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Kumar N, Amin F, Dahri WM, Khan S, Zaidi H, Rahman S, Farhan T, Zafar MS, Fareed MA. Impact of acidic beverages on composition and surface characteristics of human teeth: scanning electron microscopic, stereomicroscopic and energy dispersive x-ray analyses. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:837. [PMID: 39049053 PMCID: PMC11267961 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04491-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of acidic beverages on the surface topography and elemental composition of human teeth. METHODS A total of five highly acidic beverages (Red Bull, Pepsi, Apple Cidra, Tang Mosambi, and Tang Orange) were investigated. The tooth specimens of experimental groups were submerged in each beverage and incubated at 37 °C for 7 days, whereas, the tooth specimens of control groups were placed in distilled water. Afterwards, tooth specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscopic (SEM), stereomicroscopic, and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) techniques. RESULTS All experimental groups revealed a decline in the tooth elements compared to controls, however, such decline was not statistically significant. Nevertheless, comparing the experimental groups, the Red Bull beverage caused a marked reduction in the percentage of both calcium and phosphorus elements compared to the Pepsi, Apple Cidra, Tang Mosambi, and Tang Orange beverages but it was insignificant as well in contrast to its control counterpart. All five acidic beverages demonstrated erosive potential under SEM analysis; however, each group of specimens showed a diverse amount of demineralization. In addition, all experimental groups exhibited significant discoloration of tooth specimens compared to their respective control counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of study, all five acidic beverages demonstrated erosive potential in the simulated in vitro conditions under SEM analysis; however, each group of specimens exhibited a different extent of demineralization. In addition, the overall effect of all beverages was insignificant under EDX analysis as no substantial difference was revealed between the elemental composition of experimental and control group specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar
- Department of Science of Dental Materials, Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan.
| | - Faiza Amin
- Department of Science of Dental Materials, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan
| | - Waheed Murad Dahri
- Department of Science of Dental Materials, Bibi Aseefa Dental College, Shaheed Mohtarama Benazir Bhutto Medical University, Larkana, 77150, Pakistan
| | - Sara Khan
- Department of Science of Dental Materials, Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan
| | - Huma Zaidi
- Department of Science of Dental Materials, Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Rahman
- Department of Science of Dental Materials, Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan
| | - Tooba Farhan
- Department of Science of Dental Materials, Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Zafar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah, Al Munawwarah, 41311, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates
- School of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
- Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amber Fareed
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates.
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Dentistry Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates.
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Fernández CE, Silva-Acevedo CA, Padilla-Orellana F, Zero D, Carvalho TS, Lussi A. Should We Wait to Brush Our Teeth? A Scoping Review Regarding Dental Caries and Erosive Tooth Wear. Caries Res 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38621371 DOI: 10.1159/000538862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tooth brushing is a universal recommendation. However, the recommendations related to the time of its execution are conflicting, especially when dealing with patients at risk of erosive tooth wear (ETW) or dental caries. SUMMARY Our objective was to summarize the evidence on the timing of brushing with fluoridated toothpaste in relation to ETW and cariogenic dietary challenges. We conducted a scoping review following the PRISMA-ScR checklist, using three databases searching for in vivo, in situ, or in vitro studies involving human teeth exposed to either a cariogenic or an erosive challenge. Only models including human saliva and fluoride were assessed. Data selection, extraction, and risk of bias analysis were done in duplicate and independently. From 1,545 identified studies, 17 (16 related to ETW and 1 to dental caries) were included. Most evidence (n = 10) supported that brushing with a fluoride-containing product does not increase ETW, independent of the moment of brushing. Delaying tooth brushing up to 1 h (n = 4) or individualized recommendations based on the patient's problem (n = 2) were less frequent. Only one study reported that brushing pre- or post-meal does not affect Streptococcus mutans counts. Most data were in situ (n = 13), and the overall study quality was judged as sufficient/low risk of bias. KEY MESSAGES Although the available evidence lacked robust clinical studies, tooth brushing using fluoridated products immediately after an erosive challenge does not increase the risk of ETW and can be recommended, which is in line with recommendations for dental caries prevention. Furthermore, we suggest updating the international guidelines to promote individualized recommendations based on risk factors to prevent either ETW or dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza E Fernández
- Cariology Unit, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
- Master Program in Oral and Buco-MaxiloFacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Consuelo A Silva-Acevedo
- Master Program in Oral and Buco-MaxiloFacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Fernanda Padilla-Orellana
- Odontopediatric Specialty Program, Pediatric Stomatology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Domenick Zero
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Thiago Saads Carvalho
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Lussi
- University Hospital for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Evaluating the pH of Various Commercially Available Beverages in Pakistan: Impact of Highly Acidic Beverages on the Surface Hardness and Weight Loss of Human Teeth. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7030102. [PMID: 35892372 PMCID: PMC9332429 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the pH of common beverages and to evaluate the effects of common acidic beverages on the surface hardness and weight loss of human tooth specimens. A total of 106 beverages were conveniently purchased from supermarkets in Karachi, Pakistan. Prior to evaluation, beverages were refrigerated or stored at room temperature in accordance with the manufacturers’ recommendations. Beverages were categorized into six groups: ‘Sports and Energy drinks’, ‘Water’, ‘Fruit Juices and Drinks’, ‘Sodas’, ‘Milk and Flavored Milk’ and ‘Teas and Coffee’. Using a pH meter, the pH of each beverage was measured in triplicate at room temperature. In addition, the influence of five highly acidic beverages on the weight loss and surface hardness of human tooth specimens was evaluated using gravimetric analysis and the Vickers hardness tester, respectively. ‘Sports and Energy drinks’, ‘Fruits Juices and Drinks’ and ‘Sodas’ were the most acidic beverage categories, with a pH range of 3.00−5.00. A total of 33% of beverages tested in this study were highly acidic (pH less than 4.00), 29% of beverages were moderately acidic (pH 4.00−4.99) and 31% were mildly acidic (pH 5.00−6.99). Significant weight loss was observed in all immersed specimens compared to control counterparts (p < 0.05). Similarly, for surface hardness, five highly acidic beverages (Red Bull, Pepsi, Apple Cidra, Tang Mosambi and Tang Orange) significantly decreased the surface hardness of specimens (p < 0.05). The pH levels of commonly available beverages in Pakistan are highly acidic, which may encourage loss of minerals from teeth; hence, affecting their surface hardness.
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Kyaw KY, Otsuki M, Segarra MS, Hiraishi N, Tagami J. Effect of Calcium-phosphate Desensitizers on Staining Susceptibility of Acid-eroded Enamel. Oper Dent 2018; 44:281-288. [PMID: 30106333 DOI: 10.2341/18-024-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of calcium-phosphate-based desensitizers, Teethmate AP paste (TMAP) and Teethmate Desensitizer (TMD) (Kuraray Noritake Dental, Tokyo, Japan), on the prevention of staining on acid-eroded enamel. METHODS AND MATERIALS Forty polished enamel samples (4×4×1 mm) from bovine incisors were randomly divided into five groups (n=8). After immersion in 50 mL of 0.5% citric acid (pH 2.5) for 15 minutes to form acid-eroded surfaces, the surfaces were subjected to different treatments with TMAP, TMD, and NaF (0.21% means 950 ppm) for five minutes. Another eroded group was not treated with desensitizer. For the control group, the samples were not eroded or treated. All the samples were stored in artificial saliva (AS) at pH 7.2 for 24 hours at 37°C. The TMAP, TMD, or NaF was reapplied at eight and 16 hours during the 24 hours of storage time. The surface roughness (Sa) was evaluated following ISO 25178 for surface texture using confocal laser scanning microscopy (VK-X 150 series, Keyence, Osaka, Japan) before acid erosion, after acid erosion, and after 24 hours of incubation in AS. Afterward, the color difference was measured with a dental colorimeter (Shade Eye NCC, Shofu, Kyoto, Japan) before and after staining with tea solution. RESULTS One-way repeated measures analysis of variance showed that acid erosion significantly increased Sa (p<0.001). TMAP- and TMD-treated groups exhibited lower Sa values than the NaF group and the no-desensitizer treatment group. The greatest staining was observed in the NaF group and the no-desensitizer group, while the TMAP and TMD groups significantly decreased the formation of stains. CONCLUSIONS Acid-eroded enamel increased surface roughness and tended to absorb more stains. However, the application of TMAP and TMD moderated the roughness and thus prevented the formation of extrinsic stains.
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Erosive tooth wear status of institutionalized alcoholic patients under rehabilitation therapy in the north of Portugal. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:809-819. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Seong J, Virani A, Parkinson C, Claydon N, Hellin N, Newcombe RG, West N. Clinical enamel surface changes following an intra-oral acidic challenge. J Dent 2015; 43:1013-20. [PMID: 25868879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Investigation of early enamel erosion using replica impressions to compare changes in enamel surface topography in vivo prior to and over a 24 h period following acid challenge. METHOD A single treatment, blinded, enamel replica clinical study was undertaken in 20 healthy subjects. Replica tooth impressions were taken at baseline, following acid challenge and 2, 4, 7 and 24 h post challenge. Subjects consumed 500 ml of acidic soft drink over 30 min. Scanning electron microscopy of surface tomography was characterised with a descriptive 5 point scale by four judges. Duplicate impressions were taken to assess reproducibility. RESULTS 18 subjects had scorable sequences. Descriptive analyses showed erosive changes following acid consumption and reparative changes in the subsequent 24 h period. Comparing baseline replica to the 24 h replica, there were no significant differences (p=0.26) in tooth surface characteristics. Comparing the replica taken immediately following acidic challenge with the subsequent replicas at 2, 4, 7 and 24 h, showed clear reduction of erosive effects on the enamel surface at 2 h (p=0.02) and a highly significant reduction at 4, 7 and 24 h (p<0.001). CONCLUSION This methodology demonstrated the ability to follow the progression and recovery of early erosive enamel lesions over 24 h being accurate and reproducible. This study suggests enamel repair commences within 2 h following a substantial acidic challenge and is completed 4-24 h later. After 24 h, the tooth surface appeared visibly indistinguishable from the original tooth surface, suggestive of a recovery process occurring. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Healthy erosive lifestyles often culminate in tooth wear. The time taken for enamel remineralisation following acidic challenge is unknown however, this study suggests the repair process is relatively slow following a substantial acidic challenge, and at least 4-24 h should elapse prior to further acidic consumption to allow for recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Seong
- Periodontology, Clinical Trials Unit, Bristol Dental School, Bristol, UK
| | - A Virani
- Periodontology, Clinical Trials Unit, Bristol Dental School, Bristol, UK
| | - C Parkinson
- Oral Care Medical Affairs Consumer Healthcare R&D, GlaxoSmithKine, Weybridge, UK
| | - N Claydon
- Periodontology, Clinical Trials Unit, Bristol Dental School, Bristol, UK
| | - N Hellin
- Periodontology, Clinical Trials Unit, Bristol Dental School, Bristol, UK
| | - R G Newcombe
- Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - N West
- Periodontology, Clinical Trials Unit, Bristol Dental School, Bristol, UK.
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Moimaz SAS, Araújo PC, Chiba FY, Garbín CAS, Saliba NA. Prevalence of deciduous tooth erosion in childhood. Int J Dent Hyg 2013; 11:226-30. [DOI: 10.1111/idh.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SAS Moimaz
- Department of Infant and Social Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; Araçatuba Dental School; UNESP; Araçatuba; Brazil
| | - PC Araújo
- Department of Infant and Social Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; Araçatuba Dental School; UNESP; Araçatuba; Brazil
| | - FY Chiba
- Department of Infant and Social Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; Araçatuba Dental School; UNESP; Araçatuba; Brazil
| | - CAS Garbín
- Department of Infant and Social Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; Araçatuba Dental School; UNESP; Araçatuba; Brazil
| | - NA Saliba
- Department of Infant and Social Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; Araçatuba Dental School; UNESP; Araçatuba; Brazil
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