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Combining accelerometers and direct visual observations to detect sickness and pain in cows of different ages submitted to systemic inflammation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1977. [PMID: 36737469 PMCID: PMC9898231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle suffering from inflammatory infection display sickness and pain-related behaviours. As these behaviours may be transient and last only a few hours, one may miss them. The aim of this study was to assess the benefit of combining continuous monitoring of cow behaviour via collar-attached accelerometers with direct visual observations to detect sickness and pain-related behavioural responses after a systemic inflammatory challenge (intravenous lipopolysaccharide injection) in cows of two different ages, proven by clinical, physiological and blood parameters. Twelve cloned Holstein cows (six 'old' cows aged 10-15 years old and six 'young' cows aged 6 years old) were challenged and either directly observed at five time-points from just before the lipopolysaccharide injection up to 24 h post-injection (hpi) or continuously monitored using collar-attached accelerometers in either control or challenge situations. Direct observations identified specific sickness and pain behaviours (apathy, changes in facial expression and body posture, reduced motivation to feed) expressed partially at 3 hpi and fully at 6 hpi. These signs of sickness and pain behaviours then faded, and quicker for the young cows. Accelerometers detected changes in basic activities (low ingesting, low ruminating, high inactivity) and position (high time standing up) earlier and over a longer period of time than direct observations. The combination of sensors and direct observations improved the detection of behavioural signs of sickness and pain earlier on and over the whole study period, even when direct signs were weak especially in young cows. This system could provide great benefit for better earlier animal care.
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Decrease in Ca2+ Concentration in Quail Cardiomyocytes Is Faster than That in Rat Cardiomyocytes. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals and birds have quicker heart rates compared to other species. Mammalian cardiomyocytes have T-tubule membranes that facilitate rapid changes in Ca2+ concentrations. In contrast, bird cardiomyocytes do not possess T-tubule membranes, which raises the question of how birds achieve fast heartbeats. In this study, we compared the changes in Ca2+ concentration in cardiomyocytes isolated from adult quails and rats to elucidate the mechanism resulting in rapid heart rates in birds. Cardiomyocytes isolated from quails were significantly narrower than those isolated from rats. When Ca2+ concentration changes in the entire cardiomyocytes were measured using Fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester (AM), the time to peak was statistically longer in quails than in rats. In contrast, the decay time was markedly shorter in quails than in rats. As a result, the total time of Ca2+ concentration change was shorter in quails than in rats. A spatiotemporal analysis of Ca2+ concentration changes in quail cardiomyocytes showed that the decrease in Ca2+ concentration was faster in the center of the cell than near the cell membrane. These results suggest that avian cardiomyocytes achieve rapid changes in Ca2+ concentration by increasing the Ca2+ removal capacity in the central part of the cell compared to mammalian cardiomyocytes.
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Carli G, Farabollini F. Defensive responses in invertebrates: Evolutionary and neural aspects. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 271:1-35. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Carli G, Farabollini F. Autonomic correlates of defense responses, including tonic immobility (TI). PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 271:191-228. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Gentle handling seems to elicit positive states in sheep. The study investigated whether spatial distance alters sheep responses to brushing and whether spatial distance is influenced by reactivity. Twenty Romane ewes were assessed in three sessions: in Sessions 1 and 3, one grid separated the test animal from pen mates, with no distance between them, and in Session 2 two grids separated the test animal from pen mates by a distance of about 1.7 m. Ewes had been genetically selected for low (R-) or high (R+) behavioural reactivity to social isolation. Body postures, head orientation, ear postures, closed and half-closed eyes, tail wagging and feeding behaviour, in addition to heart rate (HR) and HR variability, as the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), standard deviation of all normal-to-normal (NN) intervals (SDNN), RMSSD/SDNN ratio and ratio between low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) powers (LF/HF) were assessed. Data were analysed using generalized linear models and linear mixed models. Session, genetic line and phase (pre-, brushing and post-brushing) were considered fixed effects. Increased distance in Session 2 might not have influenced ewes' responses. Fewer changes in ear postures were noted in Session 3 than 1 (P<0.01), suggesting that ewes were more relaxed in Session 3. The RMSSD/SDNN ratio was higher mainly during brushing in Sessions 1 and 3 (P<0.05), indicating that ewes were more relaxed during brushing, and at no distance between pen mates. However, spatial distance influenced R- and R+ ewes' responses; R+ ewes performed more asymmetric ear postures in Session 2 than 1 and 3 (P<0.01), and in Session 3 than 1 (P<0.01), indicating that spatial distance had a negative effect on R+ ewes. Low reactive ewes spent less time on horizontal ear postures in Session 2 than 1 and 3 (P<0.01), and R+ ewes spent more time on horizontal postures in Session 1 than 3 (P<0.01). Curiously, R- ewes spent more time eating and ruminating in Session 3 than 1 (P<0.01), and in Session 2 than 1 and 3 (P<0.01), whereas R+ ewes ate and ruminated more in Session 1 than 3 (P<0.05). Higher HR was found among R- ewes in Session 2 than 1 and 3, and in Session 3 than 1 (P<0.01). High reactive ewes showed higher HR in Session 1 than 3 (P<0.01). The findings suggest that the social context might influence sheep responses to gentle handling, and the effects depend on their reactivity traits.
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Lormant F, Cornilleau F, Constantin P, Meurisse M, Lansade L, Leterrier C, Lévy F, Calandreau L. A trait for a high emotionality favors spatial memory to the detriment of cue-based memory in Japanese quail. Behav Processes 2018; 157:256-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Tamioso PR, Maiolino Molento CF, Boivin X, Chandèze H, Andanson S, Delval É, Hazard D, da Silva GP, Taconeli CA, Boissy A. Inducing positive emotions: Behavioural and cardiac responses to human and brushing in ewes selected for high vs low social reactivity. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kovács L, Kézér FL, Tőzsér J, Szenci O, Póti P, Pajor F. Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Dairy Cows with Different Temperament and Behavioural Reactivity to Humans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136294. [PMID: 26291979 PMCID: PMC4546236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
From the 1990s, extensive research was started on the physiological aspects of individual traits in animals. Previous research has established two extreme (proactive and reactive) coping styles in several animal species, but the means of reactivity with the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity has not yet been investigated in cattle. The aim of this study was the characterization of cardiac autonomic activity under different conditions in cows with different individual characteristics. For this purpose, we investigated heart rate and ANS-related heart rate variability (HRV) parameters of dairy cows (N = 282) on smaller- and larger-scale farms grouped by (1) temperament and (2) behavioural reactivity to humans (BRH). Animals with high BRH scores were defined as impulsive, while animals with low BRH scores were defined as reserved. Cardiac parameters were calculated for undisturbed lying (baseline) and for milking bouts, the latter with the presence of an unfamiliar person (stressful situation). Sympathetic tone was higher, while vagal activity was lower in temperamental cows than in calm animals during rest both on smaller- and larger-scale farms. During milking, HRV parameters were indicative of a higher sympathetic and a lower vagal activity of temperamental cows as compared to calm ones in farms of both sizes. Basal heart rate did not differ between BRH groups either on smaller- or larger-scale farms. Differences between basal ANS activity of impulsive and reserved cows reflected a higher resting vagal and lower sympathetic activity of reserved animals compared to impulsive ones both on smaller- and larger-scale farms. There was no difference either in heart rate or in HRV parameters between groups during milking neither in smaller- nor in larger-scale farms. These two groupings allowed to draw possible parallels between personality and cardiac autonomic activity during both rest and milking in dairy cows. Heart rate and HRV seem to be useful for characterisation of physiological differences related to temperament and BRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Kovács
- MTA–SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő-Dóra major, Hungary
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Fruzsina Luca Kézér
- MTA–SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő-Dóra major, Hungary
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - János Tőzsér
- MTA–SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő-Dóra major, Hungary
| | - Ottó Szenci
- MTA–SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő-Dóra major, Hungary
- Department and Clinics of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Póti
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Pajor
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
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Frondelius L, Järvenranta K, Koponen T, Mononen J. The effects of body posture and temperament on heart rate variability in dairy cows. Physiol Behav 2014; 139:437-41. [PMID: 25481355 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Reactivity of cattle affects many aspects of animal production (e.g. reduced milk and meat production). Animals have individual differences in temperament and emotional reactivity, and these differences can affect how animals react to stressful and fear-eliciting events. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a good indicator of stress and balance of the autonomous nervous system, and low parasympathetic activity is connected with higher emotional reactivity. The study had two specific aims: (1) to compare HRV in dairy cows for standing and lying postures (no earlier results available), and (2) to assess whether dairy cows' emotional reactivity is connected to their HRV values. Eighteen dairy cows were subjected twice to a handling test (HT): morning (HT1) and afternoon (HT2), to evaluate emotional reactivity (avoidance score, AS). HRV was measured during HT (standing). HRV baseline values, both standing and lying down, were measured one week before HTs. HRV was analyzed with time and frequency domain analyses and with the Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA). Heart rate (HR), low-frequency/high-frequency band ratio (LH/HF), % determinism (%DET) and longest diagonal line segment in the recurrence plot (Lmax) were higher (p<0.05) while the cows were standing than when lying down, whereas the root mean square of successive R-R intervals (RMSSD) (p<0.05) and power of the high-frequency band (HF) (p<0.1) were higher while the animals were lying down. HR, the standard deviation of all interbeat intervals (SDNN), RMSSD, HF, power of the low-frequency band (LF), % recurrence (%REC), %DET, Shannon entropy (p<0.05), and HF (p<0.1) were higher during the handling test compared to standing baseline values. AS (i.e. tendency to avoid handling) correlated positively with SDNN (r=0.48, p<0.05), RMSSD (r=0.54, p<0.05), HF, RMSSD (r=0.46, p<0.1) and LF (r=0.57, p<0.05), and negatively with %DET (r=-0.53, p<0.05), entropy (r=-0.60, p<0.05) and Lmax (r=-0.55, p<0.05) in the baseline HRV measurements. AS correlated positively with SDNN (r=0.43, p<0.1) and HF (r=0.53, p<0.05) during HT. Some HRV parameters (HR, LF, %REC, %DET) indicated that the handling test may have caused stress to the experimental cows, although some HRV results (SDNN, RMSSD, HF, entropy) were controversial. The correlations between HRV variables and AS suggest that the emotional reactivity of the cow can be assessed from the baseline values of the HRV. It is debatable, however, whether the handling test used in the present study was a good method of causing mild stress in dairy cattle, since it may have even induced a positive emotional state. The posture of the cow affected HRV values as expected (based on results from other species), so that while standing a shift towards more sympathetic dominance was evident. Our results support the idea that linear (time and frequency domain) and non-linear (RQA) methods measuring HRV complement each other, but further research is needed for better understanding of the connection between temperament and HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilli Frondelius
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Animal Production Research, Halolantie 31 A, 71750 Maaninka, Finland.
| | - Kirsi Järvenranta
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Animal Production Research, Halolantie 31 A, 71750 Maaninka, Finland
| | - Taija Koponen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Biology, PL 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Mononen
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Animal Production Research, Halolantie 31 A, 71750 Maaninka, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Department of Biology, PL 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Impact of high and low anxiety trait on object habituation and discrimination: Evidence from selected lines of Japanese quail. Behav Brain Res 2013; 250:299-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Boulay J, Chaillou E, Bertin A, Constantin P, Arnould C, Leterrier C, Calandreau L. A higher inherent trait for fearfulness is associated with increased anxiety-like behaviours and diazepam sensitivity in Japanese quail. Behav Brain Res 2013; 237:124-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Kjaer JB, Jørgensen H. Heart rate variability in domestic chicken lines genetically selected on feather pecking behavior. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2011; 10:747-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2011.00713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Valance D, Boissy A, Després G, Arnould C, Galand C, Favreau A, Constantin P, Leterrier C. Changes in social environment induce higher emotional disturbances than changes in physical environment in quail. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Valance D, Després G, Richard S, Constantin P, Mignon-Grasteau S, Leman S, Boissy A, Faure JM, Leterrier C. Changes in Heart Rate Variability during a tonic immobility test in quail. Physiol Behav 2008; 93:512-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Richard S, Wacrenier-Ceré N, Hazard D, Saint-Dizier H, Arnould C, Faure JM. Behavioural and endocrine fear responses in Japanese quail upon presentation of a novel object in the home cage. Behav Processes 2007; 77:313-9. [PMID: 17720332 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Most tests used to study fear in birds involve transferring them to a novel environment, which constitutes a bias in studies aiming at identifying the neural correlates of a specific fear-inducing situation. In order to investigate fear in birds with minimum interference by humans, behavioural and endocrine responses to the presentation of a novel object in the home cage were investigated in two lines of Japanese quail divergently selected for long or short duration of tonic immobility, a behavioural index of fear. Presentation of the novel object induced typical fear responses (avoidance of the object, increased pacing and increased plasma corticosterone levels) that were similar in the two lines of quail. Presentation of a novel object in the home cage thus appears to be a suitable stimulus to induce fear reactions in quail, with minimum interference from other motivational systems. The fact that quail of both lines reacted similarly in this test, while they are known to differ greatly in their behavioural responses to other fear-inducing tests, illustrates the multidimensional nature of fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Richard
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR85 INRA-CNRS-Université de Tours-Haras Nationaux, 37 380 Nouzilly, France.
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Valance D, Boissy A, Després G, Constantin P, Leterrier C. Emotional reactivity modulates autonomic responses to an acoustic challenge in quail. Physiol Behav 2006; 90:165-71. [PMID: 17070877 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Emotional reactivity modulates autonomic responses to an acoustic challenge in quail. Physio Behav 00(0) 000-000, 2006. This study investigated the relationship between emotional reactivity and behavioral and autonomic responses to an acoustic stimulus in quail. It was hypothesized that birds with high emotional reactivity would have higher motor inhibition combined with higher sympathetic activation than birds with low emotional reactivity. Two experiments were performed. The first looked for correlations between emotional reactivity, evaluated by a tonic immobility test, and motor and Heart Rate Variability in relation to an acoustic stimulus. The second experiment compared the motor and autonomic responses to the acoustic stimulus of quail selected on either long (LTI) or short (STI) duration of tonic immobility. The first experiment showed that the acoustic stimulation induced motor inhibition and cardiac activation. Correlations were found between tonic immobility duration and both autonomic activity before stimulation and sympathovagal balance after stimulation. In the second experiment, LTI quail showed strong sympathetic activation, whereas STI quail showed parasympathetic and sympathetic activation. The activation of the parasympathetic system induced by the noise in STI quail can be explained by the predominance of this system at rest in this line. In conclusion, both the basal autonomic activity and the autonomic responses differed according to the emotional reactivity, and changes in autonomic activity appear to be related to the genetic selection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Valance
- INRA-CNRS (UMR 6175)-Université François Rabelais de Tours-Haras nationaux, Unité de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA- Centre de Tours-Nouzilly, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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