutated. Histidase was detected by immunohistochemistry in the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum of the normal murine skin but not in the histidinemic skin. The UCA content of the stratum corneum and the UVB absorption capacity of aqueous extracts from the stratum corneum were significantly reduced in histidinemic mice as compared with wild-type mice. When the shaved back skin of adult mice was irradiated with 250 mJ cm(-2) UVB, histidinemic mice accumulated significantly more DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers than did wild-type mice. Furthermore, UVB irradiation induced significantly higher levels of markers of apoptosis in the epidermis of histidinemic mice. Topical application of UCA reversed the UVB-photosensitive phenotype of histidinemic mice and increased UVB photoprotection of wild-type mice. Taken together, these results provide strong evidence for an important contribution of endogenous UCA to the protection of the epidermis against the damaging effects of UVB radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Barresi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tiwari S, Chand Mishra P. Urocanic acid as an efficient hydroxyl radical scavenger: a quantum theoretical study. J Mol Model 2010; 17:59-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0699-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
19
|
Gibbs NK, Tye J, Norval M. Recent advances in urocanic acid photochemistry, photobiology and photoimmunology. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:655-67. [PMID: 18528548 DOI: 10.1039/b717398a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Urocanic acid (UCA), produced in the upper layers of mammalian skin, is a major absorber of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Originally thought to be a 'natural sunscreen', studies conducted a quarter of a century ago proposed that UCA may be a chromophore for the immunosuppression that follows exposure to UVR. With its intriguing photochemistry, its role in immunosuppression and skin cancer development, and skin barrier function, UCA continues to be the subject of intense research effort. This review summarises the photochemical, photobiological and photoimmunological findings regarding UCA, published since 1998.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil K Gibbs
- Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester Medical School, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK M13 9PT.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Eckhart L, Schmidt M, Mildner M, Mlitz V, Abtin A, Ballaun C, Fischer H, Mrass P, Tschachler E. Histidase expression in human epidermal keratinocytes: regulation by differentiation status and all-trans retinoic acid. J Dermatol Sci 2008; 50:209-15. [PMID: 18280705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histidase (histidine ammonia lyase) converts histidine into urocanic acid, the main ultraviolet (UV) light absorption factor of the stratum corneum. It is unknown if and how histidase is regulated in the epidermis. OBJECTIVE We have investigated the transcriptional regulation of histidase expression in epidermal keratinocytes. METHODS Human epidermal keratinocytes were cultured in vitro and exposed to UV irradiation, a number of cytokines and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) (1 microM). Keratinocyte differentiation was triggered by maintaining confluent cells in monolayer culture and by establishing three-dimensional skin equivalents. The mRNA expression level of histidase in keratinoytes as well as in the epidermis and other tissues was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Protein expression was determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Human epidermis contained higher levels of histidase transcripts than all other tissues investigated. Expression of histidase strongly increased at the mRNA and protein levels during differentiation of primary keratinocytes in vitro. Treatment of keratinocytes with UVA and UVB did not significantly change the expression level of histidase. By contrast, ATRA suppressed histidase expression almost completely. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that histidase is upregulated during keratinocyte differentiation and that ATRA but not UV irradiation modulates the expression level of histidase. Suppression of histidase-mediated production of urocanic acid may contribute to the increase in UV sensitivity that is caused by treatment with retinoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mitchell DL, Byrom M, Chiarello S, Lowery MG. Attenuation of DNA Damage in the Dermis and Epidermis of the Albino Hairless Mouse by Chronic Exposure to Ultraviolet-A and -B Radiation¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0730083aoddit2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
22
|
Norval M. Effects of solar radiation on the human immune system. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2001; 63:28-40. [PMID: 11684449 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(01)00200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
On UV irradiation of the skin, a complex cascade of immunological changes results, initiated by cutaneous chromophores and ending in suppression of some local and systemic immune responses. In this review, the stages in this process are outlined first, concentrating on the roles of DNA and urocanic acid as photoreceptors. Evidence indicating UV-induced immunomodulation of delayed hypersensitivity and resistance to infectious diseases in human subjects follows. Aspects of genetic susceptibility to the immunosuppressive effects of UV exposure and extrapolation of the data obtained in animal models to the human situation are included. Finally uncertain and unknown factors relating to the impact of UV on the human immune system are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Norval
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Effects of solar radiation on the human immune system. COMPREHENSIVE SERIES IN PHOTOSCIENCES 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1568-461x(01)80040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
24
|
Mitchell DL, Byrom M, Chiarello S, Lowery MG. Attenuation of DNA damage in the dermis and epidermis of the albino hairless mouse by chronic exposure to ultraviolet-A and -B radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 73:83-9. [PMID: 11202371 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0083:aoddit>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian skin is vulnerable to the photocarcinogenic and photoaging effects of solar UV radiation and defends itself using a variety of photoprotective responses including epidermal thickening, tanning and the induction of repair and antiradical systems. We treated Skh-1 albino hairless mice for 60 days with ultraviolet-A (UVA) or ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation and measured the frequency of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and pyrimidine(6-4)pyrimidone photoproducts induced by a single acute sunburn dose of UVB at different stages of the chronic treatment. We found that both UVA and UVB exposure produced a photoprotective response in the dermis and epidermis and that the degree of photoproduct attenuation was dependent on dose, wavelength and the type of damage induced. Although epidermal thickening was important, our data suggest that UV protective compounds other than melanin may be involved in mitigating the damaging effects of sunlight in the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D L Mitchell
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park/Research Division, P.O. Box 389, Smithvilie, TX 78957, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Krien PM, Kermici M. Evidence for the existence of a self-regulated enzymatic process within the human stratum corneum -an unexpected role for urocanic acid. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115:414-20. [PMID: 10951277 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The existence of a flux of proton donors from skin (inner part of the forearm) to the electrode was observed in 12 male and female volunteers. This flux was used to collect and identify the ionic species responsible for skin acidity. It was then found that: (i) pK of these proton donors (pK = 6.13 +/- 0.07) was quasi-identical to that of trans-urocanic acid (6.10), and (ii) the amount of urocanic acid present in stratum corneum was sufficient in itself to explain the acidic level as measured with pH meter (R = 0.8484, n = 10, p = 0.00136). As a result, the contribution of other ionic species can be considered as negligible in normal human skin. The data recorded led us to identify three groups (Fast, Medium, and Slow) characterized by different skin surface pH values (low, medium, and close to neutral) and showing a pH gradient in the outer layers of the stratum corneum, or not. Data analysis suggests that these characteristics depend on urocanic acid production rate within the stratum corneum and that this production rate is self-regulated by its urocanic acid content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Krien
- L'Oréal-Advanced Research-Life Sciences Research, Clichy Cedex, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The adverse outcome of increased ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on human health is currently of concern. While many experiments have been carried out in rodent models, fewer have been designed to test the effects of UV exposure in human subjects. This review concentrates on the modulations induced in the human immune system by UV, and outlines changes in antigen presentation by Langerhans cells and macrophages, in the activities of natural killer cells and T cells, and in cytokine regulation. Precautionary measures which might be taken to help protect people against the immunosuppressive action of UV irradiation are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Duthie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, U.K
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
de Fine Olivarius F, Wulf HC, Crosby J, Norval M. Urocanic acid isomers and photosensitivity in healthy children. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139:605-9. [PMID: 9892903 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Episodes of intense sun exposure, particularly in childhood, seem to carry a risk for the development of malignant melanoma in later life. However, little is known about photosensitivity and natural photoprotection in children. In adult subjects, photoprotection is provided mainly by the epidermal content of melanin and the thickness of the stratum corneum, while the amount of urocanic acid (UCA), a major ultraviolet-absorbing component of the stratum corneum, is not thought to contribute significantly to photoprotection. The minimal erythema dose (MED) was determined in 22 healthy children aged 6-13 years and in 36 healthy adults (mean age 28.1 years). Pigmentation was measured at six body sites by use of reflectance spectroscopy and the concentration of UCA isomers was measured in a sun-exposed area (upper back) and in unexposed buttock skin. No significant differences between children and adults were found, either in pigmentation at exposed and unexposed body sites, or in MED. The concentration of total UCA was significantly higher in the children than in the adults on the buttock (median 22.2 vs. 13.6 nmol/cm2), but not on the back. On exposed back skin, the children had a significantly higher percentage of cis-UCA than the adults (median 60.1 vs. 28.3%), while no difference was found on the buttock. In both groups, a significant correlation was found between pigmentation and MED (children: Spearman correlation coefficient 0. 58, P = 0.006; adults: Spearman correlation coefficient 0.69, P < 0. 0001), indicating that pigmentation is of major importance in determining photosensitivity in children as well as in adults. The concentration of total UCA did not correlate with the MED in either group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F de Fine Olivarius
- Department of Dermatology D 92, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 NV Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
De Fine Olivarius F, Lock-Andersen J, Larsen FG, Wulf HC, Crosby J, Norval M. Urocanic acid isomers in patients with basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous malignant melanoma. Br J Dermatol 1998; 138:986-92. [PMID: 9747359 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Urocanic acid (UCA) is a major chromophore for ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the skin. On UV exposure, the naturally occurring trans-isomer converts to the cis-isomer in a dose-dependent manner. Accumulating evidence indicates that cis-UCA acts as an initiator of the UV-induced suppression of certain skin immune functions. This immunomodulation is recognized as an important factor in the development of skin cancer. In this study, pigmentation and UCA isomers were measured in 29 patients with previous basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 23 patients with previous cutaneous malignant melanoma (MM), and 32 healthy controls. Measurements were performed on UV-exposed (forehead, upper back) and UV non-exposed (buttock) skin. No significant differences in pigmentation percentage, total UCA concentration, relative (%) or absolute (nmol/cm2) cis-UCA concentration were observed between the groups in any of the body sites studied. The net production of cis-UCA after irradiation with a single test UV dose was evaluated. The relative production of cis-UCA following irradiation was significantly higher in both cancer groups when compared with the control group, while no significant difference was found between the BCC and the MM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F De Fine Olivarius
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Although sunscreens are widely available and in common use, surveys show that an average of only half of the people on a beach on a given day wear sunscreens. Many people go to the beach to get or maintain a suntan, but many people also leave their skin unprotected. This article discusses the proper use of sunscreens, common misunderstandings, and how unprotected long-term exposure to the sun can effect your skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D I McLean
- Division of Dermatology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
de Fine Olivarius F, Wulf HC, Crosby J, Norval M. Seasonal variation in urocanic acid isomers in human skin. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 66:119-23. [PMID: 9230711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb03147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Urocanic acid (UCA) is a major chromophore for UV in the skin and has been suggested to act as an initiator of UV-induced immunosuppression. It converts from the naturally occurring trans-isomer to the cis-isomer on UV exposure. Isomerization is dose dependent until the photostationary state is reached, and the seasonal variation in irradiance from the sun may lead to changes in the percentage of UCA present as cis-UCA throughout the year. Thirty young healthy subjects, skin types I-IV, were followed from early summer till spring. At each of six visits (June, July, August, October, December, March), pigmentation and the concentration of UCA isomers were measured at six body sites: forehead, upper chest, upper back, outer upper arm, inner upper arm and buttock. In exposed as well as unexposed regions a variation in pigmentation was found, peak values being recorded in August. Total UCA concentration was lower in July and August than in the rest of the year, irrespective of body site. In July, the percentage of cis-UCA was close to the maximal obtainable (50-60%) at all sites except the buttock. In the three winter months the percentage of cis-UCA was below 7% in all regions except for the forehead, where the mean cis-UCA was 18% in October and March. No consistent relationship was found between UCA isomers and pigmentation or skin type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F de Fine Olivarius
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|