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Sun R, Wang N, Zheng S, Wang H, Xie H. Nanotechnology-based Strategies for Molecular Imaging, Diagnosis, and Therapy of Organ Transplantation. Transplantation 2024; 108:1730-1748. [PMID: 39042368 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Organ transplantation is the preferred paradigm for patients with end-stage organ failures. Despite unprecedented successes, complications such as immune rejection, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and graft dysfunction remain significant barriers to long-term recipient survival after transplantation. Conventional immunosuppressive drugs have limited efficacy because of significant drug toxicities, high systemic immune burden, and emergence of transplant infectious disease, leading to poor quality of life for patients. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery has emerged as a promising medical technology and offers several advantages by enhancing the delivery of drug payloads to their target sites, reducing systemic toxicity, and facilitating patient compliance over free drug administration. In addition, nanotechnology-based imaging approaches provide exciting diagnostic methods for monitoring molecular and cellular changes in transplanted organs, visualizing immune responses, and assessing the severity of rejection. These noninvasive technologies are expected to help enhance the posttransplantation patient survival through real time and early diagnosis of disease progression. Here, we present a comprehensive review of nanotechnology-assisted strategies in various aspects of organ transplantation, including organ protection before transplantation, mitigation of ischemia-reperfusion injury, counteraction of immune rejection, early detection of organ dysfunction posttransplantation, and molecular imaging and diagnosis of immune rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Sun
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, CAMS, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, CAMS, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, CAMS, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangxiang Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, CAMS, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, CAMS, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Meng F, Fu Y, Xie H, Wang H. Nanoparticle-assisted Targeting Delivery Technologies for Preventing Organ Rejection. Transplantation 2024:00007890-990000000-00723. [PMID: 38597913 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000005025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Although organ transplantation is a life-saving medical procedure, the challenge of posttransplant rejection necessitates safe and effective immune modulation strategies. Nanodelivery approaches may have the potential to overcome the limitations of small-molecule immunosuppressive drugs, achieving efficacious treatment options for transplant tolerance without compromising overall host immunity. This review highlights recent advances in biomaterial-assisted formulations and technologies for targeted nanodrug delivery with transplant organ- or immune cell-level precision for treating graft rejection after transplantation. We provide an overview of the mechanism of transplantation rejection, current clinically approved immunosuppressive drugs, and their relevant limitations. Finally, we discuss the targeting principles and advantages of organ- and immune cell-specific delivery technologies. The development of biomaterial-assisted novel therapeutic strategies holds considerable promise for treating organ rejection and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanchao Meng
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hangxiang Wang
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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Castañeda Cataña MA, Dodes Traian MM, Rivas Marquina AP, Marquez AB, Arrúa EC, Carlucci MJ, Damonte EB, Pérez OE, Sepúlveda CS. Design and characterization of BSA-mycophenolic acid nanocomplexes: Antiviral activity exploration. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:131023. [PMID: 38513897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The interactions between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and mycophenolic acid (MPA) were investigated in silico through molecular docking and in vitro, using fluorescence spectroscopy. Dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy were used to figure out the structure of MPA-Complex (MPA-C). The binding affinity between MPA and BSA was determined, yielding a Kd value of (12.0 ± 0.7) μM, and establishing a distance of 17 Å between the BSA and MPA molecules. The presence of MPA prompted protein aggregation, leading to the formation of MPA-C. The cytotoxicity of MPA-C and its ability to fight Junín virus (JUNV) were tested in A549 and Vero cell lines. It was found that treating infected cells with MPA-C decreased the JUNV yield and was more effective than free MPA in both cell line models for prolonged time treatments. Our results represent the first report of the antiviral activity of this type of BSA-MPA complex against JUNV, as assessed in cell culture model systems. MPA-C shows promise as a candidate for drug formulation against human pathogenic arenaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra A Castañeda Cataña
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN). UBA-CONICET, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín M Dodes Traian
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN). UBA-CONICET, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea P Rivas Marquina
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Materiales Avanzados y Almacenamiento de Energía de Jujuy-CIDMEJu (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Jujuy), Centro de Desarrollo Tecnológico General Savio, 4612 Palpalá, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Agostina B Marquez
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN). UBA-CONICET, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eva C Arrúa
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Materiales Avanzados y Almacenamiento de Energía de Jujuy-CIDMEJu (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Jujuy), Centro de Desarrollo Tecnológico General Savio, 4612 Palpalá, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - María J Carlucci
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN). UBA-CONICET, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elsa B Damonte
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN). UBA-CONICET, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar E Pérez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN). UBA-CONICET, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia S Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN). UBA-CONICET, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Owen MC, Kopecky BJ. Targeting Macrophages in Organ Transplantation: A Step Toward Personalized Medicine. Transplantation 2024:00007890-990000000-00690. [PMID: 38467591 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Organ transplantation remains the most optimal strategy for patients with end-stage organ failure. However, prevailing methods of immunosuppression are marred by adverse side effects, and allograft rejection remains common. It is imperative to identify and comprehensively characterize the cell types involved in allograft rejection, and develop therapies with greater specificity. There is increasing recognition that processes mediating allograft rejection are the result of interactions between innate and adaptive immune cells. Macrophages are heterogeneous innate immune cells with diverse functions that contribute to ischemia-reperfusion injury, acute rejection, and chronic rejection. Macrophages are inflammatory cells capable of innate allorecognition that strengthen their responses to secondary exposures over time via "trained immunity." However, macrophages also adopt immunoregulatory phenotypes and may promote allograft tolerance. In this review, we discuss the roles of macrophages in rejection and tolerance, and detail how macrophage plasticity and polarization influence transplantation outcomes. A comprehensive understanding of macrophages in transplant will guide future personalized approaches to therapies aimed at facilitating tolerance or mitigating the rejection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macee C Owen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MI
| | - Benjamin J Kopecky
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MI
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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Lansberry TR, Stabler CL. Immunoprotection of cellular transplants for autoimmune type 1 diabetes through local drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 206:115179. [PMID: 38286164 PMCID: PMC11140763 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune condition that results in the destruction of insulin-secreting β cells of the islets of Langerhans. Allogeneic islet transplantation could be a successful treatment for T1DM; however, it is limited by the need for effective, permanent immunosuppression to prevent graft rejection. Upon transplantation, islets are rejected through non-specific, alloantigen specific, and recurring autoimmune pathways. Immunosuppressive agents used for islet transplantation are generally successful in inhibiting alloantigen rejection, but they are suboptimal in hindering non-specific and autoimmune pathways. In this review, we summarize the challenges with cellular immunological rejection and therapeutics used for islet transplantation. We highlight agents that target these three immune rejection pathways and how to package them for controlled, local delivery via biomaterials. Exploring macro-, micro-, and nano-scale immunomodulatory biomaterial platforms, we summarize their advantages, challenges, and future directions. We hypothesize that understanding their key features will help identify effective platforms to prevent islet graft rejection. Outcomes can further be translated to other cellular therapies beyond T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Lansberry
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - C L Stabler
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Immunology and Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Ding M, Gao T, Song Y, Yi L, Li W, Deng C, Zhou W, Xie M, Zhang L. Nanoparticle-based T cell immunoimaging and immunomodulatory for diagnosing and treating transplant rejection. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24203. [PMID: 38312645 PMCID: PMC10835187 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
T cells serve a pivotal role in the rejection of transplants, both by directly attacking the graft and by recruiting other immune cells, which intensifies the rejection process. Therefore, monitoring T cells becomes crucial for early detection of transplant rejection, while targeted drug delivery specifically to T cells can significantly enhance the effectiveness of rejection therapy. However, regulating the activity of T cells within transplanted organs is challenging, and the prolonged use of immunosuppressive drugs is associated with notable side effects and complications. Functionalized nanoparticles offer a potential solution by targeting T cells within transplants or lymph nodes, thereby reducing the off-target effects and improving the long-term survival of the graft. In this review, we will provide an overview of recent advancements in T cell-targeted imaging molecular probes for diagnosing transplant rejection and the progress of T cell-regulating nanomedicines for treating transplant rejection. Additionally, we will discuss future directions and the challenges in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdan Ding
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Tang Gao
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yishu Song
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Luyang Yi
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wenqu Li
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Cheng Deng
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wuqi Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Mingxing Xie
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
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Rhodes KR, Tzeng SY, Iglesias M, Lee D, Storm K, Neshat SY, VanDyke D, Lowmaster SM, Spangler JB, Raimondi G, Green JJ. Bioengineered particles expand myelin-specific regulatory T cells and reverse autoreactivity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd8693. [PMID: 37267370 PMCID: PMC10413683 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add8693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoreactive immune cells damaging myelinated nerves, impairing brain function. Treatments aim for tolerance induction to reeducate the immune system to recognize myelin as "self" rather than "foreign." As peripheral immune tolerance is primarily mediated by regulatory T cells (Tregs), we developed a therapy to support Treg expansion and activity in vivo. To target, engage, and activate myelin-specific Tregs, we designed a biodegradable microparticle (MP) loaded with rapamycin and functionalized with a biased interleukin-2 (IL-2) fusion protein and a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II loaded with a myelin peptide. These tolerogenic MPs (Tol-MPs) were validated in vitro and then evaluated in a mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Tol-MPs promoted sustained disease reversal in 100% of mice and full recovery in 38% of mice with symptomatic EAE. Tol-MPs are a promising platform for treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R. Rhodes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Stephany Y. Tzeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Marcos Iglesias
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Dongwoo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Storm
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Sarah Y. Neshat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Derek VanDyke
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Shirley M. Lowmaster
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jamie B. Spangler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Giorgio Raimondi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jordan J. Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Rao JS, Ivkov R, Sharma A. Nanoparticle-Based Interventions for Liver Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7496. [PMID: 37108659 PMCID: PMC10144867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the only treatment for hepatic insufficiency as a result of acute and chronic liver injuries/pathologies that fail to recover. Unfortunately, there remains an enormous and growing gap between organ supply and demand. Although recipients on the liver transplantation waitlist have significantly higher mortality, livers are often not allocated because they are (i) classified as extended criteria or marginal livers and (ii) subjected to longer cold preservation time (>6 h) with a direct correlation of poor outcomes with longer cold ischemia. Downregulating the recipient's innate immune response to successfully tolerate a graft having longer cold ischemia times or ischemia-reperfusion injury through induction of immune tolerance in the graft and the host would significantly improve organ utilization and post-transplant outcomes. Broadly, technologies proposed for development aim to extend the life of the transplanted liver through post-transplant or recipient conditioning. In this review, we focus on the potential benefits of nanotechnology to provide unique pre-transplant grafting and recipient conditioning of extended criteria donor livers using immune tolerance induction and hyperthermic pre-conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sushil Rao
- Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Robert Ivkov
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Anirudh Sharma
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Jiang B, Zhang Y, Li Y, Chen Y, Sha S, Zhao L, Li D, Wen J, Lan J, Lou Y, Su H, Zhang C, Zhu J, Tao J. A Tissue-Tended Mycophenolate-Modified Nanoparticle Alleviates Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in MRL/Lpr Mouse Model Mainly by Promoting Local M2-Like Macrophagocytes Polarization. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:3251-3267. [PMID: 35924257 PMCID: PMC9342721 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s361400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), for which the bioactive metabolite is mycophenolic acid (MPA), is a frequently used immunosuppressant for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, its short half-life and poor biodistribution into cells and tissues hinder its clinical efficacy. Our dextran mycophenolate-based nanoparticles (MPA@Dex-MPA NPs) have greatly improved the pharmacokinetics of MMF/MPA. We here tested the therapeutic efficacy of MPA@Dex-MPA NPs against SLE and investigated the underlying mechanism. Methods The tissue and immune cell biodistributions of MPA@Dex-MPA NPs were traced using live fluorescence imaging system and flow cytometry, respectively. Serological proinflammatory mediators and kidney damage were detected to assess the efficacy of MPA@Dex-MPA NPs treatments of MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice. Immune cell changes in the kidney and spleen were further analyzed post-treatment via flow cytometry. Bone marrow-derived macrophages were used to investigate the potential mechanism. Results MPA@Dex-MPA NPs exhibited superior therapeutic efficacy and safety in the MRL/lpr mice using significantly lower administration dosage (one-fifth) and frequency (once/3 days) compared to MMF/MPA used in ordinary practice. The overall prognosis of the mice was improved as they showed lower levels of serological proinflammatory mediators. Moreover, kidney injury was alleviated with reduced pathological signs and decreased urine protein-creatinine ratio. Further investigations of the underlying mechanism revealed a preferential penetration and persistent retention of MPA@Dex-MPA NPs in the spleen and kidney, where they were mostly phagocytosed by macrophages. The macrophages were found to be polarized towards a CD206+ M2-like phenotype, with a downregulation of surface CD80 and CD40, and reduced TNF-α production in the spleen and kidney and in vitro. The expansion of T cells was also significantly inhibited in these two organs. Conclusion Our research improved the efficacy of MPA for MRL/lpr mice through synthesizing MPA@Dex-MPA NPs to enhance its tissue biodistribution and explored the possible mechanism, providing a promising strategy for SLE therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biling Jiang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Skin Disease Theranostics and Health, Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Skin Disease Theranostics and Health, Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuce Li
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, HUST, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, HUST, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Sha
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Skin Disease Theranostics and Health, Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Skin Disease Theranostics and Health, Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danqi Li
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Skin Disease Theranostics and Health, Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Wen
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Skin Disease Theranostics and Health, Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Lan
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Skin Disease Theranostics and Health, Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Lou
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Skin Disease Theranostics and Health, Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jintao Zhu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, HUST, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Tao
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Skin Disease Theranostics and Health, Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Juan Tao; Jintao Zhu, Email ;
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10
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Wang W, Teng Y, Xue JJ, Cai HK, Pan YB, Ye XN, Mao XL, Li SW. Nanotechnology in Kidney and Islet Transplantation: An Ongoing, Promising Field. Front Immunol 2022; 13:846032. [PMID: 35464482 PMCID: PMC9024121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.846032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ transplantation has evolved rapidly in recent years as a reliable option for patients with end-stage organ failure. However, organ shortage, surgical risks, acute and chronic rejection reactions and long-term immunosuppressive drug applications and their inevitable side effects remain extremely challenging problems. The application of nanotechnology in medicine has proven highly successful and has unique advantages for diagnosing and treating diseases compared to conventional methods. The combination of nanotechnology and transplantation brings a new direction of thinking to transplantation medicine. In this article, we provide an overview of the application and progress of nanotechnology in kidney and islet transplantation, including nanotechnology for renal pre-transplantation preservation, artificial biological islets, organ imaging and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Ya Teng
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Ji-Ji Xue
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Hong-Kai Cai
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Yu-Biao Pan
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Linhai, China
| | - Xing-Nan Ye
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing University, Linhai, China
| | - Xin-Li Mao
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques and Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Li Mao, ; Shao-Wei Li,
| | - Shao-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques and Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Li Mao, ; Shao-Wei Li,
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11
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Implantable Immunosuppressant Delivery to Prevent Rejection in Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031592. [PMID: 35163514 PMCID: PMC8835747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An innovative immunosuppressant with a minimally invasive delivery system has emerged in the biomedical field. The application of biodegradable and biocompatible polymer forms, such as hydrogels, scaffolds, microspheres, and nanoparticles, in transplant recipients to control the release of immunosuppressants can minimize the risk of developing unfavorable conditions. In this review, we summarized several studies that have used implantable immunosuppressant delivery to release therapeutic agents to prolong allograft survival. We also compared their applications, efficacy, efficiency, and safety/side effects with conventional therapeutic-agent administration. Finally, challenges and the future prospective were discussed. Collectively, this review will help relevant readers understand the different approaches to prevent transplant rejection in a new era of therapeutic agent delivery.
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12
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Polymer nanotherapeutics to correct autoimmunity. J Control Release 2022; 343:152-174. [PMID: 34990701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune system maintains homeostasis and protects the body from pathogens, mutated cells, and other harmful substances. When immune homeostasis is disrupted, excessive autoimmunity will lead to diseases. To inhibit the unexpected immune responses and reduce the impact of treatment on immunoprotective functions, polymer nanotherapeutics, such as nanomedicines, nanovaccines, and nanodecoys, were developed as part of an advanced strategy for precise immunomodulation. Nanomedicines transport cytotoxic drugs to target sites to reduce the occurrence of side effects and increase the stability and bioactivity of various immunomodulating agents, especially nucleic acids and cytokines. In addition, polymer nanomaterials carrying autoantigens used as nanovaccines can induce antigen-specific immune tolerance without interfering with protective immune responses. The precise immunomodulatory function of nanovaccines has broad prospects for the treatment of immune related-diseases. Besides, nanodecoys, which are designed to protect the body from various pathogenic substances by intravenous administration, are a simple and relatively noninvasive treatment. Herein, we have discussed and predicted the application of polymer nanotherapeutics in the correction of autoimmunity, including treating autoimmune diseases, controlling hypersensitivity, and avoiding transplant rejection.
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13
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Cao Z, Li C, He J, Sui X, Wu P, Pan D, Qing L, Tang J. FK506-loaded PLGA nanoparticles improve long-term survival of a vascularized composite allograft in a murine model. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1515. [PMID: 34790721 PMCID: PMC8576731 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-2425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background The side effects of life-long administration of FK506 limit the clinical practice of vascularized composite allografts (VCAs). This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of FK506-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (FK506 NPs) for prolonging the long-term survival of VCAs and reducing the side effects of FK506. Methods PLGA nanoparticles loaded with FK506 were prepared by the solvent evaporation method. The characterization of FK506 NPs was evaluated by electron microscopy. To confirm the function and safety of FK506 NPs, these particles were administrated into rats by intraperitoneal injection. The survival time of the allograft, systemic concentration of FK506, anti-rejection activity, and side-effect of FK506 NPs were evaluated in a Brown Norway (BN)-to-Sprague Dawley (SD) epigastric VCA transplantation model. Results Compared with the nontreatment, PLGA control and FK506 groups, the median survival times (MST) of the FK506 NP groups were significantly prolonged. The FK506 NPs could maintain therapeutic drug concentration for 60 days. Moreover, cytokine concentrations, flow cytometry of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and histopathology of allografts revealed significantly prolonged immunosuppression by FK506 NPs. FK506 NPs also ameliorated FK506 nephrotoxicity. Conclusions FK506 NPs prolong the survival time of VCAs in a murine model with minimal nephrotoxicity, and provide a potential clinical strategy for ameliorating long-term side effects of immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheming Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiqiang He
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinlei Sui
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Panfeng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ding Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liming Qing
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juyu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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14
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Emerson AE, Slaby EM, Hiremath SC, Weaver JD. Biomaterial-based approaches to engineering immune tolerance. Biomater Sci 2021; 8:7014-7032. [PMID: 33179649 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of biomaterial-based therapeutics to induce immune tolerance holds great promise for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, allergy, and graft rejection in transplantation. Historical approaches to treat these immunological challenges have primarily relied on systemic delivery of broadly-acting immunosuppressive agents that confer undesirable, off-target effects. The evolution and expansion of biomaterial platforms has proven to be a powerful tool in engineering immunotherapeutics and enabled a great diversity of novel and targeted approaches in engineering immune tolerance, with the potential to eliminate side effects associated with systemic, non-specific immunosuppressive approaches. In this review, we summarize the technological advances within three broad biomaterials-based strategies to engineering immune tolerance: nonspecific tolerogenic agent delivery, antigen-specific tolerogenic therapy, and the emergent area of tolerogenic cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Emerson
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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15
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Target-oriented delivery of self-assembled immunosuppressant cocktails prolongs allogeneic orthotopic liver transplant survival. J Control Release 2020; 328:237-250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Ordikhani F, Pothula V, Sanchez-Tarjuelo R, Jordan S, Ochando J. Macrophages in Organ Transplantation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582939. [PMID: 33329555 PMCID: PMC7734247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current immunosuppressive therapy has led to excellent short-term survival rates in organ transplantation. However, long-term graft survival rates are suboptimal, and a vast number of allografts are gradually lost in the clinic. An increasing number of animal and clinical studies have demonstrated that monocytes and macrophages play a pivotal role in graft rejection, as these mononuclear phagocytic cells recognize alloantigens and trigger an inflammatory cascade that activate the adaptive immune response. Moreover, recent studies suggest that monocytes acquire a feature of memory recall response that is associated with a potent immune response. This form of memory is called “trained immunity,” and it is retained by mechanisms of epigenetic and metabolic changes in innate immune cells after exposure to particular ligands, which have a direct impact in allograft rejection. In this review article, we highlight the role of monocytes and macrophages in organ transplantation and summarize therapeutic approaches to promote tolerance through manipulation of monocytes and macrophages. These strategies may open new therapeutic opportunities to increase long-term transplant survival rates in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Ordikhani
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Venu Pothula
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rodrigo Sanchez-Tarjuelo
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Stefan Jordan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jordi Ochando
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Immunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Que W, Guo WZ, Li XK. Manipulation of Regulatory Dendritic Cells for Induction Transplantation Tolerance. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582658. [PMID: 33162996 PMCID: PMC7591396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current organ transplantation therapy is life-saving but accompanied by well-recognized side effects due to post-transplantation systematic immunosuppressive treatment. Dendritic cells (DCs) are central instigators and regulators of transplantation immunity and are responsible for balancing allograft rejection and tolerance. They are derived from monocyte-macrophage DC progenitors originating in the bone marrow and are classified into different subsets based on their developmental, phenotypical, and functional criteria. Functionally, DCs instigate allograft immunity by presenting donor antigens to alloreactive T cells via direct, indirect, and semidirect recognition pathways and provide essential signaling for alloreactive T cell activation via costimulatory molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Regulatory DCs (DCregs) are characterized by a relatively low expression of major histocompatibility complex, costimulatory molecules, and altered cytokine production and exert their regulatory function through T cell anergy, T cell deletion, and regulatory T cell induction. In rodent transplantation studies, DCreg-based therapy, by in situ targeting or infusion of ex vivo generated DCregs, exhibits promising potential as a natural, well-tolerated, organ-specific therapeutic strategy for promoting lasting organ-specific transplantation tolerance. Recent early-phase studies of DCregs have begun to examine the safety and efficacy of DCreg-induced allograft tolerance in living-donor renal or liver transplantations. The present review summarizes the basic characteristics, function, and translation of DCregs in transplantation tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Que
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wen-Zhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Abstract
A recent technological advance that shows promise for applications in health care, including transplantation medicine, is the implementation of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles can be composed of a variety of organic or inorganic materials and confer many advantages over conventional treatments available, such as low toxicity, low-effective dosage required, and a high degree of manipulability. Although also used for imaging and diagnostics, nanoparticles' utility as a drug or genetic delivery system is of particular interest in transplantation medicine. Currently, researchers are exploring options to integrate nanoparticles into both diagnostics and therapy for both grafts ex-situ before transplantation and for patients following transplantation. These studies have demonstrated that nanoparticles can mitigate damage to organs and patients through a large variety of mechanisms-ranging from the induction of cellular genetic changes to the enhancement of immunosuppressive drug delivery. Specifically, with the advent of machine perfusion preservation ex vivo, treatment of the graft became a very attractive approach and nanoparticles have great potential. However, before nanoparticles can be translated into clinical use, their short-term and long-term toxicity must be thoroughly characterized, especially with regards to their interactions with other biological molecules present in the human body.
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19
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Patel G, Thakur NS, Kushwah V, Patil MD, Nile SH, Jain S, Banerjee UC, Kai G. Liposomal Delivery of Mycophenolic Acid With Quercetin for Improved Breast Cancer Therapy in SD Rats. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:631. [PMID: 32612988 PMCID: PMC7308462 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study explores the influence of mycophenolic acid (MPA) in combination therapy with quercetin (QC) (impeding MPA metabolic rate) delivered using the liposomal nanoparticles (LNPs). Mycophenolic acid liposome nanoparticles (MPA-LNPs) and quercetin liposome nanoparticles (QC-LNPs) were individually prepared and comprehensively characterized. The size of prepared MPA-LNPs and QC-LNPs were found to be 183 ± 13 and 157 ± 09.8, respectively. The in vitro studies revealed the higher cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of combined therapy (MPA-LNPs + QC-LNPs) compared to individual ones. Moreover pharmacokinetics studies in female SD-rat shown higher T 1 / 2 value (1.94 fold) of combined therapy compared to MPA. Furthermore, in vivo anticancer activity in combination of MPA-LNPs and QC-LNPs was also significantly higher related to other treatments groups. The combination therapy of liposomes revealed the new therapeutic approach for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Patel
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Neeraj Singh Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Varun Kushwah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Mahesh D. Patil
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Uttam Chand Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Keshavarz Shahbaz S, Foroughi F, Soltaninezhad E, Jamialahmadi T, Penson PE, Sahebkar A. Application of PLGA nano/microparticle delivery systems for immunomodulation and prevention of allotransplant rejection. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:767-780. [PMID: 32223341 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1748006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Allograft transplantation is an effective end-point therapy to replace the function of an impaired organ. The main problem associated with allotransplantation is the induction of immune responses that results in acute and chronic graft rejection. To modulate the response of the immune system, transplant recipients generally take high dose immunosuppressant drugs for life. These drugs are associated with serious side effects such as infection with opportunistic pathogens and the development of neoplasia. AREAS COVERED We reviewed the obstacles to successful transplantation and PLGA-based strategies to reduce immune-mediated allograft rejection. EXPERT OPINION Biomaterial-based approaches using micro- and nanoparticles such as poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) can be used to achieve controlled release of drugs. This approach decreases the required effective dose of drugs and enables local delivery of these agents to specific tissues and cells, whilst decreasing systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Keshavarz Shahbaz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farshad Foroughi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences , Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ehsan Soltaninezhad
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Peter E Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool, UK
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA , Tehran, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
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21
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Mycophenolate co-administration with quercetin via lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for enhanced breast cancer management. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 24:102147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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22
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Deng C, Chen Y, Zhang L, Wu Y, Li H, Wu Y, Wang B, Sun Z, Li Y, Lv Q, Yang Y, Wang J, Jin Q, Xie M. Delivery of FK506-loaded PLGA nanoparticles prolongs cardiac allograft survival. Int J Pharm 2019; 575:118951. [PMID: 31843550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, FK506-loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles (PLGA-FK506-NPs) were developed using an O/W emulsion solvent evaporation method. The PLGA-FK506-NPs were observed to be monodispersed and spherical by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The mean size and zeta potential measured by dynamic light scattering were 110 ± 1.3 nm and -20.56 ± 3.65 mV, respectively. The FK506 entrapment and loading efficiency were 94.46 ± 1.88% and 5.38 ± 0.24%, respectively. Moreover, a pharmacokinetics study revealed that the PLGA-FK506-NPs behaved significantly different than free FK506 by exhibiting a higher area under curve (1.69-fold), higher mean residence time (1.29-fold), slower clearance and longer elimination half-life. Notably, the concentrations of FK506 in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of the PLGA-FK506-NP group were 3.1-fold and 2.9-fold higher than those of the free FK506 group. Furthermore, the immunosuppressive efficacy was evaluated in a rat heterotopic heart transplantation model, and the results showed that PLGA-FK506-NP treatment could successfully alleviate acute rejection and prolong allograft survival compared with the free FK506 treatment (mean survival time, 17.1 ± 2.0 versus 13.3 ± 1.7 days). In conclusion, PLGA-FK506-NPs are a promising formulation for spleen and lymph node delivery and have potential use in the treatment of cardiac allograft acute rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Deng
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, China
| | - Yihan Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, China
| | - Ya Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, China
| | - Huiling Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, China
| | - Zhenxing Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, China
| | - Yuman Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, China
| | - Yali Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, China
| | - Qiaofeng Jin
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, China.
| | - Mingxing Xie
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, China.
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23
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Shahzad KA, Naeem M, Zhang L, Wan X, Song S, Pei W, Zhao C, Jin X, Shen C. Design and Optimization of PLGA Particles to Deliver Immunomodulatory Drugs for the Prevention of Skin Allograft Rejection. Immunol Invest 2019; 49:840-857. [PMID: 31809611 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2019.1695134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background: Recent advancements in therapeutic strategies have attracted considerable attention to control the acute organs and tissues rejection, which is the main cause of mortality in transplant recipients. The long-term usage of immunosuppressive drugs compromises the body immunity against simple infections and decrease the patients' quality of life. Tolerance of allograft in recipients without harming the rest of host immune system is the basic idea to develop the therapeutic approaches after induction of donor-specific transplant. Methods: Controlled and targeted delivery system by using biomimetic micro and nanoparticles as carriers is an effective strategy to deplete the immune cells in response to allograft in an antigen-specific manner. Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, which has frequently being used as drug delivery vehicle. Results: This review focuses on the biomedical applications of PLGA based biomimetic micro and nano-sized particles in drug delivery systems to prolong the survival of alloskin graft. Conclusion: We will discuss the mediating factors for rejection of alloskin graft, selective depletion of immune cells, controlled release mechanism, physiochemical properties, size-based body distribution of PLGA particles and their effect on overall host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khawar Ali Shahzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University , Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Taizhou Polytechnic College , Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Zoology Division, Bahauddin Zakariya University , Multan, Pakistan
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University , Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lishui District People's Hospital of Nanjing , Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University , Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shilong Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University , Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiya Pei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University , Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University , Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University , Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanlai Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University , Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Saxena V, Li L, Paluskievicz C, Kasinath V, Bean A, Abdi R, Jewell CM, Bromberg JS. Role of lymph node stroma and microenvironment in T cell tolerance. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:9-23. [PMID: 31538349 PMCID: PMC6935411 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are at the cross roads of immunity and tolerance. These tissues are compartmentalized into specialized niche areas by lymph node stromal cells (LN SCs). LN SCs shape the LN microenvironment and guide immunological cells into different zones through establishment of a CCL19 and CCL21 gradient. Following local immunological cues, LN SCs modulate activity to support immune cell priming, activation, and fate. This review will present our current understanding of LN SC subsets roles in regulating T cell tolerance. Three major types of LN SC subsets, namely fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, and blood endothelial cells, are discussed. These subsets serve as scaffolds to support and regulate T cell homeostasis. They contribute to tolerance by presenting peripheral tissue antigens to both CD4 and CD8 T cells. The role of LN SCs in regulating T cell migration and tolerance induction is discussed. Looking forward, recent advances in bioengineered materials and approaches to leverage LN SCs to induce T cell tolerance are highlighted, as are current clinical practices that allow for manipulation of the LN microenvironment to induce tolerance. Increased understanding of LN architecture, how different LN SCs integrate immunological cues and shape immune responses, and approaches to induce T cell tolerance will help further combat autoimmune diseases and graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Saxena
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lushen Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Christina Paluskievicz
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Vivek Kasinath
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Asher Bean
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher M. Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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25
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Ochando J, Ordikhani F, Jordan S, Boros P, Thomson AW. Tolerogenic dendritic cells in organ transplantation. Transpl Int 2019; 33:113-127. [PMID: 31472079 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized cells of the innate immune system that are characterized by their ability to take up, process and present antigens (Ag) to effector T cells. They are derived from DC precursors produced in the bone marrow. Different DC subsets have been described according to lineage-specific transcription factors required for their development and function. Functionally, DCs are responsible for inducing Ag-specific immune responses that mediate organ transplant rejection. Consequently, to prevent anti-donor immune responses, therapeutic strategies have been directed toward the inhibition of DC activation. In addition however, an extensive body of preclinical research, using transplant models in rodents and nonhuman primates, has established a central role of DCs in the negative regulation of alloimmune responses. As a result, DCs have been employed as cell-based immunotherapy in early phase I/II clinical trials in organ transplantation. Together with in vivo targeting through use of myeloid cell-specific nanobiologics, DC manipulation represents a promising approach for the induction of transplantation tolerance. In this review, we summarize fundamental characteristics of DCs and their roles in promotion of central and peripheral tolerance. We also discuss their clinical application to promote improved long-term outcomes in organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ochando
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Immunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Farideh Ordikhani
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefan Jordan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Boros
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angus W Thomson
- Department of Surgery and Department of Immunology, Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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26
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Dhayani A, Kalita S, Mahato M, Srinath P, Vemula PK. Biomaterials for topical and transdermal drug delivery in reconstructive transplantation. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2713-2733. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifelong systemic immunosuppression remains the biggest challenge in vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) due to the adverse effects it causes. Since VCA is a life-enhancing procedure as compared with solid organ transplant which is life-saving; one needs to weigh the benefits and risks carefully. Thus, there is a huge unmet clinical need to design biomaterial-based vehicles that can deliver drugs more efficiently, topically and locally to eliminate adverse effects of systemic immune suppression. This review discusses several biomaterial-based systems that have been carefully designed, conceived and attempted to make VCA a more patient compliant approach. Variety of promising preclinical studies has shown the feasibility of the approaches, and clinical trials are required to bridge the gap. Several challenges for the future and new approaches have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Dhayani
- Institute for Stem Cell Science & Regenerative Medicine (inStem), UAS-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjeeb Kalita
- Institute for Stem Cell Science & Regenerative Medicine (inStem), UAS-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Manohar Mahato
- Institute for Stem Cell Science & Regenerative Medicine (inStem), UAS-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Preethem Srinath
- Institute for Stem Cell Science & Regenerative Medicine (inStem), UAS-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen K Vemula
- Institute for Stem Cell Science & Regenerative Medicine (inStem), UAS-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India
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27
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Mohammadi MR, Corbo C, Molinaro R, Lakey JRT. Biohybrid Nanoparticles to Negotiate with Biological Barriers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902333. [PMID: 31250985 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Incapability of effective cross-talk with biological environments has partly impaired the in vivo functionality of nanoparticles (NPs). Homing, biodistribution, and function of NPs could be engineered through regulating their interactions with in vivo niches. Inspired by communications in biological systems, endowing a "biological identity" to synthetic NPs is one approach to control their biodistribution, and immunonegotiation profiles. This synthetic-biological combination is referred to as biohybrid NPs, which comprise both i) engineerable, readily producible, and trackable synthetic NPs as well as ii) biological moieties with the capability to cross-talk with immunological barriers. Here, the latest understanding on the in vivo interactions of NPs, biological barriers they face, and emerging methods for quantitative measurements of NPs' biodistribution are reviewed. Some key biomolecules that have emerged as negotiators with the immune system in the context of cancer and autoimmunity, and their inspirations on biohybrid NPs are introduced. Critical design considerations for efficient cross-talk between NPs and innate and adaptive immunity followed by hybridization methods are also discussed. Finally, clinical translation challenges and future perspectives regarding biohybrid NPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rezaa Mohammadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Claudia Corbo
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, MI, 20126, Italy
| | - Roberto Molinaro
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, 61029, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan R T Lakey
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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28
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Sahle FF, Kim S, Niloy KK, Tahia F, Fili CV, Cooper E, Hamilton DJ, Lowe TL. Nanotechnology in regenerative ophthalmology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 148:290-307. [PMID: 31707052 PMCID: PMC7474549 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, regenerative medicine is gaining momentum and is giving hopes for restoring function of diseased, damaged, and aged tissues and organs and nanotechnology is serving as a catalyst. In the ophthalmology field, various types of allogenic and autologous stem cells have been investigated to treat some ocular diseases due to age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, and corneal and lens traumas. Nanomaterials have been utilized directly as nanoscaffolds for these stem cells to promote their adhesion, proliferation and differentiation or indirectly as vectors for various genes, tissue growth factors, cytokines and immunosuppressants to facilitate cell reprogramming or ocular tissue regeneration. In this review, we reviewed various nanomaterials used for retina, cornea, and lens regenerations, and discussed the current status and future perspectives of nanotechnology in tracking cells in the eye and personalized regenerative ophthalmology. The purpose of this review is to provide comprehensive and timely insights on the emerging field of nanotechnology for ocular tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitsum Feleke Sahle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Sangyoon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Kumar Kulldeep Niloy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Faiza Tahia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Cameron V Fili
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Emily Cooper
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - David J Hamilton
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Tao L Lowe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To evaluate role of the lymph node in immune regulation and tolerance in transplantation and recent advances in the delivery of antigen and immune modulatory signals to the lymph node. RECENT FINDINGS Lymph nodes are a primary site of immune cell priming, activation, and modulation, and changes within the lymph node microenvironment have the potential to induce specific regulation, suppression, and potentially tolerance. Antigen enters the lymph node either from tissues via lymphatics, from blood via high endothelial venules, or directly via injection. Here we review different techniques and materials to deliver antigen to the lymph node including microparticles or nanoparticles, ex-vivo antigen presenting cell manipulation, and use of receptor conjugation for specific intralymph node targeting locations. SUMMARY The promising results point to powerful techniques to harness the lymph node microenvironment and direct systemic immune regulation. The materials, techniques, and approaches suggest that translational and clinical trials in nonhuman primate and patients may soon be possible.
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30
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Ben-Akiva E, Est Witte S, Meyer RA, Rhodes KR, Green JJ. Polymeric micro- and nanoparticles for immune modulation. Biomater Sci 2018; 7:14-30. [PMID: 30418444 PMCID: PMC6664797 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01285g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
New advances in biomaterial-based approaches to modulate the immune system are being applied to treat cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmunity. Particulate systems are especially well-suited to deliver immunomodulatory factors to immune cells since their small size allows them to engage cell surface receptors or deliver cargo intracellularly after internalization. Biodegradable polymeric particles are a particularly versatile platform for the delivery of signals to the immune system because they can be easily surface-modified to target specific receptors and engineered to release encapsulated cargo in a precise, sustained manner. Micro- and nanoscale systems have been used to deliver a variety of therapeutic agents including monoclonal antibodies, peptides, and small molecule drugs that function to activate the immune system against cancer or infectious disease, or suppress the immune system to combat autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the development of polymeric micro- and nanoparticulate systems for the presentation and delivery of immunomodulatory agents targeted to a variety of immune cell types including APCs, T cells, B cells, and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elana Ben-Akiva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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31
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Novel targeted drug delivery systems to minimize systemic immunosuppression in vascularized composite allotransplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2018; 23:568-576. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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32
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Mohammed M, Mansell H, Shoker A, Wasan KM, Wasan EK. Development and in vitro characterization of chitosan-coated polymeric nanoparticles for oral delivery and sustained release of the immunosuppressant drug mycophenolate mofetil. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 45:76-87. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1518455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Munawar Mohammed
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Holly Mansell
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Ahmed Shoker
- Division of Nephrology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Kishor M. Wasan
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Ellen K. Wasan
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Abstract
Antigen-specific immune tolerance has been a long-standing goal for immunotherapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and allergies and for the prevention of allograft rejection and anti-drug antibodies directed against biologic therapies. Nanoparticles have emerged as powerful tools to initiate and modulate immune responses due to their inherent capacity to target antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and deliver coordinated signals that can elicit an antigen-specific immune response. A wide range of strategies have been described to create tolerogenic nanoparticles (tNPs) that fall into three broad categories. One strategy includes tNPs that provide antigen alone to harness natural tolerogenic processes and environments, such as presentation of antigen in the absence of costimulatory signals, oral tolerance, the tolerogenic environment of the liver, and apoptotic cell death. A second strategy includes tNPs that carry antigen and simultaneously target tolerogenic receptors, such as pro-tolerogenic cytokine receptors, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, FAS receptor, and the CD22 inhibitory receptor. A third strategy includes tNPs that carry a payload of tolerogenic pharmacological agents that can “lock” APCs into a developmental or metabolic state that favors tolerogenic presentation of antigens. These diverse strategies have led to the development of tNPs that are capable of inducing antigen-specific immunological tolerance, not just immunosuppression, in animal models. These novel tNP technologies herald a promising approach to specifically prevent and treat unwanted immune reactions in humans. The first tNP, SEL-212, a biodegradable synthetic vaccine particle encapsulating rapamycin, has reached the clinic and is currently in Phase 2 clinical trials.
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Al-Lawati H, Aliabadi HM, Makhmalzadeh BS, Lavasanifar A. Nanomedicine for immunosuppressive therapy: achievements in pre-clinical and clinical research. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 15:397-418. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1420053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Al-Lawati
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Afsaneh Lavasanifar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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35
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Ochando J, Braza MS. Nanoparticle-Based Modulation and Monitoring of Antigen-Presenting Cells in Organ Transplantation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1888. [PMID: 29312352 PMCID: PMC5743935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor-specific unresponsiveness while preserving an intact immune function remains difficult to achieve in organ transplantation. Induction of tolerance requires a fine modulation of the interconnected innate and adaptive immune systems. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) predominate during allograft rejection and create a highly inflammatory context where allospecific T cells are primed. Currently, the available protocols to prevent allograft rejection include a cocktail of drugs that are efficient in the short-term, but with severe long-term side effects and considerable toxicity. Consequently, better and less burdensome strategies are needed to promote indefinite allograft survival. Targeted delivery of immunosuppressive drugs that prevent the alloimmune response may address some of these problems. Nanoparticle-based approaches represent a promising strategy to negatively modulate the alloresponse by specifically delivering small compounds to APCs in vivo. Nanoparticles are also used as integrating imaging moieties to monitor inflammation for diagnostic purposes. Therefore, nanotechnology approaches represent an attractive strategy to deliver and monitor the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplantation with the potential to improve the clinical treatment of transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ochando
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Immunology Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mounia S Braza
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Immunology Institute, New York, NY, United States
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Solhjou Z, Uehara M, Bahmani B, Maarouf OH, Ichimura T, Brooks CR, Xu W, Yilmaz M, Elkhal A, Tullius SG, Guleria I, McGrath M, Abdi R. Novel Application of Localized Nanodelivery of Anti-Interleukin-6 Protects Organ Transplant From Ischemia-Reperfusion Injuries. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:2326-2337. [PMID: 28296000 PMCID: PMC5573642 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) evokes intragraft inflammatory responses, which markedly augment alloimmune responses against the graft. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these responses is fundamental to develop therapeutic regimens to prevent/ameliorate organ IRI. Here, we demonstrate that IRI results in a marked increase in mitochondrial damage and autophagy in dendritic cells (DCs). While autophagy is a survival mechanism for ischemic DCs, it also augments their production of interleukin (IL)-6. Allograft-derived dendritic cells (ADDCs) lacking autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5) showed higher death rates posttransplantation. Transplanted ischemic hearts from CD11cCre/Atg5 conditional knockout mice showed marked reduction in intragraft expression of IL-6 compared with controls. To antagonize the effect of IL-6 locally in the heart, we synthesized novel anti-IL-6 nanoparticles with capacity for controlled release of anti-IL-6 over time. Compared with systemic delivery of anti-IL-6, localized delivery of anti-IL-6 significantly reduced chronic rejection with a markedly lower amount administered. Despite improved allograft histology, there were no changes to splenic T cell populations, illustrating the importance of local IL-6 in driving chronic rejection after IRI. These data carry potential clinical significance by identifying an innovative, targeted strategy to manipulate organs before transplantation to diminish inflammation, leading to improved long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhabiz Solhjou
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mayuko Uehara
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Baharak Bahmani
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Omar H. Maarouf
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takaharu Ichimura
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Craig R. Brooks
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wanlong Xu
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mine Yilmaz
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abdala Elkhal
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefan G. Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Indira Guleria
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martina McGrath
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Address correspondence to: Reza Abdi, MD, Transplant Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston MA 02115, USA, Tel: 617-732-5259, Fax: 617-732-5254,
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37
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Patel K, Atkinson C, Tran D, Nadig SN. Nanotechnological Approaches to Immunosuppression and Tolerance Induction. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2017; 4:159-168. [PMID: 29057203 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-017-0146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Several preclinical studies have engineered nanoparticles for immune regulation, and have shown promising results in the fields of autoimmunity and cancer. In solid organ transplantation, the use of nanoparticle-based immune regulation has only just begun to emerge but holds significant promise for the improvement of our current standard of care immunosuppressive regimens. In this review, we will shed light on the current status of nanoparticle-engineered immunotherapeutics, and the potential application of these technologies to the field of organ transplantation. Further we discuss different strategies for delivery and potential cellular targeting moieties that could be utilized to obviate the need for high dose systemic immunosuppressive regimens. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have shown the potential of immunosuppressive laden nanoparticles to increase bioavailability, drug release, and specifically target immune cell compartments as methods to provide recipient immunosuppressive sparing strategies. SUMMARY Nanoparticle centered immunosuppressive strategies hold the potential to usher in a new era in transplant recipient management and could hold the key to minimizing off-target effects of immunosuppressants, along with prolonging transplant survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Patel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Lee Patterson Allen Transplant Immunobiology Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Carl Atkinson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Lee Patterson Allen Transplant Immunobiology Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- South Carolina Investigators in Transplantation, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Danh Tran
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Lee Patterson Allen Transplant Immunobiology Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Satish N Nadig
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Lee Patterson Allen Transplant Immunobiology Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- South Carolina Investigators in Transplantation, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Bracho-Sanchez E, Xia CQ, Clare-Salzler MJ, Keselowsky BG. Micro and Nano Material Carriers for Immunomodulation. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:3362-3370. [PMID: 27214679 PMCID: PMC5121079 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of the immune system through the use of micro and nano carriers offers opportunities in transplant tolerance, autoimmunity, infectious disease, and cancer. In particular, polymeric, lipid, and inorganic materials have been used as carriers of proteins, nucleic acids, and small drug molecules to direct the immune system toward either suppressive or stimulatory states. Current technologies have focused on the use of particulates or scaffolds, the modulation of materials properties, and the delivery of biologics or small drug molecules to achieve a desired response. Discussed are relevant immunology concepts, the types of biomaterial carriers used for immunomodulation highlighting their benefits and drawbacks, the material properties influencing immune responses, and recent examples in the field of transplant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Bracho-Sanchez
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering; College of Medicine University of Florida. Gainesville, Florida
| | - Chang Qing Xia
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine; College of Medicine University of Florida. Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michael J. Clare-Salzler
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine; College of Medicine University of Florida. Gainesville, Florida
| | - Benjamin G. Keselowsky
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering; College of Medicine University of Florida. Gainesville, Florida, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine; College of Medicine University of Florida. Gainesville, Florida
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Hwang J, Lee E, Kim J, Seo Y, Lee KH, Hong JW, Gilad AA, Park H, Choi J. Effective delivery of immunosuppressive drug molecules by silica coated iron oxide nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 142:290-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wani K, Shah N, Prabhune A, Jadhav A, Ranjekar P, Kaul-Ghanekar R. Evaluating the anticancer activity and nanoparticulate nature of homeopathic preparations of Terminalia chebula. HOMEOPATHY 2016; 105:318-326. [PMID: 27914571 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed among women and is the second leading cause of cancer death. Homeopathic medicines are part of the alternative medicines that are given as a supportive therapy in breast cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate the anticancer activity of commercially available homeopathic preparations of Terminalia chebula (TC) and evaluate their nanoparticulate nature. METHODS Mother tincture (MT) and other homeopathic preparations (3X, 6C and 30C) of TC were tested for their effect on the viability of breast cancer (MDAMB231 and MCF7) and non-cancerous (HEK 293) cell lines by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cell growth assay was performed to analyze the effect of the different potencies on the growth kinetics of breast cancer cells. MT and 6C were evaluated for the presence of nanoparticles by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS MT decreased the viability of breast cancer (MDAMB231 and MCF7) and non-cancerous (HEK 293) cells. However, the other potencies (3X, 6C and 30C) decreased the viability of only breast cancer cells without affecting the viability of the non-cancerous cells. All the potencies, MT, 3X, 6C and 30C, reduced growth kinetics of breast cancer cells, more specifically at 1:10 dilution at 24, 48 and 72 h. Under SEM, MT appeared as a mesh-like structure whereas under TEM, it showed presence of nanoclusters. On the other hand, 6C potency contained 20 nm sized nanoparticles. CONCLUSION The current study reports the anticancer activity of homeopathic preparations of TC against breast cancer and reveals their nanoparticulate nature. These preliminary results warrant further mechanistic studies at both in vitro and in vivo levels to evaluate the potential of TC as nanomedicine in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtee Wani
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nilesh Shah
- Homeopathy Medical College and Research Centre, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Dhankawadi, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asmita Prabhune
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arun Jadhav
- Homeopathy Medical College and Research Centre, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Dhankawadi, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prabhakar Ranjekar
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ruchika Kaul-Ghanekar
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, Maharashtra, India.
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Trevaskis NL, Kaminskas LM, Porter CJH. From sewer to saviour — targeting the lymphatic system to promote drug exposure and activity. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:781-803. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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42
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McHugh MD, Park J, Uhrich R, Gao W, Horwitz DA, Fahmy TM. Paracrine co-delivery of TGF-β and IL-2 using CD4-targeted nanoparticles for induction and maintenance of regulatory T cells. Biomaterials 2015; 59:172-81. [PMID: 25974747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine milieu is critical for orchestration of lineage development towards effector T cell (Teff) or regulatory T cell (Treg) subsets implicated in the progression of cancer and autoimmune disease. Importantly, the fitness and survival of the Treg subset is dependent on the cytokines Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). The production of these cytokines is impaired in autoimmunity increasing the probability of Treg conversion to aggressive effector cells in a proinflammatory microenvironment. Therapy using soluble TGF-β and IL-2 administration is hindered by the cytokines' toxic pleiotropic effects and hence bioavailability to CD4(+) T cell targets. Thus, there is a clear need for a strategy that rectifies the cytokine milieu in autoimmunity and inflammation leading to enhanced Treg stability, frequency and number. Here we show that inert biodegradable nanoparticles (NP) loaded with TGF-β and IL-2 and targeted to CD4(+) cells can induce CD4(+) Tregs in-vitro and expand their number in-vivo. The stability of induced Tregs with cytokine-loaded NP was enhanced leading to retention of their suppressive phenotype even in the presence of proinflammatory cytokines. Our results highlight the importance of a nanocarrier-based approach for stabilizing and expanding Tregs essential for cell-immunotherapy of inflammation and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D McHugh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, 415 Malone Engineering Center, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jason Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, 415 Malone Engineering Center, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Ross Uhrich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, 415 Malone Engineering Center, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Wenda Gao
- Transplant Research Center, Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David A Horwitz
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Tarek M Fahmy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, 415 Malone Engineering Center, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, 415 Malone Engineering Center, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Fisher JD, Acharya AP, Little SR. Micro and nanoparticle drug delivery systems for preventing allotransplant rejection. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:24-35. [PMID: 25937032 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of advances in transplant immunology, tissue damage caused by acute allograft rejection remains the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in the transplant recipient. Moreover, the long-term sequelae of lifelong immunosuppression leaves patients at risk for developing a host of other deleterious conditions. Controlled drug delivery using micro- and nanoparticles (MNPs) is an effective way to deliver higher local doses of a given drug to specific tissues and cells while mitigating systemic effects. Herein, we review several descriptions of MNP immunotherapies aimed at prolonging allograft survival. We also discuss developments in the field of biomimetic drug delivery that use MNP constructs to induce and recruit our bodies' own suppressive immune cells. Finally, we comment on the regulatory pathway associated with these drug delivery systems. Collectively, it is our hope the studies described in this review will help to usher in a new era of immunotherapy in organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Fisher
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Abhinav P Acharya
- The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven R Little
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Bell IR, Schwartz GE. Enhancement of adaptive biological effects by nanotechnology preparation methods in homeopathic medicines. HOMEOPATHY 2015; 104:123-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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45
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Andorko JI, Hess KL, Jewell CM. Harnessing biomaterials to engineer the lymph node microenvironment for immunity or tolerance. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 17:323-38. [PMID: 25533221 PMCID: PMC4365095 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles, microparticles, and other biomaterials are advantageous in vaccination because these materials provide opportunities to modulate specific characteristics of immune responses. This idea of “tuning” immune responses has recently been used to combat infectious diseases and cancer, and to induce tolerance during organ transplants or autoimmune disease. Lymph nodes and other secondary lymphoid organs such as the spleen play crucial roles in determining if and how these responses develop following vaccination or immunotherapy. Thus, by manipulating the local microenvironments within these immunological command centers, the nature of systemic immune response can be controlled. This review provides recent examples that harness the interactions between biomaterials and lymph nodes or other secondary lymphoid organs to generate immunity or promote tolerance. These strategies draw on mechanical properties, surface chemistry, stability, and targeting to alter the interactions of cells, signals, and vaccine components in lymph nodes. While there are still many unanswered questions surrounding how best to design biomaterial-based vaccines to promote specific structures or functions in lymph nodes, features such as controlled release and targeting will help pave the way for the next generation of vaccines and immunotherapies that generate immune responses tuned for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Andorko
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 2212 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
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Ilinskaya AN, Dobrovolskaia MA. Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties of engineered nanomaterials. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:3988-4000. [PMID: 24724793 PMCID: PMC4243973 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle interactions with various components of the immune system are determined by their physicochemical properties such as size, charge, hydrophobicity and shape. Nanoparticles can be engineered to either specifically target the immune system or to avoid immune recognition. Nevertheless, identifying their unintended impacts on the immune system and understanding the mechanisms of such accidental effects are essential for establishing a nanoparticle's safety profile. While immunostimulatory properties have been reviewed before, little attention in the literature has been given to immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this review is to fill this gap. We will discuss intended immunosuppression achieved by either nanoparticle engineering, or the use of nanoparticles to carry immunosuppressive or anti-inflammatory drugs. We will also review unintended immunosuppressive properties of nanoparticles per se and consider how such properties could be either beneficial or adverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Ilinskaya
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research IncFrederick, MD, USA
| | - M A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research IncFrederick, MD, USA
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Bühler J, Gietzen S, Reuter A, Kappel C, Fischer K, Decker S, Schäffel D, Koynov K, Bros M, Tubbe I, Grabbe S, Schmidt M. Selective Uptake of Cylindrical Poly(2-Oxazoline) Brush-AntiDEC205 Antibody-OVA Antigen Conjugates into DEC-Positive Dendritic Cells and Subsequent T-Cell Activation. Chemistry 2014; 20:12405-10. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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48
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Bell IR. Nonlinear effects of nanoparticles: biological variability from hormetic doses, small particle sizes, and dynamic adaptive interactions. Dose Response 2014; 12:202-32. [PMID: 24910581 PMCID: PMC4036395 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.13-025.bell] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers are increasingly focused on the nanoscale level of organization where biological processes take place in living systems. Nanoparticles (NPs, e.g., 1-100 nm diameter) are small forms of natural or manufactured source material whose properties differ markedly from those of the respective bulk forms of the "same" material. Certain NPs have diagnostic and therapeutic uses; some NPs exhibit low-dose toxicity; other NPs show ability to stimulate low-dose adaptive responses (hormesis). Beyond dose, size, shape, and surface charge variations of NPs evoke nonlinear responses in complex adaptive systems. NPs acquire unique size-dependent biological, chemical, thermal, optical, electromagnetic, and atom-like quantum properties. Nanoparticles exhibit high surface adsorptive capacity for other substances, enhanced bioavailability, and ability to cross otherwise impermeable cell membranes including the blood-brain barrier. With super-potent effects, nano-forms can evoke cellular stress responses or therapeutic effects not only at lower doses than their bulk forms, but also for longer periods of time. Interactions of initial effects and compensatory systemic responses can alter the impact of NPs over time. Taken together, the data suggest the need to downshift the dose-response curve of NPs from that for bulk forms in order to identify the necessarily decreased no-observed-adverse-effect-level and hormetic dose range for nanoparticles.
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Wang X, Lin Y, Zeng Y, Sun X, Gong T, Zhang Z. Effects of mycophenolic acid–glucosamine conjugates on the base of kidney targeted drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2013; 456:223-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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50
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Look M, Saltzman WM, Craft J, Fahmy TM. The nanomaterial-dependent modulation of dendritic cells and its potential influence on therapeutic immunosuppression in lupus. Biomaterials 2013; 35:1089-95. [PMID: 24183697 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Targeting dendritic cells with nanoparticles is an attractive modality for instigating immunity or inducing immunosuppression. An important aspect of successful delivery of antigen and immune modulators to these cells is the efficacy of nanoparticle internalization, which can dictate the strength and robustness of immune responses; optimizing particulate uptake is thus key. We compared the internalization of two nanoparticulate platforms: a vesicular "nanogel" platform with a lipid exterior, and the widely-used solid biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) system. We found that nanogels were more effectively internalized by dendritic cells in vitro, as demonstrated by fluorescent tracer measurements. Additionally, the magnitude of dendritic cell immunosuppression achieved by nanogels loaded with mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant, was greater than similarly drug-loaded PLGA. Although both types of particles could mitigate the production of inflammatory cytokines and the up-regulation of stimulatory surface markers, nanogels yielded greater reductions. These in vitro measurements correlated with in vivo efficacy, where immunosuppressive therapy with nanogels extended the survival of lupus-prone NZB/W F1 mice whereas PLGA particles did not. Our results highlight the importance of material on nanoparticle uptake by dendritic cells, which impacts the quality of therapeutic immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Look
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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