1
|
Moghadam Fard A, Goodarzi P, Mottahedi M, Garousi S, Zadabhari H, Kalantari Shahijan M, Esmaeili S, Nabi-Afjadi M, Yousefi B. Therapeutic applications of melatonin in disorders related to the gastrointestinal tract and control of appetite. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-02972-5. [PMID: 38358468 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-02972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Most animals have large amounts of the special substance melatonin, which is controlled by the light/dark cycle in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. According to what is now understood, the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and other areas of the body are sites of melatonin production. According to recent studies, the GIT and adjacent organs depend critically on a massive amount of melatonin. Not unexpectedly, melatonin's many biological properties, such as its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, anti-metastasis, and antiangiogenic properties, have drawn the attention of researchers more and more. Because melatonin is an antioxidant, it produces a lot of secretions in the GIT's mucus and saliva, which shields cells from damage and promotes the development of certain GIT-related disorders. Melatonin's ability to alter cellular behavior in the GIT and other associated organs, such as the liver and pancreas, is another way that it functions. This behavior alters the secretory and metabolic activities of these cells. In this review, we attempted to shed fresh light on the many roles that melatonin plays in the various regions of the gastrointestinal tract by focusing on its activities for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pardis Goodarzi
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Mottahedi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Setareh Garousi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Zadabhari
- Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Faculty, Medipol University Health of Science, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Saeedeh Esmaeili
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang ZH, Yang CT, Su XR, Li YP, Zhang XJ, Wang SJ, Cong B. CCK1R2R -/- ameliorates myocardial damage caused by unpredictable stress via altering fatty acid metabolism. Stress 2023; 26:2254566. [PMID: 37665601 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2023.2254566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart is the main organ of the circulatory system and requires fatty acids to maintain its activity. Stress is a contributor to aggravating cardiovascular diseases and even death, and exacerbates the abnormal lipid metabolism. The cardiac metabolism may be disturbed by stress. Cholecystokinin (CCK), which is a classical peptide hormone, and its receptor (CCKR) are expressed in myocardial cells and affect cardiovascular function. Nevertheless, under stress, the exact role of CCKR on cardiac function and cardiac metabolism is unknown and the mechanism is worth exploring. After unpredictable stress, a common stress-inducing model that induces the development of mood disorders such as anxiety and reduces motivated behavior, we found that the abnormal contraction and diastole of the heart, myocardial injury, oxidative stress and inflammation of mice were aggravated. Cholecystokinin A receptor and cholecystokinin B receptor knockout (CCK1R2R-/-) significantly reversed these changes. Mechanistically, fatty acid metabolism was found to be altered in CCK1R2R-/- mice. Differential metabolites, especially L-tryptophan, L-aspartic acid, cholesterol, taurocholic acid, ADP, oxoglutaric acid, arachidonic acid and 17-Hydroxyprogesterone, influenced cardiac function after CCK1R2R knockout and unpredictable stress. We conclude that CCK1R2R-/- ameliorated myocardial damage caused by unpredictable stress via altering fatty acid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, P.R. China
- Hebei Chest Hospital, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Lung Disease, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Teng Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Rui Su
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Ping Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Song-Jun Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Bin Cong
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, P.R. China
- Hainan Tropical Forensic Medicine Academician Workstation, Haikou, Hainan, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moriyama Y, Hatano R, Moriyama S, Uehara S. Vesicular polyamine transporter as a novel player in amine-mediated chemical transmission. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183208. [PMID: 32004521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The solute carrier 18B1 (SLC18B1) is the most recently identified gene of the vesicular amine transporter family and is conserved in the animal kingdom from insects to humans. Proteoliposomes containing the purified human SLC18B1 protein transport not only monoamines, but also polyamines, such as spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm), using an electrochemical gradient of H+ established by vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) as the driving force. SLC18B1 gene knockdown abolished the exocytosis of polyamines from mast cells, which affected the secretion of histamine. SLC18B1 gene knockout decreased polyamine levels by ~20% in the brain, and impaired short- and long-term memory. Thus, the SLC18B1 protein is responsible for the vesicular storage and release of polyamines, and functions as a vesicular polyamine transporter (VPAT). VPAT may define when, where, and how polyamine-mediated chemical transmission occurs, providing insights into the more versatile and complex features of amine-mediated chemical transmission than currently considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Moriyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri 399-0781, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; CYRIC Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Ryo Hatano
- Department of Medicinal Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Satomi Moriyama
- Laboratory of Bio-Molecular Dynamics, Department of Collaborative Research, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Uehara
- Department of Biochemistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri 399-0781, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Savran M, Asci H, Ozmen O, Erzurumlu Y, Savas HB, Sonmez Y, Sahin Y. Melatonin protects the heart and endothelium against high fructose corn syrup consumption-induced cardiovascular toxicity via SIRT-1 signaling. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 38:1212-1223. [PMID: 31256681 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119860188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) has been shown to cause cardiovascular toxicity via oxidative stress and inflammation. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the protective effects of melatonin (MLT) against HFCS-induced endothelial and cardiac dysfunction via oxidative stress and inflammation. Thirty-two Sprague Dawley male rats were distributed into three groups as control, HFCS, and HFCS + MLT. HFCS form F55 was prepared as 20% fructose syrup solution and given to the rats through drinking water for 10 weeks, and MLT administrated 10 mg/kg/day orally for last 6 weeks in addition to F55. After decapitation, blood and half of the heart samples were collected for biochemical analysis and other half of the tissues for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. Aspartate transaminase, creatine kinase MB, lactate dehydrogenase, total oxidant status and oxidative stress index, and caspase-3 levels increased and total antioxidant status levels decreased significantly in HFCS group. MLT treatment reversed all these parameters. Histopathologically, hyperemia, endothelial cell damage and increased levels of angiogenin, C-reactive protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase, myeloperoxidase and decreased sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1) expressions were observed in HFCS group. MLT ameliorated all these changes. MLT has an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiapoptotic effects on HFCS-induced cardiovascular toxicity through enhancing the expression of SIRT-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Savran
- 1 Department of Pharmacology/IDAL Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - H Asci
- 1 Department of Pharmacology/IDAL Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - O Ozmen
- 2 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Y Erzurumlu
- 3 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - H B Savas
- 4 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Y Sonmez
- 5 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Y Sahin
- 1 Department of Pharmacology/IDAL Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Isola M, Ekström J, Isola R, Loy F. Melatonin release by exocytosis in the rat parotid gland. J Anat 2019; 234:338-345. [PMID: 30536666 PMCID: PMC6365479 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several beneficial effects on oral health are ascribed to melatonin. Due to its lipophilic nature, non-protein-bound circulating melatonin is usually thought to enter the saliva by passive diffusion through salivary acinar gland cells. Recently, however, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), melatonin was found in acinar secretory granules of human salivary glands. To test the hypothesis that granular located melatonin is actively discharged into the saliva by exocytosis, i.e. contrary to the general belief, the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoprenaline, which causes the degranulation of acinar parotid serous cells, was administered to anaesthetised rats. Sixty minutes after an intravenous bolus injection of isoprenaline (5 mg kg-1 ), the right parotid gland was removed; pre-administration, the left control gland had been removed. Samples were processed to demonstrate melatonin reactivity using the immunogold staining method. Morphometric assessment was made using TEM. Gold particles labelling melatonin appeared to be preferentially associated with secretory granules, occurring in their matrix and at membrane level but, notably, it was also associated with vesicles, mitochondria and nuclei. Twenty-six per cent of the total granular population (per 100 μm2 per cell area) displayed melatonin labelling in the matrix; three-quarters of this fraction disappeared (P < 0.01) in response to isoprenaline, and melatonin reactivity appeared in dilated lumina. Thus, evidence is provided of an alternative route for melatonin to reach the gland lumen and the oral cavity by active release through exocytosis, a process which is under the influence of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous activity and is the final event along the so-called regulated secretory pathway. During its stay in granules, anti-oxidant melatonin may protect their protein/peptide constituents from damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Isola
- Department of Biomedical SciencesDivision of CytomorphologyUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
| | - Jörgen Ekström
- Department of Biomedical SciencesDivision of CytomorphologyUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
- Institute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyDepartment of PharmacologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Raffaella Isola
- Department of Biomedical SciencesDivision of CytomorphologyUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
| | - Francesco Loy
- Department of Biomedical SciencesDivision of CytomorphologyUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ekström J, Khosravani N, Castagnola M, Messana I. Saliva and the Control of Its Secretion. Dysphagia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/174_2017_143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
7
|
Nakajima S, Hira T, Iwaya H, Hara H. Zinc directly stimulates cholecystokinin secretion from enteroendocrine cells and reduces gastric emptying in rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 430:108-14. [PMID: 27107934 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Zinc, an essential mineral element, regulates various physiological functions such as immune responses and hormone secretion. Cholecystokinin (CCK), a gut hormone, has a role in protective immunity through the regulation of gastrointestinal motility, appetite, and inflammatory response. Here, we examined the effect of zinc on CCK secretion in STC-1 cells, an enteroendocrine cell line derived from murine duodenum, and in rats. Extracellular zinc triggered CCK secretion accompanied with increased intracellular Ca(2+) and Zn(2+) mobilization in STC-1 cells. Zinc-induced CCK secretion was abolished in the absence of intracellular Zn(2+) or extracellular calcium. Upon inhibition of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), extracellular zinc failed to increase intracellular Ca(2+) and subsequent CCK secretion. In rats, oral zinc administration decreased gastric emptying through the activation of CCK signaling. These results suggest that zinc is a novel stimulant for CCK secretion through the activation of TRPA1 related to intracellular Zn(2+) and Ca(2+) mobilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Nakajima
- Research Faculty of Health Science, Hokkaido University, Japan; Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Tohru Hira
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Iwaya
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan; La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, USA
| | - Hiroshi Hara
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gou H, Wen D, Ma C, Li M, Li Y, Zhang W, Liu L, Cong B. Protective effects of cholecystokinin-8 on methamphetamine-induced behavioral changes and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in mice. Behav Brain Res 2015; 283:87-96. [PMID: 25629941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether pretreatment with the neuropeptide cholecystokinin-8 affected methamphetamine (METH)-induced behavioral changes and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in male C57/BL6 mice. CCK-8 pretreatment alone had no effect on locomotion and stereotypic behavior and could not induce behavioral sensitization; however, it attenuated, in a dose-dependent manner, hyperlocomotion and behavioral sensitization induced by a low dose of METH (1mg/kg). CCK-8 attenuated METH-induced stereotypic behavior at a dose of 3mg/kg but not at 10mg/kg. CCK-8 pretreatment attenuated METH (10mg/kg)-induced hyperthermia, the decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) in the striatum, and TH in the substantia nigra. CCK-8 alone had no effect on rectal temperature, TH and DAT expression in the nigrostriatal region. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that pretreatment with CCK-8 inhibited changes typically induced by repeated exposure to METH, such as hyperlocomotion, behavioral sensitization, stereotypic behavior, and dopaminergic neurotoxicity. These findings make CCK-8 a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of multiple symptoms associated with METH abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Gou
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Di Wen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Yingmin Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Wenfang Zhang
- The 8th Brigade of General Division of Criminal Investigation, Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Li Liu
- The 8th Brigade of General Division of Criminal Investigation, Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Bin Cong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Godoy T, Riva A, Ekström J. Clozapine-induced salivation: interaction with N-desmethylclozapine and amisulpride in an experimental rat model. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119:275-81. [PMID: 21726287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many drugs (e.g. amisulpride) have been used to treat troublesome clozapine-induced salivation; however, varying success has been achieved in this respect, probably because, until recently, the salivatory action of clozapine has been largely unexplained. In the rat, clozapine and its main metabolite, N-desmethylclozapine, were found to exert mixed secretory actions: excitatory, through muscarinic acetylcholine M1-receptors giving rise to a long-lasting, low-level flow of saliva; and inhibitory, through muscarinic M3-receptors and α(1) -adrenoceptors reducing the parasympathetically and sympathetically nerve-evoked flow of saliva. The aim of the present study was to define the interactions between clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine, and clozapine and amisulpride, with respect to the excitatory response. Submandibular glands, sensitized by chronic parasympathetic preganglionic denervation, were studied in pentobarbitone-anaesthetized rats. To prevent clozapine from being metabolized to N-desmethylclozapine by hepatic enzymes, the liver was, under terminal anaesthesia, excluded from the circulation. The weak receptor-stimulating clozapine prevented the strong receptor-stimulating N-desmethylclozapine, at specific ratios in humans and in rats, from exerting its full agonistic action. In conclusion, the contribution of N-desmethylclozapine to the clozapine-induced sialorrhoea was, at most, only partly additive. Furthermore, the present experimental set-up failed to demonstrate any anti-salivatory action of amisulpride on the clozapine-induced flow of saliva.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Godoy
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shimozuma M, Tokuyama R, Tatehara S, Umeki H, Ide S, Mishima K, Saito I, Satomura K. Expression and cellular localizaion of melatonin-synthesizing enzymes in rat and human salivary glands. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 135:389-96. [PMID: 21437622 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0800-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, discovered in 1958, is secreted by the pineal gland primarily during the night. Its secretion is controlled by the light/dark cycle of the environment. Melatonin is also produced in and secreted by various extrapineal organs, tissues and cells and its synthesizing enzyme arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) is expressed in various extrapineal organs, tissues and cells. Recently, it was reported that melatonin is present in saliva, but it is not certain where melatonin was synthesized and whether it was secreted into saliva and what function it may have in saliva. The present study was performed to investigate where melatonin was synthesized and whether it was secreted by salivary glands into saliva. We performed immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of AANAT in rat parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands and the expression of both AANAT and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) in human submandibular glands. We evaluated the expression of AANAT and HIOMT mRNA in rat submandibular glands by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. As a result, we observed expression of AANAT in epithelial cells of striated ducts in rat salivary glands and expression of AANAT, HIOMT and melatonin in epithelial cells of striated ducts in human submandibular glands. In addition, we also confirmed the expression of the most potent melatonin receptor, melatonin 1a receptor, in rat buccal mucosa. Our findings suggest that melatonin might be produced and secreted by salivary glands directly into saliva and that it might play some physiological role in the oral cavity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Shimozuma
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
|