1
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Milne SM, Edeen PT, Fay DS. TAT-1, a phosphatidylserine flippase, affects molting and regulates membrane trafficking in the epidermis of C. elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.15.613099. [PMID: 39314363 PMCID: PMC11419146 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.15.613099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is a conserved process required for the movement and distribution of proteins and other macromolecules within cells. The Caenorhabditis elegans NIMA-related kinases NEKL-2 (human NEK8/9) and NEKL-3 (human NEK6/7) are conserved regulators of membrane trafficking and are required for the completion of molting. We used a genetic approach to identify reduction-of-function mutations in tat-1 that suppress nekl -associated molting defects. tat-1 encodes the C. elegans ortholog of mammalian ATP8A1/2, a phosphatidylserine (PS) flippase that promotes the asymmetric distribution of PS to the cytosolic leaflet of lipid membrane bilayers. CHAT-1 (human CDC50), a conserved chaperone, was required for the correct localization of TAT-1, and chat-1 inhibition strongly suppressed nekl defects. Using a PS sensor, we found that TAT-1 was required for the normal localization of PS at apical endosomes and that loss of TAT-1 led to aberrant endosomal morphologies. Consistent with this, TAT-1 localized to early endosomes and to recycling endosomes marked with RME-1, the C. elegans ortholog of the human EPS15 homology (EH) domain-containing protein, EHD1. TAT-1, PS biosynthesis, and the PS-binding protein RFIP-2 (human RAB11-FIP2) were all required for the normal localization of RME-1 to apical endosomes. Consistent with these proteins functioning together, inhibition of RFIP-2 or RME-1 led to the partial suppression of nekl molting defects, as did the inhibition of PS biosynthesis. Using the auxin-inducible degron system, we found that depletion of NEKL-2 or NEKL-3 led to defects in RME-1 localization and that a reduction in TAT-1 function partially restored RME-1 localization in NEKL-3-depleted cells. ARTICLE SUMMARY Endocytosis is an essential process required for the movement of proteins and lipids within cells. NEKL-2 and NEKL-3, two evolutionarily conserved proteins in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , are important regulators of endocytosis. In the current study, the authors describe a new functional link between the NEKLs and several proteins with known roles in endocytosis including TAT-1, a conserved enzyme that moves lipids between the bilayers of cellular membranes. As previous work implicated NEKLs in developmental defects and cancer, the present study can provide new insights into how the misregulation of endocytosis affects human health and disease.
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Norris AC, Mansueto AJ, Jimenez M, Yazlovitskaya EM, Jain BK, Graham TR. Flipping the script: Advances in understanding how and why P4-ATPases flip lipid across membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119700. [PMID: 38382846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Type IV P-type ATPases (P4-ATPases) are a family of transmembrane enzymes that translocate lipid substrates from the outer to the inner leaflet of biological membranes and thus create an asymmetrical distribution of lipids within membranes. On the cellular level, this asymmetry is essential for maintaining the integrity and functionality of biological membranes, creating platforms for signaling events and facilitating vesicular trafficking. On the organismal level, this asymmetry has been shown to be important in maintaining blood homeostasis, liver metabolism, neural development, and the immune response. Indeed, dysregulation of P4-ATPases has been linked to several diseases; including anemia, cholestasis, neurological disease, and several cancers. This review will discuss the evolutionary transition of P4-ATPases from cation pumps to lipid flippases, the new lipid substrates that have been discovered, the significant advances that have been achieved in recent years regarding the structural mechanisms underlying the recognition and flipping of specific lipids across biological membranes, and the consequences of P4-ATPase dysfunction on cellular and physiological functions. Additionally, we emphasize the requirement for additional research to comprehensively understand the involvement of flippases in cellular physiology and disease and to explore their potential as targets for therapeutics in treating a variety of illnesses. The discussion in this review will primarily focus on the budding yeast, C. elegans, and mammalian P4-ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C Norris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Mariana Jimenez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Bhawik K Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Todd R Graham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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3
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Herrera SA, Justesen BH, Dieudonné T, Montigny C, Nissen P, Lenoir G, Günther Pomorski T. Direct evidence of lipid transport by the Drs2-Cdc50 flippase upon truncation of its terminal regions. Protein Sci 2023; 33:e4855. [PMID: 38063271 PMCID: PMC10895448 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
P4-ATPases in complex with Cdc50 subunits are lipid flippases that couple ATP hydrolysis with lipid transport to the cytoplasmic leaflet of membranes to create lipid asymmetry. Such vectorial transport has been shown to contribute to vesicle formation in the late secretory pathway. Some flippases are regulated by autoinhibitory regions that can be destabilized by protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation and possibly by binding of cytosolic proteins. In addition, the binding of lipids to flippases may also induce conformational changes required for the activity of these transporters. Here, we address the role of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) and the terminal autoinhibitory tails on the lipid flipping activity of the yeast lipid flippase Drs2-Cdc50. By functionally reconstituting the full-length and truncated forms of Drs2 in a 1:1 complex with the Cdc50 subunit, we provide compelling evidence that lipid flippase activity is exclusively detected for the truncated Drs2 variant and is dependent on the presence of the phosphoinositide PI4P. These findings highlight the critical role of phosphoinositides as lipid co-factors in the regulation of lipid transport by the Drs2-Cdc50 flippase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abad Herrera
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Bo Højen Justesen
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Thibaud Dieudonné
- Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)Gif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
- DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Cédric Montigny
- Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)Gif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Poul Nissen
- DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Guillaume Lenoir
- Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)Gif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Thomas Günther Pomorski
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumBochumGermany
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
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4
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Gómez-Mellado VE, Ho-Mok KS, van der Mark VA, van der Wel NN, Grootemaat AE, Verhoeven AJ, Elferink RPJO, Paulusma CC. The phospholipid flippase ATP8B1 is required for lysosomal fusion in macrophages. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:914-925. [PMID: 36169099 PMCID: PMC10087937 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ATP8B1 is a phospholipid flippase and member of the type 4 subfamily of P-type ATPases (P4-ATPase) subfamily. P4-ATPases catalyze the translocation of phospholipids across biological membranes, ensuring proper membrane asymmetry, which is crucial for membrane protein targeting and activity, vesicle biogenesis, and barrier function. Here we have investigated the role of ATP8B1 in the endolysosomal pathway in macrophages. Depletion of ATP8B1 led to delayed degradation of content in the phagocytic pathway and in overacidification of the endolysosomal system. Furthermore, ATP8B1 knockdown cells exhibited large multivesicular bodies filled with intraluminal vesicles. Similar phenotypes were observed in CRISPR-generated ATP8B1 knockout cells. Importantly, induction of autophagy led to accumulation of autophagosomes in ATP8B1 knockdown cells. Collectively, our results support a novel role for ATP8B1 in lysosomal fusion in macrophages, a process crucial in the terminal phase of endolysosomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina E Gómez-Mellado
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kam S Ho-Mok
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent A van der Mark
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole N van der Wel
- Department of Medical Biology, Electron Microscopy Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita E Grootemaat
- Department of Medical Biology, Electron Microscopy Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur J Verhoeven
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P J Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Coen C Paulusma
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Lu CJ, Meng Y, Wang YL, Zhang T, Yang GF, Mo MH, Ji KF, Liang LM, Zou CG, Zhang KQ. Survival and infectivity of second-stage root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita juveniles depend on lysosome-mediated lipolysis. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101637. [PMID: 35085555 PMCID: PMC8861644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to nutrient deprivation depends on the activation of metabolic programs to use reserves of energy. When outside a host plant, second-stage juveniles (J2) of the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.), an important group of pests responsible for severe losses in the production of crops (e.g., rice, wheat, and tomato), are unable to acquire food. Although lipid hydrolysis has been observed in J2 nematodes, its role in fitness and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Using RNA-seq analysis, here, we demonstrated that in the absence of host plants, the pathway for the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids was upregulated, thereby increasing the production of arachidonic acid in middle-stage J2 Meloidogyne incognita worms. We also found that arachidonic acid upregulated the expression of the transcription factor hlh-30b, which in turn induced lysosomal biogenesis. Lysosomes promoted lipid hydrolysis via a lysosomal lipase, LIPL-1. Furthermore, our data demonstrated that blockage of lysosomal lipolysis reduced both lifespan and locomotion of J2 worms. Strikingly, disturbance of lysosomal lipolysis resulted in a decline in infectivity of these juveniles on tomato roots. Our findings not only reveal the molecular mechanism of lipolysis in J2 worms but also suggest potential novel strategies for the management of root-knot nematode pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yang Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan-Li Wang
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Gui-Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming-He Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kai-Fang Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lian-Ming Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Cheng-Gang Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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6
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Hasegawa J, Uchida Y, Mukai K, Lee S, Matsudaira T, Taguchi T. A Role of Phosphatidylserine in the Function of Recycling Endosomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:783857. [PMID: 35004683 PMCID: PMC8740049 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.783857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells internalize proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane (PM) and solutes in the extracellular space by endocytosis. The removal of PM by endocytosis is constantly balanced by the replenishment of proteins and lipids to PM through recycling pathway. Recycling endosomes (REs) are specific subsets of endosomes. Besides the established role of REs in recycling pathway, recent studies have revealed unanticipated roles of REs in membrane traffic and cell signalling. In this review, we highlight these emerging issues, with a particular focus on phosphatidylserine (PS), a phospholipid that is highly enriched in the cytosolic leaflet of RE membranes. We also discuss the pathogenesis of Hermansky Pudlak syndrome type 2 (HPS2) that arises from mutations in the AP3B1 gene, from the point of view of dysregulated RE functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Hasegawa
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Uchida
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kojiro Mukai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoken Lee
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Matsudaira
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Nilsson L, Rahmani S, Tuck S. C. elegans TAT-6, a putative aminophospholipid translocase, is expressed in sujc cells in the hermaphrodite gonad. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2021; 2021. [PMID: 34746684 PMCID: PMC8569451 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In healthy eukaryotic cells, the two leaflets that make up plasma membranes are highly asymmetric with respect to the lipids they contain. In both unicellular eukaryotes and metazoans, the asymmetry in the distribution of aminophospholipids is maintained by P4-family transmembrane ATPases, which catalyze the movement of selected phospholipids from the outer leaflet to the inner. C. elegans has six P4-family ATPases, TAT-1 – TAT-6. TAT-1 – TAT-5 are expressed in many tissues and cells. Here we report that, in contrast, TAT-6 is much less broadly expressed and that, within the somatic gonad, expression of TAT-6 reporters is restricted to the spermathecal-uterine core cell (sujc) cells.
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8
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Ristovski M, Farhat D, Bancud SEM, Lee JY. Lipid Transporters Beam Signals from Cell Membranes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:562. [PMID: 34436325 PMCID: PMC8399137 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipid composition in cellular membranes plays an important role in maintaining the structural integrity of cells and in regulating cellular signaling that controls functions of both membrane-anchored and cytoplasmic proteins. ATP-dependent ABC and P4-ATPase lipid transporters, two integral membrane proteins, are known to contribute to lipid translocation across the lipid bilayers on the cellular membranes. In this review, we will highlight current knowledge about the role of cholesterol and phospholipids of cellular membranes in regulating cell signaling and how lipid transporters participate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miliça Ristovski
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
- Translational and Molecular Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Danny Farhat
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 6N5, Canada
| | - Shelly Ellaine M. Bancud
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
- Translational and Molecular Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jyh-Yeuan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
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9
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Perez MA, Watts JL. Worms, Fat, and Death: Caenorhabditis elegans Lipid Metabolites Regulate Cell Death. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11020125. [PMID: 33672292 PMCID: PMC7926963 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is well-known as the model organism used to elucidate the genetic pathways underlying the first described form of regulated cell death, apoptosis. Since then, C. elegans investigations have contributed to the further understanding of lipids in apoptosis, especially the roles of phosphatidylserines and phosphatidylinositols. More recently, studies in C. elegans have shown that dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids can induce the non-apoptotic, iron-dependent form of cell death, ferroptosis. In this review, we examine the roles of various lipids in specific aspects of regulated cell death, emphasizing recent work in C. elegans.
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10
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Chen YZ, Klöditz K, Lee ES, Nguyen DP, Yuan Q, Johnson J, Lee-Yow Y, Hall A, Mitani S, Xia NS, Fadeel B, Xue D. Structure and function analysis of the C. elegans aminophospholipid translocase TAT-1. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.227660. [PMID: 30683797 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.227660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Caenorhabditis elegans aminophospholipid translocase TAT-1 maintains phosphatidylserine (PS) asymmetry in the plasma membrane and regulates endocytic transport. Despite these important functions, the structure-function relationship of this protein is poorly understood. Taking advantage of the tat-1 mutations identified by the C. elegans million mutation project, we investigated the effects of 16 single amino acid substitutions on the two functions of the TAT-1 protein. Two substitutions that alter a highly conserved PISL motif in the fourth transmembrane domain and a highly conserved DKTGT phosphorylation motif, respectively, disrupt both functions of TAT-1, leading to a vesicular gut defect and ectopic PS exposure on the cell surface, whereas most other substitutions across the TAT-1 protein, often predicted to be deleterious by bioinformatics programs, do not affect the functions of TAT-1. These results provide in vivo evidence for the importance of the PISL and DKTGT motifs in P4-type ATPases and improve our understanding of the structure-function relationship of TAT-1. Our study also provides an example of how the C. elegans million mutation project helps decipher the structure, functions, and mechanisms of action of important genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zen Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Katharina Klöditz
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Eui-Seung Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Diemmy Pham Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Quan Yuan
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jack Johnson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Yannick Lee-Yow
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Adam Hall
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Shohei Mitani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Ning-Shao Xia
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Ding Xue
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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11
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Takasugi N, Araya R, Kamikubo Y, Kaneshiro N, Imaoka R, Jin H, Kashiyama T, Hashimoto Y, Kurosawa M, Uehara T, Nukina N, Sakurai T. TMEM30A is a candidate interacting partner for the β-carboxyl-terminal fragment of amyloid-β precursor protein in endosomes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200988. [PMID: 30086173 PMCID: PMC6080755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the aggregation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) clearly plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), endosomal traffic dysfunction is considered to precede Aβ aggregation and trigger AD pathogenesis. A body of evidence suggests that the β-carboxyl-terminal fragment (βCTF) of amyloid-β precursor protein (APP), which is the direct precursor of Aβ, accumulates in endosomes and causes vesicular traffic impairment. However, the mechanism underlying this impairment remains unclear. Here we identified TMEM30A as a candidate partner for βCTF. TMEM30A is a subcomponent of lipid flippase that translocates phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer. TMEM30A physically interacts with βCTF in endosomes and may impair vesicular traffic, leading to abnormally enlarged endosomes. APP traffic is also concomitantly impaired, resulting in the accumulation of APP-CTFs, including βCTF. In addition, we found that expressed BACE1 accumulated in enlarged endosomes and increased Aβ production. Our data suggested that TMEM30A is involved in βCTF-dependent endosome abnormalities that are related to Aβ overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumasa Takasugi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Runa Araya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamikubo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nanaka Kaneshiro
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Imaoka
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hao Jin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Kashiyama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshie Hashimoto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Kurosawa
- Laboratory for Structural Neuropathology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Nukina
- Laboratory for Structural Neuropathology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Doshisha University Graduate School of Brain Science, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakurai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Structural Neuropathology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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12
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Extracellular vesicle budding is inhibited by redundant regulators of TAT-5 flippase localization and phospholipid asymmetry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1127-E1136. [PMID: 29367422 PMCID: PMC5819400 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714085115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that mediate intercellular communication and repair damaged membranes. Despite the pleiotropic functions of EVs in vitro, their in vivo function is debated, largely because it is unclear how to induce or inhibit their formation. In particular, the mechanisms of EV release by plasma membrane budding or ectocytosis are poorly understood. We previously showed that TAT-5 phospholipid flippase activity maintains the asymmetric localization of the lipid phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in the plasma membrane and inhibits EV budding by ectocytosis in Caenorhabditis elegans However, no proteins that inhibit ectocytosis upstream of TAT-5 were known. Here, we identify TAT-5 regulators associated with retrograde endosomal recycling: PI3Kinase VPS-34, Beclin1 homolog BEC-1, DnaJ protein RME-8, and the uncharacterized Dopey homolog PAD-1. PI3Kinase, RME-8, and semiredundant sorting nexins are required for the plasma membrane localization of TAT-5, which is important to maintain PE asymmetry and inhibit EV release. PAD-1 does not directly regulate TAT-5 localization, but is required for the lipid flipping activity of TAT-5. PAD-1 also has roles in endosomal trafficking with the GEF-like protein MON-2, which regulates PE asymmetry and EV release redundantly with sorting nexins independent of the core retromer. Thus, in addition to uncovering redundant intracellular trafficking pathways, our study identifies additional proteins that regulate EV release. This work pinpoints TAT-5 and PE as key regulators of plasma membrane budding, further supporting the model that PE externalization drives ectocytosis.
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Tanaka Y, Ono N, Shima T, Tanaka G, Katoh Y, Nakayama K, Takatsu H, Shin HW. The phospholipid flippase ATP9A is required for the recycling pathway from the endosomes to the plasma membrane. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3883-3893. [PMID: 27733620 PMCID: PMC5170610 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-08-0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP9A is localized to phosphatidylserine-positive early and recycling endosomes, but not late endosomes, in HeLa cells. ATP9A plays a crucial role in recycling of transferrin and glucose transporter 1 from endosomes to the plasma membrane. Type IV P-type ATPases (P4-ATPases) are phospholipid flippases that translocate phospholipids from the exoplasmic (or luminal) to the cytoplasmic leaflet of lipid bilayers. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, P4-ATPases are localized to specific subcellular compartments and play roles in compartment-mediated membrane trafficking; however, roles of mammalian P4-ATPases in membrane trafficking are poorly understood. We previously reported that ATP9A, one of 14 human P4-ATPases, is localized to endosomal compartments and the Golgi complex. In this study, we found that ATP9A is localized to phosphatidylserine (PS)-positive early and recycling endosomes, but not late endosomes, in HeLa cells. Depletion of ATP9A delayed the recycling of transferrin from endosomes to the plasma membrane, although it did not affect the morphology of endosomal structures. Moreover, depletion of ATP9A caused accumulation of glucose transporter 1 in endosomes, probably by inhibiting their recycling. By contrast, depletion of ATP9A affected neither the early/late endosomal transport and degradation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) nor the transport of Shiga toxin B fragment from early/recycling endosomes to the Golgi complex. Therefore ATP9A plays a crucial role in recycling from endosomes to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Natsuki Ono
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Gaku Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yohei Katoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hye-Won Shin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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14
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Beer KB, Wehman AM. Mechanisms and functions of extracellular vesicle release in vivo-What we can learn from flies and worms. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 11:135-150. [PMID: 27689411 PMCID: PMC5351733 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1236899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells from bacteria to man release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain signaling molecules like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The content, formation, and signaling roles of these conserved vesicles are diverse, but the physiological relevance of EV signaling in vivo is still debated. Studies in classical genetic model organisms like C. elegans and Drosophila have begun to reveal the developmental and behavioral roles for EVs. In this review, we discuss the emerging evidence for the in vivo signaling roles of EVs. Significant effort has also been made to understand the mechanisms behind the formation and release of EVs, specifically of exosomes derived from exocytosis of multivesicular bodies and of microvesicles derived from plasma membrane budding called ectocytosis. In this review, we detail the impact of flies and worms on understanding the proteins and lipids involved in EV biogenesis and highlight the open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina B Beer
- a Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Ann Marie Wehman
- a Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
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15
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van der Mark VA, Ghiboub M, Marsman C, Zhao J, van Dijk R, Hiralall JK, Ho-Mok KS, Castricum Z, de Jonge WJ, Oude Elferink RPJ, Paulusma CC. Phospholipid flippases attenuate LPS-induced TLR4 signaling by mediating endocytic retrieval of Toll-like receptor 4. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:715-730. [PMID: 27628304 PMCID: PMC5272906 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
P4-ATPases are lipid flippases that catalyze the transport of phospholipids to create membrane phospholipid asymmetry and to initiate the biogenesis of transport vesicles. Here we show, for the first time, that lipid flippases are essential to dampen the inflammatory response and to mediate the endotoxin-induced endocytic retrieval of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in human macrophages. Depletion of CDC50A, the β-subunit that is crucial for the activity of multiple P4-ATPases, resulted in endotoxin-induced hypersecretion of proinflammatory cytokines, enhanced MAP kinase signaling and constitutive NF-κB activation. In addition, CDC50A-depleted THP-1 macrophages displayed reduced tolerance to endotoxin. Moreover, endotoxin-induced internalization of TLR4 was strongly reduced and coincided with impaired endosomal MyD88-independent signaling. The phenotype of CDC50A-depleted cells was also induced by separate knockdown of two P4-ATPases, namely ATP8B1 and ATP11A. We conclude that lipid flippases are novel elements of the innate immune response that are essential to attenuate the inflammatory response, possibly by mediating endotoxin-induced internalization of TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A van der Mark
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammed Ghiboub
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Casper Marsman
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jing Zhao
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remco van Dijk
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan K Hiralall
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kam S Ho-Mok
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zoë Castricum
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P J Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Coen C Paulusma
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Membrane curvature is an important parameter in defining the morphology of cells, organelles and local membrane subdomains. Transport intermediates have simpler shapes, being either spheres or tubules. The generation and maintenance of curvature is of central importance for maintaining trafficking and cellular functions. It is possible that local shapes in complex membranes could help to define local subregions. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we summarize how generating, sensing and maintaining high local membrane curvature is an active process that is mediated and controlled by specialized proteins using general mechanisms: (i) changes in lipid composition and asymmetry, (ii) partitioning of shaped transmembrane domains of integral membrane proteins or protein or domain crowding, (iii) reversible insertion of hydrophobic protein motifs, (iv) nanoscopic scaffolding by oligomerized hydrophilic protein domains and, finally, (v) macroscopic scaffolding by the cytoskeleton with forces generated by polymerization and by molecular motors. We also summarize some of the discoveries about the functions of membrane curvature, where in addition to providing cell or organelle shape, local curvature can affect processes like membrane scission and fusion as well as protein concentration and enzyme activation on membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey T McMahon
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Emmanuel Boucrot
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London & Birkbeck College, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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17
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Panatala R, Hennrich H, Holthuis JCM. Inner workings and biological impact of phospholipid flippases. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2021-32. [PMID: 25918123 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.102715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane, trans-Golgi network and endosomal system of eukaryotic cells are populated with flippases that hydrolyze ATP to help establish asymmetric phospholipid distributions across the bilayer. Upholding phospholipid asymmetry is vital to a host of cellular processes, including membrane homeostasis, vesicle biogenesis, cell signaling, morphogenesis and migration. Consequently, defining the identity of flippases and their biological impact has been the subject of intense investigations. Recent work has revealed a remarkable degree of kinship between flippases and cation pumps. In this Commentary, we review emerging insights into how flippases work, how their activity is controlled according to cellular demands, and how disrupting flippase activity causes system failure of membrane function, culminating in membrane trafficking defects, aberrant signaling and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishnan Panatala
- Department of Membrane Enzymology, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands Molecular Cell Biology Division, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hanka Hennrich
- Department of Membrane Enzymology, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost C M Holthuis
- Department of Membrane Enzymology, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands Molecular Cell Biology Division, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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18
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P4-ATPases: lipid flippases in cell membranes. Pflugers Arch 2015; 466:1227-40. [PMID: 24077738 PMCID: PMC4062807 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular membranes, notably eukaryotic plasma membranes, are equipped with special proteins that actively translocate lipids from one leaflet to the other and thereby help generate membrane lipid asymmetry. Among these ATP-driven transporters, the P4 subfamily of P-type ATPases (P4-ATPases) comprises lipid flippases that catalyze the translocation of phospholipids from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaflet of cell membranes. While initially characterized as aminophospholipid translocases, recent studies of individual P4-ATPase family members from fungi, plants, and animals show that P4-ATPases differ in their substrate specificities and mediate transport of a broader range of lipid substrates, including lysophospholipids and synthetic alkylphospholipids. At the same time, the cellular processes known to be directly or indirectly affected by this class of transporters have expanded to include the regulation of membrane traffic, cytoskeletal dynamics, cell division, lipid metabolism, and lipid signaling. In this review, we will summarize the basic features of P4-ATPases and the physiological implications of their lipid transport activity in the cell.
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19
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Lee S, Uchida Y, Wang J, Matsudaira T, Nakagawa T, Kishimoto T, Mukai K, Inaba T, Kobayashi T, Molday RS, Taguchi T, Arai H. Transport through recycling endosomes requires EHD1 recruitment by a phosphatidylserine translocase. EMBO J 2015; 34:669-88. [PMID: 25595798 PMCID: PMC4365035 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201489703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
P4-ATPases translocate aminophospholipids, such as phosphatidylserine (PS), to the cytosolic leaflet of membranes. PS is highly enriched in recycling endosomes (REs) and is essential for endosomal membrane traffic. Here, we show that PS flipping by an RE-localized P4-ATPase is required for the recruitment of the membrane fission protein EHD1. Depletion of ATP8A1 impaired the asymmetric transbilayer distribution of PS in REs, dissociated EHD1 from REs, and generated aberrant endosomal tubules that appear resistant to fission. EHD1 did not show membrane localization in cells defective in PS synthesis. ATP8A2, a tissue-specific ATP8A1 paralogue, is associated with a neurodegenerative disease (CAMRQ). ATP8A2, but not the disease-causative ATP8A2 mutant, rescued the endosomal defects in ATP8A1-depleted cells. Primary neurons from Atp8a2-/- mice showed a reduced level of transferrin receptors at the cell surface compared to Atp8a2+/+ mice. These findings demonstrate the role of P4-ATPase in membrane fission and give insight into the molecular basis of CAMRQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoken Lee
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Uchida
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiao Wang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Centre for Macular Research University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tatsuyuki Matsudaira
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-city Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Kojiro Mukai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako-shi Saitama, Japan
| | - Takehiko Inaba
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako-shi Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Robert S Molday
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Centre for Macular Research University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Pathological Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Pathological Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Solinger JA, Spang A. Loss of the Sec1/Munc18-family proteins VPS-33.2 and VPS-33.1 bypasses a block in endosome maturation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:3909-25. [PMID: 25273556 PMCID: PMC4244200 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-12-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is presented for the existence of HOPS and CORVET tethering complexes in metazoans. A role is shown for the SM protein components of tethers in controlling the flux of material through the endosomal system. The end of the life of a transport vesicle requires a complex series of tethering, docking, and fusion events. Tethering complexes play a crucial role in the recognition of membrane entities and bringing them into close opposition, thereby coordinating and controlling cellular trafficking events. Here we provide a comprehensive RNA interference analysis of the CORVET and HOPS tethering complexes in metazoans. Knockdown of CORVET components promoted RAB-7 recruitment to subapical membranes, whereas in HOPS knockdowns, RAB-5 was found also on membrane structures close to the cell center, indicating the RAB conversion might be impaired in the absence of these tethering complexes. Unlike in yeast, metazoans have two VPS33 homologues, which are Sec1/Munc18 (SM)-family proteins involved in the regulation of membrane fusion. We assume that in wild type, each tethering complex contains a specific SM protein but that they may be able to substitute for each other in case of absence of the other. Of importance, knockdown of both SM proteins allowed bypass of the endosome maturation block in sand-1 mutants. We propose a model in which the SM proteins in tethering complexes are required for coordinated flux of material through the endosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jachen A Solinger
- Growth and Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Spang
- Growth and Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Abstract
The counterbalancing action of the endocytosis and secretory pathways maintains a dynamic equilibrium that regulates the composition of the plasma membrane, allowing it to maintain homeostasis and to change rapidly in response to alterations in the extracellular environment and/or intracellular metabolism. These pathways are intimately integrated with intercellular signaling systems and play critical roles in all cells. Studies in Caenorhabditis elegans have revealed diverse roles of membrane trafficking in physiology and development and have also provided molecular insight into the fundamental mechanisms that direct cargo sorting, vesicle budding, and membrane fisson and fusion. In this review, we summarize progress in understanding membrane trafficking mechanisms derived from work in C. elegans, focusing mainly on work done in non-neuronal cell-types, especially the germline, early embryo, coelomocytes, and intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan. ;
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22
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Xu P, Baldridge RD, Chi RJ, Burd CG, Graham TR. Phosphatidylserine flipping enhances membrane curvature and negative charge required for vesicular transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 202:875-86. [PMID: 24019533 PMCID: PMC3776346 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201305094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Drs2 flippase increases membrane curvature and anionic phospholipid composition of the membrane by flipping phosphatidylserine, which is critical for vesicular transport between the trans-Golgi network and early endosomes. Vesicle-mediated protein transport between organelles of the secretory and endocytic pathways is strongly influenced by the composition and organization of membrane lipids. In budding yeast, protein transport between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and early endosome (EE) requires Drs2, a phospholipid translocase in the type IV P-type ATPase family. However, downstream effectors of Drs2 and specific phospholipid substrate requirements for protein transport in this pathway are unknown. Here, we show that the Arf GTPase-activating protein (ArfGAP) Gcs1 is a Drs2 effector that requires a variant of the ArfGAP lipid packing sensor (+ALPS) motif for localization to TGN/EE membranes. Drs2 increases membrane curvature and anionic phospholipid composition of the cytosolic leaflet, both of which are sensed by the +ALPS motif. Using mutant forms of Drs2 and the related protein Dnf1, which alter their ability to recognize phosphatidylserine, we show that translocation of this substrate to the cytosolic leaflet is essential for +ALPS binding and vesicular transport between the EE and the TGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
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23
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Where do they come from and where do they go: candidates for regulating extracellular vesicle formation in fungi. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9581-603. [PMID: 23644887 PMCID: PMC3676800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) from at least eight fungal species were characterized. EV proteome in four fungal species indicated putative biogenesis pathways and suggested interesting similarities with mammalian exosomes. Moreover, as observed for mammalian exosomes, fungal EVs were demonstrated to be immunologically active. Here we review the seminal and most recent findings related to the production of EVs by fungi. Based on the current literature about secretion of fungal molecules and biogenesis of EVs in eukaryotes, we focus our discussion on a list of cellular proteins with the potential to regulate vesicle biogenesis in the fungi.
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van der Mark VA, Elferink RPJO, Paulusma CC. P4 ATPases: flippases in health and disease. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:7897-922. [PMID: 23579954 PMCID: PMC3645723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14047897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
P4 ATPases catalyze the translocation of phospholipids from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaflet of biological membranes, a process termed “lipid flipping”. Accumulating evidence obtained in lower eukaryotes points to an important role for P4 ATPases in vesicular protein trafficking. The human genome encodes fourteen P4 ATPases (fifteen in mouse) of which the cellular and physiological functions are slowly emerging. Thus far, deficiencies of at least two P4 ATPases, ATP8B1 and ATP8A2, are the cause of severe human disease. However, various mouse models and in vitro studies are contributing to our understanding of the cellular and physiological functions of P4-ATPases. This review summarizes current knowledge on the basic function of these phospholipid translocating proteins, their proposed action in intracellular vesicle transport and their physiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A van der Mark
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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25
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Li X, Chen B, Yoshina S, Cai T, Yang F, Mitani S, Wang X. Inactivation of Caenorhabditis elegans aminopeptidase DNPP-1 restores endocytic sorting and recycling in tat-1 mutants. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:1163-75. [PMID: 23427264 PMCID: PMC3623637 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-10-0730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study identifies the Caenorhabditis elegans aspartyl aminopeptidase DNPP-1 as a regulator of endocytic sorting and recycling. The data reveal the involvement of an aminopeptidase in regulating endocytic sorting and recycling and suggest its possible roles in peptide signaling and/or protein metabolism in these processes. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the P4-ATPase TAT-1 and its chaperone, the Cdc50 family protein CHAT-1, maintain membrane phosphatidylserine (PS) asymmetry, which is required for membrane tubulation during endocytic sorting and recycling. Loss of tat-1 and chat-1 disrupts endocytic sorting, leading to defects in both cargo recycling and degradation. In this study, we identified the C. elegans aspartyl aminopeptidase DNPP-1, loss of which suppresses the sorting and recycling defects in tat-1 mutants without reversing the PS asymmetry defect. We found that tubular membrane structures containing recycling cargoes were restored in dnpp-1 tat-1 double mutants and that these tubules overlap with RME-1–positive recycling endosomes. The restoration of the tubular structures in dnpp-1 tat-1 mutants requires normal functions of RAB-5, RAB-10, and RME-1. In tat-1 mutants, we observed alterations in membrane surface charge and targeting of positively charged proteins that were reversed by loss of dnpp-1. DNPP-1 displays a specific aspartyl aminopeptidase activity in vitro, and its enzymatic activity is required for its function in vivo. Our data reveal the involvement of an aminopeptidase in regulating endocytic sorting and recycling and suggest possible roles of peptide signaling and/or protein metabolism in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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26
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Kato U, Inadome H, Yamamoto M, Emoto K, Kobayashi T, Umeda M. Role for phospholipid flippase complex of ATP8A1 and CDC50A proteins in cell migration. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:4922-34. [PMID: 23269685 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.402701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Type IV P-type ATPases (P4-ATPases) and CDC50 family proteins form a putative phospholipid flippase complex that mediates the translocation of aminophospholipids such as phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) from the outer to inner leaflets of the plasma membrane. In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, at least eight members of P4-ATPases were identified, but only a single CDC50 family protein, CDC50A, was expressed. We demonstrated that CDC50A associated with and recruited P4-ATPase ATP8A1 to the plasma membrane. Overexpression of CDC50A induced extensive cell spreading and greatly enhanced cell migration. Depletion of either CDC50A or ATP8A1 caused a severe defect in the formation of membrane ruffles, thereby inhibiting cell migration. Analyses of phospholipid translocation at the plasma membrane revealed that the depletion of CDC50A inhibited the inward translocation of both PS and PE, whereas the depletion of ATP8A1 inhibited the translocation of PE but not that of PS, suggesting that the inward translocation of cell-surface PE is involved in cell migration. This hypothesis was further examined by using a PE-binding peptide and a mutant cell line with defective PE synthesis; either cell-surface immobilization of PE by the PE-binding peptide or reduction in the cell-surface content of PE inhibited the formation of membrane ruffles, causing a severe defect in cell migration. These results indicate that the phospholipid flippase complex of ATP8A1 and CDC50A plays a major role in cell migration and suggest that the flippase-mediated translocation of PE at the plasma membrane is involved in the formation of membrane ruffles to promote cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utako Kato
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Coleman JA, Quazi F, Molday RS. Mammalian P4-ATPases and ABC transporters and their role in phospholipid transport. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1831:555-74. [PMID: 23103747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transport of phospholipids across cell membranes plays a key role in a wide variety of biological processes. These include membrane biosynthesis, generation and maintenance of membrane asymmetry, cell and organelle shape determination, phagocytosis, vesicle trafficking, blood coagulation, lipid homeostasis, regulation of membrane protein function, apoptosis, etc. P(4)-ATPases and ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters are the two principal classes of membrane proteins that actively transport phospholipids across cellular membranes. P(4)-ATPases utilize the energy from ATP hydrolysis to flip aminophospholipids from the exocytoplasmic (extracellular/lumen) to the cytoplasmic leaflet of cell membranes generating membrane lipid asymmetry and lipid imbalance which can induce membrane curvature. Many ABC transporters play crucial roles in lipid homeostasis by actively transporting phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the exocytoplasmic leaflet of cell membranes or exporting phospholipids to protein acceptors or micelles. Recent studies indicate that some ABC proteins can also transport phospholipids in the opposite direction. The importance of P(4)-ATPases and ABC transporters is evident from the findings that mutations in many of these transporters are responsible for severe human genetic diseases linked to defective phospholipid transport. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phospholipids and Phospholipid Metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Coleman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
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28
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Tuck S. Extracellular vesicles: budding regulated by a phosphatidylethanolamine translocase. Curr Biol 2012; 21:R988-90. [PMID: 22192830 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent work on a Caenorhabditis elegans transmembrane ATPase reveals a central role for the aminophospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine in the production of a class of extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Tuck
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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29
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Shin HW, Takatsu H, Nakayama K. Mechanisms of membrane curvature generation in membrane traffic. MEMBRANES 2012; 2:118-33. [PMID: 24957965 PMCID: PMC4021884 DOI: 10.3390/membranes2010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the vesicular trafficking process, cellular membranes undergo dynamic morphological changes, in particular at the vesicle generation and fusion steps. Changes in membrane shape are regulated by small GTPases, coat proteins and other accessory proteins, such as BAR domain-containing proteins. In addition, membrane deformation entails changes in the lipid composition as well as asymmetric distribution of lipids over the two leaflets of the membrane bilayer. Given that P4-ATPases, which catalyze unidirectional flipping of lipid molecules from the exoplasmic to the cytoplasmic leaflets of the bilayer, are crucial for the trafficking of proteins in the secretory and endocytic pathways, changes in the lipid composition are involved in the vesicular trafficking process. Membrane remodeling is under complex regulation that involves the composition and distribution of lipids as well as assembly of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Won Shin
- Career-Path Promotion Unit for Young Life Scientists, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Takatsu
- Career-Path Promotion Unit for Young Life Scientists, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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30
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Sebastian TT, Baldridge RD, Xu P, Graham TR. Phospholipid flippases: building asymmetric membranes and transport vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:1068-77. [PMID: 22234261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid flippases in the type IV P-type ATPase family (P4-ATPases) are essential components of the Golgi, plasma membrane and endosomal system that play critical roles in membrane biogenesis. These pumps flip phospholipid across the bilayer to create an asymmetric membrane structure with substrate phospholipids, such as phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine, enriched within the cytosolic leaflet. The P4-ATPases also help form transport vesicles that bud from Golgi and endosomal membranes, thereby impacting the sorting and localization of many different proteins in the secretory and endocytic pathways. At the organismal level, P4-ATPase deficiencies are linked to liver disease, obesity, diabetes, hearing loss, neurological deficits, immune deficiency and reduced fertility. Here, we review the biochemical, cellular and physiological functions of P4-ATPases, with an emphasis on their roles in vesicle-mediated protein transport. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lipids and Vesicular Transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessy T Sebastian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN 37235, USA
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31
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Wehman AM, Poggioli C, Schweinsberg P, Grant BD, Nance J. The P4-ATPase TAT-5 inhibits the budding of extracellular vesicles in C. elegans embryos. Curr Biol 2011; 21:1951-9. [PMID: 22100064 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cells release extracellular vesicles (ECVs) that can influence differentiation, modulate the immune response, promote coagulation, and induce metastasis. Many ECVs form by budding outwards from the plasma membrane, but the molecules that regulate budding are unknown. In ECVs, the outer leaflet of the membrane bilayer contains aminophospholipids that are normally sequestered to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, suggesting a role for lipid asymmetry in ECV budding. RESULTS We show that loss of the conserved P4-ATPase TAT-5 causes the large-scale shedding of ECVs and disrupts cell adhesion and morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. TAT-5 localizes to the plasma membrane and its loss results in phosphatidylethanolamine exposure on cell surfaces. We show that RAB-11 and endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) proteins, which regulate the topologically analogous process of viral budding, are enriched at the plasma membrane in tat-5 embryos, and are required for ECV production. CONCLUSIONS TAT-5 is the first protein identified to regulate ECV budding. TAT-5 provides a potential molecular link between loss of phosphatidylethanolamine asymmetry and the dynamic budding of vesicles from the plasma membrane, supporting the hypothesis that lipid asymmetry regulates budding. Our results also suggest that viral budding and ECV budding may share common molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Wehman
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Nilsson L, Jonsson E, Tuck S. Caenorhabditis elegans numb inhibits endocytic recycling by binding TAT-1 aminophospholipid translocase. Traffic 2011; 12:1839-49. [PMID: 21917090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Numb regulates endocytosis in many metazoans, but the mechanism by which it functions is not completely understood. Here we report that the Caenorhabditis elegans Numb ortholog, NUM-1A, a regulator of endocytic recycling, binds the C isoform of transbilayer amphipath transporter-1 (TAT-1), a P4 family adenosine triphosphatase and putative aminophospholipid translocase that is required for proper endocytic trafficking. We demonstrate that TAT-1 is differentially spliced during development and that TAT-1C-specific splicing occurs in the intestine where NUM-1A is known to function. NUM-1A and TAT-1C colocalize in vivo. We have mapped the binding site to an NXXF motif in TAT-1C. This motif is not required for TAT-1C function but is required for NUM-1A's ability to inhibit recycling. We demonstrate that num-1A and tat-1 defects are both suppressed by the loss of the activity of PSSY-1, a phosphatidylserine (PS) synthase. PS is mislocalized in intestinal cells with defects in tat-1 or num-1A function. We propose that NUM-1A inhibits recycling by inhibiting TAT-1C's ability to translocate PS across the membranes of recycling endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Nilsson
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Takatsu H, Baba K, Shima T, Umino H, Kato U, Umeda M, Nakayama K, Shin HW. ATP9B, a P4-ATPase (a putative aminophospholipid translocase), localizes to the trans-Golgi network in a CDC50 protein-independent manner. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:38159-38167. [PMID: 21914794 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.281006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Type IV P-type ATPases (P4-ATPases) are putative phospholipid flippases that translocate phospholipids from the exoplasmic (lumenal) to the cytoplasmic leaflet of lipid bilayers and are believed to function in complex with CDC50 proteins. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, five P4-ATPases are localized to specific cellular compartments and are required for vesicle-mediated protein transport from these compartments, suggesting a role for phospholipid translocation in vesicular transport. The human genome encodes 14 P4-ATPases and three CDC50 proteins. However, the subcellular localization of human P4-ATPases and their interactions with CDC50 proteins are poorly understood. Here, we show that class 5 (ATP10A, ATP10B, and ATP10D) and class 6 (ATP11A, ATP11B, and ATP11C) P4-ATPases require CDC50 proteins, primarily CDC50A, for their exit from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and final subcellular localization. In contrast, class 2 P4-ATPases (ATP9A and ATP9B) are able to exit the ER in the absence of exogenous CDC50 expression: ATP9B, but not ATP11B, was able to exit the ER despite depletion of CDC50 proteins by RNAi. Although ATP9A and ATP9B show a high overall sequence similarity, ATP9A localizes to endosomes and the trans-Golgi network (TGN), whereas ATP9B localizes exclusively to the TGN. A chimeric ATP9 protein in which the N-terminal cytoplasmic region of ATP9A was replaced with the corresponding region of ATP9B was localized exclusively to the Golgi. These results indicate that ATP9B is able to exit the ER and localize to the TGN independently of CDC50 proteins and that this protein contains a Golgi localization signal in its N-terminal cytoplasmic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takatsu
- Career-Path Promotion Unit for Young Life Scientists, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Keiko Baba
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Umino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Utako Kato
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Masato Umeda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hye-Won Shin
- Career-Path Promotion Unit for Young Life Scientists, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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34
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Abstract
While accumulating evidence indicates that P4-ATPases catalyze phospholipid transport across cellular bilayers, their kinship to cation-pumping ATPases has raised fundamental questions concerning the underlying flippase mechanism. Loss of P4-ATPase function perturbs vesicle formation in late secretory and endocytic compartments. An intriguing concept is that P4-ATPases help drive vesicle budding by generating imbalances in transbilayer lipid numbers. Moreover, activation of P4-ATPases by phosphoinositides and other effectors of coat recruitment provide a potential mechanism to confine flippase activity to sites of vesicle biogenesis. These developments have raised considerable interest in understanding the mechanism, regulation and biological implications of P4-ATPase-catalyzed phospholipid transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa L López-Marqués
- Center for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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35
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Chen B, Jiang Y, Zeng S, Yan J, Li X, Zhang Y, Zou W, Wang X. Endocytic sorting and recycling require membrane phosphatidylserine asymmetry maintained by TAT-1/CHAT-1. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1001235. [PMID: 21170358 PMCID: PMC3000356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytic sorting is achieved through the formation of morphologically and functionally distinct sub-domains within early endosomes. Cargoes destined for recycling are sorted to and transported through newly-formed tubular membranes, but the processes that regulate membrane tubulation are poorly understood. Here, we identified a novel Caenorhabditis elegans Cdc50 family protein, CHAT-1, which acts as the chaperone of the TAT-1 P4-ATPase to regulate membrane phosphatidylserine (PS) asymmetry and endocytic transport. In chat-1 and tat-1 mutants, the endocytic sorting process is disrupted, leading to defects in both cargo recycling and degradation. TAT-1 and CHAT-1 colocalize to the tubular domain of the early endosome, the tubular endocytic recycling compartment (ERC), and the recycling endosome where PS is enriched on the cytosolic surface. Loss of tat-1 and chat-1 function disrupts membrane PS asymmetry and abrogates the tubular membrane structure. Our data suggest that CHAT-1 and TAT-1 maintain membrane phosphatidylserine asymmetry, thus promoting membrane tubulation and regulating endocytic sorting and recycling. The process by which cells take up nutrients and other large molecules from the extracellular environment is known as endocytosis. At the cell surface, external molecules become enclosed in membrane spheres called endosomes. Early endosomes serve as a sorting station, directing the contents (cargo molecules) to the correct compartment within the cell. This is thought to be achieved by the formation of membrane structures with distinct shape and function. For example, cargoes destined for recycling and degradation are processed through tubular membrane structures and big vesicular compartments, respectively. However, it is poorly understood how early endosome membranes are shaped into different structures. Here we show that two proteins, CHAT-1 and TAT-1, regulate membrane structure and are important for normal endocytic transport in the nematode worm C. elegans. TAT-1 and CHAT-1 are found in tubular membrane structures along the sorting and recycling pathway, where they enrich the outer membrane layer with a lipid called phosphatidylserine (PS) and probably change the membrane curvature. Loss of tat-1 and chat-1 function disrupts the asymmetric distribution of PS, abolishes tubular membrane structures, and abrogates endocytic sorting/recycling. Our data support a role of TAT-1/CHAT-1–regulated membrane PS asymmetry in promoting membrane tubulation for endocytic cargo sorting and recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohui Chen
- Graduate Program in Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Zeng
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiacong Yan
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zou
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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36
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Tanaka K, Fujimura-Kamada K, Yamamoto T. Functions of phospholipid flippases. J Biochem 2010; 149:131-43. [PMID: 21134888 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetrical distribution of phospholipids is generally observed in the eukaryotic plasma membrane. Maintenance and changes of this phospholipid asymmetry are regulated by ATP-driven phospholipid translocases. Accumulating evidence indicates that type 4 P-type ATPases (P4-ATPases, also called flippases) translocate phospholipids from the exoplasmic leaflet to the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane and internal membranes. Among P-type ATPases, P4-ATPases are unique in that they are associated with a conserved membrane protein of the Cdc50 family as a non-catalytic subunit. Recent studies indicate that flippases are involved in various cellular functions, including transport vesicle formation and cell polarity. In this review, we will focus on the functional aspect of phospholipid flippases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Tanaka
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
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37
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Abstract
P4 ATPases (subfamily IV P-type ATPases) form a specialized subfamily of P-type ATPases and have been implicated in phospholipid translocation from the exoplasmic to the cytoplasmic leaflet of biological membranes. Pivotal roles of P4 ATPases have been demonstrated in eukaryotes, ranging from yeast, fungi and plants to mice and humans. P4 ATPases might exert their cellular functions by combining enzymatic phospholipid translocation activity with an enzyme-independent action. The latter could be involved in the timely recruitment of proteins involved in cellular signalling, vesicle coat assembly and cytoskeleton regulation. In the present review, we outline the current knowledge of the biochemical and cellular functions of P4 ATPases in the eukaryotic membrane.
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38
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van der Velden LM, Wichers CGK, van Breevoort AED, Coleman JA, Molday RS, Berger R, Klomp LWJ, van de Graaf SFJ. Heteromeric interactions required for abundance and subcellular localization of human CDC50 proteins and class 1 P4-ATPases. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:40088-96. [PMID: 20947505 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.139006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the P(4) family of P-type ATPases (P(4)-ATPases) are believed to function as phospholipid flippases in complex with CDC50 proteins. Mutations in the human class 1 P(4)-ATPase gene ATP8B1 cause a severe syndrome characterized by impaired bile flow (intrahepatic cholestasis), often leading to end-stage liver failure in childhood. In this study, we determined the specificity of human class 1 P(4)-ATPase interactions with CDC50 proteins and the functional consequences of these interactions on protein abundance and localization of both protein classes. ATP8B1 and ATP8B2 co-immunoprecipitated with CDC50A and CDC50B, whereas ATP8B4, ATP8A1, and ATP8A2 associated only with CDC50A. ATP8B1 shifted from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the plasma membrane upon coexpression of CDC50A or CDC50B. ATP8A1 and ATP8A2 translocated from the ER to the Golgi complex and plasma membrane upon coexpression of CDC50A, but not CDC50B. ATP8B2 and ATP8B4 already displayed partial plasma membrane localization in the absence of CDC50 coexpression but displayed a large increase in plasma membrane abundance upon coexpression of CDC50A. ATP8B3 did not bind CDC50A and CDC50B and was invariably present in the ER. Our data show that interactions between CDC50 proteins and class 1 P(4)-ATPases are essential for ER exit and stability of both subunits. Furthermore, the subcellular localization of the complex is determined by the P(4)-ATPase, not the CDC50 protein. The interactions of CDC50A and CDC50B with multiple members of the human P(4)-ATPase family suggest that these proteins perform broader functions in human physiology than thus far assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke M van der Velden
- Department of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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39
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Graham TR, Kozlov MM. Interplay of proteins and lipids in generating membrane curvature. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010; 22:430-6. [PMID: 20605711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The majority of intracellular membranes have strongly bent shapes with radii of curvature ranging from 20 to 50 nm. Many different proteins provide the substantial energy needed to generate and sustain this curvature. One of the most effective mechanisms of curvature creation is based on asymmetry of membrane monolayers. Proteins generate this asymmetry by flipping phospholipid across the membrane, modifying lipid molecules, or embedding their hydrophobic domains into the membrane matrix. We review the physical principles of these mechanisms of membrane bending and highlight the action of specific proteins driving vesicle-mediated transport. A model of clathrin-mediated vesicle budding from the trans-Golgi network is described to illustrate the interplay and mutual reinforcement of different mechanisms for generating membrane curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Graham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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40
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Chotard L, Mishra AK, Sylvain MA, Tuck S, Lambright DG, Rocheleau CE. TBC-2 regulates RAB-5/RAB-7-mediated endosomal trafficking in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:2285-96. [PMID: 20462958 PMCID: PMC2893991 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-11-0947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAB-5 and RAB-7 GTPases regulate endosome to lysosome trafficking. Here, we show that Caenorhabditis elegans TBC-2 functions as a RAB-5 GAP. TBC-2 colocalizes with RAB-7 on late endosomes, and requires RAB-7 for membrane localization where TBC-2 could function to antagonize RAB-5 activity during early to late endosome maturation. During endosome maturation the early endosomal Rab5 GTPase is replaced with the late endosomal Rab7 GTPase. It has been proposed that active Rab5 can recruit and activate Rab7, which in turn could inactivate and remove Rab5. However, many of the Rab5 and Rab7 regulators that mediate endosome maturation are not known. Here, we identify Caenorhabditis elegans TBC-2, a conserved putative Rab GTPase-activating protein (GAP), as a regulator of endosome to lysosome trafficking in several tissues. We show that tbc-2 mutant animals accumulate enormous RAB-7–positive late endosomes in the intestine containing refractile material. RAB-5, RAB-7, and components of the homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS) complex, a RAB-7 effector/putative guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), are required for the tbc-2(−) intestinal phenotype. Expression of activated RAB-5 Q78L in the intestine phenocopies the tbc-2(−) large late endosome phenotype in a RAB-7 and HOPS complex-dependent manner. TBC-2 requires the catalytic arginine-finger for function in vivo and displays the strongest GAP activity on RAB-5 in vitro. However, TBC-2 colocalizes primarily with RAB-7 on late endosomes and requires RAB-7 for membrane localization. Our data suggest that TBC-2 functions on late endosomes to inactivate RAB-5 during endosome maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Chotard
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
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41
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Paulusma CC, Oude Elferink RP. P4 ATPases - The physiological relevance of lipid flipping transporters. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:2708-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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42
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Levitte S, Salesky R, King B, Coe Smith S, Depper M, Cole M, Hermann GJ. A Caenorhabditis elegans model of orotic aciduria reveals enlarged lysosome-related organelles in embryos lacking umps-1 function. FEBS J 2010; 277:1420-39. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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43
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López-Marqués RL, Poulsen LR, Hanisch S, Meffert K, Buch-Pedersen MJ, Jakobsen MK, Pomorski TG, Palmgren MG. Intracellular targeting signals and lipid specificity determinants of the ALA/ALIS P4-ATPase complex reside in the catalytic ALA alpha-subunit. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:791-801. [PMID: 20053675 PMCID: PMC2828965 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-08-0656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid flipping across cellular membranes contributes to vesicle biogenesis in eukaryotes and involves flippases (P4-ATPases). However, the minimal composition of the flippase machinery remains to be determined. We demonstrate that cellular targeting and lipid specificity of P4-ATPases require the α-subunit but are independent of the β-subunit. Members of the P4 subfamily of P-type ATPases are believed to catalyze flipping of phospholipids across cellular membranes, in this way contributing to vesicle biogenesis in the secretory and endocytic pathways. P4-ATPases form heteromeric complexes with Cdc50-like proteins, and it has been suggested that these act as β-subunits in the P4-ATPase transport machinery. In this work, we investigated the role of Cdc50-like β-subunits of P4-ATPases for targeting and function of P4-ATPase catalytic α-subunits. We show that the Arabidopsis P4-ATPases ALA2 and ALA3 gain functionality when coexpressed with any of three different ALIS Cdc50-like β-subunits. However, the final cellular destination of P4-ATPases as well as their lipid substrate specificity are independent of the nature of the ALIS β-subunit they were allowed to interact with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa L López-Marqués
- Center for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease, PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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44
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O'Rourke EJ, Soukas AA, Carr CE, Ruvkun G. C. elegans major fats are stored in vesicles distinct from lysosome-related organelles. Cell Metab 2009; 10:430-5. [PMID: 19883620 PMCID: PMC2921818 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic conservation allows ancient features of fat storage endocrine pathways to be explored in C. elegans. Multiple studies have used Nile red or BODIPY-labeled fatty acids to identify regulators of fat mass. When mixed with their food, E. coli bacteria, Nile red, and BODIPY-labeled fatty acids stain multiple spherical cellular structures in the C. elegans major fat storage organ, the intestine. However, here we demonstrate that, in the conditions previously reported, the lysosome-related organelles stained by Nile red and BODIPY-labeled fatty acids are not the C. elegans major fat storage compartment. We show that the major fat stores are contained in a distinct cellular compartment that is not stained by Nile red. Using biochemical assays, we validate oil red O staining as a method to assess major fat stores in C. elegans, allowing for efficient and accurate genetic and functional genomic screens for genes that control fat accumulation at the organismal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyleen J O'Rourke
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Seamen E, Blanchette JM, Han M. P-type ATPase TAT-2 negatively regulates monomethyl branched-chain fatty acid mediated function in post-embryonic growth and development in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000589. [PMID: 19662161 PMCID: PMC2716530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (mmBCFAs) are essential for Caenorhabditis elegans growth and development. To identify factors acting downstream of mmBCFAs for their function in growth regulation, we conducted a genetic screen for suppressors of the L1 arrest that occurs in animals depleted of the 17-carbon mmBCFA C17ISO. Three of the suppressor mutations defined an unexpected player, the P-type ATPase TAT-2, which belongs to the flippase family of proteins that are implicated in mediating phospholipid bilayer asymmetry. We provide evidence that TAT-2, but not other TAT genes, has a specific role in antagonizing the regulatory activity of mmBCFAs in intestinal cells. Interestingly, we found that mutations in tat-2 also suppress the lethality caused by inhibition of the first step in sphingolipid biosynthesis. We further showed that the fatty acid side-chains of glycosylceramides contain 20%–30% mmBCFAs and that this fraction is greatly diminished in the absence of mmBCFA biosynthesis. These results suggest a model in which a C17ISO-containing sphingolipid may mediate the regulatory functions of mmBCFAs and is negatively regulated by TAT-2 in intestinal cells. This work indicates a novel connection between a P-type ATPase and the critical regulatory function of a specific fatty acid. Fatty acids serve diverse functions in organisms, including roles at the cell membrane to coordinate cell signaling processes. Monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (mmBCFAs) are a special type of fatty acid that is commonly present in animals. Because mmBCFAs are a small component of the total fatty acid pool, their functions have not been a major research focus and are largely unclear. We tackled the problem using the nematode C. elegans. Our laboratory previously found that without mmBCFAs, worms cannot develop normally and die. To understand how these obscure fatty acids perform such important roles, we searched for other factors involved in the process by conducting a mutagenesis screen to uncover mutant worms that can recover the ability to grow without the presence of mmBCFAs. We found several such mutations in a single gene that codes for a protein called TAT-2. TAT-2 is one of several poorly understood P-type ATPases that likely help maintain the proper lipid structure in cell membranes. Our work indicates that TAT-2 antagonizes the growth regulatory function of mmBCFAs in intestinal cells. Studies on how mmBCFAs and this protein functionally interact explore a novel, interesting, and important problem that is only beginning to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emylie Seamen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Blanchette
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Min Han
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kawai H, Tanji T, Shiraishi H, Yamada M, Iijima R, Inoue T, Kezuka Y, Ohashi K, Yoshida Y, Tohyama K, Gengyo-Ando K, Mitani S, Arai H, Ohashi-Kobayashi A, Maeda M. Normal formation of a subset of intestinal granules in Caenorhabditis elegans requires ATP-binding cassette transporters HAF-4 and HAF-9, which are highly homologous to human lysosomal peptide transporter TAP-like. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:2979-90. [PMID: 19403699 PMCID: PMC2695804 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-09-0912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
TAP-like (TAPL; ABCB9) is a half-type ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that localizes in lysosome and putatively conveys peptides from cytosol to lysosome. However, the physiological role of this transporter remains to be elucidated. Comparison of genome databases reveals that TAPL is conserved in various species from a simple model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans, to mammals. C. elegans possesses homologous TAPL genes: haf-4 and haf-9. In this study, we examined the tissue-specific expression of these two genes and analyzed the phenotypes of the loss-of-function mutants for haf-4 and haf-9 to elucidate the in vivo function of these genes. Both HAF-4 and HAF-9 tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) were mainly localized on the membrane of nonacidic but lysosome-associated membrane protein homologue (LMP-1)-positive intestinal granules from larval to adult stage. The mutants for haf-4 and haf-9 exhibited granular defects in late larval and young adult intestinal cells, associated with decreased brood size, prolonged defecation cycle, and slow growth. The intestinal granular phenotype was rescued by the overexpression of the GFP-tagged wild-type protein, but not by the ATP-unbound form of HAF-4. These results demonstrate that two ABC transporters, HAF-4 and HAF-9, are related to intestinal granular formation and some other physiological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kawai
- *Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanji
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Shiraishi
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Yamada
- *Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryoko Iijima
- *Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takao Inoue
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kezuka
- *Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ohashi
- *Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshida
- The Center for Electron Microscopy and Bio-Imaging Research, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan; and
| | - Koujiro Tohyama
- The Center for Electron Microscopy and Bio-Imaging Research, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan; and
| | - Keiko Gengyo-Ando
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Shohei Mitani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ayako Ohashi-Kobayashi
- *Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Masatomo Maeda
- *Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Manipulating the Caenorhabditis elegans genome using mariner transposons. Genetica 2009; 138:541-9. [PMID: 19347589 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-009-9362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tc1, one of the founding members of the Tc1/mariner transposon superfamily, was identified in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans more than 25 years ago. Over the years, Tc1 and other endogenous mariner transposons became valuable tools for mutagenesis and targeted gene inactivation in C. elegans. However, transposition is naturally repressed in the C. elegans germline by an RNAi-like mechanism, necessitating the use of mutant strains in which transposition was globally derepressed, which causes drawbacks such as uncontrolled proliferation of the transposons in the genome and accumulation of background mutations. The more recent mobilization of the Drosophila mariner transposon Mos1 in the C. elegans germline circumvented the problems inherent to endogenous transposons. Mos1 transposition strictly depends on the expression of the Mos transposase, which can be controlled in the germline using inducible promoters. First, Mos1 can be used for insertional mutagenesis. The mobilization of Mos1 copies present on an extrachromosomal array results in the generation of a small number of Mos1 genomic insertions that can be rapidly cloned by inverse PCR. Second, Mos1 insertions can be used for genome engineering. Triggering the excision of a genomic Mos1 insertion causes a chromosomal break, which can be repaired by transgene-instructed gene conversion. This process is used to introduce specific changes in a given gene, such as point mutations, deletions or insertions of a tag, and to create single-copy transgenes.
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Muthusamy BP, Natarajan P, Zhou X, Graham TR. Linking phospholipid flippases to vesicle-mediated protein transport. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:612-9. [PMID: 19286470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Type IV P-type ATPases (P4-ATPases) are a large family of putative phospholipid translocases (flippases) implicated in the generation of phospholipid asymmetry in biological membranes. P4-ATPases are typically the largest P-type ATPase subgroup found in eukaryotic cells, with five members in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, six members in Caenorhabditis elegans, 12 members in Arabidopsis thaliana and 14 members in humans. In addition, many of the P4-ATPases require interaction with a noncatalytic subunit from the CDC50 gene family for their transport out of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Deficiency of a P4-ATPase (Atp8b1) causes liver disease in humans, and studies in a variety of model systems indicate that P4-ATPases play diverse and essential roles in membrane biogenesis. In addition to their proposed role in establishing and maintaining plasma membrane asymmetry, P4-ATPases are linked to vesicle-mediated protein transport in the exocytic and endocytic pathways. Recent studies have also suggested a role for P4-ATPases in the nonvesicular intracellular trafficking of sterols. Here, we discuss the physiological requirements for yeast P4-ATPases in phospholipid translocase activity, transport vesicle budding and ergosterol metabolism, with an emphasis on Drs2p and its noncatalytic subunit, Cdc50p.
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Folmer DE, Elferink RPJO, Paulusma CC. P4 ATPases - lipid flippases and their role in disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:628-35. [PMID: 19254779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
P4 ATPases (type 4 P-type ATPases) are multispan transmembrane proteins that have been implicated in phospholipid translocation from the exoplasmic to the cytoplasmic leaflet of biological membranes. Studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have indicated that P4 ATPases are important in vesicle biogenesis and are required for vesicular trafficking along several intracellular vesicular transport routes. Although little is known about mammalian P4 ATPases, some members of this subfamily appear to be associated with human disease or mouse pathophysiology. ATP8B1, a phosphatidylserine translocase, is the most extensively studied mammalian P4 ATPase. This protein is important for maintaining the detergent resistant properties of the apical membrane of the hepatocyte. Mutations in ATP8B1 give rise to severe liver disease. Furthermore, a role for Atp8b3 in mouse sperm cell capacitation has been suggested, whereas deficiency of Atp10a and Atp10d leads to insulin resistance and obesity in mice. Here we review the present status on the pathophysiological consequences of P4 ATPase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dineke E Folmer
- AMC Liver Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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