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Kandasamy K, Tan LG, B Johana N, Tan YW, Foo W, Yeo JSL, Ravikumar V, Ginhoux F, Choolani M, Chan JKY, Mattar CNZ. Maternal microchimerism and cell-mediated immune-modulation enhance engraftment following semi-allogenic intrauterine transplantation. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21413. [PMID: 33570785 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002185rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Successful intrauterine hematopoietic cell transplantation (IUT) for congenital hemoglobinopathies is hampered by maternal alloresponsiveness. We investigate these interactions in semi-allogenic murine IUT. E14 fetuses (B6 females × BALB/c males) were each treated with 5E+6 maternal (B6) or paternal (BALB/c) bone marrow cells and serially monitored for chimerism (>1% engraftment), trafficked maternal immune cells, and immune responsiveness to donor cells. A total of 41.0% of maternal IUT recipients (mIUT) were chimeras (mean donor chimerism 3.0 ± 1.3%) versus 75.0% of paternal IUT recipients (pIUT, 3.6 ± 1.1%). Chimeras showed higher maternal microchimerism of CD4, CD8, and CD19 than non-chimeras. These maternal cells showed minimal responsiveness to B6 or BALB/c stimulation. To interrogate tolerance, mIUT were injected postnatally with 5E+6 B6 cells/pup; pIUT received BALB/c cells. IUT-treated pups showed no changes in trafficked maternal or fetal immune cell levels compared to controls. Donor-specific IgM and IgG were expressed by 1%-3% of recipients. mIUT splenocytes showed greater proliferation of regulatory T cells (Treg) upon BALB/c stimulation, while B6 stimulation upregulated the pro-inflammatory cytokines more than BALB/c. pIUT splenocytes produced identical Treg and cytokine responses to BALB/c and B6 cells, with higher Treg activity and lower pro-inflammatory cytokine expression upon exposure to BALB/c. In contrast, naïve fetal splenocytes demonstrated greater alloresponsiveness to BALB/c compared to B6 cells. Thus pIUT, associated with increased maternal cell trafficking, modulates fetal Treg, and cytokine responsiveness to donor cells more efficiently than mIUT, resulting in improved engraftment. Paternal donor cells may be considered alternatively to maternal donor cells for intrauterine and postnatal transplantation to induce tolerance and maintain engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Kandasamy
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lay Geok Tan
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nuryanti B Johana
- Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Wan Tan
- Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wanling Foo
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julie S L Yeo
- Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vikashini Ravikumar
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jerry K Y Chan
- Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Citra N Z Mattar
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Lema DA, Burlingham WJ. Role of exosomes in tumour and transplant immune regulation. Scand J Immunol 2019; 90:e12807. [PMID: 31282004 PMCID: PMC7050771 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a potent means for intercellular communication. However, exosomes have received intensive research focus in immunobiology only relatively recently. Because they transport proteins, lipids and genetic material between cells, they are especially suited to amplify their parental cell's message and overcome the physical constraints of cell-to-cell contact, that is exosome release gives cells the ability to alter distant, non-contiguous cells. As progress is made in this field, it has become increasingly obvious that exosomes are involved in most biological processes. In the immune system, exosomes are fundamental tools used by every immune cell type to fulfil its function and promote inflammation or tolerance. In this review, we first summarize key aspects of immune cell-specific exosomes and their functions. Then, we describe how exosomes have been shown to be indispensable orchestrators of the immune response in two immunological scenarios, namely transplant rejection or tolerance, and tumour evasion or initiation of anti-tumour immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Lema
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - William J Burlingham
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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3
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Deshmukh H, Way SS. Immunological Basis for Recurrent Fetal Loss and Pregnancy Complications. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2018; 14:185-210. [PMID: 30183507 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy stimulates an elaborate assortment of dynamic changes, allowing intimate approximation of genetically discordant maternal and fetal tissues. Although the cellular and molecular details about how this works remain largely undefined, important clues arise from evaluating how a prior pregnancy influences the outcome of a future pregnancy. The risk of complications is consistently increased when complications occurred in a prior pregnancy. Reciprocally, a prior successful pregnancy protects against complications in a future pregnancy. Here, we summarize immunological perturbations associated with fetal loss, with particular focus on how both harmful and protective adaptations may persist in mothers. Immunological aberrancy as a root cause of pregnancy complications is also considered, given their shared overlapping risk factors and the sustained requirement for averting maternal-fetal conflict throughout pregnancy. Understanding pregnancy-induced immunological changes may expose not only new therapeutic strategies for improving pregnancy outcomes but also new facets of how immune tolerance works that may be applicable to other physiological and pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Deshmukh
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA;
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4
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Modification of host dendritic cells by microchimerism-derived extracellular vesicles generates split tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:1099-1104. [PMID: 28096390 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618364114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal microchimerism (MMc) has been associated with development of allospecific transplant tolerance, antitumor immunity, and cross-generational reproductive fitness, but its mode of action is unknown. We found in a murine model that MMc caused exposure to the noninherited maternal antigens in all offspring, but in some, MMc magnitude was enough to cause membrane alloantigen acquisition (mAAQ; "cross-dressing") of host dendritic cells (DCs). Extracellular vesicle (EV)-enriched serum fractions from mAAQ+, but not from non-mAAQ, mice reproduced the DC cross-dressing phenomenon in vitro. In vivo, mAAQ was associated with increased expression of immune modulators PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) and CD86 by myeloid DCs (mDCs) and decreased presentation of allopeptide+self-MHC complexes, along with increased PD-L1, on plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). Remarkably, both serum EV-enriched fractions and membrane microdomains containing the acquired MHC alloantigens included CD86, but completely excluded PD-L1. In contrast, EV-enriched fractions and microdomains containing allopeptide+self-MHC did not exclude PD-L1. Adoptive transfer of allospecific transgenic CD4 T cells revealed a "split tolerance" status in mAAQ+ mice: T cells recognizing intact acquired MHC alloantigens proliferated, whereas those responding to allopeptide+self-MHC did not. Using isolated pDCs and mDCs for in vitro culture with allopeptide+self-MHC-specific CD4 T cells, we could replicate their normal activation in non-mAAQ mice, and PD-L1-dependent anergy in mAAQ+ hosts. We propose that EVs provide a physiologic link between microchimerism and split tolerance, with implications for tumor immunity, transplantation, autoimmunity, and reproductive success.
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Lu CL, Murakowski DK, Bournazos S, Schoofs T, Sarkar D, Halper-Stromberg A, Horwitz JA, Nogueira L, Golijanin J, Gazumyan A, Ravetch JV, Caskey M, Chakraborty AK, Nussenzweig MC. Enhanced clearance of HIV-1-infected cells by broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 in vivo. Science 2016; 352:1001-4. [PMID: 27199430 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral drugs and antibodies limit HIV-1 infection by interfering with the viral life cycle. In addition, antibodies also have the potential to guide host immune effector cells to kill HIV-1-infected cells. Examination of the kinetics of HIV-1 suppression in infected individuals by passively administered 3BNC117, a broadly neutralizing antibody, suggested that the effects of the antibody are not limited to free viral clearance and blocking new infection but also include acceleration of infected cell clearance. Consistent with these observations, we find that broadly neutralizing antibodies can target CD4(+) T cells infected with patient viruses and can decrease their in vivo half-lives by a mechanism that requires Fcγ receptor engagement in a humanized mouse model. The results indicate that passive immunotherapy can accelerate elimination of HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Lan Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA. Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dariusz K Murakowski
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stylianos Bournazos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Till Schoofs
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Debolina Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Joshua A Horwitz
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lilian Nogueira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jovana Golijanin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Arup K Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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The Critical Role of Induced CD4+ FoxP3+ Regulatory Cells in Suppression of Interleukin-17 Production and Attenuation of Mouse Orthotopic Lung Allograft Rejection. Transplantation 2016; 99:1356-64. [PMID: 25856405 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung transplantation is the only definitive therapy for many forms of end-stage lung disease. Studies have demonstrated the critical role of interleukin (IL)-17 in the development of lung rejection. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for the establishment and maintenance of immune tolerance. METHODS We established mouse orthotopic lung transplantation models to investigate the importance of IL-17 and IL-17-producing cell types in acute lung allograft rejection and the efficacy of the adoptive transfer of induced Tregs (iTregs) in attenuating pathologic lesions of lung allografts. RESULTS We found that the IL-17 produced by Th17 cells and γδ T cells might make the primary contributions to the progression of acute lung allograft rejection. Interleukin-17 deficiency decreased lung allograft lesions. Exogenous iTregs maintained their FoxP3 expression levels in lung allograft recipients. Induced Tregs therapy downregulated the expressions of Th17 and IL-17 γδ T cells and increased IL-10 production in the mouse orthotopic lung transplantation models. Moreover, the adoptive transfer of iTregs prolonged the survivals of the lung allografts and attenuated the progression of acute rejection. CONCLUSION These data suggested that the adoptive transfer of iTregs could suppress the Th17 cells and IL-17 γδ cells of the recipients, decrease the expression of IL-17, and attenuate the pathology of acute lung allograft rejection. Exogenous iTregs upregulated immunosuppressive factors, such as IL-10 and suppressed IL-17-producing cells, which was one of the pathways to play a role in protecting lung allografts.
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Tomita Y, Satomi M, Bracamonte-Baran W, Jankowska Gan E, Workman AS, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA, Burlingham WJ. Kinetics of Alloantigen-Specific Regulatory CD4 T Cell Development and Tissue Distribution After Donor-Specific Transfusion and Costimulatory Blockade. Transplant Direct 2016; 2:e73. [PMID: 27500263 PMCID: PMC4946513 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of donor-side regulation toward recipient antigens on graft outcome is poorly understood. METHODS Because this influence might be due in part to the accumulation of tissue-resident memory T cells in the donor organ, we used a standard murine tolerization model (donor-specific transfusion plus CD40L blockade) to determine the kinetics of development and peripheralization of allospecific regulatory T cell in lymphoid tissues and liver, a secondary lymphoid organ used in transplantation. RESULTS We found that donor-specific transfusion and CD40L blockade leads to a progressive and sustained T regulatory allospecific response. The cytokines IL10, TGFβ, and IL35 all contributed to the regulatory phenomenon as determined by trans vivo delayed hypersensitivity assay. Unexpectedly, an early and transient self-specific regulatory response was found as well. Using double reporter mice (forkhead box p 3 [Foxp3]-yellow fluorescent protein, Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 [Ebi3]-TdTomRed), we found an increase in Foxp3+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells paralleling the regulatory response. The Ebi3+ CD4 T cells (IL35-producing) were mainly classic Treg cells (Foxp3+CD25+), whereas TGFβ+ CD4 T cells are mostly Foxp3-negative, suggesting 2 different CD4 Treg cell subsets. Liver-resident TGFβ+ CD4 T cells appeared more rapidly than Ebi3-producing T cells, whereas at later timepoints, the Ebi3 response predominated both in lymphoid tissues and liver. CONCLUSIONS The timing of appearance of donor organ resident Treg cell subsets should be considered in experiments testing the role of bidirectional regulation in transplant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tomita
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
| | - Miwa Satomi
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
| | | | - Ewa Jankowska Gan
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
| | | | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - William J Burlingham
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
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8
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Burlingham WJ. Exosomes: The missing link between microchimerism and acquired tolerance? CHIMERISM 2015; 5:63-7. [PMID: 26679558 DOI: 10.1080/19381956.2015.1082026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that the immune system of viviparous mammals is much more in the business of acquiring tolerance to non-self antigens, than it is in rejecting cells that express them (for a recent review, highlighting the role of Treg cells, see ref. (1) ). It is also clear that both self-tolerance, and acquired tolerance to non-self is a dynamic process, with a natural ebb and flow. As has been often said of an effective team defense in sports, tolerance will "bend but does not break." How microchimerism, defined as the presence of extremely rare [1/10(4)-1/10(6)] cells of a genetically different individual, can induce either new immunogenetic pressures that push self-tolerance to the breaking point, or alternatively, provide relief from pre-existing immunogenetic risk, preventing development of autoimmune disease, remains a mystery. Indeed, the inability to directly correlate DNA-level microchimerism detected in blood samples by qPCR, with naturally occurring regulation to minor H and MHC alloantigens expressed by the rare cells themselves, has been frustrating to researchers in this field. (2) [Haynes, W.J. et al, this issue] However, recent developments in the areas of transplantation and reproductive immunology offer clues to how the effects of microchimerism can be amplified, and how a disproportionate immune impact might occur from a very limited cell source.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Burlingham
- a Department of Surgery; Division of Transplantation ; University of Wisconsin ; Madison , WI , USA
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Kinder JM, Jiang TT, Ertelt JM, Xin L, Strong BS, Shaaban AF, Way SS. Tolerance to noninherited maternal antigens, reproductive microchimerism and regulatory T cell memory: 60 years after 'Evidence for actively acquired tolerance to Rh antigens'. CHIMERISM 2015; 6:8-20. [PMID: 26517600 PMCID: PMC5063085 DOI: 10.1080/19381956.2015.1107253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Compulsory exposure to genetically foreign maternal tissue imprints in offspring sustained tolerance to noninherited maternal antigens (NIMA). Immunological tolerance to NIMA was first described by Dr. Ray D. Owen for women genetically negative for erythrocyte rhesus (Rh) antigen with reduced sensitization from developmental Rh exposure by their mothers. Extending this analysis to HLA haplotypes has uncovered the exciting potential for therapeutically exploiting NIMA-specific tolerance naturally engrained in mammalian reproduction for improved clinical outcomes after allogeneic transplantation. Herein, we summarize emerging scientific concepts stemming from tolerance to NIMA that includes postnatal maintenance of microchimeric maternal origin cells in offspring, expanded accumulation of immune suppressive regulatory T cells with NIMA-specificity, along with teleological benefits and immunological consequences of NIMA-specific tolerance conserved across mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Kinder
- a Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Tony T Jiang
- a Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - James M Ertelt
- a Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Lijun Xin
- a Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Beverly S Strong
- b Center for Fetal Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Aimen F Shaaban
- b Center for Fetal Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Sing Sing Way
- a Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati , OH , USA
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Patterns of Immune Regulation in Rhesus Macaque and Human Families. Transplant Direct 2015; 1:e20. [PMID: 27500222 PMCID: PMC4946471 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Naturally acquired immune regulation amongst family members can result in mutual regulation between living related renal transplant donor and recipients. Pretransplant bidirectional regulation predisposed to superior renal allograft outcome in a CAMPATH-1H protocol. We tested whether Rhesus macaques, a large animal model of choice for preclinical transplant studies, share these immunoregulatory properties.
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11
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Dutta P, Burlingham WJ. Correlation between post transplant maternal microchimerism and tolerance across MHC barriers in mice. CHIMERISM 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/chim.18083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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van Halteren AGS, Sedlmayr P, Kroneis T, Burlingham WJ, Nelson JL. Meeting report of the First Symposium on Chimerism. CHIMERISM 2013; 4:132-5. [PMID: 24247201 DOI: 10.4161/chim.27168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid G S van Halteren
- Department of Pediatrics; Willem Alexander Children's Hospital; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Sedlmayr
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology; University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Kroneis
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology; University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | - William J Burlingham
- Department of Surgery; Division of Transplantation; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison, WI USA
| | - J Lee Nelson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
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13
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Abstract
The innate and adaptive immune systems, together, represent the largest impediment to good and long-lasting graft function. Although improved immunosuppressive agents and expanded and enhanced diagnostic tools have led to better prevention and treatment of acute rejection, chronic rejection remains a serious threat to long-term graft survival. Immunologic heterogeneity among patients, variability in treatment protocols and unforeseen events following transplantation translate into different levels of risk among patients. While one cannot predict with certainty the short- and long-term outcomes of a particular transplant, it is possible to identify immunologic risk factors that can affect outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Carmelle Philogene
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 2041 E Monument St., Baltimore, MD 21205-2222, USA.
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14
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Nelson JL. The otherness of self: microchimerism in health and disease. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:421-7. [PMID: 22609148 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microchimerism (Mc) refers to the harboring of a small number of cells (or DNA) that originated in a different individual. Naturally acquired Mc derives primarily from maternal cells in her progeny, or cells of fetal origin in women. Both maternal and fetal Mc are detected in hematopoietic cells including T and B cells, monocyte/macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells and granulocytes. Mc appears also to generate cells such as myocytes, hepatocytes, islet β cells and neurons. Here, the detrimental and beneficial potential of Mc is examined. The prevalence, diversity and durability of naturally acquired Mc, including in healthy individuals, indicates that a shift is needed from the conventional paradigm of 'self versus other' to a view of the normal 'self' as constitutively chimeric.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee Nelson
- Immunogenetics, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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15
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Jankowska-Gan E, Sheka A, Sollinger HW, Pirsch JD, Hofmann MR, Haynes LD, Armbrust MJ, Mezrich JD, Burlingham WJ. Pretransplant immune regulation predicts allograft outcome: bidirectional regulation correlates with excellent renal transplant function in living-related donor-recipient pairs. Transplantation 2012; 93:283-90. [PMID: 22186938 PMCID: PMC3366360 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31823e46a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tolerance to noninherited maternal antigens has provided clinical advantage when kidney transplants are exchanged between siblings but not when mother herself is the donor. This paradox prompted us to revisit the "two-way" hypothesis of transplant tolerance--that the immune status of both the organ recipient and the organ donor critically influences allograft outcome. METHODS We obtained peripheral blood monocyte cells from 29 living donor-recipient pairs before transplant and used the trans-vivo-delayed type hypersensitivity assay to measure immune regulation in both the recipient antidonor and donor antirecipient directions. RESULTS We found preexisting bidirectional regulation in all human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical sibling pairs tested (7/7), and one half (9/18) of the HLA haploidentical pairs. No significant regulation was found in four control living unrelated and two HLA haploidentical living-related donor recipient pairs, whereas unidirectional regulation was found in the remaining seven haploidentical pairs. Of the nine HLA haploidentical transplants with unidirectional or no pretransplant regulation, seven had an acute rejection episode and four of these experienced graft loss. In contrast, of the nine HLA haploidentical transplants with bidirectional regulation, only one had rejection. Renal function for the latter group was similar to HLA-identical kidney recipients at 3 years posttransplant. Significantly (P<0.05) lower mean serum creatinine values in bidirectional regulators were noted as early as 4 months and this difference became more pronounced at 12 (P<0.005) and 36 months (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Contrary to the belief that only the recipient's immune status matters, the data indicate that pretransplant immune status of both donor and recipient influence posttransplant outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jankowska-Gan
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Madison, WI 53792
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Madison, WI 53972
| | - Adam Sheka
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Madison, WI 53792
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Madison, WI 53972
| | - Hans W. Sollinger
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Madison, WI 53792
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Madison, WI 53972
| | - John D. Pirsch
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Madison, WI 53792
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Madison, WI 53972
| | - Michael R. Hofmann
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Madison, WI 53792
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Madison, WI 53972
| | - Lynn D. Haynes
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Madison, WI 53792
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Madison, WI 53972
| | - Michael J. Armbrust
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Madison, WI 53792
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Madison, WI 53972
| | - Joshua D. Mezrich
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Madison, WI 53792
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Madison, WI 53972
| | - William J. Burlingham
- Address for Correspondence: Dr. William J. Burlingham, G4/702 CSC, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA, Telephone number: (608)-263-0119, Fax number: (608)-263-7652,
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The bidirectional exchange of cells, both mature and progenitor types, at the maternal-fetal interface is a common feature of mammalian reproduction. The presence of semiallogeneic cells in a host can have significant immunological effects on transplantation tolerance and rejection. Here, we review recent advances in this area. RECENT FINDINGS Maternal microchimerism (MMc) in blood and various organs was found to be directly correlated with noninherited maternal antigen (NIMA)-specific CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), in F(1) backcross mice. In humans, MMc induced NIMA-specific FoxP3(+) CD4 Tregs in lymph nodes and spleen of fetuses. Tolerance to NIMA(+) allografts could be predicted in mice by measuring levels of the NIMA-specific Tregs in offspring before transplantation. On the contrary, fetal microchimerism (FMc) in multiparous female mice was largely confined to CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and was associated with sensitization rather than Treg induction. The recent discovery of a 'layered' T-cell development in humans whereby fetal HSCs are more likely to produce Tregs than adult HSCs, which may explain why MMc often induces tolerance, whereas FMc tends to induce sensitization. SUMMARY Microchimerism may cause tolerance resulting in acceptance of an allograft bearing antigens shared by the microchimeric cells. However, microchimerism may also cause sensitization resulting in rejection. Distinguishing these effects prior to the transplant may revolutionize the field of living-related renal transplantation wherein MMc and FMc can exert a powerful influence on graft outcome.
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Kwun J, Malarkannan S, Burlingham WJ, Knechtle SJ. Primary vascularization of the graft determines the immunodominance of murine minor H antigens during organ transplantation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3997-4006. [PMID: 21900176 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Grafts can be rejected even when matched for MHC because of differences in the minor histocompatibility Ags (mH-Ags). H4- and H60-derived epitopes are known as immunodominant mH-Ags in H2(b)-compatible BALB.B to C57BL/6 transplantation settings. Although multiple explanations have been provided to explain immunodominance of Ags, the role of vascularization of the graft is yet to be determined. In this study, we used heart (vascularized) and skin (nonvascularized) transplantations to determine the role of primary vascularization of the graft. A higher IFN-γ response toward H60 peptide occurs in heart recipients. In contrast, a higher IFN-γ response was generated against H4 peptide in skin transplant recipients. Peptide-loaded tetramer staining revealed a distinct antigenic hierarchy between heart and skin transplantation: H60-specific CD8(+) T cells were the most abundant after heart transplantation, whereas H4-specific CD8(+) T cells were more abundant after skin graft. Neither the tissue-specific distribution of mH-Ags nor the draining lymph node-derived dendritic cells correlated with the observed immunodominance. Interestingly, non-primarily vascularized cardiac allografts mimicked skin grafts in the observed immunodominance, and H60 immunodominance was observed in primarily vascularized skin grafts. However, T cell depletion from the BALB.B donor prior to cardiac allograft induces H4 immunodominance in vascularized cardiac allograft. Collectively, our data suggest that immediate transmigration of donor T cells via primary vascularization is responsible for the immunodominance of H60 mH-Ag in organ and tissue transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Kwun
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Clinical Science Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Gammill HS, Adams Waldorf KM, Aydelotte TM, Lucas J, Leisenring WM, Lambert NC, Nelson JL. Pregnancy, microchimerism, and the maternal grandmother. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24101. [PMID: 21912617 PMCID: PMC3166068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A woman of reproductive age often harbors a small number of foreign cells, referred to as microchimerism: a preexisting population of cells acquired during fetal life from her own mother, and newly acquired populations from her pregnancies. An intriguing question is whether the population of cells from her own mother can influence either maternal health during pregnancy and/or the next generation (grandchildren). Methodology/Principal Findings Microchimerism from a woman's (i.e. proband's) own mother (mother-of-the-proband, MP) was studied in peripheral blood samples from women followed longitudinally during pregnancy who were confirmed to have uncomplicated obstetric outcomes. Women with preeclampsia were studied at the time of diagnosis and comparison made to women with healthy pregnancies matched for parity and gestational age. Participants and family members were HLA-genotyped for DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1 loci. An HLA polymorphism unique to the woman's mother was identified, and a panel of HLA-specific quantitative PCR assays was employed to identify and quantify microchimerism. Microchimerism from the MP was identified during normal, uncomplicated pregnancy, with a peak concentration in the third trimester. The likelihood of detection increased with advancing gestational age. For each advancing trimester, there was a 12.7-fold increase in the probability of detecting microchimerism relative to the prior trimester, 95% confidence intervals 3.2, 50.3, p<0.001. None of the women with preeclampsia, compared with 30% of matched healthy women, had microchimerism (p = 0.03). Conclusions/Significance These results show that microchimerism from a woman's own mother is detectable in normal pregnancy and diminished in preeclampsia, supporting the previously unexplored hypothesis that MP microchimerism may be a marker reflecting healthy maternal adaptation to pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary S Gammill
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
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Dutta P, Burlingham WJ. Correlation between post transplant maternal microchimerism and tolerance across MHC barriers in mice. CHIMERISM 2011; 2:78-83. [PMID: 22163065 DOI: 10.4161/chim.2.3.18083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Exposure to non-inherited maternal antigens (NIMA) during fetal and neonatal life can result in lifelong maternal microchimerism (MMc) and tolerance to NIMA(+) allografts. We have previously shown that 40-50% of BDF1 female x B6 male offspring have multi-organ and multi-lineage MMc, while 70% have evidence of acquired maternal class I antigen in circulating PBMC and splenocytes. These features correlated with the presence of NIMA(d)-specific CD4(+) Treg cells, while offspring lacking MMc also lacked NIMA-specific Tregs. Furthermore, after a DBA/2 heart transplant, NIMA(d)-specific CD4(+) Treg cells rapidly mobilize to the allograft where they produce IL10 and TGFβ, suppressing early acute rejection, while mice deficient in MMc and NIMA(d)-specific Treg reject, allowing IFNγ-producing T effector cells to predominate in the grafts. We hypothesized that maternal cells occupy key sites of alloantigen presentation after transplant, sustaining pre-existing host Treg amidst a rising tide of donor alloantigen released from the graft. Using quantitative PCR to detect GFP transgeneic maternal cells, we found that transplant tolerance was associated with elevated MMc levels in blood, heart & lung, but surprisingly, not in liver. Rejection was associated with significantly lower levels of MMc in CD11b(+) (p = 0.0001) and CD11c(+) (p = 0.045) splenocytes, but not with differences in T cell MMc. Furthermore, compared with low pre-transplant baseline rate of maternal antigen acquisition, long-term graft survival was associated with an increased mean % of cells in blood [0.5% pre vs. 5.0% post] and spleen that were dimly positive for H-2K(d), indicative of de novo cell-surface alloantigen acquisition from the DBA/2 donor heart allograft. In contrast, NIMA-exposed mice that rejected their DBA/2 graft showed a transient increase in H-2K(d-dim) cells in blood during rejection (day 9-12) but a complete absence of donor MHC acquisition 100 days after transplant. As was the case prior to transplant, antigen acquisition was largely confined to MHC class II+ professional APC. CONCLUSION When a NIMA-expressing organ allograft is accepted, MMc persists, mainly distributed into the antigen-presenting cell compartment, where the bulk of graft-derived alloantigen for "semi-direct" presentation is also present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Dutta
- Department of Surgery; School of Medicine and Public Health; University of Wisconsin; Madison, WI USA
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