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Jiang D, Yu Q, Liu M, Dai J. Effects of different external cooling placements prior to and during exercise on athletic performance in the heat: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1091228. [PMID: 36703929 PMCID: PMC9871495 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1091228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Nowadays, many high-profile international sport events are often held in warm or hot environments, hence, it is inevitable for these elite athletes to be prepared for the challenges from the heat. Owing to internal cooling may cause gastrointestinal discomfort to athletes, external cooling technique seems to be a more applicable method to deal with thermal stress. Central cooling mainly refers to head, face, neck and torso cooling, can help to reduce skin temperature and relieve thermal perception. Peripheral cooling mainly refers to four limbs cooling, can help to mitigate metabolic heat from muscular contrac to effectively prevent the accumulation of body heat. Hence, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of different external cooling placements on athletic performance in the heat Methods: A literatures search was conducted using Web of Science, MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus until September 2022. The quality and risk of bias in the studies were independently assessed by two researchers. Results: 1,430 articles were initially identified (Web of Science = 775; MEDLINE = 358; SPORTDiscus = 271; Additional records identified through other sources = 26), 60 articles (82 experiments) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis, with overall article quality being deemed moderate. Central cooling (SMD = 0.43, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.58, p < 0.001) was most effective in improving athletic performance in the heat, followed by central and peripheral cooling (SMD = 0.38, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.54, p < 0.001), AND peripheral cooling (SMD = 0.32, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.57, p = 0.013). For the cooling-promotion effects on different sports types, the ranking order in central cooling was ETE (exercise to exhaustion), TT (time-trial), EWT (exercise within the fixed time or sets), IS (intermittent sprint); the ranking order in peripheral cooling was EWT, TT, ETE and IS; the ranking order in central and peripheral cooling was ETE, IS, EWT and TT. Conclusion: Central cooling appears to be an more effective intervention to enhance performance in hot conditions through improvements of skin temperature and thermal sensation, compared to other external cooling strategies. The enhancement effects of peripheral cooling require sufficient re-warming, otherwise it will be trivial. Although, central and peripheral cooling seems to retain advantages from central cooling, as many factors may influence the effects of peripheral cooling to offset the positive effects from central cooling, the question about whether central and peripheral cooling method is better than an isolated cooling technique is still uncertain and needs more researchs to explore it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongting Jiang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyu Yu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China,Big Ball Sports Center, Hebei Provincial Sports Bureau, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Meng Liu,
| | - Jinjin Dai
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
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2
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Roriz M, Brito P, Teixeira FJ, Brito J, Teixeira VH. Performance effects of internal pre- and per-cooling across different exercise and environmental conditions: A systematic review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:959516. [PMID: 36337635 PMCID: PMC9632747 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.959516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise in a hot and humid environment may endanger athlete's health and affect physical performance. This systematic review aimed to examine whether internal administration of ice, cold beverages or menthol solutions may be beneficial for physical performance when exercising in different environmental conditions and sports backgrounds. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and SPORTDiscus databases, from inception to April 2022, to identify studies meeting the following inclusion criteria: healthy male and female physically active individuals or athletes (aged ≥18 years); an intervention consisting in the internal administration (i.e., ingestion or mouth rinse) of ice slush, ice slurry or crushed ice and/or cold beverages and/or menthol solutions before and/or during exercise; a randomized crossover design with a control or placebo condition; the report of at least one physical performance outcome; and to be written in English. Our search retrieved 2,714 articles in total; after selection, 43 studies were considered, including 472 participants, 408 men and 64 women, aged 18-42 years, with a VO2max ranging from 46.2 to 67.2 mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1. Average ambient temperature and relative humidity during the exercise tasks were 32.4 ± 3.5°C (ranging from 22°C to 38°C) and 50.8 ± 13.4% (varying from 20.0% to 80.0%), respectively. Across the 43 studies, 7 exclusively included a menthol solution mouth rinse, 30 exclusively involved ice slurry/ice slush/crushed ice/cold beverages intake, and 6 examined both the effect of thermal and non-thermal internal techniques in the same protocol. Rinsing a menthol solution (0.01%) improved physical performance during continuous endurance exercise in the heat. Conversely, the ingestion of ice or cold beverages did not seem to consistently increase performance, being more likely to improve performance in continuous endurance trials, especially when consumed during exercises. Co-administration of menthol with or within ice beverages seems to exert a synergistic effect by improving physical performance. Even in environmental conditions that are not extreme, internal cooling strategies may have an ergogenic effect. Further studies exploring both intermittent and outdoor exercise protocols, involving elite male and female athletes and performed under not extreme environmental conditions are warranted. Systematic review registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021268197], identifier [CRD42021268197].
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Roriz
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- Futebol Clube do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Brito
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Filipe J. Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Atlântica, Instituto Universitário, Fábrica da Pólvora de Barcarena, Barcarena, Portugal
- Bettery Lifelab, Bettery S.A., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vitor Hugo Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- Futebol Clube do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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3
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Deshayes TA, Pancrate T, Goulet ED. Impact of dehydration on perceived exertion during endurance exercise: A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Exerc Sci Fit 2022; 20:224-235. [PMID: 35601980 PMCID: PMC9093000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the impact of stressors on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is relevant from a performance and exercise adherence/participation standpoint. Athletes and recreationally active individuals dehydrate during exercise. No attempt has been made to systematically determine the impact of exercise-induced dehydration (EID) on RPE. Objective The present meta-analysis aimed to determine the effect of EID on RPE during endurance exercise and examine the moderating effect of potential confounders. Data analyses Performed on raw RPE values using random-effects models weighted mean effect summaries and meta-regressions with robust standard errors, and with a practical meaningful effect set at 1 point difference between euhydration (EUH) and EID. Only controlled crossover studies measuring RPE with a Borg scale in healthy adults performing ≥30 min of continuous endurance exercise while dehydrating or drinking to maintain EUH were included. Results Sixteen studies were included, representing 147 individuals. Mean body mass loss with EUH was 0.5 ± 0.4%, compared to 2.3 ± 0.5% with EID (range 1.7-3.1%). Within an EID of 0.5-3% body mass, a maximum difference in RPE of 0.81 points (95% CI: 0.36-1.27) was observed between conditions. A meta-regression revealed that RPE increases by 0.21 points for each 1% increase in EID (95% CI: 0.12-0.31). Humidity, ambient temperature and aerobic capacity did not alter the relationship between EID and RPE. Conclusion Therefore, the effect of EID on RPE is unlikely to be practically meaningful until a body mass loss of at least 3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Deshayes
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada
- Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada
| | - Timothée Pancrate
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada
| | - Eric D.B. Goulet
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada
- Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada
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4
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Ioannou LG, Foster J, Morris NB, Piil JF, Havenith G, Mekjavic IB, Kenny GP, Nybo L, Flouris AD. Occupational heat strain in outdoor workers: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Temperature (Austin) 2022; 9:67-102. [PMID: 35655665 PMCID: PMC9154804 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2030634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present comprehensive review (i) summarizes the current knowledge on the impacts of occupational heat stress on outdoor workers, (ii) provides a historical background on this issue, (iii) presents a meta-analysis of published data, (iv) explores inter-individual and intra-individual factors, (v) discusses the available heat mitigation strategies, (vi) estimates physical work capacity, labour productivity, and metabolic rate for the year 2030, and (vii) provides an overview of existing policy and legal frameworks on occupational heat exposure. Meta-analytic findings from 38 field studies that involved monitoring 2,409 outdoor workers across 41 jobs in 21 countries suggest that occupational heat stress increases the core (r = 0.44) and skin (r = 0.44) temperatures, as well as the heart rate (r = 0.38) and urine specific gravity (r = 0.13) of outdoor workers (all p < 0.05). Moreover, it diminishes the capacity of outdoor workers for manual labour (r = -0.82; p < 0.001) and is responsible for more than two thirds of the reduction in their metabolic rate. Importantly, our analysis shows that physical work capacity is projected to be highly affected by the ongoing anthropogenic global warming. Nevertheless, the metabolic rate and, therefore, labour productivity are projected to remain at levels higher than the workers' physical work capacity, indicating that people will continue to work more intensely than they should to meet their financial obligations for food and shelter. In this respect, complementary measures targeting self-pacing, hydration, work-rest regimes, ventilated garments, and mechanization can be adopted to protect outdoor workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas G. Ioannou
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Josh Foster
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Nathan B. Morris
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, University of Colorado, Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Jacob F. Piil
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - George Havenith
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Igor B. Mekjavic
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Glen P. Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas D. Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Xu M, Wu Z, Dong Y, Qu C, Xu Y, Qin F, Wang Z, Nassis GP, Zhao J. A Mixed-Method Approach of Pre-Cooling Enhances High-Intensity Running Performance in the Heat. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021; 20:26-34. [PMID: 33707983 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether single or combined methods of pre-cooling could affect high-intensity exercise performance in a hot environment. Seven male athletes were subjected to four experimental conditions for 30 min in a randomised order. The four experimental conditions were: 1) wearing a vest cooled to a temperature of 4 ℃ (Vest), 2) consuming a beverage cooled to a temperature of 4 ℃ (Beverage), 3) simultaneous usage of vest and consumption of beverage (Mix), and 4) the control trial without pre-cooling (CON). Following those experimental conditions, they exercised at a speed of 80% VO2max until exhaustion in the heat (38.1 ± 0.6 ℃, 55.3 ± 0.3% RH). Heart rate (HR), rectal temperature (Tcore), skin temperature (Tskin), sweat loss (SL), urine specific gravity (USG), levels of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), thermal sensation (TS), and levels of blood lactic acid ([Bla]) were monitored. Performance was improved using the mixed pre-cooling strategy (648.43 ± 77.53 s, p = 0.016) compared to CON (509.14 ± 54.57 s). Tcore after pre-cooling was not different (Mix: 37.01 ± 0.27 ℃, Vest: 37.19 ± 0.33 ℃, Beverage: 37.03 ± 0.35 ℃) in all cooling conditions compared to those of CON (37.31 ±0.29 ℃). A similar Tcore values was achieved at exhaustion in all trials (from 38.10 ℃ to 39.00 ℃). No difference in the level of USG was observed between the conditions. Our findings suggest that pre-cooling with a combination of cold vest usage and cold fluid intake can improve performance in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxiao Xu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sports, Shanghai, China.,Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaozhao Wu
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China.,Physical Education Department, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanan Dong
- Beijing Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyi Qu
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China.,School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoduo Xu
- Physical Education Department, Northwestern Poly-technical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fei Qin
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China.,School of Physical Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sports, Shanghai, China.,Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - George P Nassis
- Physical Education Department-(CEDU), United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jiexiu Zhao
- Exercise Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
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6
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Rodríguez MÁ, Piedra JV, Sánchez-Fernández M, del Valle M, Crespo I, Olmedillas H. A Matter of Degrees: A Systematic Review of the Ergogenic Effect of Pre-Cooling in Highly Trained Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2952. [PMID: 32344616 PMCID: PMC7215649 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The current systematic review evaluated the effects of different pre-cooling techniques on sports performance in highly-trained athletes under high temperature conditions. PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CENTRAL, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from inception to December 2019. Studies performing pre-cooling interventions in non-acclimatized highly-trained athletes (>55 mL/kg/min of maximal oxygen consumption) under heat conditions (≥30 °C) were included. The searched reported 26 articles. Pre-cooling techniques can be external (exposure to ice water, cold packs, or cooling clothes), internal (intake of cold water or ice), or mixed. Cooling prior to exercise concluded increases in distance covered (1.5-13.1%), mean power output (0.9-6.9%), time to exhaustion (19-31.9%), work (0.1-8.5%), and mean peak torque (10.4-22.6%), as well as reductions in completion time (0.6-6.5%). Mixed strategies followed by cold water immersion seem to be the most effective techniques, being directly related with the duration of cooling and showing the major effects in prolonged exercise protocols. The present review showed that pre-cooling methods are an effective strategy to increase sports performance in hot environments. This improvement is associated with the body surface exposed and its sensibility, as well as the time of application, obtaining the best results in prolonged physical exercise protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Rodríguez
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.Á.R.); (J.V.P.); (M.S.-F.); (I.C.)
| | - José Víctor Piedra
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.Á.R.); (J.V.P.); (M.S.-F.); (I.C.)
| | - Mario Sánchez-Fernández
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.Á.R.); (J.V.P.); (M.S.-F.); (I.C.)
| | - Miguel del Valle
- Department of Cellular Morphology and Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Irene Crespo
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.Á.R.); (J.V.P.); (M.S.-F.); (I.C.)
- Institute of Biomedicine, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Hugo Olmedillas
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.Á.R.); (J.V.P.); (M.S.-F.); (I.C.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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7
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Alhadad SB, Tan PMS, Lee JKW. Efficacy of Heat Mitigation Strategies on Core Temperature and Endurance Exercise: A Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:71. [PMID: 30842739 PMCID: PMC6391927 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A majority of high profile international sporting events, including the coming 2020 Tokyo Olympics, are held in warm and humid conditions. When exercising in the heat, the rapid rise of body core temperature (Tc) often results in an impairment of exercise capacity and performance. As such, heat mitigation strategies such as aerobic fitness (AF), heat acclimation/acclimatization (HA), pre-exercise cooling (PC) and fluid ingestion (FI) can be introduced to counteract the debilitating effects of heat strain. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of these mitigation strategies using magnitude-based inferences. Methods: A computer-based literature search was performed up to 24 July 2018 using the electronic databases: PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar. After applying a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 118 studies were selected for evaluation. Each study was assessed according to the intervention's ability to lower Tc before exercise, attenuate the rise of Tc during exercise, extend Tc at the end of exercise and improve endurance. Weighted averages of Hedges' g were calculated for each strategy. Results: PC (g = 1.01) was most effective in lowering Tc before exercise, followed by HA (g = 0.72), AF (g = 0.65), and FI (g = 0.11). FI (g = 0.70) was most effective in attenuating the rate of rise of Tc, followed by HA (g = 0.35), AF (g = −0.03) and PC (g = −0.46). In extending Tc at the end of exercise, AF (g = 1.11) was most influential, followed by HA (g = −0.28), PC (g = −0.29) and FI (g = −0.50). In combination, AF (g = 0.45) was most effective at favorably altering Tc, followed by HA (g = 0.42), PC (g = 0.11) and FI (g = 0.09). AF (1.01) was also found to be most effective in improving endurance, followed by HA (0.19), FI (−0.16) and PC (−0.20). Conclusion: AF was found to be the most effective in terms of a strategy's ability to favorably alter Tc, followed by HA, PC and lastly, FI. Interestingly, a similar ranking was observed in improving endurance, with AF being the most effective, followed by HA, FI, and PC. Knowledge gained from this meta-analysis will be useful in allowing athletes, coaches and sport scientists to make informed decisions when employing heat mitigation strategies during competitions in hot environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Badriyah Alhadad
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pearl M S Tan
- Defence Medical & Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason K W Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Defence Medical & Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Best R, Payton S, Spears I, Riera F, Berger N. Topical and Ingested Cooling Methodologies for Endurance Exercise Performance in the Heat. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6010011. [PMID: 29910315 PMCID: PMC5969198 DOI: 10.3390/sports6010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess studies which have investigated cooling methodologies, their timing and effects, on endurance exercise performance in trained athletes (Category 3; VO2max ≥ 55 mL·kg·min−1) in hot environmental conditions (≥28 °C). Meta-analyses were performed to quantify the effects of timings and methods of application, with a narrative review of the evidence also provided. A computer-assisted database search was performed for articles investigating the effects of cooling on endurance performance and accompanying physiological and perceptual responses. A total of 4129 results were screened by title, abstract, and full text, resulting in 10 articles being included for subsequent analyses. A total of 101 participants and 310 observations from 10 studies measuring the effects of differing cooling strategies on endurance exercise performance and accompanying physiological and perceptual responses were included. With respect to time trial performance, cooling was shown to result in small beneficial effects when applied before and throughout the exercise bout (Effect Size: −0.44; −0.69 to −0.18), especially when ingested (−0.39; −0.60 to −0.18). Current evidence suggests that whilst other strategies ameliorate physiological or perceptual responses throughout endurance exercise in hot conditions, ingesting cooling aids before and during exercise provides a small benefit, which is of practical significance to athletes’ time trial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russ Best
- School of Social Sciences, Humanities & Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK.
- Centre for Sports Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton 3288, New Zealand.
| | | | - Iain Spears
- Pro-Football Support Ltd., Huddersfield HD7 5BQ, UK.
| | - Florence Riera
- Laboratoire ACTES⁻EA 3596, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, 97157 Pointe à Pitre, France.
- Laboratoire LEPSA⁻EA 4604, Université de Perpignan, 66120 Font Romeu, France.
| | - Nicolas Berger
- School of Social Sciences, Humanities & Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK.
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9
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MacRae BA, Annaheim S, Spengler CM, Rossi RM. Skin Temperature Measurement Using Contact Thermometry: A Systematic Review of Setup Variables and Their Effects on Measured Values. Front Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29441024 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00029, 10.3389/fpls.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Skin temperature (Tskin) is commonly measured using Tskin sensors affixed directly to the skin surface, although the influence of setup variables on the measured outcome requires clarification. Objectives: The two distinct objectives of this systematic review were (1) to examine measurements from contact Tskin sensors considering equilibrium temperature and temperature disturbance, sensor attachments, pressure, environmental temperature, and sensor type, and (2) to characterise the contact Tskin sensors used, conditions of use, and subsequent reporting in studies investigating sports, exercise, and other physical activity. Data sources and study selection: For the measurement comparison objective, Ovid Medline and Scopus were used (1960 to July 2016) and studies comparing contact Tskin sensor measurements in vivo or using appropriate physical models were included. For the survey of use, Ovid Medline was used (2011 to July 2016) and studies using contact temperature sensors for the measurement of human Tskinin vivo during sport, exercise, and other physical activity were included. Study appraisal and synthesis methods: For measurement comparisons, assessments of risk of bias were made according to an adapted version of the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. Comparisons of temperature measurements were expressed, where possible, as mean difference and 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Meta-analyses were not performed due to the lack of a common reference condition. For the survey of use, extracted information was summarised in text and tabular form. Results: For measurement comparisons, 21 studies were included. Results from these studies indicated minor (<0.5°C) to practically meaningful (>0.5°C) measurement bias within the subgroups of attachment type, applied pressure, environmental conditions, and sensor type. The 95% LoA were often within 1.0°C for in vivo studies and 0.5°C for physical models. For the survey of use, 172 studies were included. Details about Tskin sensor setup were often poorly reported and, from those reporting setup information, it was evident that setups widely varied in terms of type of sensors, attachments, and locations used. Conclusions: Setup variables and conditions of use can influence the measured temperature from contact Tskin sensors and thus key setup variables need to be appropriately considered and consistently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braid A MacRae
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Annaheim
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christina M Spengler
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René M Rossi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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10
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MacRae BA, Annaheim S, Spengler CM, Rossi RM. Skin Temperature Measurement Using Contact Thermometry: A Systematic Review of Setup Variables and Their Effects on Measured Values. Front Physiol 2018; 9:29. [PMID: 29441024 PMCID: PMC5797625 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Skin temperature (Tskin) is commonly measured using Tskin sensors affixed directly to the skin surface, although the influence of setup variables on the measured outcome requires clarification. Objectives: The two distinct objectives of this systematic review were (1) to examine measurements from contact Tskin sensors considering equilibrium temperature and temperature disturbance, sensor attachments, pressure, environmental temperature, and sensor type, and (2) to characterise the contact Tskin sensors used, conditions of use, and subsequent reporting in studies investigating sports, exercise, and other physical activity. Data sources and study selection: For the measurement comparison objective, Ovid Medline and Scopus were used (1960 to July 2016) and studies comparing contact Tskin sensor measurements in vivo or using appropriate physical models were included. For the survey of use, Ovid Medline was used (2011 to July 2016) and studies using contact temperature sensors for the measurement of human Tskinin vivo during sport, exercise, and other physical activity were included. Study appraisal and synthesis methods: For measurement comparisons, assessments of risk of bias were made according to an adapted version of the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. Comparisons of temperature measurements were expressed, where possible, as mean difference and 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Meta-analyses were not performed due to the lack of a common reference condition. For the survey of use, extracted information was summarised in text and tabular form. Results: For measurement comparisons, 21 studies were included. Results from these studies indicated minor (<0.5°C) to practically meaningful (>0.5°C) measurement bias within the subgroups of attachment type, applied pressure, environmental conditions, and sensor type. The 95% LoA were often within 1.0°C for in vivo studies and 0.5°C for physical models. For the survey of use, 172 studies were included. Details about Tskin sensor setup were often poorly reported and, from those reporting setup information, it was evident that setups widely varied in terms of type of sensors, attachments, and locations used. Conclusions: Setup variables and conditions of use can influence the measured temperature from contact Tskin sensors and thus key setup variables need to be appropriately considered and consistently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braid A. MacRae
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Annaheim
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christina M. Spengler
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René M. Rossi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Jay O, Brotherhood JR. Occupational heat stress in Australian workplaces. Temperature (Austin) 2016; 3:394-411. [PMID: 28349081 PMCID: PMC5079227 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2016.1216256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to summarize the current state of knowledge on heat stress risk within typical Australian occupational settings. We assessed identified occupations (mining, agriculture, construction, emergency services) for heat production and heat loss potential, and resultant levels of physiological heat strain. A total of 29 reports were identified that assessed in-situ work settings in Northern Territory, South Australia, Western Australia, Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria, that measured physiological responses and characterized the thermal environment. Despite workers across all industries being regularly exposed to high ambient temperatures (32-42°C) often coupled with high absolute humidity (max: 33 hPa), physiological strain is generally low in terms of core temperature (<38°C) and dehydration (<1 % reduction in mass) by virtue of the low energy demands of many tasks, and self-regulated pacing of work possible in most jobs. Heat stress risk is higher in specific jobs in agriculture (e.g. sheep shearing), deep underground mining, and emergency services (e.g., search/rescue and bushfire fighting). Heat strain was greatest in military-related activities, particularly externally-paced marching with carried loads which resulted in core temperatures often exceeding 39.5°C despite being carried out in cooler environments. The principal driver of core temperature elevations in most jobs is the rate of metabolic heat production. A standardized approach to evaluating the risk of occupational heat strain in Australian workplaces is recommended defining the individual parameters that alter human heat balance. Future research should also more closely examine female workers and occupational activities within the forestry and agriculture/horticulture sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ollie Jay
- Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John R Brotherhood
- Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney , NSW, Australia
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Iyoho AE, MacFadden LN, Ng LJ. Prediction of performance reduction in self-paced exercise as modulated by the rating of perceived exertion. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 115:675-90. [PMID: 25417169 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-3054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a scale of exercise difficulty and has been hypothesized to be a regulator of work rate during self-pacing. The goal of this work was to develop a dynamic prediction of RPE and to characterize the control strategy employed to reduce work rate during self-paced exercise using RPE as feedback. METHODS Training and test data were acquired from the literature to develop a linear regression of RPE as a function of four physiological variables: core temperature, mean-weighted skin temperature, metabolic rate, and integral of relative oxygen consumption (R (2) = 0.85). A thermoregulatory model was used to predict core and mean-weighted skin temperature. Utilizing self-paced cycling and running data from the literature, we characterized reductions in work rate with a proportional-derivative control algorithm with RPE as feedback. RESULTS Bland-Altman analysis revealed the necessity to parameterize RPE equations for untrained and endurance-trained individuals. Afterwards, dynamic predictions of RPE were accurate for a wide range of activity levels and air temperatures for walking, running, and cycling (LoA and bias of 2.3 and -0.03, respectively). For self-paced exercise, the control algorithm characterized the trend and magnitude of work rate reductions for cycling and running, and showed regulated RPE to be less conservative for shorter vs. longer duration exercise. CONCLUSIONS A novel methodology to characterize self-paced work intensity, based upon dynamic physiologic response, is provided. The complete model is a useful tool that estimates performance decrements during self-paced exercise and predicts tolerance time for exhaustive fixed-rate exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Iyoho
- L-3 Applied Technologies Inc., 10770 Wateridge Circle, Suite 200, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA,
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