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Zhu H, Lewis DJ, Haynes D, Wang LL. Engineered Skin Substitutes in Dermatologic Surgery: A Systematic Review. Dermatol Surg 2024:00042728-990000000-00933. [PMID: 39177500 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000004375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial skin substitutes are a flexible alternative to autografting in Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS), but the characteristics and clinical outcomes of skin substitutes are not well defined. OBJECTIVE Summarize clinical data of skin substitutes in MMS for cutaneous malignancy. METHODS A MEDLINE/Embase/Web of Science search was conducted. Articles with original data on outcomes after skin substitute use in MMS for cutaneous malignancy were included. Articles not in English or without original data were excluded. Bias was assessed using the Oxford CEBM Levels of Evidence Table. Outcomes were synthesized using weighted averages. This study was prospectively registered in PROSPERO. RESULTS Of 1,007 articles, 40 met eligibility for inclusion. In total, 898 patients who underwent MMS and received a skin substitute were included. Xenografts were most commonly used ( n = 613). Semi-synthetic grafts (∼$<1/cm 2 ) and xenografts (∼$10/cm 2 ) are most affordable. Overall, outcomes were excellent for all skin substitutes, with a small proportion of patients experiencing correctable complications. CONCLUSION Skin substitutes are highly effective in MMS, with enormous potential. While the data demonstrate positive outcomes, they predominately draw from small, retrospective studies or case reports. There is also a scarcity of data comparing skin substitutes with each other or controls. Prospective studies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J Lewis
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dylan Haynes
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, Pennsylvania
| | - Leo L Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, Pennsylvania
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2
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Fishman JA, Mueller NJ. Infectious Diseases and Clinical Xenotransplantation. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1311-1318. [PMID: 38916550 PMCID: PMC11210669 DOI: 10.3201/eid3007.240273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation, transplantation into humans of vascularized organs or viable cells from nonhuman species, is a potential solution to shortages of transplantable human organs. Among challenges to application of clinical xenotransplantation are unknown risks of transmission of animal microbes to immunosuppressed recipients or the community. Experience in allotransplantation and in preclinical models suggests that viral infections are the greatest concern. Worldwide, the distribution of swine pathogens is heterogeneous and cannot be fully controlled by international agricultural regulations. It is possible to screen source animals for potential human pathogens before procuring organs in a manner not possible within the time available for surveillance testing in allotransplantation. Infection control measures require microbiological assays for surveillance of source animals and xenograft recipients and research into zoonotic potential of porcine organisms. Available data suggest that infectious risks of xenotransplantation are manageable and that clinical trials can advance with appropriate protocols for microbiological monitoring of source animals and recipients.
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3
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Viral agents (2nd section). Transfusion 2024; 64 Suppl 1:S19-S207. [PMID: 38394038 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
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4
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Maffulli N, Bartoli A, Sammaria G, Migliorini F, Karlsson J, Oliva F. Free tendon grafts for surgical management of chronic tears of the main body of the Achilles tendon: a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2023; 31:4526-4538. [PMID: 37193823 PMCID: PMC10471519 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-023-07446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE After four weeks from injury, tears of the Achilles tendon are considered chronic. Their management is challenging, and the use of a graft is suggested when the gap between proximal and distal stumps is greater than 6 cm. The present study systematically reviews the outcome of free tendon grafts in chronic ruptures of the Achilles tendon, evaluating clinical outcomes, complications and return to sport. METHODS The present study was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and Web of Science databases were accessed in February 2023. All the published clinical studies reporting clinical outcome, return to sport and complications of free tendon grafts used the treatment of chronic rupture of the midportion of the Achilles Tendon were accessed. The mean CMS (Coleman Methodology Score) of 65.7 suggested an overall good quality of the available published articles, attesting to the low risk of bias. RESULTS Data from 22 articles (368 patients with a mean age of 47 years) were retrieved. The average time from rupture to surgery was 25.1 week. At last follow-up, the AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgery) and ATRS (Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Score) scores improved of 33.8 (P = 0.0004), and 45.1 points (P = 0.0001) respectively. Return to activity was reported in 105 patients, and 82 (78.1%) had no activity limitations, while 19 (18.1%) had limited recreational but not daily activity limitations, and 4 (3.8%) reported limitations in daily activities. Return to sport data was reported in six studies, and 45 of 93 (48.4%) patients returned to sport at an average of 22.6 weeks. CONCLUSION In chronic tears of the Achilles tendon, with a gap of at least 6 cm, free tendon grafts allow predictable return to sport and acceptable recovery function. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84084 Baronissi, Italy
- Clinica Ortopedica, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona, 84131 Salerno, Italy
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Hospital, 275 Bancroft Road, London, E1 4DG UK
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke on Trent, ST4 7QB UK
| | - Alessandro Bartoli
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84084 Baronissi, Italy
- Clinica Ortopedica, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Giuliano Sammaria
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84084 Baronissi, Italy
- Clinica Ortopedica, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Filippo Migliorini
- Department of Orthopaedic, Trauma, and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jon Karlsson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborgsvägen 31, Mölndal, 431 80 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francesco Oliva
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84084 Baronissi, Italy
- Clinica Ortopedica, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona, 84131 Salerno, Italy
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5
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Adams A, Cendales LC, Cooper DKC, Cozzi E, Gill J, Judd E, Katz E, Kirk AD, Fishman JA, Reese PP, Wall A, Markmann JF. American Society of Transplant Surgeons-American Society of Transplantation report of FDA meeting on regulatory expectations for xenotransplantation products. Am J Transplant 2023; 23:1290-1299. [PMID: 37217005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In June 2022, the US Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research held the 73rd meeting of the Cellular, Tissue, and Gene Therapies Advisory Committee for public discussion of regulatory expectations for xenotransplantation products. The members of a joint American Society of Transplant Surgeons/American Society of Transplantation committee on xenotransplantation compiled a meeting summary focusing on 7 topics believed to be key by the committee: (1) preclinical evidence supporting progression to a clinical trial, (2) porcine kidney function, (3) ethical aspects, (4) design of initial clinical trials, (5) infectious disease issues, (6) industry perspectives, and (7) regulatory oversight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Adams
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Linda C Cendales
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David K C Cooper
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emanuele Cozzi
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - John Gill
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric Judd
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Allan D Kirk
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jay A Fishman
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Transplant Infectious Disease and Compromised Host Program and MGH Transplant Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter P Reese
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anji Wall
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - James F Markmann
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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6
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Mehta SA, Saharia KK, Nellore A, Blumberg EA, Fishman JA. Infection and clinical xenotransplantation: Guidance from the Infectious Disease Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation. Am J Transplant 2023; 23:309-315. [PMID: 36695690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This guidance was developed to summarize current approaches to the potential transmission of swine-derived organisms to xenograft recipients, health care providers, or the public in clinical xenotransplantation. Limited specific data are available on the zoonotic potential of pig pathogens. It is anticipated that the risk of zoonotic infection in xenograft recipients will be determined by organisms present in source animals and relate to the nature and intensity of the immunosuppression used to maintain xenograft function. Based on experience in allotransplantation and with preclinical models, viral infections are of greatest concern, including porcine cytomegalovirus, porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus, and porcine endogenous retroviruses. Sensitive and specific microbiological assays are required for routine microbiological surveillance of source animals and xenograft recipients. Archiving of blood samples from recipients, contacts, and hospital staff may provide a basis for microbiological investigations if infectious syndromes develop. Carefully implemented infection control practices are required to prevent zoonotic pathogen exposures by clinical care providers. Informed consent practices for recipients and their close contacts must convey the lack of specific data for infectious risk assessment. Available data suggest that infectious risks of xenotransplantation are manageable and that clinical trials can advance with carefully developed protocols for pretransplant assessment, syndrome evaluation, and microbiological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna A Mehta
- Transplant Infectious Diseases, NYU Langone Transplant Institute and NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kapil K Saharia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anoma Nellore
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Emily A Blumberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jay A Fishman
- Transplant and Compromised Host Infectious Disease Program and MGH Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Fishman
- From the Transplant and Immunocompromised Host Program, Infectious Disease Division and Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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8
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Nellore A, Walker J, Kahn MJ, Fishman JA. Moving xenotransplantation from bench to bedside: Managing infectious risk. Transpl Infect Dis 2022; 24:e13909. [PMID: 35870125 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation of organs from swine in immunosuppressed human recipients poses many of the same challenges of allotransplantation relative to the risk for infection, malignancy, or graft rejection in proportion to the degree of immunosuppression and epidemiologic exposures. The unique features of xenotransplantation from pigs relative to infectious risk center on the potential for unusual organisms derived from swine causing productive infection, "xenosis" or "xenozoonosis," in the host. Based on experience in allotransplantation, the greatest hazard is due to viruses, due to the relative lack of information regarding the behavior of these potential pathogens in humans, the absence of validated serologic and molecular assays for swine-derived pathogens, and uncertainty regarding the efficacy of therapeutic agents for these organisms. Other known, potential pathogens (i.e., bacteria, fungi, parasites) tend to be comparable to those of humans. Concerns remain for unknown organisms in swine that may replicate in immunosuppressed humans. Clinical trials of genetically modified organs sourced from swine in immunosuppressed humans with organ failure are under development. Such trials require informed consent regarding potential infectious risks to the recipient, determination of breeding characteristics of swine, assessments of potential risks to the public and healthcare providers, consideration of ethical issues posed by this novel therapy, and defined strategies to monitor and address infectious episodes that may be encountered by healthcare teams. Clinical trials in xenotransplantation will allow improved definition of potential infectious risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoma Nellore
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeremey Walker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mauricio J Kahn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jay A Fishman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Pang WK, Amjad S, Ryu DY, Adegoke EO, Rahman MS, Park YJ, Pang MG. Establishment of a male fertility prediction model with sperm RNA markers in pigs as a translational animal model. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:84. [PMID: 35794675 PMCID: PMC9261079 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male infertility is an important issue that causes low production in the animal industry. To solve the male fertility crisis in the animal industry, the prediction of sperm quality is the most important step. Sperm RNA is the potential marker for male fertility prediction. We hypothesized that the expression of functional genes related to fertilization will be the best target for male fertility prediction markers. To investigate optimum male fertility prediction marker, we compared target genes expression level and a wide range of field data acquired from artificial insemination of boar semen. RESULTS Among the genes related to acrosomal vesicle exocytosis and sperm-oocyte fusion, equatorin (EQTN), zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 4 (ZP4), and sperm acrosome membrane-associated protein 3 exhibited high accuracy (70%, 90%, and 70%, respectively) as markers to evaluate male fertility. Combinations of EQTN-ZP4, ZP4-protein unc-13 homolog B, and ZP4-regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis protein 1 (RIMS1) showed the highest prediction value, and all these markers are involved in the acrosome reaction. CONCLUSION The EQTN-ZP4 model was efficient in clustering the high-fertility group and may be useful for selection of animal that has superior fertility in the livestock industry. Compared to the EQTN-ZP4 model, the ZP4-RIMS1 model was more efficient in clustering the low-fertility group and may be useful in the diagnosis of male infertility in humans and other animals. The appointed translational animal model and established biomarker combination can be widely used in various scientific fields such as biomedical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Ki Pang
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Shehreen Amjad
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Yeal Ryu
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Elikanah Olusayo Adegoke
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Saidur Rahman
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Jin Park
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Geol Pang
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Therapeutic and tectonic keratoplasty with simple cryopreserved remnants of donor corneas: an 11 year retrospective case series. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7331. [PMID: 35513446 PMCID: PMC9069216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to describe the use of deep-frozen donor corneal remnants preserved after keratoplasty procedures for therapeutic or tectonic keratoplasty without subsequent optical keratoplasty. This single-center retrospective consecutive case series analyzed the electronic medical records of patients who had undergone therapeutic or tectonic keratoplasty using deep-frozen donor remains preserved in Optisol-GS, for the past 11 years at Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center. Fifty-five surgical cases in 46 patients were included. Twenty-three surgical cases in 18 patients underwent therapeutic keratoplasty for refractory infectious corneal ulcer. Complete eradication of primary infection was achieved in 14 patients (77.8%). Tectonic keratoplasty were performed 32 cases in 28 patients. Twenty-seven of 28 patients were ultimately able to maintain anatomical integrity (96.4%). Mean uncorrected visual acuity improved from 1.77 ± 0.94 preoperatively to 1.31 ± 0.95 at the last follow-up postoperatively in the tectonic graft group by logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (P = 0.002). There were no cases of graft rejection. Keratoplasty using cryopreserved donor tissue is a suitable surgical alternative for infectious or non-infectious corneal ulcers in elderly patients or patients with poor general condition. It could be a viable alternative to overcome the shortage of corneal donors.
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Capella-Monsonís H, Zeugolis DI. Decellularized xenografts in regenerative medicine: From processing to clinical application. Xenotransplantation 2021; 28:e12683. [PMID: 33709410 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized xenografts are an inherent component of regenerative medicine. Their preserved structure, mechanical integrity and biofunctional composition have well established them in reparative medicine for a diverse range of clinical indications. Nonetheless, their performance is highly influenced by their source (ie species, age, tissue) and processing (ie decellularization, crosslinking, sterilization and preservation), which govern their final characteristics and determine their success or failure for a specific clinical target. In this review, we provide an overview of the different sources and processing methods used in decellularized xenografts fabrication and discuss their effect on the clinical performance of commercially available decellularized xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Capella-Monsonís
- 1Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- 1Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
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12
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Nouri Barkestani M, Naserian S, Uzan G, Shamdani S. Post-decellularization techniques ameliorate cartilage decellularization process for tissue engineering applications. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:2041731420983562. [PMID: 33738088 PMCID: PMC7934046 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420983562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the current lack of innovative and effective therapeutic approaches, tissue engineering (TE) has attracted much attention during the last decades providing new hopes for the treatment of several degenerative disorders. Tissue engineering is a complex procedure, which includes processes of decellularization and recellularization of biological tissues or functionalization of artificial scaffolds by active cells. In this review, we have first discussed those conventional steps, which have led to great advancements during the last several years. Moreover, we have paid special attention to the new methods of post-decellularization that can significantly ameliorate the efficiency of decellularized cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). We propose a series of post-decellularization procedures to overcome the current shortcomings such as low mechanical strength and poor bioactivity to improve decellularized ECM scaffold towards much more efficient and higher integration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sina Naserian
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies C2N, UMR9001, Palaiseau, France.,CellMedEx, Saint Maur Des Fossés, France
| | - Georges Uzan
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France.,Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Sara Shamdani
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France.,CellMedEx, Saint Maur Des Fossés, France
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13
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Pang WK, Kang S, Ryu DY, Rahman MS, Park YJ, Pang MG. Optimization of sperm RNA processing for developmental research. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11606. [PMID: 32665575 PMCID: PMC7360572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the significance of sperm RNA function as a transporter of important information directing the course of life. To determine the message contained in sperm RNA, it is necessary to optimize transcriptomic research tools. The current study was performed to optimize the processing of sperm RNA from sample storage to quantitative real-time PCR and assess the corresponding method with to evaluate male fertility and its representative markers, equatorin (EQTN) and peroxiredoxin (PRDX). Following successive steps of the Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments guidelines, several options were compared using boar spermatozoa. To evaluate the optimized procedures, the relationship between mRNA expression of EQTN and PRDX in spermatozoa and the fertility (litter size) of 20 individual boars was assessed. Unexpectedly, DNase treatment during RNA isolation had the deleterious effect by decreasing the RNA concentration by 56% and eliminating the correlation between EQTN and PRDX4 mRNA expression and male fertility. Moreover, when sperm RNA was processed using the corresponding method, the results showed the highest exon sequence expression, male fertility prediction power, and consistency. This optimized protocol for predicting male fertility can be used to study the transport of messages directing the life course from spermatozoon to offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Ki Pang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Saehan Kang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Yeal Ryu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Saidur Rahman
- Department of Animal Science and Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Jin Park
- Department of Animal Science and Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Geol Pang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Fishman JA. Prevention of infection in xenotransplantation: Designated pathogen‐free swine in the safety equation. Xenotransplantation 2020; 27:e12595. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay A. Fishman
- MGH Transplant Center Transplantation Infectious Disease and Compromised Host Program Infectious Disease Division Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
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15
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Platt JL, Cascalho M, Piedrahita JA. Xenotransplantation: Progress Along Paths Uncertain from Models to Application. ILAR J 2019; 59:286-308. [PMID: 30541147 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than a century, transplantation of tissues and organs from animals into man, xenotransplantation, has been viewed as a potential way to treat disease. Ironically, interest in xenotransplantation was fueled especially by successful application of allotransplantation, that is, transplantation of human tissue and organs, as a treatment for a variety of diseases, especially organ failure because scarcity of human tissues limited allotransplantation to a fraction of those who could benefit. In principle, use of animals such as pigs as a source of transplants would allow transplantation to exert a vastly greater impact than allotransplantation on medicine and public health. However, biological barriers to xenotransplantation, including immunity of the recipient, incompatibility of biological systems, and transmission of novel infectious agents, are believed to exceed the barriers to allotransplantation and presently to hinder clinical applications. One way potentially to address the barriers to xenotransplantation is by genetic engineering animal sources. The last 2 decades have brought progressive advances in approaches that can be applied to genetic modification of large animals. Application of these approaches to genetic engineering of pigs has contributed to dramatic improvement in the outcome of experimental xenografts in nonhuman primates and have encouraged the development of a new type of xenograft, a reverse xenograft, in which human stem cells are introduced into pigs under conditions that support differentiation and expansion into functional tissues and potentially organs. These advances make it appropriate to consider the potential limitation of genetic engineering and of current models for advancing the clinical applications of xenotransplantation and reverse xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Platt
- Surgery, Microbiology & Immunology, and Transplantation Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Surgery, Microbiology & Immunology, and Transplantation Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jorge A Piedrahita
- Translational Medicine and The Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Posttransplantation infections are common. It is anticipated that infection will be no less common in xenotransplantation recipients. Prolonged xenograft survivals have resulted from advances in immunosuppressive strategies and development of swine that decrease host immune responses via genetic manipulation, notably CRISPR/cas9 manipulation. As prospects for clinical trials improve, consideration of the unique infectious risks posed by xenotransplantation reemerge. RECENT FINDINGS Organisms likely to cause infection in human recipients of porcine xenografts are unknown in advance of clinical trials. Microbiological screening of swine intended as xenograft donors can be more intensive than is currently feasible for human allograft donors. Monitoring infection in recipients will also be more intensive. Key opportunities in infectious diseases of xenotransplantation include major technological advances in evaluation of the microbiome by unbiased metagenomic sequencing, assessments of some risks posed by porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) including antiretroviral susceptibilities, availability of swine with deletion of genomic PERVs, and recognition of the rapidly changing epidemiology of infection in swine worldwide. SUMMARY Unknown infectious risks in xenotransplantation requires application of advanced microbiological techniques to discern and prevent infection in graft recipients. Clinical trials will provide an opportunity to advance the safety of all of organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Fishman
- Transplantation Infectious Disease and Compromised Host Program, Infectious Disease Division and MGH Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Zheng H, Liu T, Lei T, Girani L, Wang Y, Deng S. Promising potentials of Tibetan macaques in xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12489. [PMID: 30734969 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Organ transplantation is a crucial medical procedure, as it is often the only treatment for patients suffering from end-stage organ failure. Unfortunately, the shortage of donor organs limits the number of patients whose lives can be saved. Carrying out research on xenotransplantation with the aim of eventually replacing human organ transplants with those of animals is very promising, as it could effectively bridge the shortfall in donor organs. Thanks to the success of cloned pigs and to the emergence of gene-editing techniques, genetically modified pigs have come to be considered ideal animal donors for human xenotransplantation and have been widely used in basic research. Such research focuses on pig-to-nonhuman primates transplantation, as the recipients are suitable for preclinical studies because both their genes and organ sizes are similar to those of humans. Chinese transplantation scientists have carried out several experiments on Tibetan macaques, including successful preclinical transplants of material from genetically modified pigs, as well as research on such topics as intraocular pressure, Parkinson's disease, advanced cancer, islet transplantation, and liver transplantation. This article reviews basic and applied research on Tibetan macaques in xenotransplantation, as well as the issues of immune rejection and ethical concerns. We aim to demonstrate the various advantages of Tibetan macaques as transplant recipients compared to other nonhuman primate species and to provide a perspective for the future establishment of Tibetan macaques as principal recipients in preclinical studies of xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanrui Zheng
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Liu
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tiantian Lei
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lea Girani
- Organ Transplant and Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of an Transplant Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaoping Deng
- Organ Transplant and Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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18
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Girani L, Xie X, Lei T, Wei L, Wang Y, Deng S. Xenotransplantation in Asia. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12493. [PMID: 30710388 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Girani
- Organ Transplant and Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of an Transplant Science & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital Chengdu China
| | - Xiaofang Xie
- School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China
| | - Tiantian Lei
- School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China
| | - Liang Wei
- Organ Transplant and Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of an Transplant Science & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital Chengdu China
| | - Yi Wang
- Health Management Center Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital Chengdu China
- Department of Pharmacy Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital Chengdu China
| | - Shaoping Deng
- Organ Transplant and Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of an Transplant Science & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital Chengdu China
- School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China
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19
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Karlsson M, Olofsson P, Steinvall I, Sjöberg F, Thorfinn J, Elmasry M. Three Years' Experience of a Novel Biosynthetic Cellulose Dressing in Burns. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2019; 8:71-76. [PMID: 30809423 PMCID: PMC6389762 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2018.0790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The use of porcine xenograft (PX) is widely spread in burn care. However, it may cause immunologic responses and other ethical and cultural considerations in different cultures. Therefore, there is a need for alternatives. The aim of this work is to test a novel biosynthetic cellulose dressing (Epiprotect®) on burn patients. Approach: Charts from 38 patients with superficial burns (SBs) (n = 18) or excised burns (n = 20) that got biosynthetic cellulose dressing instead of PX at a national burn center during 3 years were reviewed. Time to healing, length of stay, and wound infection were extracted from the medical records. Results: SBs hospitalization time was 11 days comparable to PXs reported by others. In the excised group, median duration of hospital stay was 35 days. Time to healing was 28 days. Seven wound infections were confirmed in the superficial group (39%) and 11 infections in the excised group (61%). Patients with superficial wounds reported pain relief on application. Innovation: A dressing (17 × 21 cm) consisting of biosynthetic cellulose replacing PX. Conclusion: Outcome of treatment of SBs or temporary coverage of excised deep burns with biosynthetic cellulose is comparable to treatment with PX. However, biosynthetic cellulose has benefits such as providing pain relief on application and ethical or cultural issues with the material is nonexistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Karlsson
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pia Olofsson
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Steinvall
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Folke Sjöberg
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Thorfinn
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Moustafa Elmasry
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Surgery Department, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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20
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Smood B, Hara H, Schoel LJ, Cooper DKC. Genetically-engineered pigs as sources for clinical red blood cell transfusion: What pathobiological barriers need to be overcome? Blood Rev 2019; 35:7-17. [PMID: 30711308 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An alternative to human red blood cells (RBCs) for clinical transfusion would be advantageous, particularly in situations of massive acute blood loss (where availability and compatibility are limited) or chronic hematologic diseases requiring frequent transfusions (resulting in alloimmunization). Ideally, any alternative must be neither immunogenic nor pathogenic, but readily available, inexpensive, and physiologically effective. Pig RBCs (pRBCs) provide a promising alternative due to their several similarities with human RBCs, and our increasing ability to genetically-modify pigs to reduce cellular immunogenicity. We briefly summarize the history of xenotransfusion, the progress that has been made in recent years, and the remaining barriers. These barriers include prevention of (i) human natural antibody binding to pRBCs, (ii) their phagocytosis by macrophages, and (iii) the T cell adaptive immune response (in the absence of exogenous immunosuppressive therapy). Although techniques of genetic engineering have advanced in recent years, novel methods to introduce human transgenes into pRBCs (which do not have nuclei) will need to be developed before clinical trials can be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Smood
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hidetaka Hara
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Leah J Schoel
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David K C Cooper
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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21
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Nellore A, Fishman JA. Donor-derived infections and infectious risk in xenotransplantation and allotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2019; 25:e12423. [PMID: 30264880 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Post-transplantation infections are common in allograft recipients and should be expected in all immunocompromised hosts. Based on the need for immunosuppression in xenotransplantation, procedures developed to enhance safety in allotransplantation can be applied in future xenotransplantation clinical trials. Standardized approaches can be developed to guide the evaluation of common infectious syndromes in xenograft recipients. The opportunity created by screening of swine intended as xenograft donors has equal applicability to allotransplantation-notably broader screening strategies for allograft donors such as use of advanced sequencing modalities including broad-range molecular probes, microarrays, and high-throughput pyrosequencing. Considerations in management of allotransplant- and xenotransplant-associated infections are largely the same. Experience in xenotransplantation will continue to inform thinking regarding donor-derived infections in allotransplantation. We expect that experience in managing complex allotransplant recipients will similarly inform clinical trials in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoma Nellore
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jay A Fishman
- Transplant and Compromised Host Infectious Disease Program and MGH Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Turchyn M, Marushchak M, Krynytska I, Klishch I. Clinical efficacy of therapeutic keratoplasty using corneal xenografts in patients with corneal ulcers. Rom J Ophthalmol 2019; 63:257-263. [PMID: 31687628 PMCID: PMC6820485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. to assess the clinical efficacy of keratoplasty using a corneal xenograft in patients with corneal ulcers of various etiologies. Methods. A total of 46 patients (49 eyes) with complicated corneal ulcers (perforated or with impending perforation) have been operated. Freeze-dried corneal xenografts have been used for keratoplasty. Results. Our results showed that postoperative period after xenogeneic keratoplasty in patients with corneal ulcers was uneventful and the transplant underwent gradual resorption. In all patients with non-infected corneal erosions, ulcers healed completely and corneal fistulas were fully closed. The implanted corneal xenograft undergoes complete resorption between 2 to 3 months. Conclusions. Given the shortages of donor material, the demonstrated efficacy of using corneal xenografts in patients with complicated corneal ulcers requiring therapeutic keratoplasty allows recommending corneal xenografts for wide use to relieve inflammation and to preserve the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykola Turchyn
- Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology Department, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil State
Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Mariya Marushchak
- Functional and Laboratory Diagnosis Department, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil State
Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Inna Krynytska
- Functional and Laboratory Diagnosis Department, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil State
Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Ivan Klishch
- Functional and Laboratory Diagnosis Department, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil State
Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
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23
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Fishman JA, Sachs DH, Yamada K, Wilkinson RA. Absence of interaction between porcine endogenous retrovirus and porcine cytomegalovirus in pig-to-baboon renal xenotransplantation in vivo. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12395. [PMID: 29624743 PMCID: PMC6158079 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of xenotransplantation from swine have identified porcine viruses as potential barriers to clinical trials. The biology of these viruses has not been extensively investigated in the in vivo xeno-environment. Enhancement of viral gene expression by viral and cellular factors acting in trans has been demonstrated for certain viruses, including bidirectional interactions between human herpesviruses and endogenous (HERV) and exogenous (HIV) retroviruses. Both porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) and porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) infections have been identified in xenografts from swine. PERV receptors exist on human cells with productive infection in vitro in permissive human target cell lines. PCMV is largely species-specific with infection restricted to the xenograft in pig-to-baboon transplants. It is unknown whether coinfection by PCMV affects the replication of PERV within xenograft tissues which might have implications for the risk of retroviral infection in the human host. METHODS A series of 11 functioning, life-supporting pig-to-baboon kidney xenografts from PERV-positive miniature swine were studied with and without PCMV co-infection. Frozen biopsy samples were analyzed using quantitative, real-time PCR with internal controls. RESULTS PERV replication was not altered in the presence of PCMV coinfection (P = .70). The absence of variation with coinfection was confirmed when PERV quantitation was expressed relative to simultaneous cellular GAPDH levels with or without PCMV coinfection (P = .59). CONCLUSIONS PCMV coinfection does not alter the replication of PERV in life-supporting renal xenotransplantation in vivo in baboons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Fishman
- Infectious Disease Division and MGH Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David H Sachs
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kazuhiko Yamada
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert A Wilkinson
- Infectious Disease Division and MGH Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Fishman JA. Infectious disease risks in xenotransplantation. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:1857-1864. [PMID: 29513380 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hurdles exist to clinical xenotransplantation including potential infectious transmission from nonhuman species to xenograft recipients. In anticipation of clinical trials of xenotransplantation, the associated infectious risks have been investigated. Swine and immunocompromised humans share some potential pathogens. Swine herpesviruses including porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) and porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus (PLHV) are largely species-specific and do not, generally, infect human cells. Human cellular receptors exist for porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV), which infects certain human-derived cell lines in vitro. PERV-inactivated pigs have been produced recently. Human infection due to PERV has not been described. A screening paradigm can be applied to exclude potential human pathogens from "designated pathogen free" breeding colonies. Various microbiological assays have been developed for screening and diagnosis including antibody-based tests and qualitative and quantitative molecular assays for viruses. Additional assays may be required to diagnose pig-specific organisms in human xenograft recipients. Significant progress has been made in the evaluation of the potential infectious risks of clinical xenotransplantation. Infectious risk would be amplified by intensive immunosuppression. The available data suggest that risks of xenotransplant-associated recipient infection are manageable and that clinical trials can be performed safely. Possible infectious risks of xenotransplantation to the community at large are undefined but merit consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Fishman
- Infectious Disease Division and MGH Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Schneider KH, Enayati M, Grasl C, Walter I, Budinsky L, Zebic G, Kaun C, Wagner A, Kratochwill K, Redl H, Teuschl AH, Podesser BK, Bergmeister H. Acellular vascular matrix grafts from human placenta chorion: Impact of ECM preservation on graft characteristics, protein composition and in vivo performance. Biomaterials 2018; 177:14-26. [PMID: 29885585 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Small diameter vascular grafts from human placenta, decellularized with either Triton X-100 (Triton) or SDS and crosslinked with heparin were constructed and characterized. Graft biochemical properties, residual DNA, and protein composition were evaluated to compare the effect of the two detergents on graft matrix composition and structural alterations. Biocompatibility was tested in vitro by culturing the grafts with primary human macrophages and in vivo by subcutaneous implantation of graft conduits (n = 7 per group) into the flanks of nude rats. Subsequently, graft performance was evaluated using an aortic implantation model in Sprague Dawley rats (one month, n = 14). In situ graft imaging was performed using MRI angiography. Retrieved specimens were analyzed by electromyography, scanning electron microscopy, histology and immunohistochemistry to evaluate cell migration and the degree of functional tissue remodeling. Both decellularization methods resulted in grafts of excellent biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo, with low immunogenic potential. Proteomic data revealed removal of cytoplasmic proteins with relative enrichment of ECM proteins in decelluarized specimens of both groups. Noteworthy, LC-Mass Spectrometry analysis revealed that 16 proteins were exclusively preserved in Triton decellularized specimens in comparison to SDS-treated specimens. Aortic grafts showed high patency rates, no signs of thrombus formation, aneurysms or rupture. Conduits of both groups revealed tissue-specific cell migration indicative of functional remodeling. This study strongly suggests that decellularized allogenic grafts from the human placenta have the potential to be used as vascular replacement materials. Both detergents produced grafts with low residual immunogenicity and appropriate mechanical properties. Observed differences in graft characteristics due to preservation method had no impact on successful in vivo performance in the rodent model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl H Schneider
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria; Center for Biomedical Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marjan Enayati
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria; Center for Biomedical Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Grasl
- Center for Biomedical Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Walter
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lubos Budinsky
- Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Division of Molecular and Gender Imaging, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriel Zebic
- Center for Biomedical Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Kaun
- Division of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Wagner
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Stress Research in Peritoneal Dialysis, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Kratochwill
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Stress Research in Peritoneal Dialysis, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in AUVA Trauma Center, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas H Teuschl
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria; City of Vienna Competence Team Siganltransduction, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno K Podesser
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria; Center for Biomedical Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helga Bergmeister
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria; Center for Biomedical Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
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Denner J. Why was PERV not transmitted during preclinical and clinical xenotransplantation trials and after inoculation of animals? Retrovirology 2018; 15:28. [PMID: 29609635 PMCID: PMC5879552 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are present in the genome of all pigs, they infect certain human cells and therefore pose a special risk for xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues and organs. Xenotransplantation is being developed in order to alleviate the reduced availability of human organs. Despite the fact that PERVs are able to infect certain human cells and cells from other species, transmission of PERVs has not been observed when animals (including non-human primates) were inoculated with PERV preparations or during preclinical xenotransplantations. The data indicate that PERVs were not transmitted because they were not released from the transplant or were inhibited by intracellular restriction factors and innate immunity in the recipient. In a single study in guinea pigs, a transient PERV infection and anti-PERV antibodies were described, indicating that in this case at least, the immune system may also have been involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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27
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Distribution of Porcine Cytomegalovirus in Infected Donor Pigs and in Baboon Recipients of Pig Heart Transplantation. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020066. [PMID: 29415517 PMCID: PMC5850373 DOI: 10.3390/v10020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) is a herpesvirus that may pose a risk for xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues, or organs. Here, three orthotopic pig heart transplantations into baboons were studied. To detect PCMV, a real-time PCR and a Western blot assay based on four PCMV protein sequences, including two tegument proteins, were used. The transmission of PCMV from the donor pig to the recipient baboon was found in two cases, despite PCMV not being detected in the blood of the donor pigs by real-time PCR. Although it was not in the blood, PCMV was detected in different organs of the donor pigs, and in sibling animals. Immunohistochemistry using an antiserum that is specific for PCMV detected virus protein-expressing cells in all of the organs of the recipient baboon, most likely representing disseminated pig cells. Therefore, for the first time, the distribution of PCMV in organs of the donor pigs and the recipient baboons was described. In addition, baboon cytomegalovirus (BaCMV) was found activated in the recipient, and a screening for hepatitis E virus (HEV) and porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (PLHV) was performed. For the first time, a cross-reactivity between antibodies directed against PCMV and BaCMV was found.
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28
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Cooper DKC, Cowan P, Fishman JA, Hering BJ, Mohiuddin MM, Pierson RN, Sachs DH, Schuurman HJ, Dennis JU, Tönjes RR. Joint FDA‐IXA Symposium, September 20, 2017. Xenotransplantation 2017; 24. [PMID: 29193342 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David K C Cooper
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Peter Cowan
- Immunology Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jay A Fishman
- Infectious Disease Division and MGH Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernhard J Hering
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Muhammad M Mohiuddin
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard N Pierson
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David H Sachs
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA.,Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - John U Dennis
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ralf R Tönjes
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Division of Medical Biotechnology, Langen, Germany
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29
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Denner J. Can Antiretroviral Drugs Be Used to Treat Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus (PERV) Infection after Xenotransplantation? Viruses 2017; 9:v9080213. [PMID: 28786944 PMCID: PMC5580470 DOI: 10.3390/v9080213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are integrated in the genome of all pigs; they are released as infectious particles, and under certain conditions they can infect human cells. Therefore, they represent a risk when pigs are used as sources of cells, tissues, or organs for xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation is under development due to the increasing shortage of human transplants. Whereas most porcine microorganisms which may be able to induce a disease (zoonosis) in the transplant recipient can be eliminated, this is not possible in the case of PERVs. Antiretroviral drugs which had been developed for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infections have been tested in vitro for their efficacy in inhibiting PERV replication. Inhibitors of the viral reverse transcriptase and of the integrase have been found effective. The most effective inhibitor of the reverse transcriptase was azidothymidine (AZT); the integrase inhibitors were the most potent inhibitors of PERV. Although in the past PERV transmission has not been observed after experimental or clinical xenotransplantation of pig cells or organs, and although PERVs may one day be inactivated in pigs by genome editing using CRISPR/Cas, knowing which antiretroviral drugs can effectively restrict PERV infection will still be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Fellow, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
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Cooper DK, Pierson RN, Hering BJ, Mohiuddin MM, Fishman JA, Denner J, Ahn C, Azimzadeh AM, Buhler LH, Cowan PJ, Hawthorne WJ, Kobayashi T, Sachs DH. Regulation of Clinical Xenotransplantation-Time for a Reappraisal. Transplantation 2017; 101:1766-1769. [PMID: 28737658 PMCID: PMC5702547 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The continual critical shortage of organs and cells from deceased human donors has stimulated research in the field of cross-species transplantation (xenotransplantation), with the pig selected as the most suitable potential source of organs. Since the US Food and Drug Administration concluded a comprehensive review of xenotransplantation in 2003, considerable progress has been made in the experimental laboratory to improve cell and organ xenograft survival in several pig-to-nonhuman primate systems that offer the best available models to predict clinical outcomes. Survival of heart, kidney, and islet grafts in nonhuman primates is now being measured in months or even years. The potential risks associated with xenotransplantation, for example, the transfer of an infectious microorganism, that were highlighted in the 2003 Food and Drug Administration guidance and subsequent World Health Organization consensus documents have been carefully studied and shown to be either less likely than previously thought or readily manageable by donor selection or recipient management strategies. In this context, we suggest that the national regulatory authorities worldwide should re-examine their guidelines and regulations regarding xenotransplantation, so as to better enable design and conduct of safe and informative clinical trials of cell and organ xenotransplantation when and as supported by the preclinical data. We identify specific topics that we suggest require reconsideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K.C. Cooper
- Thomas E Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Richard N. Pierson
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore VAMC, Baltimore, MD
| | - Bernhard J. Hering
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Muhammad M. Mohiuddin
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jay A. Fishman
- MGH Transplantation Center and Transplant Infectious Disease and Compromised Host Program, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Curie Ahn
- Transplantation Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Agnes M. Azimzadeh
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore VAMC, Baltimore, MD
| | - Leo H. Buhler
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter J. Cowan
- Immunology Research Center, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wayne J. Hawthorne
- Department of Surgery, Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Takaaki Kobayashi
- Department of Renal Transplant Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pure regenerative healing with little to no donor morbidity remains an elusive goal for both surgeon and patient. The ability to engineer and promote the development of like tissue holds so much promise, and efforts in this direction are slowly but steadily advancing. METHODS Products selected and reviewed reflect historical precedence and importance and focus on current clinically available products in use. Emerging technologies we anticipate will further expand our therapeutic options are introduced. The topic of tissue engineering is incredibly broad in scope, and as such the authors have focused their review on that of constructs specifically designed for skin and wound healing. A review of pertinent and current clinically related literature is included. RESULTS Products such as biosynthetics, biologics, cellular promoting factors, and commercially available matrices can be routinely found in most modern health care centers. Although to date no complete regenerative or direct identical soft-tissue replacement exists, currently available commercial components have proven beneficial in augmenting and improving some types of wound healing scenarios. Cost, directed specificity, biocompatibility, and bioburden tolerance are just some of the impending challenges to adoption. CONCLUSIONS Quality of life and in fact the ability to sustain life is dependent on our most complex and remarkable organ, skin. Although pure regenerative healing and engineered soft-tissue constructs elude us, surgeons and health care providers are slowly gaining comfort and experience with concepts and strategies to improve the healing of wounds.
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Morozov VA, Heinrichs G, Denner J. Effective Detection of Porcine Cytomegalovirus Using Non-Invasively Taken Samples from Piglets. Viruses 2017; 9:v9010009. [PMID: 28085106 PMCID: PMC5294978 DOI: 10.3390/v9010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shortage of human organs forced the development of xenotransplantation using cells, tissues, and organs from pigs. Xenotransplantation may be associated with the transmission of porcine zoonotic microorganisms, among them the porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV). To prevent virus transmission, pigs have to be screened using sensitive methods. In order to perform regular follow-ups and further breeding of the animals, samples for testing should be collected by low-invasive or non-invasive methods. Sera, ear biopsies, as well as oral and anal swabs were collected from ten 10-day-old Aachen minipigs (AaMP) and tested for PCMV using sensitive nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as well as uniplex and duplex real-time PCR. Porcine cytomegalovirus DNA was detected most frequently in oral and anal swabs. Comparison of duplex and uniplex real-time PCR systems for PCMV detection demonstrated a lower sensitivity of duplex real-time PCR when the copy numbers of the target genes were low (less 200). Therefore, to increase the efficacy of PCMV detection in piglets, early testing of oral and anal swabs by uniplex real-time PCR is recommended.
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Gazda LS, Collins J, Lovatt A, Holdcraft RW, Morin MJ, Galbraith D, Graham M, Laramore MA, Maclean C, Black J, Milne EW, Marthaler DG, Vinerean HV, Michalak MM, Hoffer D, Richter S, Hall RD, Smith BH. A comprehensive microbiological safety approach for agarose encapsulated porcine islets intended for clinical trials. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:444-463. [PMID: 27862363 PMCID: PMC7169751 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of porcine islets to replace insulin-producing islet β-cells, destroyed during the diabetogenic disease process, presents distinct challenges if this option is to become a therapeutic reality for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. These challenges include a thorough evaluation of the microbiological safety of the islets. In this study, we describe a robust porcine islet-screening program that provides a high level of confidence in the microbiological safety of porcine islets suitable for clinical trials. METHODS A four-checkpoint program systematically screens the donor herd (Large White - Yorkshire × Landrace F1 hybrid animals), individual sentinel and pancreas donor animals and, critically, the islet macrobeads themselves. Molecular assays screen for more than 30 known viruses, while electron microscopy and in vitro studies are employed to screen for potential new or divergent (emergent) viruses. RESULTS Of 1207 monthly samples taken from random animals over a 2-year period, only a single positive result for Transmissible gastroenteritis virus was observed, demonstrating the high level of biosecurity maintained in the source herd. Given the lack of clinical signs, positive antibody titers for Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Porcine parvovirus, and Influenza A confirm the efficacy of the herd vaccination program. Porcine respiratory coronavirus was found to be present in the herd, as expected for domestic swine. Tissue homogenate samples from six sentinel and 11 donor animals, over the same 2-year period, were negative for the presence of viruses when co-cultured with six different cell lines from four species. The absence of adventitious viruses in separate islet macrobead preparations produced from 12 individual pancreas donor animals was confirmed using validated molecular (n = 32 viruses), in vitro culture (cells from four species), and transmission electron microscopy assays (200 cell profiles per donor animal) over the same 2-year period. There has been no evidence of viral transmission following the implantation of these same encapsulated and functional porcine islets into non-immunosuppressed diabetic cynomolgus macaques for up to 4 years. Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from all time points were negative for PCV (Type 2), PLHV, PRRSV, PCMV, and PERV-A, PERV-B, and PERV-C by PCR analysis in all six recipient animals. CONCLUSION The four-checkpoint program is a robust and reliable method for characterization of the microbiological safety of encapsulated porcine islets intended for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Collins
- Veterinary Diagnostic LaboratoryUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMNUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Melanie Graham
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMNUSA
- Department of Veterinary Population MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMNUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas G. Marthaler
- Veterinary Diagnostic LaboratoryUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMNUSA
- Department of Veterinary Population MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMNUSA
| | - Horatiu V. Vinerean
- Office of Laboratory Animal ResearchFlorida International UniversityMiamiFLUSA
- Department of SurgeryHerbert Wertheim College of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Barry H. Smith
- Department of SurgeryWeill Medical College of Cornell University and NewYork‐Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNYUSA
- The Rogosin InstituteNew YorkNYUSA
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Cavicchioli L, Ferraresso S, Westmoreland S, Kaliyaperumal S, Knight H, Crossan C, Scobie L, Danesi A, Vadori M, Trez D, Badin RA, Hantraye P, Cozzi E. Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders in Neuronal Xenotransplanted Macaques. Vet Pathol 2016; 54:336-344. [PMID: 27694423 DOI: 10.1177/0300985816669407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) are a heterogeneous group of lymphoid proliferations that occur in the setting of depressed T-cell function due to immunosuppressive therapy used following solid organ transplantation, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and also xenotransplantation. In the present study, 28 immunosuppressed parkinsonian Macaca fascicularis were intracerebrally injected with wild-type or CTLA4-Ig transgenic porcine xenografts to identify a suitable strategy to enable long-term cell survival, maturation, and differentiation. Nine of 28 (32%) immunosuppressed primates developed masses compatible with PTLD, located mainly in the gastrointestinal tract and/or nasal cavity. The masses were classified as monomorphic PTLD according to the World Health Organization classification. Immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses revealed that the PTLDs were associated with macaca lymphocryptovirus as confirmed by double-labeling immunohistochemistry for CD20 and Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA-2), where the viral protein was located within the CD20+ neoplastic B cells. In sera from 3 distinct phases of the experimental life of the primates, testing by quantitative PCR revealed a progression of the viral load that paralleled the PTLD progression and no evidence of zoonotic transmission of porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus through xenoneuronal grafts. These data suggest that monitoring the variation of macaca lymphocryptovirus DNA in primates could be used as a possible early diagnostic tool for PTLD progression, allowing preemptive treatment such as immunosuppression therapy reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cavicchioli
- 1 Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | - S Ferraresso
- 1 Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | - S Westmoreland
- 2 New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA, USA
| | - S Kaliyaperumal
- 2 New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA, USA
| | - H Knight
- 2 New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA, USA
| | - C Crossan
- 3 Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - L Scobie
- 3 Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - A Danesi
- 1 Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | | | - D Trez
- 1 Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | - R Aron Badin
- 5 MIRCen, CEA UMR 9199, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - P Hantraye
- 5 MIRCen, CEA UMR 9199, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - E Cozzi
- 4 CORIT, Padova, Italy.,6 Padova General Hospital, Padova, Italy
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35
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Hussein KH, Park KM, Kang KS, Woo HM. Biocompatibility evaluation of tissue-engineered decellularized scaffolds for biomedical application. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 67:766-778. [PMID: 27287176 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials based on seeding of cells on decellularized scaffolds have gained increasing interest in the last few years and suggested to serve as an alternative approach to bioengineer artificial organs and tissues for transplantation. The reaction of the host toward the decellularized scaffold and transplanted cells depends on the biocompatibility of the construct. Before proceeding to the clinical application step of decellularized scaffolds, it is greatly important to apply a number of biocompatibility tests in vitro and in vivo. This review describes the different methodology involved in cytotoxicity, pathogenicity, immunogenicity and biodegradability testing for evaluating the biocompatibility of various decellularized matrices obtained from human or animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Hany Hussein
- Stem Cell Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Korea; Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea; Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Mee Park
- Stem Cell Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Korea; Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea; Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Institue of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Heung-Myong Woo
- Stem Cell Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Korea; Institue of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, South Korea; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA 02115, USA.
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36
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The use of skin substitutes and burn care—a survey. J Surg Res 2016; 201:293-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Liu X, Liao S, Xu Z, Zhu L, Yang F, Guo W. Identification and Analysis of the Porcine MicroRNA in Porcine Cytomegalovirus-Infected Macrophages Using Deep Sequencing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150971. [PMID: 26943793 PMCID: PMC4778948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV; genus Cytomegalovirus, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae) is an immunosuppressive virus that mainly inhibits the immune function of T lymphocytes and macrophages, which has caused substantial damage in the farming industry. In this study, we obtained the miRNA expression profiles of PCMV-infected porcine macrophages via high-throughput sequencing. The comprehensive analysis of miRNA profiles showed that 239 miRNA database-annotated and 355 novel pig-encoded miRNAs were detected. Of these, 130 miRNAs showed significant differential expression between the PCMV-infected and uninfected porcine macrophages. The 10 differentially expressed pig-encoded miRNAs were further determined by stem-loop reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and the results were consistent with the high-throughput sequencing. Gene Ontology analysis of the target genes of miRNAs in PCMV-infected porcine macrophages showed that the differentially expressed miRNAs are mainly involved in immune and metabolic processes. This is the first report of the miRNA transcriptome in porcine macrophages and an analysis of the miRNA regulatory mechanisms during PCMV infection. Further research into the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs during immunosuppressive viral infections should contribute to the treatment and prevention of immunosuppressive viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’ an, 625014, China
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts, General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States of America
| | - Shan Liao
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’ an, 625014, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’ an, 625014, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’ an, 625014, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Ling Zhu
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’ an, 625014, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’ an, 625014, China
| | - Wanzhu Guo
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’ an, 625014, China
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Hering BJ, O'Connell PJ. First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes--Chapter 6: patient selection for pilot clinical trials of islet xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:60-76. [PMID: 26918540 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients in whom type 1 diabetes is complicated by impaired awareness of hypoglycemia and recurrent episodes of severe hypoglycemia are candidates for islet or pancreas transplantation if severe hypoglycemia persists after completion of a structured stepped care approach or a formalized medical optimization run-in period that provides access to hypoglycemia-specific education including behavioral therapies, insulin analogs, and diabetes technologies under the close supervision of a specialist hypoglycemia service. Patients with type 1 diabetes and end-stage renal failure who cannot meet clinically appropriate glycemic goals or continue to experience severe hypoglycemia after completion of a formalized medical optimization program under the guidance of an expert diabetes care team are candidates for islet or pancreas transplantation either simultaneously with or after a previous kidney transplant. Similarly, patients with type 2 diabetes and problematic hypoglycemia or renal failure who meet these criteria are considered candidates for islet replacement. Likewise, patients with pancreatectomy-induced diabetes in whom an islet autograft was not available or deemed inappropriate are candidates for islet or pancreas transplantation if extreme glycemic lability persists despite best medical therapy. To justify participation of these transplant candidates in early-phase trials of porcine islet cell products, lack of timely access to islet or pancreas allotransplantation due to allosensitization, high islet dose requirements, or other factors, or alternatively, a more favorable benefit-risk determination associated with the xenoislet than the alloislet or allopancreas transplant must be demonstrated. Additionally, in non-uremic xenoislet recipients, the risks associated with diabetes must be perceived to be more serious than the risks associated with the xenoislet product and the rejection prophylaxis, and in xenoislet recipients with renal failure, the xenoislet product and immunosuppression must not impact negatively on renal transplant outcomes. The most appropriate patient group for islet xenotransplantation trials will be defined by the specific characteristics of each investigational xenoislet product and related technologies applied for preventing rejection. Selecting recipients who are more likely to experience prolonged benefits associated with the islet xenograft will help these patients comply with lifelong monitoring and other public health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard J Hering
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Philip J O'Connell
- The Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Cooper DK, Ekser B, Ramsoondar J, Phelps C, Ayares D. The role of genetically engineered pigs in xenotransplantation research. J Pathol 2016; 238:288-99. [PMID: 26365762 PMCID: PMC4689670 DOI: 10.1002/path.4635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a critical shortage in the number of deceased human organs that become available for the purposes of clinical transplantation. This problem might be resolved by the transplantation of organs from pigs genetically engineered to protect them from the human immune response. The pathobiological barriers to successful pig organ transplantation in primates include activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems, coagulation dysregulation and inflammation. Genetic engineering of the pig as an organ source has increased the survival of the transplanted pig heart, kidney, islet and corneal graft in non-human primates (NHPs) from minutes to months or occasionally years. Genetic engineering may also contribute to any physiological barriers that might be identified, as well as to reducing the risks of transfer of a potentially infectious micro-organism with the organ. There are now an estimated 40 or more genetic alterations that have been carried out in pigs, with some pigs expressing five or six manipulations. With the new technology now available, it will become increasingly common for a pig to express even more genetic manipulations, and these could be tested in the pig-to-NHP models to assess their efficacy and benefit. It is therefore likely that clinical trials of pig kidney, heart and islet transplantation will become feasible in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K.C. Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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40
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Luca G, Mancuso F, Calvitti M, Arato I, Falabella G, Bufalari A, De Monte V, Tresoldi E, Nastruzzi C, Basta G, Fallarino F, Lilli C, Bellucci C, Baroni T, Aglietti MC, Giovagnoli S, Cameron DF, Bodo M, Calafiore R. Long-term stability, functional competence, and safety of microencapsulated specific pathogen-free neonatal porcine Sertoli cells: a potential product for cell transplant therapy. Xenotransplantation 2015; 22:273-83. [PMID: 26134468 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine Sertoli cells (pSCs) have been employed for cell therapy in pre-clinical studies for several chronic/immune diseases as they deliver molecules associated with trophic and anti-inflammatory effects. To be employed for human xenografts, pSCs products need to comply with safety and stability. To fulfill such requirements, we employed a microencapsulation technology to increase pre-transplant storage stability of specific pathogen-free pSCs (SPF-pSCs) and evaluated the in vivo long-term viability and safety of grafts. METHODS Specific pathogen free neonatal pigs underwent testis excision under sterility. pSCs were isolated, characterized by immunofluorescence (IF) and cytofluorimetric analysis (CA) and examined in terms of viability and function [namely, production of anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), inhibin B, and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TFGβ-1)]. After microencapsulation in barium alginate microcapsules (Ba-MC), long-term SPF-pSCs (Ba-MCpSCs) viability and barium concentrations were evaluated at 1, 24 throughout 40 h to establish pre-transplant storage conditions. RESULTS The purity of isolated pSCs was about 95% with negligible contaminating cells. Cultured pSCs monolayers, both prior to and after microencapsulation, maintained high function and full viability up to 24 h of storage. At 40 h post-encapsulation, pSCs viability decreased to 80%. Barium concentration in Ba-MCpSCs lagged below the normal maximum daily allowance and was stable for 4 months in mice with no evident side effects. CONCLUSIONS Such results suggest that this protocol for the isolation and microencapsulation of pSCs is compatible with long-haul transportation and that Ba-MCpSCs could be potentially employable for xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Division of Medical Andrology and Endocrinology of Reproduction, Saint Mary Hospital, Terni, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancuso
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mario Calvitti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Iva Arato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Falabella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonello Bufalari
- Department of Pathology, Diagnostic and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina De Monte
- Department of Pathology, Diagnostic and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Enrico Tresoldi
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudio Nastruzzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Basta
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Lilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Catia Bellucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tiziano Baroni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Don F Cameron
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Maria Bodo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calafiore
- Division of Medical Andrology and Endocrinology of Reproduction, Saint Mary Hospital, Terni, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Fishman JA. Assessment of infectious risk in clinical xenotransplantation: the lessons for clinical allotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2015; 21:307-8. [PMID: 25098837 PMCID: PMC7169700 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Fishman
- Transplantation Infectious Disease and Compromised Host Program, MGH Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusett, USA.
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42
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Dittrich R, Lotz L, Fehm T, Krüssel J, von Wolff M, Toth B, van der Ven H, Schüring AN, Würfel W, Hoffmann I, Beckmann MW. Xenotransplantation of cryopreserved human ovarian tissue--a systematic review of MII oocyte maturation and discussion of it as a realistic option for restoring fertility after cancer treatment. Fertil Steril 2015; 103:1557-65. [PMID: 25881879 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review the reporting of MII (MII) oocyte development after xenotransplantation of human ovarian tissue. DESIGN Systematic review in accordance with the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). SETTING Not applicable. PATIENT(S) Not applicable. INTERVENTION(S) Formation of MII oocytes after xenotransplantation of human ovarian tissue. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Any outcome reported in Pubmed. RESULT(S) Six publications were identified that report on formation of MII oocytes after xenotransplantation of human ovarian tissue. CONCLUSION(S) Xenografting of human ovarian tissue has proved to be a useful model for examining ovarian function and follicle development in vivo. With human follicles that have matured through xenografting, the possibility of cancer transmission and relapse can also be eliminated, because cancer cells are not able to penetrate the zona pellucida. The reported studies have demonstrated that xenografted ovarian tissue from a range of species, including humans, can produce antral follicles that contain mature (MII) oocytes, and it has been shown that mice oocytes have the potential to give rise to live young. Although some ethical questions remain unresolved, xenotransplantation may be a promising method for restoring fertility. This review furthermore describes the value of xenotransplantation as a tool in reproductive biology and discusses the ethical and potential safety issues regarding ovarian tissue xenotransplantation as a means of recovering fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Dittrich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Laura Lotz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tanja Fehm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan Krüssel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael von Wolff
- Division of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Women's Hospital, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Toth
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Ruprecht-Karls University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans van der Ven
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bonn University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas N Schüring
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UKM Kinderwunschzentrum, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Inge Hoffmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Abstract
The availability of organs and cells from deceased humans for transplantation is not meeting the demand. Xenotransplantation, specifically the transplantation of organs and cells from genetically engineered pigs, could resolve this problem. Diabetic monkeys have remained normoglycemic and insulin-independent after pig islet transplantation for >one yr, and a pig heterotopic (non-life-supporting) heart transplant recently reached the one-yr milestone in a baboon. With these encouraging results, why is it that, with some notable exceptions, research into xenotransplantation has received relatively little support by industry, government funding agencies, and medical charitable foundations? Industry appears reluctant to support research that will take more than two to three yr to come to clinical trial, and the funding agencies appear to have been "distracted" by the current appeal of stem cell technology and regenerative medicine. It has only been the willingness of living donors to provide organs that has significantly increased the number of transplants being performed worldwide. These altruistic donations are not without risk of morbidity and even mortality to the donor. Although with the best of intentions, we are therefore traversing the Hippocratic Oath of doctors to "do no harm." This should be a stimulus to fund exploration of alternative approaches, including xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K C Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Griesemer A, Yamada K, Sykes M. Xenotransplantation: immunological hurdles and progress toward tolerance. Immunol Rev 2015; 258:241-58. [PMID: 24517437 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The discrepancy between organ need and organ availability represents one of the major limitations in the field of transplantation. One possible solution to this problem is xenotransplantation. Research in this field has identified several obstacles that have so far prevented the successful development of clinical xenotransplantation protocols. The main immunologic barriers include strong T-cell and B-cell responses to solid organ and cellular xenografts. In addition, components of the innate immune system can mediate xenograft rejection. Here, we review these immunologic and physiologic barriers and describe some of the strategies that we and others have developed to overcome them. We also describe the development of two strategies to induce tolerance across the xenogeneic barrier, namely thymus transplantation and mixed chimerism, from their inception in rodent models through their current progress in preclinical large animal models. We believe that the addition of further beneficial transgenes to Gal knockout swine, combined with new therapies such as Treg administration, will allow for successful clinical application of xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Griesemer
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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45
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Guo F, Xing X, Hawthorne WJ, Dong Q, Ye B, Zhang J, Liang Q, Nie W, Wang W. Characterization of PERV in a new conserved pig herd as potential donor animals for xenotransplantation in China. Virol J 2014; 11:212. [PMID: 25471401 PMCID: PMC4272560 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-014-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xenotransplantation has drawn increased attention in recent years as a potential solution to the scarcity of human source donor organs. Researchers have highlighted the need to characterize the influence of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) in xenotransplantation. Screening and analyzing the presence and subtype of PERV in donor source animal breeds could provide basic parameters to evaluate the biological safety of xenotransplantation from pigs to humans. We bred a new miniature porcine herd (XENO-1) after decades of investigation, the herd was purpose bred to produce a potential donor animal source for xenotransplantation. To this end we studied the animals’ PERV expression characteristics. Methods We randomly selected 37 animals of the herd, PCR and RT-PCR based on specific primers were utilized to determine their PERV viral subtype. High fidelity PCR and restriction enzyme digestion were employed for variants detection. To thoroughly understand the PERV expression pattern, quantitative PCR was applied to measure mRNA expression levels in different tissues, At last, transfection capacity was assessed using a in vitro co-culture system. Results Our results revealed that the XENO-1 herd was free of PERV-C and exhibited low levels of PERVs in different tissues compared to commercial pig (landrace). The XENO-1 herd showed unique variants of A/B recombination. In addition, even though there were A/B variants in the XENO-1 herd, co-culturing revealed no evidence of PERV transmission from XENO-1 tissue to human cells. Conclusion Overall, Our results displayed an unique PERV expression pattern in a new pig herd and demonstrated its non-transfection capacity in vitro. Data in the research indicate that XENO-1 animals can serve as a better potential donor source for xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guo
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute of Central South University, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Xiaowei Xing
- Center for Medical Experiments, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Wayne J Hawthorne
- Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Qiong Dong
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute of Central South University, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Bin Ye
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute of Central South University, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Juan Zhang
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute of Central South University, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Qi Liang
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute of Central South University, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Wei Nie
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute of Central South University, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute of Central South University, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
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46
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De Salvatore S, Segreto A, Chiusaroli A, Congiu S, Bizzarri F. Role of xenotransplantation in cardiac transplantation. J Card Surg 2014; 30:111-6. [PMID: 25345720 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This review will discuss the history and development of the field of genetic modification, up to the most recent scientific discoveries, and will also consider the current uses of genetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio De Salvatore
- Department of Science and Medical-Surgical Biotechnologies, Cardiac Surgery Unit, Universita' degli Studi di Roma "Sapienza", Latina, Italy
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Lee W, Miyagawa Y, Long C, Cooper DKC, Hara H. A comparison of three methods of decellularization of pig corneas to reduce immunogenicity. Int J Ophthalmol 2014; 7:587-93. [PMID: 25161926 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.04.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether decellularization using different techniques can reduce immunogenicity of the cornea, and to explore the decellularized cornea as a scaffold for cultured corneal endothelial cells (CECs). Transplantation of decellularized porcine corneas increases graft transparency and survival for longer periods compared with fresh grafts. METHODS Six-month-old wild-type pig corneas were cut into 100-200 µm thickness, and then decellularized by three different methods: 1) 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); 2) hypoxic nitrogen (N2); and 3) hypertonic NaCl. Thickness and transparency were assessed visually. Fresh and decellularized corneas were stained with hematoxylin/eosin (H&E), and for the presence of galactose-α1,3-galactose (Gal) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc, a nonGal antigen). Also, a human IgM/IgG binding assay was performed. Cultured porcine CECs were seeded on the surface of the decellularized cornea and examined after H&E staining. RESULTS All three methods of decellularization reduced the number of keratocytes in the stromal tissue by >80% while the collagen structure remained preserved. No remaining nuclei stained positive for Gal or NeuGc, and expression of these oligosaccharides on collagen was also greatly decreased compared to expression on fresh corneas. Human IgM/IgG binding to decellularized corneal tissue was considerably reduced compared to fresh corneal tissue. The cultured CECs formed a confluent monolayer on the surface of decellularized tissue. CONCLUSION Though incomplete, the significant reduction in the cellular component of the decellularized cornea should be associated with a significantly reduced in vivo immune response compared to fresh corneas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whayoung Lee
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yuko Miyagawa
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cassandra Long
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - David K C Cooper
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Hidetaka Hara
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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48
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Kamolz LP, Koller H, Parvizi D, Lumenta DB. Skin substitutes: Which one do we know, which one do we use? Burns 2014; 40:1053-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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Schuurman HJ, Patience C. Screening pigs for xenotransplantation: prevalence and expression of porcine endogenous retroviruses in Göttingen minipigs. Xenotransplantation 2013; 20:135-7. [PMID: 23611434 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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50
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Cooper DK, Bottino R, Satyananda V, Wijkstrom M, Trucco M. Toward clinical islet xenotransplantation - are revisions to the IXA guidelines warranted? Xenotransplantation 2013; 20:68-74. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David K.C. Cooper
- Department of Surgery; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute; Pittsburgh; PA; USA
| | | | - Vikas Satyananda
- Department of Surgery; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute; Pittsburgh; PA; USA
| | - Martin Wijkstrom
- Department of Surgery; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute; Pittsburgh; PA; USA
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Division of Immunogenetics; Department of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh; PA; USA
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