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Balam S, Kesselring R, Eggenhofer E, Blaimer S, Evert K, Evert M, Schlitt HJ, Geissler EK, van Blijswijk J, Lee S, Reis e Sousa C, Brunner SM, Fichtner-Feigl S. Cross-presentation of dead-cell-associated antigens by DNGR-1 + dendritic cells contributes to chronic allograft rejection in mice. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:2041-2054. [PMID: 32640051 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether DC NK lectin group receptor-1 (DNGR-1)-dependent cross-presentation of dead-cell-associated antigens occurs after transplantation and contributes to CD8+ T cell responses, chronic allograft rejection (CAR), and fibrosis. BALB/c or C57BL/6 hearts were heterotopically transplanted into WT, Clec9a-/- , or Batf3-/- recipient C57BL/6 mice. Allografts were analyzed for cell infiltration, CD8+ T cell activation, fibrogenesis, and CAR using immunohistochemistry, Western blot, qRT2 -PCR, and flow cytometry. Allografts displayed infiltration by recipient DNGR-1+ DCs, signs of CAR, and fibrosis. Allografts in Clec9a-/- recipients showed reduced CAR (p < 0.0001), fibrosis (P = 0.0137), CD8+ cell infiltration (P < 0.0001), and effector cytokine levels compared to WT recipients. Batf3-deficiency greatly reduced DNGR-1+ DC-infiltration, CAR (P < 0.0001), and fibrosis (P = 0.0382). CD8 cells infiltrating allografts of cytochrome C treated recipients, showed reduced production of CD8 effector cytokines (P < 0.05). Further, alloreactive CD8+ T cell response in indirect pathway IFN-γ ELISPOT was reduced in Clec9a-/- recipient mice (P = 0.0283). Blockade of DNGR-1 by antibody, similar to genetic elimination of the receptor, reduced CAR (P = 0.0003), fibrosis (P = 0.0273), infiltration of CD8+ cells (p = 0.0006), and effector cytokine levels. DNGR-1-dependent alloantigen cross-presentation by DNGR-1+ DCs induces alloreactive CD8+ cells that induce CAR and fibrosis. Antibody against DNGR-1 can block this process and prevent CAR and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidou Balam
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Kesselring
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elke Eggenhofer
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Blaimer
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katja Evert
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Evert
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans J Schlitt
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Edward K Geissler
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Sonia Lee
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Stefan M Brunner
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Fichtner-Feigl
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Iida S, Miyairi S, Su CA, Abe T, Abe R, Tanabe K, Dvorina N, Baldwin WM, Fairchild RL. Peritransplant VLA-4 blockade inhibits endogenous memory CD8 T cell infiltration into high-risk cardiac allografts and CTLA-4Ig resistant rejection. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:998-1010. [PMID: 30372587 PMCID: PMC6433496 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recipient endogenous memory CD8 T cells expressing reactivity to donor class I MHC infiltrate MHC-mismatched cardiac allografts within 24 hours after reperfusion and express effector functions mediating graft injury. The current study tested the efficacy of Very Late Antigen-4 (VLA-4) blockade to inhibit endogenous memory CD8 T cell infiltration into cardiac allografts and attenuate early posttransplant inflammation. Peritransplant anti-VLA-4 mAb given to C57BL6 (H-2b ) recipients of AJ (H-2a ) heart allografts completely inhibited endogenous memory CD4 and CD8 T cell infiltration with significant decrease in macrophage, but not neutrophil, infiltration into allografts subjected to either minimal or prolonged cold ischemic storage (CIS) prior to transplant, reduced intra-allograft IFN-γ-induced gene expression and prolonged survival of allografts subjected to prolonged CIS in CTLA-4Ig treated recipients. Anti-VLA-4 mAb also inhibited priming of donor-specific T cells producing IFN-γ until at least day 7 posttransplant. Peritransplant anti-VLA plus anti-CD154 mAb treatment similarly prolonged survival of allografts subjected to minimal or increased CIS prior to transplant. Overall, these data indicate that peritransplant anti-VLA-4 mAb inhibits early infiltration memory CD8 T cell infiltration into allografts with a marked reduction in early graft inflammation suggesting an effective strategy to attenuate negative effects of heterologous alloimmunity in recipients of higher risk grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Iida
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyairi
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Charles A. Su
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Toyofumi Abe
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Urology, Osaka University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Abe
- Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Nina Dvorina
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Robert L. Fairchild
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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3
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Perazzio SF, Soeiro-Pereira PV, Dos Santos VC, de Brito MV, Salu B, Oliva MLV, Stevens AM, de Souza AWS, Ochs HD, Torgerson TR, Condino-Neto A, Andrade LEC. Soluble CD40L is associated with increased oxidative burst and neutrophil extracellular trap release in Behçet's disease. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:235. [PMID: 29052524 PMCID: PMC5649058 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have suggested that soluble factors in plasma from patients with active (aBD) and inactive (iBD) Behçet’s disease (BD) stimulate neutrophil function. Soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) is an important mediator of inflammation in BD. Its expression and effect on neutrophil oxidative burst and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) release have not been characterized. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of plasma and the CD40L pathway on NET release and the oxidative burst profile in patients with aBD and iBD. Methods Neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from patients with aBD (n = 30), patients with iBD (n = 31), and healthy control subjects (HCs; n = 30). sCD40L plasma concentration was determined in individual samples. A pool of plasma for each group was created. In some experiments, plasma pools were treated with recombinant CD40 (rhCD40-muIg) for sCD40L blockade. NET release and H2O2/O2− production were determined after stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, sCD40L, or plasma pool. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to evaluate the expression of (1) CD40, Mac-1, and phosphorylated NF-κB p65 on neutrophils and monocytes and (2) CD40L on activated T cells and platelets. CD40L gene expression in PBMCs was determined by qRT-PCR. Results sCD40L plasma levels were significantly higher in patients with iBD (median 17,234, range 2346–19,279 pg/ml) and patients with aBD (median 18,289, range 413–19,883 pg/ml) than in HCs (median 47.5, range 33.7–26.7 pg/ml; p < 0.001). NET release was constitutively increased in BD compared with HC. NET release and H2O2/O2− were higher after stimulation with sCD40L or BD plasma and decreased after sCD40L blockade. Mac-1 expression was constitutively increased in neutrophils of patients with aBD (88.7 ± 13.2% of cells) and patients with iBD (89.2 ± 20.1% of cells) compared with HC (27.1 ± 18.8% of cells; p < 0.01). CD40 expression on phagocytes and CD40L expression on platelets were similar in the three groups. PBMCs as well as nonactivated and activated CD4+ T cells from patients with BD showed higher CD40L expression. Conclusions Plasma from patients with aBD exerts a stimulus on NET release and oxidative burst, probably induced by sCD40L. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-017-1443-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Félix Perazzio
- Division of Rheumatology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, 3° Andar, 04023-062, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Fleury Group - Research and Development, Avenida General Valdomiro de Lima, 508, 04344-070, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington and Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, 1900 9th Avenue, JMB-7, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
| | - Paulo Vitor Soeiro-Pereira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 2415, 03178-200, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Federal University of Maranhao, Avenida dos Portugueses, 65065-545, Sao Luiz, MA, Brazil
| | - Viviane Cardoso Dos Santos
- Division of Rheumatology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, 3° Andar, 04023-062, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marlon Vilela de Brito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 5° Andar, 04044-020, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Salu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 5° Andar, 04044-020, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Vilela Oliva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 5° Andar, 04044-020, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anne Margherite Stevens
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington and Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, 1900 9th Avenue, JMB-7, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Alexandre Wagner Silva de Souza
- Division of Rheumatology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, 3° Andar, 04023-062, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Fleury Group - Research and Development, Avenida General Valdomiro de Lima, 508, 04344-070, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hans D Ochs
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington and Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, 1900 9th Avenue, JMB-7, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Troy R Torgerson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington and Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, 1900 9th Avenue, JMB-7, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Antonio Condino-Neto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 2415, 03178-200, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Coelho Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, 3° Andar, 04023-062, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Fleury Group - Research and Development, Avenida General Valdomiro de Lima, 508, 04344-070, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Warren KJ, Iwami D, Harris DG, Bromberg JS, Burrell BE. Laminins affect T cell trafficking and allograft fate. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2204-18. [PMID: 24691446 DOI: 10.1172/jci73683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are integral sites for the generation of immune tolerance, migration of CD4⁺ T cells, and induction of Tregs. Despite the importance of LNs in regulation of inflammatory responses, the LN-specific factors that regulate T cell migration and the precise LN structural domains in which differentiation occurs remain undefined. Using intravital and fluorescent microscopy, we found that alloreactive T cells traffic distinctly into the tolerant LN and colocalize in exclusive regions with alloantigen-presenting cells, a process required for Treg induction. Extracellular matrix proteins, including those of the laminin family, formed regions within the LN that were permissive for colocalization of alloantigen-presenting cells, alloreactive T cells, and Tregs. We identified unique expression patterns of laminin proteins in high endothelial venule basement membranes and the cortical ridge that correlated with alloantigen-specific immunity or immune tolerance. The ratio of laminin α4 to laminin α5 was greater in domains within tolerant LNs, compared with immune LNs, and blocking laminin α4 function or inducing laminin α5 overexpression disrupted T cell and DC localization and transmigration through tolerant LNs. Furthermore, reducing α4 laminin circumvented tolerance induction and induced cardiac allograft inflammation and rejection in murine models. This work identifies laminins as potential targets for immune modulation.
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5
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Krill KT, Csencsits-Smith K, Wood SC, Faust S, Lu G, Bishop DK. Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein stimulation reverses cardiac allograft acceptance induced by CD40-CD40L blockade. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:986859. [PMID: 23690829 PMCID: PMC3652106 DOI: 10.1155/2013/986859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD40-CD40L blockade has potent immunosuppressive effects in cardiac allograft rejection but is less effective in the presence of inflammatory signals. To better understand the factors that mediate CD40-CD40L blockade-resistant rejection, we studied the effects of stimulation through glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR), a costimulatory protein expressed by regulatory and effector T cells. Stimulation of CD40-/- or wild-type recipient mice treated with anti-CD40L mAb (WT+anti-CD40L) and with agonistic anti-GITR mAb resulted in cardiac allograft rejection. GITR stimulation did not induce rejection once long-term graft acceptance was established. In vitro, GITR stimulation increased proliferation of effector T cells and decreased regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation in both treatment groups. GITR-stimulated CD40-/- recipients rejected their allografts more rapidly compared to GITR-stimulated WT+anti-CD40L recipients, and this rejection, characterized by a robust Th2 response and significant eosinophilic infiltrate, could be mediated by CD4+ T cells alone. In contrast, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were required to induce rejection in GITR-stimulated WT+anti-CD40L-treated recipients, and the pathology of rejection was less severe. Hence, early GITR stimulation could initiate graft rejection despite CD40 deficiency or anti-CD40L mAb treatment, though the recipient response was dependent on the mechanism of CD40-CD40L disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth T. Krill
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Keri Csencsits-Smith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sherri C. Wood
- Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Susan Faust
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Guanyi Lu
- Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - D. Keith Bishop
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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6
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Kheradmand T, Wang S, Bryant J, Tasch JJ, Lerret N, Pothoven KL, Houlihan JL, Miller SD, Zhang ZJ, Luo X. Ethylenecarbodiimide-fixed donor splenocyte infusions differentially target direct and indirect pathways of allorecognition for induction of transplant tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:804-12. [PMID: 22696445 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Strategic exposure to donor Ags prior to transplantation can be an effective way for inducting donor-specific tolerance in allogeneic recipients. We have recently shown that pretransplant infusion of donor splenocytes treated with the chemical cross-linker ethylenecarbodiimide (ECDI-SPs) induces indefinite islet allograft survival in a full MHC-mismatched model without the need for any immunosuppression. Mechanisms of allograft protection by this strategy remain elusive. In this study, we show that the infused donor ECDI-SPs differentially target T cells with indirect versus direct allospecificities. To target indirect allospecific T cells, ECDI-SPs induce upregulation of negative, but not positive, costimulatory molecules on recipient splenic CD11c(+) dendritic cells phagocytosing the injected ECDI-SPs. Indirect allospecific T cells activated by such CD11c(+) dendritic cells undergo robust initial proliferation followed by rapid clonal depletion. The remaining T cells are sequestered in the spleen without homing to the graft site or the graft draining lymph node. In contrast, direct allospecific T cells interacting with intact donor ECDI-SPs not yet phagocytosed undergo limited proliferation and are subsequently anergized. Furthermore, CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells are induced in lymphoid organs and at the graft site by ECDI-SPs. We conclude that donor ECDI-SP infusions target host allogeneic responses via a multitude of mechanisms, including clonal depletion, anergy, and immunoregulation, which act in a synergistic fashion to induce robust transplant tolerance. This simple form of negative vaccination has significant potential for clinical translation in human transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taba Kheradmand
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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7
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Burrell BE, Bromberg JS. Fates of CD4+ T cells in a tolerant environment depend on timing and place of antigen exposure. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:576-89. [PMID: 22176785 PMCID: PMC3713410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In experimental organ transplantation, tolerance is induced by administration of anti-CD40L mAb in conjunction with donor-specific splenocyte transfusion. Multiple, sometimes conflicting mechanisms of action resulting from this treatment have been reported. To resolve these issues, this study assessed the fates of graft reactive cells at different times and locations in the tolerant environment. Alloantigen-specific CD4(+) T cells transferred at time of tolerance induction (7 days before transplantation) became activated, expressed CD69 and CD44, and proliferated. Importantly, a large subset of this population became Foxp3(+) , more so in the lymph nodes than spleen, indicative of differentiation to a regulatory phenotype. In contrast, graft reactive CD4(+) T cells transferred to tolerogen-treated recipients at the time of transplantation failed either to proliferate or to differentiate, and instead were deleted via apoptosis. In untreated rejecting recipients graft reactive CD4(+) T cells became activated, proliferated and differentiated mainly in the spleen, and many of these cells were eventually deleted. These data resolve many apparent contradictions in the literature by showing that the timing of antigen exposure, the immunologic status of the recipients and secondary lymphoid organ location act together as key factors to determine the fate of graft reactive CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. E. Burrell
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - J. S. Bromberg
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Corresponding author: Jonathan S. Bromberg,
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8
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Booth AJ, Wood SC, Cornett AM, Dreffs AA, Lu G, Muro AF, White ES, Bishop DK. Recipient-derived EDA fibronectin promotes cardiac allograft fibrosis. J Pathol 2012; 226:609-18. [PMID: 21960174 DOI: 10.1002/path.3010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Advances in donor matching and immunosuppressive therapies have decreased the prevalence of acute rejection of cardiac grafts; however, chronic rejection remains a significant obstacle for long-term allograft survival. While initiating elements of anti-allograft immune responses have been identified, the linkage between these factors and the ultimate development of cardiac fibrosis is not well understood. Tissue fibrosis resembles an exaggerated wound healing response, in which extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules are central. One such ECM molecule is an alternatively spliced isoform of the ubiquitous glycoprotein fibronectin (FN), termed extra domain A-containing cellular fibronectin (EDA cFN). EDA cFN is instrumental in fibrogenesis; thus, we hypothesized that it might also regulate fibrotic remodelling associated with chronic rejection. We compared the development of acute and chronic cardiac allograft rejection in EDA cFN-deficient (EDA(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) mice. While EDA(-/-) mice developed acute cardiac rejection in a manner indistinguishable from WT controls, cardiac allografts in EDA(-/-) mice were protected from fibrosis associated with chronic rejection. Decreased fibrosis was not associated with differences in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy or intra-graft expression of pro-fibrotic mediators. Further, we examined expression of EDA cFN and total FN by whole splenocytes under conditions promoting various T-helper lineages. Conditions supporting regulatory T-cell (Treg) development were characterized by greatest production of total FN and EDA cFN, though EDA cFN to total FN ratios were highest in Th1 cultures. These findings indicate that recipient-derived EDA cFN is dispensable for acute allograft rejection responses but that it promotes the development of fibrosis associated with chronic rejection. Further, conditions favouring the development of regulatory T cells, widely considered graft-protective, may drive production of ECM molecules which enhance deleterious remodelling responses. Thus, EDA cFN may be a therapeutic target for ameliorating fibrosis associated with chronic cardiac allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Booth
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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9
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Faust SM, Lu G, Wood SC, Bishop DK. TGFbeta neutralization within cardiac allografts by decorin gene transfer attenuates chronic rejection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:7307-13. [PMID: 19917705 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic allograft rejection (CR) is the leading cause of late graft failure following organ transplantation. CR is a progressive disease, characterized by deteriorating graft function, interstitial fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and occlusive neointima development. TGFbeta, known for its immunosuppressive qualities, plays a beneficial role in the transplant setting by maintaining alloreactive T cells in a hyporesponsive state, but has also been implicated in promoting graft fibrosis and CR. In the mouse vascularized cardiac allograft model, transient depletion of CD4(+) cells promotes graft survival but leads to CR, which is associated with intragraft TGFbeta expression. Decorin, an extracellular matrix protein, inhibits both TGFbeta bioactivity and gene expression. In this study, gene transfer of decorin into cardiac allografts was used to assess the impact of intragraft TGFbeta neutralization on CR, systemic donor-reactive T cell responses, and allograft acceptance. Decorin gene transfer and neutralization of TGFbeta in cardiac allografts significantly attenuated interstitial fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and improved graft function, but did not result in systemic donor-reactive T cell responses. Thus, donor-reactive T and B cells remained in a hyporesponsive state. These findings indicate that neutralizing intragraft TGFbeta inhibits the cytokine's fibrotic activities, but does not reverse its beneficial systemic immunosuppressive qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Faust
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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10
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Faust SM, Lu G, Marini BL, Zou W, Gordon D, Iwakura Y, Laouar Y, Bishop DK. Role of T cell TGFbeta signaling and IL-17 in allograft acceptance and fibrosis associated with chronic rejection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:7297-306. [PMID: 19917689 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic allograft rejection (CR) is the main barrier to long-term transplant survival. CR is a progressive disease defined by interstitial fibrosis, vascular neointimal development, and graft dysfunction. The underlying mechanisms responsible for CR remain poorly defined. TGFbeta has been implicated in promoting fibrotic diseases including CR, but is beneficial in the transplant setting due to its immunosuppressive activity. To assess the requirement for T cell TGFbeta signaling in allograft acceptance and the progression of CR, we used mice with abrogated T cell TGFbeta signaling as allograft recipients. We compared responses from recipients that were transiently depleted of CD4(+) cells (that develop CR and express intragraft TGFbeta) with responses from mice that received anti-CD40L mAb therapy (that do not develop CR and do not express intragraft TGFbeta). Allograft acceptance and suppression of graft-reactive T and B cells were independent of T cell TGFbeta signaling in mice treated with anti-CD40L mAb. In recipients transiently depleted of CD4(+) T cells, T cell TGFbeta signaling was required for the development of fibrosis associated with CR, long-term graft acceptance, and suppression of graft-reactive T and B cell responses. Furthermore, IL-17 was identified as a critical element in TGFbeta-driven allograft fibrosis. Thus, IL-17 may provide a therapeutic target for preventing graft fibrosis, a measure of CR, while sparing the immunosuppressive activity of TGFbeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Faust
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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11
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Burrell BE, Lu G, Li XC, Bishop DK. OX40 costimulation prevents allograft acceptance induced by CD40-CD40L blockade. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:379-90. [PMID: 19109169 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Disrupting the CD40-CD40L costimulation pathway promotes allograft acceptance in many settings. Herein, we demonstrate that stimulating OX40 overrides cardiac allograft acceptance induced by disrupting CD40-CD40L interactions. This effect of OX40 stimulation was dependent on CD4(+) T cells, which in turn provided help for CD8(+) T cells and B cells. Allograft rejection was associated with donor-reactive Th1 and Th2 responses and an unconventional granulocytic infiltrate and thrombosis of the arteries. Interestingly, OX40 stimulation induced a donor-reactive IgG class switch in the absence of CD40-CD40L interactions, and the timing of OX40 stimulation relative to transplantation affected the isotype of donor-reactive Ab produced. Inductive OX40 stimulation induced acute graft rejection, which correlated with both IgG1 and IgG2a deposition within the graft. Once graft acceptance was established following CD40-CD40L blockade, delayed OX40 stimulation did not induce acute allograft rejection despite priming of graft-reactive Th1 and Th2. Rather, chronic rejection was induced, which was characterized by IgG1 but not IgG2a deposition within the graft. These studies reveal both redundancy and key differences in function among costimulatory molecules that manifest in distinct pathologies of allograft rejection. These findings may help guide development of therapeutics aimed at promoting graft acceptance in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryna E Burrell
- Section of General Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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