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Mauricio F, Mauricio-Vilchez C, Galarza-Valencia D, Alvitez-Temoche D, Espinoza-Carhuancho F, Mayta-Tovalino F. Web of Science-Based Scientometric Assessment of the Importance of Filtered Water in Dentistry: Spatiotemporal Dynamics, Emerging Patterns, and Collaboration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 2024:3279588. [PMID: 38726291 PMCID: PMC11081759 DOI: 10.1155/2024/3279588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of scientific production related to the use of filtered water in the field of dentistry. Material and Methods. A quantitative and descriptive observational study was carried out with a scientometric approach. Data were collected from the Web of Science (WOS) database during the period January 1991 to December 2023. A search strategy incorporating a combination of MeSH terms, including terms and thesauri related to "filtered water" and "dentistry", was used. R Studio version 4.3.2 and CiteSpace 6.2.R7 were used for data analysis. Results Over the 32-year study period, 227 scholarly papers from 134 different sources were reviewed. The literature in this field has shown an annual growth rate of 10.44%. During the year 2010, a steady movement in the number of publications and authors was observed, with considerable collaborative interaction. In the year 2020, a large interaction between publications and their citations was found. The "Citation Burst" graph identified three references that have experienced the largest "burst" of citations in an evaluated period. Lotka's law described the productivity of authors, finding that most authors have published only one paper, while a smaller number of authors have published two papers. Most authors contributed a small number of articles, while a few authors contributed a large amount of the existing literature. Conclusion A comprehensive overview of the scientific production related to the use of filtered water in dentistry over a span of 32 years is provided. The results highlight the growing interdisciplinarity and international collaboration in this field. Finally, the importance of filtered water in dentistry and its growing relevance in the scientific literature are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Mauricio
- Academic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Peru
| | - Cesar Mauricio-Vilchez
- Academic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Peru
| | - Diego Galarza-Valencia
- Academic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Peru
| | - Daniel Alvitez-Temoche
- Academic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Peru
| | - Fran Espinoza-Carhuancho
- Grupo de Bibliometría, Evaluación de evidencia y Revisiones Sistemáticas (BEERS), Human Medicine Career, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
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Subhiksha SR, Arul B, Natanasabapathy V. Efficiency of a high-speed handpiece with anti-retraction adapter to minimize cross-contamination during the routine dental procedure: A clinical study. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS 2024; 27:429-433. [PMID: 38779213 PMCID: PMC11108424 DOI: 10.4103/jcde.jcde_69_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Background This study aimed to detect the efficiency of anti-retraction adapter (ARA) attached to a handpiece (HP). Materials and Methods Two types of dental HP with and without the ARA were used in this study. A total of 30 sets of samples were obtained from two groups and were subjected to a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and microbial culture for quantitative analysis of total bacterial and Legionella count. Statistical Analysis Used The data obtained were tabulated using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, IBM version 26.0) for statistical analysis. Results The water samples were analyzed using PCR, Legionella-specific PCR, and culture-based analysis. In Groups 1 and 2, there was no significant difference between bacterial load in the water samples taken from both HP and coupling of the Dental Unit Waterline (DUWL). Conclusions The reduction in bacterial load in DUWLs analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR was similar in both experimental groups. Overall, the bacterial load was lower in the group with ARA when compared to the group without ARA but not statistically significant. ARA was not effective in reducing the Legionella species load in DUWLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Subhiksha
- Undergraduate Student, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Buvaneshwari Arul
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Velmurugan Natanasabapathy
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Zayed AR, Burghal M, Butmeh S, Samba-Louaka A, Steinert M, Bitar DM. Legionella pneumophila Presence in Dental Unit Waterlines: A Cultural and Molecular Investigation in the West Bank, Palestine. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:490. [PMID: 37999609 PMCID: PMC10675536 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8110490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A Legionella pneumophila bacterium is ubiquitous in water distribution systems, including dental unit waterlines (DUWLs). Legionellosis is atypical pneumonia, including Legionnaires' disease (LD) and the less acute form of Pontiac fever. Legionellosis occurs as a result of inhalation/aspiration of aerosolized Legionella-contaminated water by susceptible patients, health workers, and dentists. In this study, we undertook to determine the prevalence of Legionella in water and biofilm samples from Tap and DUWLs collected from five sites of dental clinics and faculties across the West Bank. Water samples were tested for physical and chemical parameters. The study samples included 185 samples, 89 (48%) water samples, and 96 (52%) biofilm swabs, which were analyzed by cultivation-dependent analysis (CDA) and by the cultivation-independent technique (CIA). Also, partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene for fifteen L. pneumophila isolates was performed for quality assurance and identification. L. pneumophila was isolated from 28 (15%) of 185 samples using CDA and was detected in 142 (77%) of 185 samples using CIA. The abundance of culturable L. pneumophila was low in DUWL of the sampling sites (range: 27-115 CFU/Liter). PCR was 5× more sensitive than the culture technique. L. pneumophila Sg 1 was detected in (75%) of the isolates, while (25%) isolates were L. pneumophila Sg 2-14. All fifteen sequenced Legionella isolates were identified as L. pneumophila ≥ 94.5%. The analysis of phylogenetic tree showed that L. pneumophila branch clearly identified and distinguished from other branches. These results show that DUWLs of the examined dental clinics and faculties are contaminated with L. pneumophila. This finding reveals a serious potential health risk for infection of immunocompromised patients and dentists' post-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf R. Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box 7, Palestine
| | - Mutasem Burghal
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Abu-Dies, East Jerusalem P.O. Box 51000, Palestine; (M.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Suha Butmeh
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Abu-Dies, East Jerusalem P.O. Box 51000, Palestine; (M.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Ascel Samba-Louaka
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, 86000 Poitiers, France;
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Dina M. Bitar
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Abu-Dies, East Jerusalem P.O. Box 51000, Palestine; (M.B.); (S.B.)
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Optenhövel M, Mellmann A, Kuczius T. Occurrence and prevalence of Legionella species in dental chair units in Germany with a focus on risk factors. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 42:1235-1244. [PMID: 37698817 PMCID: PMC10511595 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-023-04659-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Water-bearing instruments and treatments in dental units produce aerosols originating from the dental unit waterlines (DUWLs), which are often microbially contaminated. Particularly, the presence of Legionella mainly realized as aerosols leads to a risk of infection in patients and dental staff. METHODS Here, we record the general bacteriological status of DUWLs in Germany and investigated the prevalence of Legionella spp., with a focus on identification and occurrence of distinct species considering the various aspects of dental practice such as dental chair equipment, disinfection methods, and temperatures. RESULTS Out of 3789 water samples of 459 dental practices, collected in the years 2019 and 2020, 36.4% were Legionella positive with predominance of L. anisa (97.89%) identified by MALDI-TOF biotyping. L. pneumophila was detected very rarely. Risk factor analysis revealed that temperatures >20°C are a significant factor for increased Legionella colonization. CONCLUSION In order to minimize the risk of infection, routine monitoring of the water quality in dental chair units is recommended with regard to general microbiological loads and to the presence of Legionella as opportunistic pathogen as well as the regular application of routine disinfection procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Optenhövel
- Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Robert Koch-Straße 41, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Robert Koch-Straße 41, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Thorsten Kuczius
- Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Robert Koch-Straße 41, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Khajezadeh M, Mohseni F, Khaledi A, Firoozeh A. Contamination of dental unit water lines (DUWL) with Legionella pneumophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; A Middle East systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2023; 12:93-99. [PMID: 36626121 PMCID: PMC9869867 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2022.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to evaluate the contamination rate of dental unit waterlines (DUWL) with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Legionella pneumophila in several countries in the Middle East.Literature search was conducted in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to gather studies published from the beginning of 2000 to 30th April 2020. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms were; "Legionellosis"; "Legionnaire", "Legionellosis", "L. pneumophila", "dent", "dental", "dentistry", "Dental Unit Waterlines", "dental water", "DUWL", "Middle East", "P. aeruginosa", "Iran", "Turkey", "Iraq", and "Jordan". The search was independently conducted by two of the authors. Data was analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software.Almost all studies included in this review reported a high rate of bacterial contamination of DUWL, which exceeded the current standard bacterial contamination level of <200 (CFU) mL-1 recommended by the American Dental Association (ADA). The combined prevalence of L. pneumophila from four countries (Iran, Jordan, Turkey, and Iraq) was 23.5% (95% Cl: 6.5-57.7), and the combined prevalence of P. aeruginosa was reported 21.7% (95% Cl: 7.1-50.1%).This study showed a high bacterial contamination rate of DUWL with opportunistic pathogens. So, it is recommended to prevent biofilm formation in DUWL, some measures should be extended by practical approaches allowing for water quality control and improvement on-site in the dental practices such as mobile filtration units, chlorination and disinfection chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Khajezadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Gerash Research Center, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohseni
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nursing School, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran,Department of Medical Education, Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azad Khaledi
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Arezoo Firoozeh
- Department of Microbiology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding author. Tel.: +989304347901. E-mail:
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A Community Outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease with Two Strains of L. pneumophila Serogroup 1 Linked to an Aquatic Therapy Centre. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031119. [PMID: 35162143 PMCID: PMC8834728 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of Legionnaires' disease affected 18 people in Montpellier, a town of the south of France, between December 2016 and July 2017. All cases were diagnosed by a positive urinary antigen test. No deaths were reported. Epidemiological, environmental and genomic investigations (nested Sequence-Based Typing (nSBT) and whole genome sequencing) were undertaken. For the cases for which we had information, four had a new isolate (ST2471), one had a different new isolate (ST2470), one had a genomic pattern compatible with the ST2471 identified by nSBT (flaA = 3), and one had a genomic pattern not compatible with two previous identified STs (pilE = 6). The analysis conducted on the pool of an aquatic therapy center revealed seven isolates of Legionella pneumophila. Whole genome analysis confirmed the link between the environmental and clinical isolates for both ST2470 and ST2471. As the outbreak occurred slowly, with several weeks between new cases, it was not possible to immediately identify a common source. The sixth case was the first to report having aquatic therapy care. Of the 18 cases, eight had attended the aquatic therapy center and the other 10 were inhabitants who lived, worked or walked close to the center. The main cause for this outbreak was the lack of facility maintenance. This investigation highlights the risk to public health of aquatic therapy centers for users and nearby populations, and emphasizes the need for risk reduction measures with specific guidelines to improve health and safety in aquatic facilities.
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Zayed AR, Pecellin M, Salah A, Alalam H, Butmeh S, Steinert M, Lesnik R, Brettar I, Höfle MG, Bitar DM. Characterization of Legionella pneumophila Populations by Multilocus Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (MLVA) Genotyping from Drinking Water and Biofilm in Hospitals from Different Regions of the West Bank. Pathogens 2020; 9:E862. [PMID: 33105606 PMCID: PMC7690423 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The West Bank can be considered a high-risk area for Legionnaires' disease (LD) due to its hot climate, intermittent water supply and roof storage of drinking water. Legionella, mostly L. pneumophila, are responsible for LD, a severe, community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia. To date, no extensive assessment of Legionella spp and L. pneumophila using cultivation in combination with molecular approaches in the West Bank has been published. Two years of environmental surveillance of Legionella in water and biofilms in the drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) of eight hospitals was carried out; 180 L. pneumophila strains were isolated, mostly from biofilms in DWDS. Most of the isolates were identified as serogroup (Sg) 1 (60%) and 6 (30%), while a minor fraction comprised Sg 8 and 10. Multilocus Variable number of tandem repeats Analysis using 13 loci (MLVA-8(12)) was applied as a high-resolution genotyping method and compared to the standard Sequence Based Typing (SBT). The isolates were genotyped in 27 MLVA-8(12) genotypes (Gt), comprising four MLVA clonal complexes (VACC 1; 2; 5; 11). The major fraction of isolates constituted Sequence Type (ST)1 and ST461. Most of the MLVA-genotypes were highly diverse and often unique. The MLVA-genotype composition showed substantial regional variability. In general, the applied MLVA-method made it possible to reproducibly genotype the isolates, and was consistent with SBT but showed a higher resolution. The advantage of the higher resolution was most evident for the subdivision of the large strain sets of ST1 and ST461; these STs were shown to be highly pneumonia-relevant in a former study. This shows that the resolution by MLVA is advantageous for back-tracking risk sites and for the avoidance of outbreaks of L. pneumophila. Overall, our results provide important insights into the detailed population structure of L. pneumophila, allowing for better risk assessment for DWDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf R. Zayed
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.R.Z.); (M.P.); (R.L.); (I.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Al-Quds University, Abu-Dies, East Jerusalem 19356, Palestine; (A.S.); (H.A.); (S.B.); (D.M.B.)
| | - Marina Pecellin
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.R.Z.); (M.P.); (R.L.); (I.B.)
| | - Alaa Salah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Al-Quds University, Abu-Dies, East Jerusalem 19356, Palestine; (A.S.); (H.A.); (S.B.); (D.M.B.)
| | - Hanna Alalam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Al-Quds University, Abu-Dies, East Jerusalem 19356, Palestine; (A.S.); (H.A.); (S.B.); (D.M.B.)
| | - Suha Butmeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Al-Quds University, Abu-Dies, East Jerusalem 19356, Palestine; (A.S.); (H.A.); (S.B.); (D.M.B.)
| | - Michael Steinert
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Universitätsplatz 2, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Rene Lesnik
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.R.Z.); (M.P.); (R.L.); (I.B.)
| | - Ingrid Brettar
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.R.Z.); (M.P.); (R.L.); (I.B.)
| | - Manfred G. Höfle
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.R.Z.); (M.P.); (R.L.); (I.B.)
| | - Dina M. Bitar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Al-Quds University, Abu-Dies, East Jerusalem 19356, Palestine; (A.S.); (H.A.); (S.B.); (D.M.B.)
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Lauritano D, Nardone M, Gaudio RM, Candotto V, Carinci F. Risk assessment of colonization of legionella spp. in dental unit waterlines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 10:283-288. [PMID: 29285331 DOI: 10.11138/orl/2017.10.3.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aerosol produced during the use of dental instruments can spread pathogens potentially harmful to health. Most of the pathogens found in hydraulic system are Gram-negative aerobic heterotrophic environmental bacterial species exhibiting very low pathogenicity, although they may be of concern in the treatment of vulnerable patients, such as immunocompromised, medically compromised individuals and dental team. Dental team can be exposed to pathogenic microorganisms including cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, herpes simplex virus and Legionella spp. Legionella spp. are ubiquitous in hydraulic system, in fact surveys have shown that the percentage of samples taken at different dental chairs that were positive for Legionella spp. and ranged from 0 to 100%. The concentration of Legionella spp. in hydraulic system may reach 1000 organisms per ml. The primary route of Legionella spp. transmission is inhalation or aspiration of environmentally contaminated aerosols. All dentists are required to conduct a statutory risk assessment of their hydraulic system, in fact to comply with their legal duties, dentists must identify and assess the sources of risk and prepare a scheme for preventing and controlling risks. Moreover, they must monitor the quality of their hydraulic system at least annually to ensure that they are "legionellae free".
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lauritano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - M Nardone
- Ministry of Public Health, Rome, Italy
| | - R M Gaudio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - V Candotto
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - F Carinci
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Ditommaso S, Giacomuzzi M, Ricciardi E, Zotti CM. Efficacy of a Low Dose of Hydrogen Peroxide (Peroxy Ag⁺) for Continuous Treatment of Dental Unit Water Lines: Challenge Test with Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 in a Simulated Dental Unit Waterline. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E745. [PMID: 27455299 PMCID: PMC4962286 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13070745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the in vitro bactericidal activity of hydrogen peroxide against Legionella. We tested hydrogen peroxide (Peroxy Ag⁺) at 600 ppm to evaluate Legionella survival in a simulated dental treatment water system equipped with Water Hygienization Equipment (W.H.E.) device that was artificially contaminated. When Legionella pneumophila serogroup (sg) 1 was exposed to Peroxy Ag⁺ for 60 min we obtained a two decimal log reduction. High antimicrobial efficacy was obtained with extended periods of exposure: four decimal log reduction at 75 min and five decimal log reduction at 15 h of exposure. Involving a simulation device (Peroxy Ag⁺ is flushed into the simulation dental unit waterlines (DUWL)) we obtained an average reduction of 85% of Legionella load. The product is effective in reducing the number of Legionella cells after 75 min of contact time (99.997%) in the simulator device under test conditions. The Peroxy Ag⁺ treatment is safe for continuous use in the dental water supply system (i.e., it is safe for patient contact), so it could be used as a preventive option, and it may be useful in long-term treatments, alone or coupled with a daily or periodic shock treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savina Ditommaso
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy.
| | - Monica Giacomuzzi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy.
| | - Elisa Ricciardi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy.
| | - Carla M Zotti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy.
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Cultural and Molecular Evidence of Legionella spp. Colonization in Dental Unit Waterlines: Which Is the Best Method for Risk Assessment? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:211. [PMID: 26861373 PMCID: PMC4772231 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Legionella spp. are ubiquitous in aquatic habitats and water distribution systems, including dental unit waterlines (DUWLs). The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Legionella in DUWLs and tap water samples using PMA-qPCR and standard culture methods. The total viable counts (TVCs) of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria in the samples were also determined. Legionella spp. were detected and quantified using the modified ISO 11731 culture method. Extracted genomic DNA was analysed using the iQ-Check Quanti Legionella spp. kit, and the TVCs were determined according to the ISO protocol 6222. Legionella spp. were detected in 100% of the samples using the PMA-qPCR method, whereas these bacteria were detected in only 7% of the samples using the culture method. The number of colony forming units (CFUs) of the TVCs in the DUWL and tap water samples differed, with the bacterial load being significantly lower in the tap water samples (p-value = 0). The counts obtained were within the Italian standard range established for potable water in only 5% of the DUWL water samples and in 77% of the tap water samples. Our results show that the level of Legionella spp. contamination determined using the culture method does not reflect the true scale of the problem, and consequently we recommend testing for the presence of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria based on the assumption that Legionella spp. are components of biofilms.
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12
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Rini M, D’Urso G, Gatti M. Aspetti clinici e medico-legali del primo caso di legionellosi contratta in uno studio odontoiatrico. DENTAL CADMOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0011-8524(13)70066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Garg SK, Mittal S, Kaur P. Dental unit waterline management: historical perspectives and current trends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 3:247-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1626.2012.00135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shushant K. Garg
- Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Dental Sciences and Research; Mullana-Ambala Haryana India
| | - Sanjeev Mittal
- Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Dental Sciences and Research; Mullana-Ambala Haryana India
| | - Prabhmanik Kaur
- Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Dental Sciences and Research; Mullana-Ambala Haryana India
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Contamination of a dental unit water line system by legionella pneumophila in the mashhad school of dentistry in 2009. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2012; 14:376-8. [PMID: 22924117 PMCID: PMC3420029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental unit waterline system is considered potential source for contamination with Legionella species. The aim of this study was to determine if contamination of a dental unit water line system by Legionella pneumophila serogroup1 in the Mashhad School of Dentistry occurred in 2009. METHODS A total of 52 dental units were selected from all clinical departments of the Mashhad School of Dentistry. Samples of water were collected from outlets of water/air spray, high-speed dental hand pieces and water cup fillers. Samples were tested via the ELISA method. RESULTS At the beginning of the work day, a total of 36.1 percent of dental units were contaminated by Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. CONCLUSION Infection control of the dental unit water line system regarding legionella in the Mashhad School of Dentistry is a challenge and engineering controls should be used in contaminated clinics.
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Aprea L, Cannova L, Firenze A, Bivona MS, Amodio E, Romano N. Can technical, functional and structural characteristics of dental units predict Legionella pneumophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa contamination? J Oral Sci 2010; 52:641-6. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.52.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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