1
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Oe S, Hayashi S, Tanaka S, Koike T, Hirahara Y, Seki-Omura R, Kakizaki R, Sakamoto S, Nakano Y, Noda Y, Yamada H, Kitada M. Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation Element-Binding Protein 1 Post-transcriptionally Regulates Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 Expression Through 3′ Untranslated Region in Central Nervous System Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:869398. [PMID: 35496917 PMCID: PMC9051318 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.869398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is an inherited intellectual disability caused by a deficiency in Fragile X mental retardation 1 (Fmr1) gene expression. Recent studies have proposed the importance of cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 1 (CPEB1) in FXS pathology; however, the molecular interaction between Fmr1 mRNA and CPEB1 has not been fully investigated. Here, we revealed that CPEB1 co-localized and interacted with Fmr1 mRNA in hippocampal and cerebellar neurons and culture cells. Furthermore, CPEB1 knockdown upregulated Fmr1 mRNA and protein levels and caused aberrant localization of Fragile X mental retardation protein in neurons. In an FXS cell model, CPEB1 knockdown upregulated the mRNA levels of several mitochondria-related genes and rescued the intracellular heat shock protein family A member 9 distribution. These findings suggest that CPEB1 post-transcriptionally regulated Fmr1 expression through the 3′ untranslated region, and that CPEB1 knockdown might affect mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souichi Oe
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
- *Correspondence: Souichi Oe,
| | - Shinichi Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Susumu Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Taro Koike
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Yukie Hirahara
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | | | - Rio Kakizaki
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Sumika Sakamoto
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakano
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Yasuko Noda
- Department of Anatomy, Bio-Imaging and Neuro-Cell Science, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hisao Yamada
- Biwako Professional University of Rehabilitation, Higashiomi, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitada
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
- Masaaki Kitada,
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2
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Gomes CA, Steiner KM, Ludolph N, Spisak T, Ernst TM, Mueller O, Göricke SL, Labrenz F, Ilg W, Axmacher N, Timmann D. Resection of cerebellar tumours causes widespread and functionally relevant white matter impairments. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:1641-1656. [PMID: 33410575 PMCID: PMC7978119 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several diffusion tensor imaging studies reveal that white matter (WM) lesions are common in children suffering from benign cerebellar tumours who are treated with surgery only. The clinical implications of WM alterations that occur as a direct consequence of cerebellar disease have not been thoroughly studied. Here, we analysed structural and diffusion imaging data from cerebellar patients with chronic surgical lesions after resection for benign cerebellar tumours. We aimed to elucidate the impact of focal lesions of the cerebellum on WM integrity across the entire brain, and to investigate whether WM deficits were associated with behavioural impairment in three different motor tasks. Lesion symptom mapping analysis suggested that lesions in critical cerebellar regions were related to deficits in savings during an eyeblink conditioning task, as well as to deficits in motor action timing. Diffusion imaging analysis of cerebellar WM indicated that better behavioural performance was associated with higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in the superior cerebellar peduncle, cerebellum's main outflow path. Moreover, voxel‐wise analysis revealed a global pattern of WM deficits in patients within many cerebral WM tracts critical for motor and non‐motor function. Finally, we observed a positive correlation between FA and savings within cerebello‐thalamo‐cortical pathways in patients but not in controls, showing that saving effects partly depend on extracerebellar areas, and may be recruited for compensation. These results confirm that the cerebellum has extended connections with many cerebral areas involved in motor/cognitive functions, and the observed WM changes likely contribute to long‐term clinical deficits of posterior fossa tumour survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alexandre Gomes
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Katharina M Steiner
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Ludolph
- Cognitive Neurology, Section Computational Sensomotorics, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center for Integrative Neuroscience (HIH), Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tamas Spisak
- Predictive Neuroimaging Lab, Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine - Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas M Ernst
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Mueller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sophia L Göricke
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Franziska Labrenz
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Winfried Ilg
- Cognitive Neurology, Section Computational Sensomotorics, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center for Integrative Neuroscience (HIH), Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nikolai Axmacher
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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3
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Bareš M, Apps R, Avanzino L, Breska A, D'Angelo E, Filip P, Gerwig M, Ivry RB, Lawrenson CL, Louis ED, Lusk NA, Manto M, Meck WH, Mitoma H, Petter EA. Consensus paper: Decoding the Contributions of the Cerebellum as a Time Machine. From Neurons to Clinical Applications. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 18:266-286. [PMID: 30259343 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Time perception is an essential element of conscious and subconscious experience, coordinating our perception and interaction with the surrounding environment. In recent years, major technological advances in the field of neuroscience have helped foster new insights into the processing of temporal information, including extending our knowledge of the role of the cerebellum as one of the key nodes in the brain for this function. This consensus paper provides a state-of-the-art picture from the experts in the field of the cerebellar research on a variety of crucial issues related to temporal processing, drawing on recent anatomical, neurophysiological, behavioral, and clinical research.The cerebellar granular layer appears especially well-suited for timing operations required to confer millisecond precision for cerebellar computations. This may be most evident in the manner the cerebellum controls the duration of the timing of agonist-antagonist EMG bursts associated with fast goal-directed voluntary movements. In concert with adaptive processes, interactions within the cerebellar cortex are sufficient to support sub-second timing. However, supra-second timing seems to require cortical and basal ganglia networks, perhaps operating in concert with cerebellum. Additionally, sensory information such as an unexpected stimulus can be forwarded to the cerebellum via the climbing fiber system, providing a temporally constrained mechanism to adjust ongoing behavior and modify future processing. Patients with cerebellar disorders exhibit impairments on a range of tasks that require precise timing, and recent evidence suggest that timing problems observed in other neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia may reflect disrupted interactions between the basal ganglia and cerebellum.The complex concepts emerging from this consensus paper should provide a foundation for further discussion, helping identify basic research questions required to understand how the brain represents and utilizes time, as well as delineating ways in which this knowledge can help improve the lives of those with neurological conditions that disrupt this most elemental sense. The panel of experts agrees that timing control in the brain is a complex concept in whom cerebellar circuitry is deeply involved. The concept of a timing machine has now expanded to clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bareš
- First Department of Neurology, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
| | - Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura Avanzino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Centre for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Assaf Breska
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Brain Connectivity Center, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale Casimiro Mondino (IRCCS), Pavia, Italy
| | - Pavel Filip
- First Department of Neurology, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcus Gerwig
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Charlotte L Lawrenson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicholas A Lusk
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium -Service des Neurosciences, UMons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Warren H Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hiroshi Mitoma
- Medical Education Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Elijah A Petter
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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4
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Spontaneous recovery of conditioned eyeblink responses is associated with transiently decreased cerebellar theta activity in guinea pigs. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:457-466. [PMID: 30468789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral studies have demonstrated that extinguished conditioned eyeblink responses (CR) can spontaneously recover after extinction. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this process are still unclear. We have shown that spontaneous cerebellar theta activity was predictive of subsequent CR extinction. Here, we sought to further evaluate the association between spontaneous recovery and cerebellar theta activity in behaving guinea pigs. It was found that trace conditioning training significantly diminished the degree of spontaneous recovery during extinction sessions as compared to delay training. Moreover, by recording local field potential in the cerebellum of guinea pigs undergoing an eyeblink conditioning extinction task, we found that spontaneous recovery of delay-paradigm CRs was associated with transiently decreased CS-evoked theta activity in the cerebellum. These findings suggest that decreased CS-evoked cerebellar theta activity may contribute to the neural process that is important for the spontaneous recovery of extinguished motor memory. Future studies are needed to clarify the neural mechanism underlying changed cerebellar theta activity during altered behavioral contingencies.
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5
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van der Vliet R, Jonker ZD, Louwen SC, Heuvelman M, de Vreede L, Ribbers GM, De Zeeuw CI, Donchin O, Selles RW, van der Geest JN, Frens MA. Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation interacts with BDNF Val66Met in motor learning. Brain Stimul 2018; 11:759-771. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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6
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7
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Ernst TM, Thürling M, Müller S, Kahl F, Maderwald S, Schlamann M, Boele HJ, Koekkoek SKE, Diedrichsen J, De Zeeuw CI, Ladd ME, Timmann D. Modulation of 7 T fMRI Signal in the Cerebellar Cortex and Nuclei During Acquisition, Extinction, and Reacquisition of Conditioned Eyeblink Responses. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:3957-3974. [PMID: 28474470 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical delay eyeblink conditioning is likely the most commonly used paradigm to study cerebellar learning. As yet, few studies have focused on extinction and savings of conditioned eyeblink responses (CRs). Saving effects, which are reflected in a reacquisition after extinction that is faster than the initial acquisition, suggest that learned associations are at least partly preserved during extinction. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that acquisition-related plasticity is nihilated during extinction in the cerebellar cortex, but retained in the cerebellar nuclei, allowing for faster reacquisition. Changes of 7 T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals were investigated in the cerebellar cortex and nuclei of young and healthy human subjects. Main effects of acquisition, extinction, and reacquisition against rest were calculated in conditioned stimulus-only trials. First-level β values were determined for a spherical region of interest (ROI) around the acquisition peak voxel in lobule VI, and dentate and interposed nuclei ipsilateral to the unconditioned stimulus. In the cerebellar cortex and nuclei, fMRI signals were significantly lower in extinction compared to acquisition and reacquisition, but not significantly different between acquisition and reacquisition. These findings are consistent with the theory of bidirectional learning in both the cerebellar cortex and nuclei. It cannot explain, however, why conditioned responses reappear almost immediately in reacquisition following extinction. Although the present data do not exclude that part of the initial memory remains in the cerebellum in extinction, future studies should also explore changes in extracerebellar regions as a potential substrate of saving effects. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3957-3974, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Ernst
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany.,Erwin L. Hahn Institute for MRI, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Thürling
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany.,Erwin L. Hahn Institute for MRI, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sarah Müller
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kahl
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Maderwald
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for MRI, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marc Schlamann
- Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Henk-Jan Boele
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jörn Diedrichsen
- Department for Computer Science, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts & Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark E Ladd
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for MRI, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
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8
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Ernst T, Beyer L, Mueller O, Göricke S, Ladd M, Gerwig M, Timmann D. Pronounced reduction of acquisition of conditioned eyeblink responses in young adults with focal cerebellar lesions impedes conclusions on the role of the cerebellum in extinction and savings. Neuropsychologia 2016; 85:287-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Reeb-Sutherland BC, Fox NA. Eyeblink conditioning: a non-invasive biomarker for neurodevelopmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2015; 45:376-94. [PMID: 23942847 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Eyeblink conditioning (EBC) is a classical conditioning paradigm typically used to study the underlying neural processes of learning and memory. EBC has a well-defined neural circuitry, is non-invasive, and can be employed in human infants shortly after birth making it an ideal tool to use in both developing and special populations. In addition, abnormalities in the cerebellum, a region of the brain highly involved in EBC, have been implicated in a number of neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). In the current paper, we review studies that have employed EBC as a biomarker for several neurodevelopmental disorders including fetal alcohol syndrome, Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia, specific language impairment, and schizophrenia. In addition, we discuss the benefits of using such a tool in individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany C Reeb-Sutherland
- Department of Psychology, DM 256, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA,
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10
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André MAE, Güntürkün O, Manahan-Vaughan D. The metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGlu5, is required for extinction learning that occurs in the absence of a context change. Hippocampus 2015; 25:149-58. [PMID: 25160592 PMCID: PMC4322473 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors and, in particular, mGlu5 are crucially involved in multiple forms of synaptic plasticity that are believed to underlie explicit memory. MGlu5 is also required for information transfer through neuronal oscillations and for spatial memory. Furthermore, mGlu5 is involved in extinction of implicit forms of learning. This places this receptor in a unique position with regard to information encoding. Here, we explored the role of this receptor in context-dependent extinction learning under constant, or changed, contextual conditions. Animals were trained over 3 days to take a left turn under 25% reward probability in a T-maze with a distinct floor pattern (Context A). On Day 4, they experienced either a floor pattern change (Context B) or the same floor pattern (Context A) in the absence of reward. After acquisition of the task, the animals were returned to the maze once more on Day 5 (Context A, no reward). Treatment with the mGlu5 antagonist, 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl) pyridine, before maze exposure on Day 4 completely inhibited extinction learning in the AAA paradigm but had no effect in the ABA paradigm. A subsequent return to the original context (A, on Day 5) revealed successful extinction in the AAA paradigm, but impairment of extinction in the ABA paradigm. These data support that although extinction learning in a new context is unaffected by mGlu5 antagonism, extinction of the consolidated context is impaired. This suggests that mGlu5 is intrinsically involved in enabling learning that once-relevant information is no longer valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Agnes Emma André
- International Graduate School for Neuroscience, Ruhr University BochumBochum, Germany
- Department of Biopsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University BochumBochum, Germany
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- International Graduate School for Neuroscience, Ruhr University BochumBochum, Germany
- Department of Biopsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University BochumBochum, Germany
| | - Denise Manahan-Vaughan
- International Graduate School for Neuroscience, Ruhr University BochumBochum, Germany
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University BochumBochum, Germany
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11
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Kent JS, Bolbecker AR, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Eyeblink Conditioning in Schizophrenia: A Critical Review. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:146. [PMID: 26733890 PMCID: PMC4683521 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is accruing evidence of cerebellar abnormalities in schizophrenia. The theory of cognitive dysmetria considers cerebellar dysfunction a key component of schizophrenia. Delay eyeblink conditioning (EBC), a cerebellar-dependent translational probe, is a behavioral index of cerebellar integrity. The circuitry underlying EBC has been well characterized by non-human animal research, revealing the cerebellum as the essential circuitry for the associative learning instantiated by this task. However, there have been persistent inconsistencies in EBC findings in schizophrenia. This article thoroughly reviews published studies investigating EBC in schizophrenia, with an emphasis on possible effects of antipsychotic medication and stimulus and analysis parameters on reports of EBC performance in schizophrenia. Results indicate a consistent finding of impaired EBC performance in schizophrenia, as measured by decreased rates of conditioning, and that medication or study design confounds do not account for this impairment. Results are discussed within the context of theoretical and neurochemical models of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerillyn S Kent
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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12
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de Esch CE, Zeidler S, Willemsen R. Translational endpoints in fragile X syndrome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 46 Pt 2:256-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Coesmans M, Röder CH, Smit AE, Koekkoek SK, De Zeeuw CI, Frens MA, van der Geest JN. Cerebellar motor learning deficits in medicated and medication-free men with recent-onset schizophrenia. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2014; 39:E3-11. [PMID: 24083457 PMCID: PMC3868669 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.120205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The notion that cerebellar deficits may underlie clinical symptoms in people with schizophrenia is tested by evaluating 2 forms of cerebellar learning in patients with recent-onset schizophrenia. A potential medication effect is evaluated by including patients with or without antipsychotics. METHODS We assessed saccadic eye movement adaptation and eyeblink conditioning in men with recent-onset schizophrenia who were taking antipsychotic medication or who were antipsychotic-free and in age-matched controls. RESULTS We included 39 men with schizophrenia (10 who were taking clozapine, 16 who were taking haloperidol and 13 who were antipsychotic-free) and 29 controls in our study. All participants showed significant saccadic adaptation. Adaptation strength did not differ between healthy controls and men with schizophrenia. The speed of saccade adaptation, however, was significantly lower in men with schizophrenia. They showed a significantly lower increase in the number of conditioned eyeblink responses. Over all experiments, no consistent effects of medication were observed. These outcomes did not correlate with age, years of education, psychopathology or dose of antipsychotics. LIMITATIONS As patients were not randomized for treatment, an influence of confounding variables associated with medication status cannot be excluded. Individual patients also varied along the schizophrenia spectrum despite the relative homogeneity with respect to onset of illness and short usage of medication. Finally, the relatively small number of participants may have concealed effects as a result of insufficient statistical power. CONCLUSION We found several cerebellar learning deficits in men with schizophrenia that we cannot attribute to the use of antipsychotics. Although this finding, combined with the fact that deficits are already present in patients with recent-onset schizophrenia, could suggest that cerebellar impairments are a trait deficit in people with schizophrenia. This should be confirmed in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maarten A. Frens
- Correspondence to: M.A. Frens, Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands;
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14
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Reeber SL, Otis TS, Sillitoe RV. New roles for the cerebellum in health and disease. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:83. [PMID: 24294192 PMCID: PMC3827539 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum has a well-established role in maintaining motor coordination and studies of cerebellar learning suggest that it does this by recognizing neural patterns, which it uses to predict optimal movements. Serious damage to the cerebellum impairs this learning and results in a set of motor disturbances called ataxia. However, recent work implicates the cerebellum in cognition and emotion, and it has been argued that cerebellar dysfunction contributes to non-motor conditions such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Based on human and animal model studies, two major questions arise. Does the cerebellum contribute to non-motor as well as motor diseases, and if so, how does altering its function contribute to such diverse symptoms? The architecture and connectivity of cerebellar circuits may hold the answers to these questions. An emerging view is that cerebellar defects can trigger motor and non-motor neurological conditions by globally influencing brain function. Furthermore, during development cerebellar circuits may play a role in wiring events necessary for higher cognitive functions such as social behavior and language. We discuss genetic, electrophysiological, and behavioral evidence that implicates Purkinje cell dysfunction as a major culprit in several diseases and offer a hypothesis as to how canonical cerebellar functions might be at fault in non-motor as well as motor diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Reeber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital Houston, TX, USA
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15
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Manto M, Bower JM, Conforto AB, Delgado-García JM, da Guarda SNF, Gerwig M, Habas C, Hagura N, Ivry RB, Mariën P, Molinari M, Naito E, Nowak DA, Oulad Ben Taib N, Pelisson D, Tesche CD, Tilikete C, Timmann D. Consensus paper: roles of the cerebellum in motor control--the diversity of ideas on cerebellar involvement in movement. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 11:457-87. [PMID: 22161499 PMCID: PMC4347949 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-011-0331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in developing models of cerebellar function in sensorimotor control, as well as in identifying key problems that are the focus of current investigation. In this consensus paper, we discuss the literature on the role of the cerebellar circuitry in motor control, bringing together a range of different viewpoints. The following topics are covered: oculomotor control, classical conditioning (evidence in animals and in humans), cerebellar control of motor speech, control of grip forces, control of voluntary limb movements, timing, sensorimotor synchronization, control of corticomotor excitability, control of movement-related sensory data acquisition, cerebro-cerebellar interaction in visuokinesthetic perception of hand movement, functional neuroimaging studies, and magnetoencephalographic mapping of cortico-cerebellar dynamics. While the field has yet to reach a consensus on the precise role played by the cerebellum in movement control, the literature has witnessed the emergence of broad proposals that address cerebellar function at multiple levels of analysis. This paper highlights the diversity of current opinion, providing a framework for debate and discussion on the role of this quintessential vertebrate structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Manto
- Unité d'Etude du Mouvement, FNRS, ULB Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, Brussels, Belgium.
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van Essen TA, van der Giessen RS, Koekkoek SKE, Vanderwerf F, Zeeuw CID, van Genderen PJJ, Overbosch D, de Jeu MTG. Anti-malaria drug mefloquine induces motor learning deficits in humans. Front Neurosci 2010; 4:191. [PMID: 21151372 PMCID: PMC2996171 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2010.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mefloquine (a marketed anti-malaria drug) prophylaxis has a high risk of causing adverse events. Interestingly, animal studies have shown that mefloquine imposes a major deficit in motor learning skills by affecting the connexin 36 gap junctions of the inferior olive. We were therefore interested in assessing whether mefloquine might induce similar effects in humans. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mefloquine on olivary-related motor performance and motor learning tasks in humans. We subjected nine participants to voluntary motor timing (dart throwing task), perceptual timing (rhythm perceptual task) and reflex timing tasks (eye-blink task) before and 24 h after the intake of mefloquine. The influence of mefloquine on motor learning was assessed by subjecting participants with and without mefloquine intake (controls: n = 11 vs mefloquine: n = 8) to an eye-blink conditioning task. Voluntary motor performance, perceptual timing, and reflex blinking were not affected by mefloquine use. However, the influence of mefloquine on motor learning was substantial; both learning speed as well as learning capacity was impaired by mefloquine use. Our data suggest that mefloquine disturbs motor learning skills. This adverse effect can have clinical as well as social clinical implications for mefloquine users. Therefore, this side-effect of mefloquine should be further investigated and recognized by clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A van Essen
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands
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