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Hryniewicz-Jankowska A, Augoff K, Sikorski AF. The role of cholesterol and cholesterol-driven membrane raft domains in prostate cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 244:1053-1061. [PMID: 31573840 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219870771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane rafts are heterogeneous and dynamic domains that are characterized by tight packing of lipids. They are enriched in cholesterol, sphingolipids, and certain types of proteins. Among these are various cell signaling proteins, which indicate that rafts play an important role in cell signal transduction pathways, including some involved in cancer development, progression, and invasiveness. Due to their increased cholesterol content, raft domains exhibit lower fluidity than the surrounding membrane. The cell membranes of some solid tumors, such as breast and prostate cancer, contain higher levels of cholesterol, which means larger raft domain can form in those membranes. This may stimulate signaling pathways to promote tumor growth and progression. This review focuses on the known raft-dependent regulatory mechanisms that promote prostate cancer progression.Impact statementProstate cancer remains the most common malignancy and second most frequent cause of cancer-related death in men. Cholesterol levels are usually higher in prostate cancer cells. This affects the cell membrane composition, with cholesterol and sphingolipid-containing raft membrane domains becoming a greater component. In addition to polar lipids, these domains recruit and regulate certain types of protein, including various cell signaling proteins that are critical to cancer cell survival and invasiveness. This suggests that membrane rafts have a regulatory role in tumor progression, making them a potential target in prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna Augoff
- Department of Surgical Education, Wrocław Medical University, Wroclaw 50-369, Poland
| | - Aleksander F Sikorski
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
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Wu X, Deng F, Li Y, Daniels G, Du X, Ren Q, Wang J, Wang LH, Yang Y, Zhang V, Zhang D, Ye F, Melamed J, Monaco ME, Lee P. ACSL4 promotes prostate cancer growth, invasion and hormonal resistance. Oncotarget 2016; 6:44849-63. [PMID: 26636648 PMCID: PMC4792596 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in fatty acid metabolism have been demonstrated to promote the growth and survival of a variety of cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). Here, we examine the expression and function of the fatty acid activating enzyme, long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4), in PCa. Ectopic expression of ACSL4 in ACSL4-negative PCa cells increases proliferation, migration and invasion, while ablation of ACSL4 in PCa cells expressing endogenous ACSL4 reduces cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The cell proliferative effects were observed both in vitro, as well as in vivo. Immunohistochemical analysis of human PCa tissue samples indicated ACSL4 expression is increased in malignant cells compared with adjacent benign epithelial cells, and particularly increased in castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) when compared with hormone naive PCa. In cell lines co-expressing both ACSL4 and AR, proliferation was independent of exogenous androgens, suggesting that ACSL4 expression may lead to CRPC. In support for this hypothesis, ectopic ACSL4 expression induced resistance to treatment with Casodex, via decrease in apoptosis. Our studies further indicate that ACSL4 upregulates distinct pathway proteins including p-AKT, LSD1 and β-catenin. These results suggest ACSL4 could serve as a biomarker and potential therapeutic target for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fangming Deng
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yirong Li
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Garrett Daniels
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xinxin Du
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qinghu Ren
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,NYU Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ling Hang Wang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Valerio Zhang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Melamed
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie E Monaco
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Bugan I, Altun S. Inhibitory effects of dunning rat prostate tumor fluid on proliferation of the metastatic MAT-LyLu cell line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:831-6. [PMID: 25684533 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.2.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor fluid accumulation occurs in both human cancer and experimental tumor models. Solid tumors show a tendency to tumor fluid accumulation because of their anatomical and physiological features and this may be influenced by molecular factors. Fluid accumulation in the peri-tumor area also occurs in the Dunning model of rat prostate cancer as the tumor grows. In this study, the effects of tumor fluids that were obtained from Dunning prostate tumor-bearing Copenhagen rats on the strongly metastatic MAT-LyLu cell line were investigatedby examining the cell's migration and tumor fluid's toxicity and the kinetic parameters such as cell proliferation, mitotic index, and labelling index. In this research, tumor fluids were obtained from rats injected with 25105 MAT- LyLu cells and treated with saline solution, and 200 nM tetrodotoxin (TTX), highly specific sodium channel blocker was used. Sterilized tumor fluids were added to medium of MAT-LyLu cells with the proportion of 20% in vitro. Consequently, it was demonstrated that Dunning rat prostate tumor fluid significantly inhibited proliferation (up to 50%), mitotic index, and labeling index of MAT-LyLu cells (up to 75%) (p<0.05) but stimulated the motility of the cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Bugan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey E-mail :
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Abstract
Numerous agents have been investigated in prostate cancer prevention. Many manipulate sex steroid levels or function, some regulate response to oxidative stress and others affect tumor proliferation and/or apoptosis. Some are postulated to even affect downstream targets, such as cyclooxygenase-2, which has been shown to be elevated in prostate cancer by most investigators. The evidence for all these potential chemopreventive agents is critically reviewed. While the current information base is vast, level 1 evidence is lacking, and ongoing trials are not due to provide such evidence for many years to come. In addition, the current lack of ability to accurately differentiate clinically important prostate cancer from latent disease makes chemoprevention in this setting even more challenging. Currently, no reliable biomarkers that can act as surrogate endpoints for the development of clinically relevant prostate cancer exist, which makes performing large chemoprevention trials expensive. At present, there is little to suggest that the urologist or General Practitioner should be recommending any particular chemopreventive agent to either the general population or those deemed to be at higher risk of contracting prostate cancer.
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Chou E, Simons JW. The molecular biology of prostate cancer morbidity and mortality: Accelerated death from ejaculate poisoning? Urol Oncol 2012; 3:79-84. [PMID: 21227090 DOI: 10.1016/s1078-1439(97)00041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The molecular biology of host-tumor interactions unique to human prostate cancer that cause patient morbidity are poorly understood despite the prevalence of this neoplasm. Little is known fundamentally about prostate-specific exocrine gene products secreted by metastatic prostate carcinoma cells at metastatic sites that cause diffuse bone pain, immunosuppression, anemia, cachexia, and other clinical signs of advanced prostate cancer. Growing evidence supports the presence of androgen-regulated exocrine gene products as independent mediators of prostate cancer morbidity. The experimental and clinical implications of a hypothesis that prostate-specific exocrine genes cause patient morbidity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chou
- From the Johns Hopkins Oncology Center and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, NIH Special Program of Research Excellence in Prostate Cancer, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Zaorsky NG, Buyyounouski MK, Li T, Horwitz EM. Aspirin and statin nonuse associated with early biochemical failure after prostate radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 84:e13-7. [PMID: 22652109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To present the largest retrospective series investigating the effect of aspirin and statins, which are hypothesized to have antineoplastic properties, on biochemical failure (nadir plus 2 ng/mL) after prostate radiation therapy (RT). METHODS AND MATERIALS Between 1989 and 2006, 2051 men with clinically localized prostate cancer received definitive RT alone (median dose, 76 Gy). The rates of aspirin use and statin use (defined as any use at the time of RT or during follow-up) were 36% and 34%, respectively. The primary endpoint of the study was an interval to biochemical failure (IBF) of less than 18 months, which has been shown to be the single strongest predictor of distant metastasis, prostate cancer survival, and overall survival after RT. Patient demographic characteristics and tumor staging factors were assessed with regard to associations with the endpoint. Univariate analysis was performed with the χ(2) test for categorical variables and the Wilcoxon test for continuous variables. Multivariable analysis was performed with a multiple logistic regression. RESULTS The median follow-up was 75 months. Univariate analysis showed that an IBF of less than 18 months was associated with aspirin nonuse (P<.0001), statin nonuse (P<.0001), anticoagulant nonuse (P=.0006), cardiovascular disease (P=.0008), and prostate-specific antigen (continuous) (P=.008) but not with Gleason score, age, RT dose, or T stage. On multivariate analysis, only aspirin nonuse (P=.0012; odds ratio, 2.052 [95% confidence interval, 1.328-3.172]) and statin nonuse (P=.0002; odds ratio, 2.465 [95% confidence interval, 1.529-3.974]) were associated with an IBF of less than 18 months. CONCLUSIONS In patients who received RT for prostate cancer, aspirin or statin nonuse was associated with early biochemical failure, a harbinger of distant metastasis and death. Further study is needed to confirm these findings and to determine the optimal dosing and schedule, as well as the relative benefits and risks, of both therapies in combination with RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Zaorsky
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Wang S, Yang Q, Fung KM, Lin HK. AKR1C2 and AKR1C3 mediated prostaglandin D2 metabolism augments the PI3K/Akt proliferative signaling pathway in human prostate cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 289:60-6. [PMID: 18508192 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Members of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily have been implicated in prostaglandin (PG) metabolism and prostate cancer. AKR1C3 possesses 11-ketoprostaglandin reductase activity and is capable of converting PGD2 to 9alpha, 11beta-PGF2alpha, whereas AKR1C2-mediated PG metabolism remains unclear. The accumulation of PGF2alpha may generate proliferative signals to promote prostate cell growth. Levels of AKR1C2 and AKR1C3 expression are elevated in localized and advanced prostate cancer. To study the significance of AKR1C2- and AKR1C3-mediated PGD2 conversion in human prostate cell proliferation, we stably transfected androgen insensitive human prostate cancer PC-3 cells with AKR1C2 or AKR1C3 cDNA. PC-3 cells overexpressing AKR1C2 and AKR1C3 had elevated cell proliferation in response to PGD2 stimulation as compared to mock transfectants. Overexpression of AKR1C2 or AKR1C3 did not alter levels of PGF receptor (FP) expression. Inclusion of an FP antagonist (AL8810) significantly suppressed PGD2-stimulated PC-3 cell proliferation in these stable transfectants. In addition, PGD2 significantly elevated levels of total Akt protein expression and Akt Ser473 phosphorylation in AKR1C2 and AKR1C3 stable transfectants; and inclusion of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) chemical inhibitor (LY294002) attenuated PGD2-stimulated cell proliferation in these transfectants. Our results suggested that both AKR1C2 and AKR1C3 mediate similar PGD2 conversion toward the accumulation of proliferative signals through FP and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways to promote prostate cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobin Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
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Kobayashi N, Barnard RJ, Henning SM, Elashoff D, Reddy ST, Cohen P, Leung P, Hong-Gonzalez J, Freedland SJ, Said J, Gui D, Seeram NP, Popoviciu LM, Bagga D, Heber D, Glaspy JA, Aronson WJ. Effect of altering dietary omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratios on prostate cancer membrane composition, cyclooxygenase-2, and prostaglandin E2. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:4662-70. [PMID: 16899616 PMCID: PMC3410648 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether altering the dietary content of omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids affects the growth of androgen-sensitive prostate cancer xenografts, tumor membrane fatty acid composition, and tumor cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) levels. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Individually caged male severe combined immunodeficiency mice were fed isocaloric 20% kcal fat diets with the fat derived either primarily from n-6 fatty acids (n-6 group) or with the fat consisting of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in a ratio of 1:1 (n-3 group), and injected s.c. with Los Angeles Prostate Cancer 4 (LAPC-4) cells. Tumor volumes and mouse weights were measured weekly, caloric intake was measured 3 days per week, and tumors and serum were harvested at 8 weeks postinjection. RESULTS Tumor growth rates, final tumor volumes, and serum prostate-specific antigen levels were reduced in the n-3 group relative to the n-6 group. The n-3 group tumors had decreased proliferation (Ki67 staining) and increased apoptosis (terminal nucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling staining). In vitro proliferation of LAPC-4 cells in medium containing n-3 group serum was reduced by 22% relative to LAPC-4 cells cultured in medium containing serum from the n-6 group. The n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratios in serum and tumor membranes were lower in the n-3 group relative to the n-6 group. In addition, n-3 group tumors had decreased cyclooxygenase-2 protein and mRNA levels, an 83% reduction in PGE(2) levels, and decreased vascular endothelial growth factor expression. CONCLUSION These results provide a sound basis for clinical trials evaluating the effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids from fish oil on tumor PGE(2) and membrane fatty acid composition, and serum and tumor biomarkers of progression in men with prostate cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/chemistry
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cyclooxygenase 2/biosynthesis
- Cyclooxygenase 2/drug effects
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Diet
- Dinoprostone/analysis
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/analysis
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/pharmacology
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6/analysis
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prostatic Neoplasms/chemistry
- Prostatic Neoplasms/diet therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Time Factors
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/drug effects
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kobayashi
- Department of Urology University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine Los Angeles
| | - R. James Barnard
- Department of Physiological Sciences University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Susanne M. Henning
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Nutrition University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine Los Angeles
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine Los Angeles
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine Los Angeles
| | - Pak Leung
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Stephen J. Freedland
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Administration Medical Center Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jonathan Said
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Dorina Gui
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Navindra P. Seeram
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Nutrition University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine Los Angeles
| | | | - Dilprit Bagga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine Los Angeles
| | - David Heber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Nutrition University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine Los Angeles
| | - John A. Glaspy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine Los Angeles
| | - William J. Aronson
- Department of Urology University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine Los Angeles
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Veterans Administration, Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
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Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, Michaud DS, Augustsson K, Colditz GC, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80:204-16. [PMID: 15213050 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.1.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory studies have shown that n-3 fatty acids inhibit and n-6 fatty acids stimulate prostate tumor growth, but whether the dietary intake of these fatty acids affects prostate cancer risk in humans remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We prospectively evaluated the association between intakes of alpha-linolenic (ALA; 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic (DHA; 22:6n-3), linoleic (LA; 18:2n-6), and arachidonic (AA; 20:4n-6) acids and prostate cancer risk. DESIGN A cohort of 47 866 US men aged 40-75 y with no cancer history in 1986 was followed for 14 y. RESULTS During follow-up, 2965 new cases of total prostate cancer were ascertained, 448 of which were advanced prostate cancer. ALA intake was unrelated to the risk of total prostate cancer. In contrast, the multivariate relative risks (RRs) of advanced prostate cancer from comparisons of extreme quintiles of ALA from nonanimal sources and ALA from meat and dairy sources were 2.02 (95% CI: 1.35, 3.03) and 1.53 (0.88, 2.66), respectively. EPA and DHA intakes were related to lower prostate cancer risk. The multivariate RRs of total and advanced prostate cancer from comparisons of extreme quintiles of the combination of EPA and DHA were 0.89 (0.77, 1.04) and 0.74 (0.49, 1.08), respectively. LA and AA intakes were unrelated to the risk of prostate cancer. The multivariate RR of advanced prostate cancer from a comparison of extreme quintiles of the ratio of LA to ALA was 0.62 (0.45, 0.86). CONCLUSIONS Increased dietary intakes of ALA may increase the risk of advanced prostate cancer. In contrast, EPA and DHA intakes may reduce the risk of total and advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Leitzmann
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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10
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Moyad MA. What are the Effects of Dietary Supplements (Selenium and Vitamin E) or Aspirin/NSAIDs on Prostate Cancer? Prostate Cancer 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012286981-5/50023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Mamalakis G, Kafatos A, Kalogeropoulos N, Andrikopoulos N, Daskalopulos G, Kranidis A. Prostate cancer vs hyperplasia: relationships with prostatic and adipose tissue fatty acid composition. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2002; 66:467-77. [PMID: 12144866 DOI: 10.1054/plef.2002.0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to study whether adipose tissue and prostatic tissue fatty acid composition differentiates between prostate cancer and benign hyperplasia patients. In addition, the present investigation aimed at exploring the extent to which prostatic tissue fatty acid composition differentiates between prostate-confined cancer and extraprostatic disease including possible metastasis. The subjects were 71 male patients from the island of Crete. Half the patients (n=35) had been diagnosed with benign hyperplasia of the prostate, half with prostatic malignancy (n=36). Patients were examined at the outpatient clinic of the urology unit, University Hospital, Medical School, University of Crete. Relative to benign hyperplasia patients, cancer patients had elevated adipose tissue saturated and reduced monounsaturated fatty acid levels. Cancer patients had reduced prostate tissue stearic to oleic acid ratios and stearic acid levels as opposed to hyperplasia patients. The most pronounced difference between cancer patients and hyperplasia patients was a 3-fold elevated prostatic palmitoleic acid in the former group. Relative to benign hyperplasia patients, cancer patients had reduced prostate tissue arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid levels. Finally, there was a significantly reduced omega-3/omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio in the prostate cancer patient as opposed to the benign hyperplasia group. The pronounced elevations in prostatic tissue palmitoleic acid in cancer patients highlight a possible role of this fatty acid in neoplastic processes. The decreased arachidonic acid levels in cancer patients possibly stem from enhanced metabolism of arachidonic acid via lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways, and the formation of derivatives such as 5-HETE, 15-HETE, 12(S)-HETE and PGE(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mamalakis
- Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Iraklion, Crete, Greece
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12
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Jiang J, Neubauer BL, Graff JR, Chedid M, Thomas JE, Roehm NW, Zhang S, Eckert GJ, Koch MO, Eble JN, Cheng L. Expression of group IIA secretory phospholipase A2 is elevated in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:667-71. [PMID: 11839587 PMCID: PMC1850653 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes release arachidonic acid from cellular phospholipids in a variety of mammalian tissues, including prostate. Group IIa secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) can generate arachidonate from cellular phospholipids. We examined the group IIa sPLA2 expression in benign prostatic tissues, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and adenocarcinoma to determine whether sPLA2 expression is altered in the carcinogenesis of human prostatic cancer. Thirty-three of 74 total cases (45%) of benign prostatic tissue showed positive immunohistochemical staining for group IIA sPLA2, whereas 63 of 69 total cases (91%) of high-grade PINs and 70 of 78 total cases (90%) of adenocarcinomas gave positive results. Four of 10 cases of low-grade PIN showed positive immunoreactivity for sPLA2. The number of cells staining for sPLA2 was significantly less in benign epithelium (4%) and low-grade PIN (4%) compared to high-grade PIN (40%) or adenocarcinoma (38%) (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between high-grade PIN and adenocarcinoma in the number of cells staining positively for sPLA2. The intensity of sPLA2 immunoreactivity was also different among benign prostatic tissue, low-grade PIN, high-grade PIN, and prostatic adenocarcinoma specimens. The malignant cells demonstrated more intense immunohistochemical staining (moderate to strong staining in 81% and 69% cases for high-grade PIN and adenocarcinoma, respectively) than benign glands (moderate staining in 11% of cases). No strong staining was observed in benign glands or low-grade PIN. Our data are consistent with the contention that group IIA sPLA2 expression is elevated in neoplastic prostatic tissue and support the hypothesis that dysregulation of sPLA2 may play a role in prostatic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhong Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Division of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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13
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Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is the inducible isozyme of COX, a key enzyme in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and other eicosanoids. COX-2 is highly expressed in a number of human cancers and cancer cell lines, including prostate cancer. We studied the immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 in the human prostate gland. The enzyme is strongly expressed in smooth muscle cells of both the normal and cancerous prostate. Its expression in noncancerous epithelial cells is limited to the basal cell layer. In prostatic inflammation, luminal epithelial cells surrounded by lymphocytes are induced to express the enzyme. COX-2 is expressed in the epithelial cells of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer. We have demonstrated that treatment of human prostate-cancer cell lines with a selective COX-2 inhibitor induces apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. The in vivo results also indicate that the COX-2 inhibitor decreases tumor microvessel density and angiogenesis. COX-2 inhibitors can prevent the hypoxic upregulation of a potent angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor. These results indicate that COX-2 inhibitors may, therefore, serve as effective chemopreventive and therapeutic agents in cancer of the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kirschenbaum
- Department ofUrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Badawi
- Eppley Cancer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA.
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15
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Kergozien S, Delcros JG, Jouan H, Moulinoux JP. Induction of Fos protein expression in spinal cord neurons of tumour-bearing rats. Br J Cancer 1999; 80:1512-7. [PMID: 10408391 PMCID: PMC2363164 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The absence of discernible abnormal symptoms such as pain, often leading to delayed diagnosis in cancer patients, may be indicative of a dysregulation in sensory transmission between the tumour and the central nervous system. We explored expression of Fos protein in spinal cord neurons in rats, during the development of the MAT-LyLu prostatic adenocarcinoma grafted on the hind limb. The tumour triggered the densest Fos labelling in the L3-L5 lumbar segments, ipsilateral to the grafted limb. The labelling, detected at day 5, increased until day 10 and dropped off thereafter. The ventral horn (except lamina IX) was the most densely labelled region. Histological examination of the grafted limbs demonstrated that no inflammatory reaction accompanied the tumour growth. Rats exhibited no behavioural alterations either spontaneous or induced by handling. These results demonstrate that signals are sent to the central nervous system by the peripheral tumour. Considering both the behavioural and histological observations, it is unlikely that spinal activity reflects a painful state. The nature of these signals, inefficient to trigger the appropriate reaction of the organism against the tumour, remain to be determined with regard to the pharmacologically active compounds synthesized and released by the tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kergozien
- Groupe de Recherche en Thérapeutique Anticancéreuse, CNRS ESA 6027, Institut de Recherche Contre le Cancer, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
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Increased Phospholipid Fatty Acid Remodeling in Human and Rat Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Tissues. J Urol 1996. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199607000-00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Faas FH, Dang AQ, Pollard M, Hong XM, Fan K, Luckert PH, Schutz M. Increased Phospholipid Fatty Acid Remodeling in Human and Rat Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Tissues. J Urol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)66009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fred H. Faas
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Urology, John L. McClellan Memorial Veterans' Hospital, the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas and the Lobund Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - An Q. Dang
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Urology, John L. McClellan Memorial Veterans' Hospital, the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas and the Lobund Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Morris Pollard
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Urology, John L. McClellan Memorial Veterans' Hospital, the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas and the Lobund Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Xiao-Man Hong
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Urology, John L. McClellan Memorial Veterans' Hospital, the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas and the Lobund Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Kang Fan
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Urology, John L. McClellan Memorial Veterans' Hospital, the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas and the Lobund Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Phyllis H. Luckert
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Urology, John L. McClellan Memorial Veterans' Hospital, the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas and the Lobund Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Michael Schutz
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Urology, John L. McClellan Memorial Veterans' Hospital, the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas and the Lobund Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
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Chaudry AA, Wahle KW, McClinton S, Moffat LE. Arachidonic acid metabolism in benign and malignant prostatic tissue in vitro: effects of fatty acids and cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Int J Cancer 1994; 57:176-80. [PMID: 7512536 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910570208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of fatty acids (FA) in prostatic tissue of patients with either benign or malignant prostatic disease have previously been shown to be significantly different. In particular, there was a significant reduction in arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4n-6) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22:5n-6) concentrations in malignant prostatic tissue (PCa) phospholipids (PL). It was suggested that the decreased AA concentration in PCa may be due to its increased metabolism via the cyclooxygenase (CO) and/or lipoxygenase (LO) pathways to produce eicosanoids such as prostaglandins (PGs) and/or leukotrienes (LTs) rather than an impairment in desaturase activity in situ. The eicosanoid production in benign prostatic tissue (BPH) and PCa was determined using [3H]AA. The only eicosanoid produced in significant amounts by either tissue was PGE2 and PCa converted radiolabelled AA to PGE2 at an almost 10-fold higher rate than BPH. PGE2 production from [3H]AA by PCa was investigated in the presence of oleic acid (OA, C18:1n-9), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3), dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA, C20:3n-6), eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA) and ketoprofen (KPN) respectively. OA was found to be the most effective inhibitor of PGE2 production by PCa compared with DHA, EPA, ETYA and KPN, while DGLA was the least effective. Diacylglycerol (DAG) formation from labelled AA by PCa was about 4-fold greater than in BPH. Such high levels of DAG may be a means of promoting tumorigenesis through activation of protein kinase C as found with phorbol esters which can be regarded as DAG analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Chaudry
- Department of Urology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, UK
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Evans CP, Walsh DS, Kohn EC. An autocrine motility factor secreted by the Dunning R-3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma cell subtype AT2.1. Int J Cancer 1991; 49:109-13. [PMID: 1874563 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910490120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cell locomotion is an integral part of the metastatic process. We present a new autocrine motility factor (AMF) derived from the serum-free conditioned medium of the Dunning R-3327 rat prostate adenocarcinoma AT2.1 tumor cell subline AT2.1-AMF, prepared by concentration of components less than or equal to 30 kDa- in size and washed free of low-molecular-weight growth factors, stimulated motility of AT2.1 cells in modified Boyden chamber migration assays. This stimulated migration was dose-dependent, and by checkerboard analysis was both chemotactic and chemokinetic. AT2.1-AMF activity was labile to heat, acid, base, reduction, oxidation, and proteases. Lyophilization and treatment with 6M urea caused a mild decrease (less than 20%) in migration-stimulating capability. Tumor-cell specificity was demonstrated for AMF of AT2.1 and AT3.1 Dunning sublines, and the A2058 human melanoma cell lines. AT2.1 cell migration to AT2.1-AMF was inhibited by 2 hr pre-treatment with cholera toxin (0.1 microgram/ml) or forskolin (100 microM), but not altered by 2 hr pre-treatment with pertussis toxin (1.0 microgram/ml). This indicates that guanine nucleotide binding protein-mediated regulation of cAMP is involved in modulating the AT2.1 cell response to its AMF. The AT2.1-AMF belongs to a related family of tumor autocrine motility factors and represents a new model for understanding the role of tumor-cell migration in the metastatic process of human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Evans
- Division of Surgery, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C
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Shaw MW, Ablin RJ, Guinan PD, Bhatti RA. Effect of transfer factor on tumor-associated immunity and tumor growth of the Dunning R-3327G rat prostate adenocarcinoma. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY : AJRIM 1985; 8:80-3. [PMID: 4025670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1985.tb00313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Of importance in the design and application of improved or new modalities of treatment are their evaluation on relevant animal models. In the case of prostate cancer (PCa) the Dunning R-3327 rat prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa), and its variant sublines, is one such experimental tumor model of its human counterpart. In a preliminary study, the effect of transfer factor (TF), one form of passive immunotherapy, on tumor-associated immunity (TAI) and tumour growth and histology of the G subline (a poorly differentiated, fast-growing, androgen sensitive, and poorly metastatic tumour of the Dunning R-3327 rat PCa) has been evaluated. TF prepared from the leukocytes of tumor-bearing animals and nontumor-bearing animals referred to as sensitized (STF) and unsensitized (UTF), respectively, had no significant effect on TAI or tumor size. The only noticeable effect of TF in this study was the presence of variable and moderate lymphocytic infiltrates, necrosis, and degenerative-type cells in tumors of animal recipients of STF. The failure to observe significant differences in TAI among tumor bearing and nontumor bearing animals raises doubt in part, of the immunogenicity of the G subline tumor and its appropriateness, at least for subsequent immunological studies. Further factors considered in this regard, are questions of tumor load, including the possible need for the use of adjuvant, and the parameters and sensitivity of immune responsiveness selected for evaluation and immunocompetency. Subsequent evaluation of the effect of TF on other more immunogenic variant sublines of the Dunning R-3327 rat tumor may yet provide further and more useful information.
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