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Yu Q, Hua R, Zhao B, Qiu D, Zhang C, Huang S, Pan Y. Melatonin protects TEGDMA-induced preodontoblast mitochondrial apoptosis via the JNK/MAPK signaling pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024; 56:393-404. [PMID: 38308473 PMCID: PMC10984853 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Resin monomer-induced dental pulp injury presents a pathology related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Melatonin has been regarded as a strong mitochondrial protective bioactive compound from the pineal gland. However, it remains unknown whether melatonin can prevent dental pulp from resin monomer-induced injury. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of melatonin on apoptosis of mouse preodontoblast cells (mDPC6T) induced by triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), a major component in dental resin, and to determine whether the JNK/MAPK signaling pathway mediates the protective effect of melatonin. A well-established TEGDMA-induced mDPC6T apoptosis model is adopted to investigate the preventive function of melatonin by detecting cell viability, apoptosis rate, expressions of apoptosis-related proteins, mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level. Inhibitors of MAPKs are used to explore which pathway is involved in TEGDMA-induced apoptosis. Finally, the role of the JNK/MAPK pathway is verified using JNK agonists and antagonists. Our results show that melatonin attenuates TEGDMA-induced mDPC6T apoptosis by reducing mtROS production and rescuing MMP and ATP levels. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis are alleviated only by the JNK/MAPK inhibitor SP600125 but not by other MAPK inhibitors. Additionally, melatonin downregulates the expression of phosphorylated JNK and counteractes the activating effects of anisomycin on the JNK/MAPK pathway, mimicking the effects of SP600125. Our findings demonstrate that melatonin protects mDPC6T cells against TEGDMA-induced apoptosis partly through JNK/MAPK and the maintenance of mitochondrial function, offering a novel therapeutic strategy for the prevention of resin monomer-induced dental pulp injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihao Yu
- Department of EndodonticsSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325000China
- Institute of StomatologySchool and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325000China
| | - Ruize Hua
- Institute of StomatologySchool and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325000China
| | - Bingyang Zhao
- Institute of StomatologySchool and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325000China
| | - Dongchao Qiu
- Institute of StomatologySchool and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325000China
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Restorative Dental SciencesEndodonticsFaculty of DentistryThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SAR 999077China
| | - Shengbin Huang
- Institute of StomatologySchool and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325000China
- Department of ProsthodonticsSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325000China
| | - Yihuai Pan
- Department of EndodonticsSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325000China
- Institute of StomatologySchool and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325000China
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Diatom Silica Frustules-Doped Fibers for Controlled Release of Melatonin for Bone Regeneration. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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3
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Hormesis: wound healing and fibroblasts. Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106449. [PMID: 36113746 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hormetic dose responses are reported here to occur commonly in the dermal wound healing process, with the particular focus on cell viability, proliferation, migration and collagen deposition of human and murine fibroblasts with in vitro studies. Hormetic responses were induced by a wide range of substances, including endogenous agents, pharmaceutical preparations, plant-derived extracts including many well-known dietary supplements, as well as physical stressor agents such as low-level laser treatments. Detailed mechanistic studies have identified common signaling pathways and their cross-pathway communications that mediate the hormetic dose responses. These findings complement and extend a similar comprehensive assessment concerning the occurrence of hormetic dose responses in keratinocytes. These findings demonstrate the generality of the hormetic dose response for key wound healing endpoints, suggesting that the hormesis concept has a fundamental role in wound healing, with respect to guiding strategies for experimental evaluation as well as therapeutic applications.
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Cengiz S, Velioğlu N, Cengiz Mİ, Çakmak Özlü F, Akbal AU, Çoban AY, Özcan M. Cytotoxicity of Acrylic Resins, Particulate Filler Composite Resin and Thermoplastic Material in Artificial Saliva with and without Melatonin. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041457. [PMID: 35208000 PMCID: PMC8877573 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
There is limited information on the effect of melatonin on the cytotoxicity of dental materials. The study evaluated the cytotoxic effects of heat- and auto-polymerized acrylic resin, particulate filler composite resin and a thermoplastic material on L-929 fibroblast cell viability at different incubation periods in artificial saliva without and with melatonin. Disk-shaped specimens were prepared according to each manufacturer’s instructions and divided into two groups to be stored either in artificial saliva (AS) and AS with melatonin (ASM). The measurements were performed using an MTT (3-(4,5)-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazoliumbromide) assay, in which the L-929 mouse fibroblasts cell culture was used. For the MTT test, extracts were examined at 1, 24, 72 h and 1 and 2 weeks. Data were analyzed using 3-way ANOVA and Tukey’s tests. No significant difference was found between groups AS and ASM (F = 0.796; p = 0.373). Incubation period significantly affected all materials tested (p < 0.001). Storing resin-based materials in artificial saliva with melatonin solution for 24 h may reduce cytotoxic effects on the fibroblast cells for which the highest effect was observed. Soaking resin prosthesis or orthodontic appliances in artificial saliva with melatonin at least 24 h before intraoral use or rinsing medium containing melatonin may be recommended for decreasing the cytotoxicity of dental resin materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Cengiz
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67600, Turkey
- Correspondence:
| | - Neslin Velioğlu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Navadent Oral and Dental Health Policlinic, Zonguldak 67000, Turkey;
| | - Murat İnanç Cengiz
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67600, Turkey;
| | - Fehiye Çakmak Özlü
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55270, Turkey;
| | - Ahmet Ugur Akbal
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Samsun Health Directorate, Samsun 55060, Turkey;
| | - Ahmet Yılmaz Çoban
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey;
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
- Tuberculosis Research Center, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Mutlu Özcan
- Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, Division of Dental Biomaterials, Clinic for Reconstructive Dentistry, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland;
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Dos Santos Costa FM, Fernandes MH, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR. Genotoxicity of root canal sealers: a literature review. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:3347-3362. [PMID: 32767107 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Root canal sealers are widely used worldwide in endodontics to prevent reinfection and growth of surviving microorganisms. Considering the strong correlation between genetic damage and carcinogenesis, evaluation of genotoxicity induced by endodontic sealers is recommended for elucidating the true health risks to patients and professionals. The purpose of this article was to provide a comprehensive review of studies involving genotoxicity analysis of endodontic sealers and the used methodologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was made in PubMed using the following combination of words "genotoxicity," "mutagenicity," "endodontic sealers," and "root canal sealers." A total of 39 articles with genotoxicity studies were selected for the present study. RESULTS Sealers have been ranked in decreasing order of their genotoxicity as: ZOE sealers > GIC sealers > S sealers > ER sealers > MR sealers > Novel sealers > CH sealers > CS sealers. CONCLUSIONS All published data showed some evidence of genotoxicity for most of the commercial root canal sealers; however, contradictory results were found, mainly for AH Plus, the most studied sealer. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The information provided would direct the endodontists to use the less genotoxic materials in endodontic treatment in a way to reduce DNA damage promoting oral healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Miguel Dos Santos Costa
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Fernandes
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, U. Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, U. Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Shahi S, Özcan M, Maleki Dizaj S, Sharifi S, Al-Haj Husain N, Eftekhari A, Ahmadian E. A review on potential toxicity of dental material and screening their biocompatibility. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:368-377. [PMID: 30642212 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1566424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A wide range of compounds are utilized in dentistry such as dental composites, resins, and implants. The successful clinical use of dental materials relies on theirm physiochemical properties as well as biological and toxicological reliability. Different local and systemic toxicities of dental materials have been reported. Placement of these materials in oral cavity for a long time period might yield unwanted reactions. An extensive variety of materials is used in dentistry including filling materials, restorative materials, intracanal medicines, prosthetic materials, different types of implants, liners, and irrigants. The increasing rate in development of the novel materials with applications in the dental field has led to an increased consciousness of the biological risks and tempting restrictions of these materials. The biocompatibility of a biomaterial used for the replacement or filling of biological tissue such as teeth always had a high concern within the health care disciplines for patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Any material used in humans should be tested before clinical application. There are many tests evaluating biocompatibility of these materials at the point of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical investigations. RESULTS The current review discusses the potential toxicity of dental material and screening of their biocompatibility. CLINICAL RELEVANCE It is essential to use healthy and safe materials medical approaches. In dentistry, application of different materials in long-term oral usage demands low or nontoxic agents gains importance for both patients and the staff. Furthermore, screening tests should evaluate any potential toxicity before clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Shahi
- a Dental and Periodontal Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mutlu Özcan
- b Dental Materials Unit, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, Clinic for Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Science , University of Zürich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Solmaz Maleki Dizaj
- a Dental and Periodontal Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Simin Sharifi
- a Dental and Periodontal Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Nadin Al-Haj Husain
- c Specialization Candidate, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology , School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Aziz Eftekhari
- d Pharmacology and Toxicology Department , Maragheh University of Medical Sciences , Maragheh , Iran
| | - Elham Ahmadian
- a Dental and Periodontal Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,e Students' Research Committee , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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Najeeb S, Khurshid Z, Zohaib S, Zafar MS. Therapeutic potential of melatonin in oral medicine and periodontology. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2016; 32:391-6. [PMID: 27523451 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxy tryptamine) is a substance secreted by multiple organs in vertebrates. In addition to playing a part in the circadian cycle of the body, melatonin is known to have antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antioncotic effects on human tissues. Oral cavity is affected by a number of conditions such as periodontitis, mucositis, cancers, and cytotoxicity from various drugs or biomaterials. Research has suggested that melatonin is effective in treating the aforementioned pathologies. Furthermore, melatonin has been observed to enhance osseointegration and bone regeneration. The aim of this review is to critically analyze and summarize the research focusing on the potential of melatonin in the field of oral medicine. Topical administration of melatonin has a positive effect on periodontal health and osseointegration. Furthermore, melatonin is particularly effective in improving the periodontal parameters of diabetic patients with periodontitis. Melatonin exerts a regenerative effect on periodontal bone and may be incorporated into of periodontal scaffolds. The cytotoxic effect of various drugs and dental materials may be countered by the antioxidant properties of melatonin. Topical administration of melatonin promotes the healing of tooth extraction sockets and may also impede the progression of oral cancer. Although, there are a number of current and potential applications of melatonin, further long term clinical and animal studies are needed to assess its efficacy. Moreover, the role of melatonin supplements in the management of periodontitis should also be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shariq Najeeb
- Department of Dentistry, Riyadh Consultative Clinics, Imam Saud Road, Al Murooj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zohaib Khurshid
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sana Zohaib
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Sohail Zafar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Madina Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
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Proksch S, Strobel SL, Vach K, Abouassi T, Tomakidi P, Ratka-Krüger P, Hellwig E. Melatonin as a candidate therapeutic drug for protecting bone cells from chlorhexidine-induced damage. J Periodontol 2015; 85:e379-89. [PMID: 25153702 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melatonin was proposed for use in periodontitis and peri-implantitis therapy due to its bone-supportive effects. This issue is of interest because standard adjuvant antiseptics, namely chlorhexidine (CHX), prove damaging for osteoblasts. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate if melatonin is suitable as an auxiliary agent for protecting osteoblasts from CHX damage. METHODS MC3T3 osteoblast response was determined following administration of various CHX concentrations in the absence or presence of melatonin. Osteoblast morphology was evaluated, total reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide levels were quantified, ratios of apoptotic and necrotic cells were identified by flow cytometry, metabolic activity of remaining cells was assessed, and effects were calculated with repeated measures analysis and post hoc P value adjustment. RESULTS CHX led to poor morphology, increased total ROS and superoxide levels, and rigorously diminished the number of vital and metabolic active osteoblasts in a concentration-dependent manner. However, simultaneous melatonin supply supported cell morphogenesis and growth, reduced ROS and superoxide generation, shifted the percentage of CHX-damaged cells from necrotic/late to early apoptotic events, and modulated metabolic activity in osteoblasts. CONCLUSION These data reveal that melatonin protects osteoblasts in the CHX context, thereby implicating melatonin as a promising drug in periodontitis and peri-implantitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Proksch
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Abstract
Oxygen is used by eukaryotic cells for metabolic transformations and energy production in mitochondria. Under physiological conditions, there is a constant endogenous production of intermediates of reactive oxygen (ROI) and nitrogen species (RNI) that interact as signaling molecules in physiological mechanisms. When these species are not eliminated by antioxidants or are produced in excess, oxidative stress arises. Oxidative stress can damage proteins, lipids, DNA, and organelles. It is a process directly linked to inflammation; in fact, inflammatory cells secrete a large number of cytokines and chemokines responsible for the production of ROI and RNI in phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells through the activation of protein kinases signaling. Currently, there is a wide variety of diseases capable of producing inflammatory manifestations. While, in the short term, most of these diseases are not fatal they have a major impact on life quality. Since there is a direct relationship between chronic inflammation and many emerging disorders like cancer, oral diseases, kidney diseases, fibromyalgia, gastrointestinal chronic diseases or rheumatics diseases, the aim of this review is to describe the use and role of melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, that works directly and indirectly as a free radical scavenger, like a potent antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroha Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII Avenue, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Ana Cristina Calpena
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII Avenue, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Clares
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja Street, Granada 18071, Spain.
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Reiter RJ, Rosales-Corral SA, Liu XY, Acuna-Castroviejo D, Escames G, Tan DX. Melatonin in the oral cavity: physiological and pathological implications. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:9-17. [PMID: 24665831 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of this article was to summarize what is known about the function of melatonin in the oral cavity. MATERIAL AND METHODS Databases were searched for the relevant published literature to 30 November, 2013. The following search items were used in various combinations: melatonin, gingiva, periodontium, inflammation, herpes, alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, dental implants, xerostomia, methacrylate, chlorhexidine, cancer. The literature uncovered is summarized herein. RESULTS Salivary melatonin levels exhibit a circadian rhythm with highest values at night. Melatonin has both receptor-mediated and receptor-independent actions in cells of the oral cavity. Melatonin is released into the saliva by the acinar cells of the major salivary glands and via the gingival fluid. Functions of melatonin in the oral cavity are likely to relate primarily to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. These actions may suppress inflammation of the gingiva and periodontium, reduce alveolar bone loss, abrogate herpes lesions, enhance osteointegration of dental implants, limit oral cancer, and suppress disorders that have a free radical component. Sublingual melatonin tablets or oral melatonin sprays and topical melatonin-containing gel, if used on a regular basis, may improve overall oral health and reduce mucosal lesions. CONCLUSION Collectively, the results indicate that endogenously-produced and exogenously-applied melatonin are beneficial to the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties of melatonin on human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1784-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Cutando A, López-Valverde A, de Diego RG, de Vicente J, Reiter R, Herrero Fernández M, Ferrera MJ. Effect of topical application of melatonin to the gingiva on salivary osteoprotegerin, RANKL and melatonin levels in patients with diabetes and periodontal disease. Odontology 2013; 102:290-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-013-0122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Liu J, Zhou H, Fan W, Dong W, Fu S, He H, Huang F. Melatonin influences proliferation and differentiation of rat dental papilla cells in vitro and dentine formation in vivo by altering mitochondrial activity. J Pineal Res 2013; 54:170-8. [PMID: 22946647 PMCID: PMC3597977 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin mediates a variety of biological processes ranging from the control of circadian rhythms to immune regulation. Melatonin also influences bone formation and osteointegration of dental implants. However, the effects of melatonin on dentine formation have not been examined. This study investigated the effects of melatonin on the proliferation and differentiation of rat dental papilla cells (rDPCs) in vitro and dentine formation in vivo. We found that melatonin (0, 10(-12) , 10(-10) ,10(-8) m) induced a dose-dependent reduction in rDPCs proliferation, increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, the expression of dentine sialoprotein (DSP), and mineralized matrix formation in vitro. In vivo melatonin (50 mg/kg, BW, i.p.) inhibited dentine formation. Melatonin (10(-8 ) m) suppressed the activity of complex I and IV in the basal medium (OS-) and enhanced the activity of complex I and complex IV in osteogenic medium (OS+). These results demonstrate that melatonin suppresses the proliferation and promotes differentiation of rDPCs, the mechanisms of which may be related to activity of mitochondrial complex I and complex IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of pediatric dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- Department of pediatric dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Wenguo Fan
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuangzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Dong
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuangzhou, China
| | - Shenli Fu
- Department of pediatric dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Hongwen He
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuangzhou, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of pediatric dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
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Coates EE, Riggin CN, Fisher JP. Photocrosslinked alginate with hyaluronic acid hydrogels as vehicles for mesenchymal stem cell encapsulation and chondrogenesis. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 101:1962-70. [PMID: 23225791 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ionic crosslinking of alginate via divalent cations allows for high viability of an encapsulated cell population, and is an effective biomaterial for supporting a spherical chondrocyte morphology. However, such crosslinking chemistry does not allow for injectable and stable hydrogels which are more appropriate for clinical applications. In this study, the addition of methacrylate groups to the alginate polymer chains was utilized so as to allow the free radical polymerization initiated by a photoinitiator during UV light exposure. This approach establishes covalent crosslinks between methacrylate groups instead of the ionic crosslinks formed by the calcium in unmodified alginate. Although this approach has been well described in the literature, there are currently no reports of stem cell differentiation and subsequent chondrocyte gene expression profiles in photocrosslinked alginate. In this study, we demonstrate the utility of photocrosslinked alginate hydrogels containing interpenetrating hyaluronic acid chains to support stem cell chondrogenesis. We report high cell viability and no statistical difference in metabolic activity between mesenchymal stem cells cultured in calcium crosslinked alginate and photocrosslinked alginate for up to 10 days of culture. Furthermore, chondrogenic gene markers are expressed throughout the study, and indicate robust differentiation up to the day 14 time point. At early time points, days 1 and 7, the addition of hyaluronic acid to the photocrosslinked scaffolds upregulates gene markers for both the chondrocyte and the superficial zone chondrocyte phenotype. Taken together, we show that photocrosslinked, injectable alginate shows significant potential as a delivery mechanism for cell-based cartilage repair therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Coates
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Melatonin: a novel indolamine in oral health and disease. Int J Dent 2012; 2012:720185. [PMID: 22899929 PMCID: PMC3415143 DOI: 10.1155/2012/720185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper attempts to summarise the findings accumulated within the last few years concerning the hormone of darkness “melatonin.” Based on its origin, from the pineal gland until recently it was portrayed exclusively as a hormone. Due to its lipophilic nature, it is accessible to every cell. Thus, in the classic sense it is a cell protector rather than a hormone. Recent studies, by Claustrat et al. (2005), detected few extrapineal sources of melatonin like retina, gastrointestinal tract, and salivary glands. Due to these sources, research by Cutando et al. (2007), is trying to explore the implications of melatonin in the oral cavity, in addition to its physiologic anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory and oncostatic functions at systemic level that may be receptor dependent or independent. Recently, certain in vivo studies by Shimozuma et al. (2011), detected the secretion of melatonin from salivary glands further emphasising its local activity. Thus, within our confines the effects of melatonin in the mouth are reviewed, adding a note on therapeutic potentials of melatonin both systemically and orally.
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Abstract
While initially the oral cavity was considered to be mainly a source of various bacteria, their toxins and antigens, recent studies showed that it may also be a location of oxidative stress and periodontal inflammation. Accordingly, this paper focuses on the involvement of melatonin in oxidative stress diseases of oral cavity as well as on potential therapeutic implications of melatonin in dental disorders. Melatonin has immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities, stimulates the proliferation of collagen and osseous tissue, and acts as a protector against cellular degeneration associated with aging and toxin exposure. Arising out of its antioxidant actions, melatonin protects against inflammatory processes and cellular damage caused by the toxic derivates of oxygen. As a result of these actions, melatonin may be useful as a coadjuvant in the treatment of certain conditions of the oral cavity. However, the most important effect of melatonin seems to result from its potent antioxidant, immunomodulatory, protective, and anticancer properties. Thus, melatonin could be used therapeutically for instance, locally, in the oral cavity damage of mechanical, bacterial, fungal, or viral origin, in postsurgical wounds caused by tooth extractions and other oral surgeries. Additionally, it can help bone formation in various autoimmunological disorders such as Sjorgen syndrome, in periodontal diseases, in toxic effects of dental materials, in dental implants, and in oral cancers.
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Hardeland R, Madrid JA, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Melatonin, the circadian multioscillator system and health: the need for detailed analyses of peripheral melatonin signaling. J Pineal Res 2012; 52:139-66. [PMID: 22034907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating regarding the importance of circadian core oscillators, several associated factors, and melatonin signaling in the maintenance of health. Dysfunction of endogenous clocks, melatonin receptor polymorphisms, age- and disease-associated declines of melatonin likely contribute to numerous diseases including cancer, metabolic syndrome, diabetes type 2, hypertension, and several mood and cognitive disorders. Consequences of gene silencing, overexpression, gene polymorphisms, and deviant expression levels in diseases are summarized. The circadian system is a complex network of central and peripheral oscillators, some of them being relatively independent of the pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Actions of melatonin on peripheral oscillators are poorly understood. Various lines of evidence indicate that these clocks are also influenced or phase-reset by melatonin. This includes phase differences of core oscillator gene expression under impaired melatonin signaling, effects of melatonin and melatonin receptor knockouts on oscillator mRNAs or proteins. Cross-connections between melatonin signaling pathways and oscillator proteins, including associated factors, are discussed in this review. The high complexity of the multioscillator system comprises alternate or parallel oscillators based on orthologs and paralogs of the core components and a high number of associated factors with varying tissue-specific importance, which offers numerous possibilities for interactions with melatonin. It is an aim of this review to stimulate research on melatonin signaling in peripheral tissues. This should not be restricted to primary signal molecules but rather include various secondarily connected pathways and discriminate between direct effects of the pineal indoleamine at the target organ and others mediated by modulation of oscillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Germany.
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Dental methacrylates may exert genotoxic effects via the oxidative induction of DNA double strand breaks and the inhibition of their repair. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:7487-96. [PMID: 22327778 PMCID: PMC3358545 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Methacrylate monomers used in dentistry have been shown to induce DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), one of the most serious DNA damage. In the present work we show that a model dental adhesive consisting of 45% 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and 55% bisphenol A-diglycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) at concentrations up to 0.25 mM Bis-GMA induced oxidative DNA in cultured primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) as evaluated by the comet assay and probed with human 8-hydroxyguanine DNA-glycosylase 1. HEMA/Bis-GMA induced DSBs in HGFs as assessed by the neutral comet assay and phosphorylation of the H2AX histone and sodium ascorbate or melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine) both at 50 μM reduced the DSBs, they also inhibited apoptosis induced by HEMA/Bis-GMA. The adhesive slowed the kinetics of the repair of DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in HGFs, while sodium ascorbate or melatonin improved the efficacy of H2O2-induced damage in the presence of the methacrylates. The adhesive induced a rise in the G2/M cell population, accompanied by a reduction in the S cell population and an increase in G0/G1 cell population. Sodium ascorbate or melatonin elevated the S population and reduced the G2/M population. In conclusion, HEMA/Bis-GMA induce DSBs through, at least in part, oxidative mechanisms, and these compounds may interfere with DSBs repair. Vitamin C or melatonin may reduce the detrimental effects induced by methacrylates applied in dentistry.
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