Parent and caretaker knowledge about avulsion of permanent teeth

Effect of icariin surface treatment on the resorption of denuded roots after replantation in rat

AIM

Limiting the incidence of resorption associated with delayed replantation of avulsed teeth is critical for long-term tooth survival. In this study, we assessed whether icariin, a natural product with anti-osteoclastic properties, could reduce root resorption in a rat model of tooth replantation.

METHODOLOGY

Cytocompatibility of icariin (10, 20, 40 and 80 μM) was evaluated by CCK-8 proliferation assay in vitro, and an osteoclastogenesis assay was performed to evaluate the effect of icariin on the differentiation of rat bone marrow macrophages and human peripheral blood monocytes into tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-stained (TRAP+ ) multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs). Differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) treated with icariin (10 μM) was also evaluated at 5, 10 and 21 days of osteogenic induction. The first maxillary molars of five-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were extracted, denuded of PDL, then treated either with neutralized collagen solution (Carrier control) or icariin in collagen (3 μg/μL) before replantation into their sockets. The animals were euthanized 2 weeks post-surgery for micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging and histological analyses.

RESULTS

Icariin was cytocompatible and significantly reduced the differentiation of TRAP+ MNGCs in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control. Moreover, icariin enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity, expression of osteogenic marker genes and proteins, and calcium deposition in hPDLSCs. Micro-CT imaging of the replanted samples demonstrated a significantly higher volume of remaining roots in the icariin-treated group than in the control group. Histological analysis revealed a marked number of resorptive lacunae with TRAP activity in the control group, whereas icariin-treated samples showed signs of functional healing and reduced osteoclastic activity.

CONCLUSIONS

Icariin was biocompatible and demonstrated potent anti-osteoclastic and pro-osteogenic properties that reduced resorption and promoted functional healing of denuded roots in a rat maxillary first molar model of replantation. These findings indicate that root surface treatment with icariin may be a clinically relevant and practical method for improving the retention and survival of teeth with compromised PDL after delayed replantation following traumatic avulsion.

Parents' knowledge of emergency management of avulsed permanent teeth in children and adolescents in the State of Qatar: a questionnaire cross-sectional study

PURPOSE

To elucidate the level of parental knowledge in Qatar regarding the management of avulsed teeth.

METHODS

A self-administered questionnaire was completed by 400 parents attending their children's routine dental appointments. The questionnaire comprised of items on sociodemographics, parents' prior knowledge on management of avulsion, parents' willingness to replant avulsed teeth at the site of injury, and parents' opinion as to the best format for future parental education on the management of dental trauma. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were employed to assess the association between sociodemographic status and knowledge in the management of avulsion.

RESULTS

The overall mean score of parents' knowledge was (23%). Only 23.3% (n = 93) of parents thought that it was possible to reinsert an avulsed permanent tooth. Out of those, only 12.9% (n = 12) indicated willingness to reinsert the tooth back into its socket, while 48.4% (n = 49) indicated that an avulsed tooth should be stored using physiological media. Less than one third (27.8%) indicated that they would seek professional help within 30 min. Males were less likely to give favourable answers when compared to females (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.22-0.84). Age groups "31-40" years and "41-50" years were more likely to give favourable answers when compared to 20-30 years age group (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.05-8.0and OR = 3.8, 95% CI = 1.3-11.48; respectively).

CONCLUSION

This study highlights critical deficiencies in parental knowledge on the management of tooth avulsion and the need to improve parents' knowledge by developing easily accessible onsite emergency management tools.

Comparison of effectiveness of different training tools on the level of knowledge about emergency management of avulsed teeth in non-dentists

Objective

Tooth avulsion is a type of trauma requiring an emergency response, and the level of knowledge of non-dentists on the emergency management of avulsed teeth is important for the prognosis of affected teeth. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of training given using different tools on the level of knowledge about the emergency management of avulsed teeth in non-dentists.

Methods

A total of 125 individuals (female, 32.8%; male, 67.2%; mean age, 38.5 ± 7.32 years) participated in the study. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups, and the training was offered to these groups using different training tools (group 1, storybook; group 2, poster; group 3, ToothSOS App). A survey was conducted on all participants to measure their knowledge levels before training (T0), immediately after (T1), and 1 month later (T2). The Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon, and Friedman tests were used for statistical analysis.

Results

The participants' mean correct answer scores on a scale from 0 to 21 were 7.76 ± 4.00, 5.47 ± 4.71, and 7.38 ± 2.96 at T0 in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and their mean scores increased to 14.68 ± 4.10, 13.74 ± 3.28, and 13.86 ± 3.01 at T1 and 13.41 ± 3.34, 12.34 ± 3.77, and 13.66 ± 3.56 at T2. The correct answer scores increased significantly at both T1 and T2 in all groups (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

None of the training tools used in the study was superior in increasing the level of knowledge. More comprehensive and long-term studies on this subject are needed.

Quality and accuracy of patient-oriented Web-based information regarding tooth avulsion

BACKGROUND/AIM

Tooth avulsion (TA) is a severe form of traumatic dental injury. The tooth's prognosis depends on the immediate measures taken. First responders are often laypeople, and the Internet is a favored platform to access health-related information. The aim of this descriptive study was to evaluate the accuracy, quality, readability, and popularity of patient-oriented web information regarding the emergency management of TA.

METHODS

Three search engines (Google, Bing, and Yahoo.com) were browsed with six VPNs using "knocked out tooth," "fallen out tooth," and "tooth avulsion" as keywords. The top 20 results for each were evaluated. Webpages were included if they had information oriented to caregivers. They were analyzed for accuracy (cutoff ≥95%). Quality of web pages was assessed using DISCERN and the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark. Readability was evaluated using Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Gunning Fog (FOG), Coleman-Liau Index (CLI), and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG). Popularity was assessed by Alexa Popularity Rank (APR). Accurate and inaccurate webpages were compared using chi-square analysis and the Mann-Whitney U test. Spearman's correlation between the studied metrics was established. A p < .05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

Seventy-two webpages were included, of which 23 (32%) were accurate. The median DISCERN ratings for accurate and inaccurate webpages were 3.0 [2.5-3.0] and 3.0 [2.0-3.0], respectively (p = .331). Ten (44%) accurate and 12 (24.5%) inaccurate webpages had high-quality JAMA (p = .089). The median readability scores for accurate webpages were FKGL (8 [6.75-9.2]), FOG (10.6 [9.55-12.3]), CLI (7 [6-7]), SMOG (6.7 [6.15-7.5]), while scores for the inaccurate webpages were FKGL (7.85 [6.275-8.525]), FOG (10.55 [8.875-11.425]), CLI (7 [7-8.25]), and SMOG (7 [6.2-7.925]), with a higher CLI score for inaccurate webpages (p = .0035). The median APRs for accurate and inaccurate webpages were 1,02,538 [26,852-14,43,755] and 7,63,190 [2,19,799-29,92,067], respectively (p = .163). Accuracy had a positive correlation with quality (DISCERN: rho = .293, p = .013; JAMA: rho = .249, p = .036), while popularity (APR) was negatively correlated with quality (DISCERN: rho = -.330, p = .013; JAMA: rho = -.287, p = .032).

CONCLUSION

Relevant webpages were limited and had low accuracy. This can impact the emergency management by laypeople and adversely affect the prognosis following avulsion.

Orofacial Trauma on the Anterior Zone of a Trumpet's Player Maxilla: Concept of the Oral Rehabilitation-A Case Report

Background: The occurrence of an orofacial trauma can originate health, social, economic and professional problems. A 13-year boy suffered the avulsion of tooth 11 and 21, lost at the scenario. Methods: Three intraoral appliances were manufactured: A Hawley appliance with a central expansion screw and two central incisors (1), trumpet edentulous anterior tooth appliance (2) and a customized splint (3) were designed as part of the rehabilitation procedure. Objectively assessing the sound quality of the trumpet player with these new devices in terms of its spectral, temporal, and spectro-temporal audio properties. A linear frequency response microphone was adopted for precision measurement of pitch, loudness, and timbre descriptors. Results: Pitch deviations may result from the different intra-oral appliances due to the alteration of the mouth cavity, respectively, the area occupied and modification/interaction with the anatomy. This investigation supports the findings that the intra-oral appliance which occupies less volume is the best solution in terms of sound quality. Conclusions: Young wind instrumentalists should have dental impressions of their teeth made, so their dentist has the most reliable anatomy of the natural teeth in case of an orofacial trauma. Likewise, the registration of their sound quality should be done regularly to have standard parameters for comparison.

Knowledge of Iranian Parents of Elementary School Children about Traumatic Dental Injuries and its Management

Statement of the Probelm:

Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are frequent events during childhood, and emergency management of these injuries has positive outcomes.

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of parents of school-aged children about dental trauma and to identify the effect of demographic variables such as age, gender, and education on their responses.

Materials and Method:

300 parents of elementary school children were selected through cluster sampling from July 2012 to January 2013 in Yazd, Iran. A questionnaire was designed to collect the data on parents’ knowledge about emergency management of dental trauma, and their demographic characteristics and previous experiences. Statistical analysis of data was performed by SPSS software version 11 using T-test and ANOVA. P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant.

Results:

296 out of 300 participants returned their questionnaires (mean age 33.8± QUOTE ± 5). The parents’ knowledge about TDI managements was inadequate (average score = 7.03). According to T-test and ANOVA statistical tests, there was no significant relationship between knowledge and age (p= 0.155), gender of parents (p= 0.113), gender of children (p= 0.776), occupation (p= 0.112), and the information source (p= 0.160). The relationship between parents’ knowledge and parental educational level was statistically significant (p= 0.010), and least significant difference (LSD) test showed that knowledge score of parents with Bachelor’s degree or higher educational levels (7.83±4) was significantly more than other parents who were not educated (6.97±4), or had high school diploma (6.70±4).

Conclusion:

Majority of parents had little knowledge about TDI and emergency management of avulsed permanent teeth in children. Therefore, it seems that educational programs are necessary to improve parents’ knowledge.

Assessment of Parents’ Knowledge and Attitudes on Emergency Management of Permanent Avulsed Teeth in Western Saudi Arabia

Objective:

One of the most common dental injuries is dental avulsion. This study, conducted in the western region of Saudi Arabia, aimed to evaluate parent’s knowledge and attitudes regarding the emergency management of avulsed permanent and deciduous teeth in children.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 393 parents recruited from six dental clinics and hospitals in Makkah and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The data were collected with a self-administered questionnaire that assesses the level of knowledge for managing deciduous and permanent avulsed teeth.

Results:

The total score for correct answers about managing permanent avulsed teeth had a mean of 4.77 and a standard deviation of 2.14 (out of 10 questions). With a permanent avulsed tooth, 35.37% were aware of dental reimplanting, 27.7% identified milk as an appropriate medium, and 57.5% would seek professional help immediately after dental trauma. Females and participants with a bachelor’s or higher degree had significantly higher levels of knowledge than males and participants with a high school or lower education. There were 28.5% of respondents who had a previous history of dental trauma for a child. A total of 62.1% knew that there is a difference in managing deciduous versus permanent teeth, but only 40.7% knew the proper management for deciduous avulsed teeth. Previous history of child dental avulsion was not found to be associated with more knowledge on managing avulsed deciduous or permanent teeth.

Conclusion:

Parents in the western region of Saudi Arabia have inadequate levels of knowledge to manage deciduous and permanent tooth avulsion. More efforts should be applied for conducting promotional health campaigns aimed at improving parents’ knowledge.

Awareness of Parents About the Emergency Management of Avulsed Tooth in Eastern Province and Riyadh

Objective

To assess the level of parents knowledge about the emergency management of tooth avulsion in Eastern Province and Riyadh.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was carried out by means of a questionnaire-based internet survey in which 1201 parents from Eastern Province and Riyadh participated. The questionnaire contained 10 closed-ended questions and was used to assess the knowledge of parents about the emergency management of avulsed teeth in Eastern Province and Riyadh. Chi-square test was used for data analysis.

Results

In response to closed-ended questions, the statistically significant result was obtained for the history of child dental trauma in which 35% (P=0.04) of parents reported history of dental trauma in their children. These parents were belong to Eastern province (51%) and Riyadh (49%). Furthermore, only 31.3% of the parents were aware of possible storage media for transportation of avulsed tooth while 68.7% (49.5% in Eastern Province and 50.5% in Riyadh) were unaware (P=0.02) of it.

Conclusion

That the majority of the parents were unaware of emergency management for tooth avulsion in two densely populated regions of Saudi Arabia. Education of parents should be initiated at a national level.

Knowledge of Australian primary education providers towards dental avulsion injuries: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND/AIM

The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of school professionals regarding the emergency management of dental avulsion.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study utilised a self-administered, pilot-tested questionnaire for school staff from primary schools. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis - the prevalence and univariate associations between a categorical outcome and the variables under consideration, were evaluated using Pearson's Chi-squared test.

RESULTS

This survey yielded a response rate of 43.5% (n = 313). Approximately 60% of participants held valid first-aid certificates and 23% had received avulsion advice previously. Over 80% of participants expressed an unwillingness to replant an avulsed tooth, and over 90% believed that there should be greater awareness in this area. This unwillingness to replant was influenced by respondents' age (x2 = 8.13 df = 3, P = 0.043) and receiving advice previously (x2 = 13.15, df = 1, P < 0.001). Under-preparedness was related to years of experience (x2 = 15.03, df = 5, P = 0.010), first-aid training (x2 = 6.41, df = 1, P = 0.011) and receiving advice previously (x2 = 43.47, df = 1, P < 0.001). It was also evident that first-aid training positively influenced appropriate dental referral in the management pathway (x2 = 10.49, df = 1, P = 0.001).

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that there is an inadequate level of knowledge on the appropriate management of dental avulsion injuries amongst primary school professionals in Australia.

Emergency management of dental trauma: a survey of public knowledge, awareness, and attitudes in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah

Background

Dental trauma is one of the most commonly encountered dental emergencies. The prognosis is determined by the appropriate intervention and immediate management of the traumatized teeth. Thus, public awareness is a leading determinant of treatment success. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and awareness of Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah residents regarding the management of dental trauma.

Methods

This cross-sectional observational study was conducted between December 2016 and January 2018. A two-part self-administered questionnaire comprising 13 closed-ended questions was used. Part one contained questions to elicit demographic data that included information related to the participants' sources of dental trauma. Part two assessed their knowledge and attitudes regarding the most common types of dental trauma. The data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0 software.

Results

A total of 598 participants were included in this study. The results indicated that 64% of the participants knew where to go to receive treatment for dental trauma, and 74% were aware of the differences in the management of the primary and permanent teeth after trauma. A majority (83%) did not have any information about these issues; however, 83% were interested in learning about the appropriate management of dental trauma.

Conclusion

The study participants were found to have low levels of knowledge. A majority had never received information about the management of dental trauma or avulsed teeth. Education programs are necessary for promoting positive attitudes by increasing the knowledge about dental trauma management.

Parental self-perceived knowledge and attitudes toward emergency management of avulsed permanent teeth in Imphal: A cross-sectional study

Introduction:

Dental avulsion is one of the dental traumatic injuries commonly affecting children aged between 6 and 12 years. One of the major limitations in obtaining a successful outcome while treating dental avulsions is the lack of knowledge on its first aid management among parents. The present study aims to assess the knowledge and attitude of parents in Imphal toward the emergency management of avulsed permanent tooth using a self-reported questionnaire method.

Materials and Methods:

The present cross-sectional study was undertaken among 777 parents of 6–12-year-old children who were recruited through 2 private schools in Imphal. A questionnaire consisting of 14 closed-ended questions used to assess the parental knowledge and attitude on emergency management of avulsed permanent teeth was distributed to the respondents after obtaining official consent from the respective schools and informed consent from the respondents.

Statistical Analysis:

Chi-square test was used to assess the association between the results and the educational status, gender, and geographical location of the respondents.

Results:

The study revealed that only a fraction of the respondents, i.e., 11.8% gave a positive response on attempting “self-replantation” and higher fractions (76.1%) of the respondents reported to have received no previous information on the emergency management of dental avulsion.

Conclusion:

About 96.1% of the respondents showed interest on acquiring knowledge on the emergency management of dental avulsion. This warrants the urgent need on educating the parents on the first aid emergency management of avulsed tooth.

Knowledge of emergency management of avulsed tooth among intern dental students: a questionnaire based study

Background Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) represent a major public health problem because of their increasing prevalence and psychosocial impact. Avulsion, one of the most complicated TDIs comprising of 1-16% of all injuries. The present study aimed to assess the current knowledge regarding management of avulsed teeth among dental interns in the city of Hyderabad. Subjects Dental interns of the Panineeya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad. Method A validated, self-administered 23-item questionnaire was used to obtain demographic details and data on dental avulsion management. Descriptive analyses were carried out on frequency, and a comparison of knowledge score was carried out using a chi-squared test and an independent t-test. Results More than half of the study subjects gave correct responses for most of the items on knowledge regarding avulsion. Around 45.4% of the study populations were categorized with low levels of correct knowledge, with more females (46.6%) having significantly lower levels compared to males (p = 0.03). However, the mean knowledge scores between males (15.5 ± 4.74) and females (16.5 ± 1.68) were comparable (p = 0.15). Conclusion Based on the findings of the study, a majority of dental student interns were aware of the basic procedures to be followed in cases of avulsion.

An Educational Initiative for Dubai School Nurses and Physical Education Teachers on the Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries

The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of school nurses and physical education teachers (SN and PE teachers) about the emergency management of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) in schools and to measure the impact of education on their knowledge. A longitudinal prospective study based on a questionnaire survey completed by 68 SN and PE teachers at three time periods (prior to, immediately after, and 3 months-post-educational intervention). Pre- and post t-test and repeated measures (analysis of variance) were used to compare the three group means for the same participants (p < .05 was considered significant). Significant improvement in the knowledge score among participants was observed between the initial survey to immediately after the educational session and to 3 months after (p = .047). Significant improvement in the choice of immediately seeking attention after tooth avulsion was observed (p = .001). The initial knowledge deficiency about the emergency management of TDIs among SN and PE teachers was improved and sustained.

Knowledge and Sociodemographic Determinants of Emergency Management of Dental Avulsion among Parents in Kuwait: A Cross-Sectional Study

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of first aid measures for a permanent tooth avulsion among parents in Kuwait and to assess the effect of different sociodemographic characteristics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 554 parents who visited 5 dental specialty centers in Kuwait. Parent sociodemographic data and responses to avulsion management questions were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive and binary logistic regression analyses were used for data analysis.

RESULTS

In the 554 responses from patients, gaps were identified in the following areas: replantation (199, 35.9%), cleaning of the tooth (182, 32.9%), and transport media (84, 15.2%). Most parents demonstrated satisfactory knowledge levels regarding the urgency to seek professional help (391, 70.6%) and the first place of contact after the injury (525, 94.8%). Having previous information on emergency management of dental avulsion was a significant predictor of good knowledge (OR 2.138, 95% CI 1.347-3.395, p = 0.001). Of the 544 parents, 99 (17.8%) had received information on dental avulsion management: 30 (30.3%) from the Internet, 19 (19.2%) from books, 12 (12.1%) from television, 6 (6%) from smart phone applications, 2 (2%) from newspapers, and 30 (30.3%) from other sources.

CONCLUSION

In this study, parents in Kuwait did not have adequate knowledge of emergency management for dental avulsion. Future educational campaigns on dental avulsion are urgently needed to educate parents.

A 12-Year Retrospective Study of Avulsion Cases in a Public Brazilian Dental Trauma Service

Abstract This study assessed the epidemiological characteristics and management of the permanent teeth avulsion cases attended in a Brazilian dental trauma service from December 2005 to August 2016. A retrospective study was conducted of case records of 93 patients involving 139 avulsed teeth. Data included sex, age, trauma etiology, location of the accident, number and position of avulsed teeth, and presence and type of associated traumatic lesions. Management of the avulsed teeth was addressed as: time elapsed until teeth were retrieved from the accident’s location; teeth’s cleaning method and storage media; time elapsed until seeking treatment and replantation. The majority of the patients were children from 6-10 (31.2%) and 11-15 years old (26.9%). Male patients were more affected than female. Bicycle accident was the main etiological factor (31.2%). In 56 (60.2%) cases, traumatic lesions to neighboring teeth were present. In 55 (59.1%) cases, lesions to adjacent soft tissues were reported. In 82 (88.2%) cases, patients requested treatment at the same day of the accident. Sixty-four teeth (46.0%) were immediately retrieved and 28 (20.1%) were not found. Forty-two teeth (30.2%) were kept dry. Only one tooth (0.7%) was immediately replanted at the accident’s site, while 51 teeth (36.7%) were not replanted. Numerous avulsed teeth were inappropriately managed and immediate replantation was not frequent. Public policies must be created to raise awareness towards the particularities of avulsion cases.

Knowledge and Attitude of Parents towards Avulsed Permanent Tooth of their Children and its Emergency Management in Bhopal City

INTRODUCTION

Dental avulsion is a commonly reported traumatic injury causing pain, aesthetic, functional, psychological and mental impairment. Since parents are in the immediate vicinity of children in such situations, their knowledge regarding the same is of great importance.

AIM

The aim of present study was to assess the level of parental knowledge and their attitude towards dental avulsion and its emergency management.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A 10-stemmed questionnaire was prepared for this study which was modified form of questionnaire used by Raphael and Gregory. The questionnaire consisted of two parts and was provided in both English and Hindi languages. Parents had to mark one option provided to them in multiple choice questions, which they found to be right. A written consent according to ethical guidelines was taken by all the participants before filling up the questionnaire. The survey consisted of 550 parents who accompanied their children aged between 6 to 13 years in the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Peoples Dental Academy, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. Chi- square test was applied to evaluate the associations in this study.

RESULTS

Statistically it was observed that 34.5% of male participants exhibited more knowledge regarding the necessity of reimplantation of avulsed tooth in comparison to female participants. Also parents with higher educational background have showed positive response toward knowledge and attitude of emergency treatment of avulsed permanent tooth. About 25.6% of higher secondary level, 20.9% of undergraduate level, 10.9% of elementary school level and 0.4% of illiterate participants responded that reimplantation of avulsed permanent tooth is possible.

CONCLUSION

It was concluded from the study that regardless of the age, education level or other factors, parental knowledge of tooth avulsion management was found to be very low in our society. Parents who participated in this study reported having insufficient knowledge about dental trauma and unskilled to provide emergency care to their child.

Efficacy of a comprehensive dental education program regarding management of avulsed permanent teeth as a valid indicator of increased success rate of treatment of avulsion in a North Indian population

AIMS

To assess whether educating the parents, teachers, and intermediate school children of Amritsar city about the emergency management of tooth avulsion was an effective method of increasing success rate of treatment of avulsion.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Self-administered questionnaires were prepared for 200 parents, teachers, and for intermediate school children to assess baseline knowledge. Sociodemographic distribution of the targeted group was carried out applying Kuppuswamy scale. Two months later, flip cards and posters were distributed to the selected sample followed by a reinforcement session conducted after 1 month in the form of slide presentations on dental trauma. After 3 months, reassessment performance was distributed to the same participants for reassessing any change in baseline knowledge. Further analysis of knowledge, attitude, and practices were carried out after 6 months. The scores based on Likert scale ranging 0-3 were obtained and put to statistical analysis to analyze efficacy of this program 12 months from baseline data.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Wilcoxon signed ranked test was applied to nonparametric data to study the knowledge before and after education was carried out. There was a significant change in the knowledge level of children, teachers, and parents after the campaign and teachers showed more positive change in the practice of emergency management of tooth avulsion, endorsing the fact that comprehensive dental education programs targeting school teachers and children can change the perspective of individuals toward treatment needs for dental trauma involving avulsion.

Knowledge and attitude regarding management of tooth avulsion injuries among school teachers in rural India

Objectives:

Traumatic dento-alveolar injuries are frequent in children and adolescents, affecting teeth, their supporting structures, and adjacent soft tissues. Because school teachers are likely to be in contact with the child soon after injury, it is important to ascertain their knowledge and attitude about this.

Aim:

The study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of school teachers in Coorg with regard to immediate management of avulsed teeth.

Materials and Methods:

This cross-sectional study was conducted among school teachers in Coorg district. A self-administered questionnaire containing 16 questions was given to a sample of 600 school teachers.

Results:

Descriptive statistics and independent sample t-test were used for analysis. Only 24.7% teachers thought the tooth was important and wanted to search for the avulsed tooth. Regarding the knowledge about replantation of tooth, 25.7% teachers knew that a fallen tooth can be placed back in the socket. Extraoral time for replantation of the tooth that was opted by 44 teachers (30.3%) was ≤30 min.

Conclusion:

This survey reflected the lack of experience and inadequate knowledge regarding dental trauma management among school teachers in Coorg. The implications of this study are directed toward education of these school teachers who are involved in the supervision of children in schools.

Effectiveness of educational poster on knowledge of emergency management of dental trauma--part 2: cluster randomised controlled trial for secondary school students

Objective

To investigate the effectiveness of educational poster on improving secondary school students' knowledge of emergency management of dental trauma.

Methods

A cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted. 16 schools with total 671 secondary students who can read Chinese or English were randomised into intervention (poster, 8 schools, 364 students) and control groups (8 schools, 305 students) at the school level. Baseline knowledge of dental trauma was obtained by a questionnaire. Poster containing information of dental trauma management was displayed in a classroom for 2 weeks in each school in the intervention group whereas in the control group there was no display of such posters. Students of both groups completed the same questionnarie after 2 weeks.

Results

Two-week display of posters improved the knowledge score by 1.25 (p-value = 0.0407) on average.

Conclusion

Educational poster on dental trauma management significantly improved the level of knowledge of secondary school students in Hong Kong.

Trial Registration

HKClinicalTrial.com HKCTR-1343

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01809457

Knowledge and attitude of dental trauma among mothers in Iraq

AIM

To evaluate the knowledge and attitude of Iraqi mothers regarding dental trauma prevention and management.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Mothers (n = 231) that visited two professional dental centres in Mosul, Iraq, were interviewed and asked to answer a three-part questionnaire containing questions about demographic variables, attitudes and knowledge of dental trauma.

STATISTICS

The relationships of the demographic variables with the total knowledge score of the correct responses were analysed using two-sample t tests. The number of correct responses regarding management of avulsed teeth compared to that of fractured teeth was evaluated using a paired t test. A 5 % level of statistical significance was applied for the analyses.

RESULTS

The mean knowledge score was 5.2 (on a scale of 0-10). No significant differences were found in knowledge score with respect to mothers' age, educational level, working status, personal experience with dental trauma or first aid training (p > 0.05). Mothers with either at least a high school education or previous experience with dental trauma were more likely to recommend that their children wear mouth guards during sports (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively). Mothers who were 35 years of age and older were more likely to know how to correctly carry an avulsed tooth to a dentist. Mothers' knowledge regarding management of fractured teeth was significantly higher than that of avulsed teeth (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Mothers in Mosul, Iraq, did not have sufficient knowledge about the prevention and management of traumatic dental injuries. Intervention programmes should be considered to increase mothers' awareness regarding dental injuries.

Knowledge of medical hospital emergency physicians about the first-aid management of traumatic tooth avulsion

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of emergency medical physicians employed in hospital emergency rooms as to their potential role in the treatment for traumatic teeth avulsion injuries (TTAI).

METHODS

A 15-item questionnaire was distributed to the emergency rooms of one university and 10 public hospitals. The questionnaire gathered data on the respondents' professional profiles and self-assessed perceived knowledge and actual knowledge of the emergency management of TTAIs.

RESULTS

The study was implemented with 69 emergency physicians present at their workplaces during the time of data collection. Of these, 55 (79.7%) were employed at public hospitals and 14 (20.3%) at a university hospital. The professional profiles indicated that 47 (68.1%) of the participants were general practitioners and the remaining 22 (31.9%) were distributed among various other medical specialties. Overall, 28 respondents (40.6%) assessed their knowledge regarding medical treatment for TTAI as insufficient, and the majority (78.3%) stated that they would like further education. Importantly, a large majority of practitioners could not provide correct answers to questions related to the emergency management of TTAI.

CONCLUSION

There is a need to improve the knowledge of emergency medical physicians regarding the emergency treatment for TTAI.

Knowledge of nurses working at schools in Bialystok, Poland, of tooth avulsion and its management

AIM

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of first aid in tooth avulsion among nurses working at schools in Bialystok, Poland. A part of this population attended a lecture on the management of dental trauma 2 years before.

METHODS

The survey was conducted in September 2010 and covered 50 (96.15%) school nurses from Bialystok. Thirty-eight of them attended the dental trauma lecture conducted 2 years before the survey. They were asked to fill in an anonymous questionnaire consisting of 20 closed questions referring to demographic data, previous dental trauma experience, and training. Seven questions referred directly to the knowledge of management of dental avulsion and on that basis, the level of nurses' knowledge was evaluated. The data were analyzed statistically using the Mann-Withney U-test with P < 0.05 to find factors influencing the level of knowledge.

RESULTS

The study showed that nurses' knowledge about tooth avulsion was at an appropriate level. 86% of the participants chose the correct definition of the term of replantation, 92% understood that the time is crucial for the result of a replantation, 94% knew that an avulsed tooth should be held by the crown, and 96% pointed the proper transport medium. A half of the surveyed nurses declared that they would provide tooth replantation and another 16% would consult the procedures by calling a dentist. One statistically significant correlation between the level of knowledge and previous dental trauma training was revealed (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

The lay knowledge of tooth avulsion in the population of nurses working at schools in Bialystok, Poland, was at an appropriate level. There was a strong correlation between this level and the participation in the lecture on the management of dental trauma conducted 2 years before.

One-stage surgical approach to rehabilitate severely injured anterior teeth in a young woman

Trauma of the maxillofacial district may cause severe injuries to patients, such as tooth loss or tooth fractures, which can irreversibly compromise aesthetics and function.The aim of this clinical report was to illustrate the possibility of achieving positive aesthetic and functional outcomes in a young patient through a 1-stage surgical approach. In a single stage, the patient underwent extraction of a compromised tooth, insertion of 5 implants, bone and connective grafts, and management of a fresh scar. A satisfied and appeased result from the patient's and clinician's points of view was obtained by means of some clinical tricks, avoiding the patient's stress because of a multiple-stage surgery.