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Ho DSM, Zaitsu T, Ihira H, Iwasaki M, Yoshihara A, Suzuki S, Inoue M, Yamagishi K, Yasuda N, Aida J, Shinozaki T, Goto A, Tsugane S, Sawada N. Association Between Oral Malodor and Dementia: An 11-Year Follow-Up Study in Japan. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2024; 8:805-816. [PMID: 38910945 PMCID: PMC11191629 DOI: 10.3233/adr-240015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background As infrequent social interaction is a potential risk of dementia, oral malodor may increase the risk of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. Objective This study investigated the association between malodor and dementia. Methods We used the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study data obtained at Yokote City. A total of 1,493 individuals aged 56 to 75 years underwent a dental examination and self-reported survey from May 2005 to January 2006. Follow-up for the onset of dementia was conducted using long-term care insurance data from 2006 to 2016. Hazard ratios of oral malodor on dementia were estimated by the Cox proportional hazards model. The inverse probability-weighted Cox model was used as a sensitivity analysis. Results The study comprised 1493 participants (53.6% women) with a mean age of 65.6 (SD = 5.8) years old; at the end of the follow-up, 6.4% (n = 96) developed dementia, and the percentage was 20.7 in severe malodor group. Throughout 15274.133 person-years of follow-up, the average incidence rate for the onset of dementia per 1000 person-years was 6.29. The highest incidence rate was seen in participants with severe malodor (22.4 per 1000 person-years). After adjusting for confounders, compared to those with no malodor, there was a 3.8 (95% confidence interval: 1.5 to 9.4) times greater hazard of developing dementia in participants with severe malodor. The inverse probability weighted Cox model confirmed the same trend with an adjusted marginal hazard ratio of 4.4 (1.2 to 16.4). CONCLUSIONS A significant association between oral malodor and the onset of dementia exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Sy Minh Ho
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Takashi Zaitsu
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Ihira
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masanori Iwasaki
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yoshihara
- Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Seitaro Suzuki
- Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manami Inoue
- Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Prevention, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yamagishi
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Health Services Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nobufumi Yasuda
- Department of Public Health, Kochi University Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Jun Aida
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shinozaki
- Department of Information and Computer Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhi Goto
- Department of Health Data Science, Graduate School of Data Science, Yokohama University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
- International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norie Sawada
- Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
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Rodrigues NCP, Abrão Neto A, Nadanovsky P. Accuracy of two methods to detect the presence of halitosis: the volatile sulfur compounds concentration in the mouth air and the information from a close person. J Appl Oral Sci 2023; 31:e20220412. [PMID: 37132667 PMCID: PMC10159043 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2022-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the accuracy of two methods for detecting halitosis, the organoleptic assessment by a trained professional (OA) with volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) measurement via Halimeter® (Interscan Corporation) and information obtained from a close person (ICP). Participants were patients and companions who visited a university hospital over one year period to perform digestive endoscopy. A total of 138 participants were included in the VSC test, whose 115 were also included in the ICP test. ROC curves were constructed to establish the best VSC cut-off points. The prevalence of halitosis was 12% (95%CI: 7% to 18%) and 9% (95%CI 3% to 14%) for the OA and ICP, respectively. At the cut-off point >80 parts per billion (ppb) VSC, the prevalence of halitosis was 18% (95%CI: 12% to 25%). At the cut-off point >65 ppb VSC, sensitivity and specificity were 94% and 76%, respectively. At the cut-off point >140 ppb, sensitivity was 47% and specificity 96%. For the ICP, sensitivity was 14% and specificity 92%. VSC presents high sensitivity at the cut-off point of >65 ppb and high specificity at the cut-off point of >140 ppb. ICP had high specificity, but low sensitivity. The OA can express either occasional or chronic bad breath, whereas the ICP can be a potential instrument to detect chronic halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Cristina Pinheiro Rodrigues
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Medicina Social Hesio Cordeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Abrão Neto
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Paulo Nadanovsky
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Medicina Social Hesio Cordeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Banjar AA, Hassan SM, Alyafi RA, Alawady SA, Alghamdi MH, Baik KM. Self-perceived halitosis among young adults undergoing orthodontic treatment. Int J Dent Hyg 2021; 20:479-486. [PMID: 34951749 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Halitosis is a common oral health problem that significantly impacts the quality of life of the affected individuals. In most cases, poor oral hygiene is responsible for the problem. Orthodontic therapy aims to correct malocclusion using different devices. It has been suggested that orthodontic treatment can promote gingival health by facilitating daily oral hygiene measures. However, the treatment may harm gingival health as these appliances may lead to a more significant accumulation of plaque, increasing the microbial load in the subgingival environment leading to halitosis. OBJECTIVE The primary goal of this survey is to assess the prevalence of self-perceived halitosis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS An online questionnaire was randomly distributed to patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. A total of 289 subjects completed the questionnaire. It included questions about: demographic data, medical history, social habits, past dental treatment and oral hygiene habits. Descriptive statistics as frequency distributions and percentages were calculated for the study variables. RESULTS The prevalence of self-perceived halitosis was 41.5%. The majority of the participants started to notice this problem during and after orthodontic treatment (62.5%). A statistically significant correlation was found between the regular dental visits and halitosis in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances (p-value = 0.010). Also, those patients had a substantial increase in tongue coating formation (p- value = 0.010). CONCLUSION Self-perceived halitosis is a common problem in patients receiving orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa A Banjar
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abudlaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaymaa M Hassan
- Department of Oral medicine and periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cario, Egypt
| | - Rusha A Alyafi
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abudlaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara A Alawady
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abudlaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Morouj H Alghamdi
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abudlaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khadijah M Baik
- Prosthodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abudlaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Dos Santos DDL, Besegato JF, Vieira SM, Rached Dantas AA, Silva AM, da Silva AM. Effect of fixed orthodontic appliances on self-assessment and diagnosis of halitosis in undergraduate dental students. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2021; 25:432-437. [PMID: 34667388 PMCID: PMC8452163 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_327_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The effects of fixed orthodontic therapy on the occurrence of halitosis are not yet fully understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fixed orthodontic appliances on self-assessment and diagnosis of halitosis in undergraduate dental students. Materials and Methods: Sixty-two undergraduate dental students were included in this cross-sectional study. Two groups (n = 31 per group) were composed of participants with (study group) or without (control group) fixed orthodontic appliance. Halitosis self-assessment and clinical diagnosis were assessed using a visual analogic scale (VAS) and sulfur volatile compounds (SVCs) assessment, respectively. The subjective (VAS) and objective (SVC) malodor assessments were classified in absence, light, moderate, or severe malodor. Chi-square Pearson test and Spearman's correlation were applied for data analysis, with a significance level of 5%. Results: The use of fixed orthodontic appliances had no effect on self-assessment (P = 0.490) or clinical diagnosis (P = 0.610) of halitosis. Self-assessment was not significantly associated with the diagnosis of halitosis regardless the use of fixed orthodontic appliance (P ≥ 0.737). Male participants showed higher diagnosis of halitosis (P = 0.007). SVC measurements showed the absence of halitosis in 51.6% and 58.1% of participants with or without orthodontic appliances, respectively. Conclusion: The use of fixed orthodontic appliances affected the self-assessment of halitosis but no SVC measurements. It was not verified a correlation between subjective and objective methods to diagnose halitosis in dental students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Felipe Besegato
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Sâmmea Martins Vieira
- Department of Dentistry, Faculdade Integral Diferencial - FACID/ Wyden, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Andrea Abi Rached Dantas
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Aryvelto Miranda Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Romano F, Pigella E, Guzzi N, Manavella V, Campanelli L, Aimetti M. Etiology and characteristics of halitosis in patients of a halitosis center in Northern Italy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 69:174-182. [PMID: 32610725 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4970.19.04186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As there are few studies in Europe describing characteristics of breath malodor for large groups of patients, this retrospective study was designed to analyse the etiology of halitosis among patients attending a breath malodor center in Northern Italy. METHODS Clinical records of 547 consecutive patients were reviewed and data on self-perceived halitosis, organoleptic scores, volatile sulphur compound (VSC) levels, and oral health condition were extracted and analysed. RESULTS The prevalence of intra-oral halitosis was 90.7%. In 21 patients no objective signs of breath malodor could be found. Periodontitis and gingivitis were the main cause of bad breath in 33.9% of subjects and in combination with tongue coating in 55.2%. Only eight subjects have tongue coating as the only cause of halitosis. Ear, nose and throat (ENT)/extra-oral causes were found in 5.2% of the patients. VSC concentrations were lower in the psychogenic halitosis group, whereas no statistically significant differences were detected when comparing intra-oral and extra-oral halitosis except for (CH3)2S. CONCLUSIONS Psychogenic halitosis is a rare condition among subjects complaining of suffering from bad breath. The most prevalent cause of halitosis is intra-oral, in particular a combination of tongue coating and periodontal disease. Tongue coating is rarely the primary cause of oral malodor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Romano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy -
| | - Enrico Pigella
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Guzzi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Manavella
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorena Campanelli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mario Aimetti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Kumbargere Nagraj S, Eachempati P, Uma E, Singh VP, Ismail NM, Varghese E. Interventions for managing halitosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 12:CD012213. [PMID: 31825092 PMCID: PMC6905014 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012213.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Halitosis or bad breath is a symptom in which a noticeably unpleasant breath odour is present due to an underlying oral or systemic disease. 50% to 60% of the world population has experienced this problem which can lead to social stigma and loss of self-confidence. Multiple interventions have been tried to control halitosis ranging from mouthwashes and toothpastes to lasers. This new Cochrane Review incorporates Cochrane Reviews previously published on tongue scraping and mouthrinses for halitosis. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this review were to assess the effects of various interventions used to control halitosis due to oral diseases only. We excluded studies including patients with halitosis secondary to systemic disease and halitosis-masking interventions. SEARCH METHODS Cochrane Oral Health's Information Specialist searched the following databases: Cochrane Oral Health's Trials Register (to 8 April 2019), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2019, Issue 3) in the Cochrane Library (searched 8 April 2019), MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to 8 April 2019), and Embase Ovid (1980 to 8 April 2019). We also searched LILACS BIREME (1982 to 19 April 2019), the National Database of Indian Medical Journals (1985 to 19 April 2019), OpenGrey (1992 to 19 April 2019), and CINAHL EBSCO (1937 to 19 April 2019). The US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register ClinicalTrials.gov (8 April 2019), the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (8 April 2019), the ISRCTN Registry (19 April 2019), the Clinical Trials Registry - India (19 April 2019), were searched for ongoing trials. We also searched the cross-references of included studies and systematic reviews published on the topic. No restrictions were placed on the language or date of publication when searching the electronic databases. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which involved adults over the age of 16, and any intervention for managing halitosis compared to another or placebo, or no intervention. The active interventions or controls were administered over a minimum of one week and with no upper time limit. We excluded quasi-randomised trials, trials comparing the results for less than one week follow-up, and studies including advanced periodontitis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two pairs of review authors independently selected trials, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. We estimated mean differences (MDs) for continuous data, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS We included 44 trials in the review with 1809 participants comparing an intervention with a placebo or a control. The age of participants ranged from 17 to 77 years. Most of the trials reported on short-term follow-up (ranging from one week to four weeks). Only one trial reported long-term follow-up (three months). Three studies were at low overall risk of bias, 16 at high overall risk of bias, and the remaining 25 at unclear overall risk of bias. We compared different types of interventions which were categorised as mechanical debridement, chewing gums, systemic deodorising agents, topical agents, toothpastes, mouthrinse/mouthwash, tablets, and combination methods. Mechanical debridement: for mechanical tongue cleaning versus no tongue cleaning, the evidence was very uncertain for the outcome dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) scores (MD -0.20, 95% CI -0.34 to -0.07; 2 trials, 46 participants; very low-certainty evidence). No data were reported for patient-reported OLT score or adverse events. Chewing gums: for 0.6% eucalyptus chewing gum versus placebo chewing gum, the evidence was very uncertain for the outcome dentist-reported OLT scores (MD -0.10, 95% CI -0.31 to 0.11; 1 trial, 65 participants; very low-certainty evidence). No data were reported for patient-reported OLT score or adverse events. Systemic deodorising agents: for 1000 mg champignon versus placebo, the evidence was very uncertain for the outcome patient-reported visual analogue scale (VAS) scores (MD -1.07, 95% CI -14.51 to 12.37; 1 trial, 40 participants; very low-certainty evidence). No data were reported for dentist-reported OLT score or adverse events. Topical agents: for hinokitiol gel versus placebo gel, the evidence was very uncertain for the outcome dentist-reported OLT scores (MD -0.27, 95% CI -1.26 to 0.72; 1 trial, 18 participants; very low-certainty evidence). No data were reported for patient-reported OLT score or adverse events. Toothpastes: for 0.3% triclosan toothpaste versus control toothpaste, the evidence was very uncertain for the outcome dentist-reported OLT scores (MD -3.48, 95% CI -3.77 to -3.19; 1 trial, 81 participants; very low-certainty evidence). No data were reported for patient-reported OLT score or adverse events. Mouthrinse/mouthwash: for mouthwash containing chlorhexidine and zinc acetate versus placebo mouthwash, the evidence was very uncertain for the outcome dentist-reported OLT scores (MD -0.20, 95% CI -0.58 to 0.18; 1 trial, 44 participants; very low-certainty evidence). No data were reported for patient-reported OLT score or adverse events. Tablets: no data were reported on key outcomes for this comparison. Combination methods: for brushing plus cetylpyridium mouthwash versus brushing, the evidence was uncertain for the outcome dentist-reported OLT scores (MD -0.48, 95% CI -0.72 to -0.24; 1 trial, 70 participants; low-certainty evidence). No data were reported for patient-reported OLT score or adverse events. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found low- to very low-certainty evidence to support the effectiveness of interventions for managing halitosis compared to placebo or control for the OLT and patient-reported outcomes tested. We were unable to draw any conclusions regarding the superiority of any intervention or concentration. Well-planned RCTs need to be conducted by standardising the interventions and concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanth Kumbargere Nagraj
- Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka‐Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), ManipalDepartment of Oral Medicine and Oral RadiologyJalan Batu HamparBukit BaruMelakaMalaysia75150
| | - Prashanti Eachempati
- Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka‐Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE)Department of ProsthodonticsJalan Batu HamparBukit BaruMelakaMalaysia75150
| | - Eswara Uma
- Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka‐Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE)Department of Paediatric DentistryJalan Batu HamparBukit BaruMelakaMalaysia75150
| | - Vijendra Pal Singh
- Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka‐Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE)Department of Periodontology and ImplantologyJalan Batu HamparBukit BaruMelakaMalaysia75150
| | - Noorliza Mastura Ismail
- Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka‐Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE)Department of Community DentistryJalan Batu HamparBukit BaruMelakaMelakaMalaysia75150
| | - Eby Varghese
- Melaka‐Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE)Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of DentistryMelakaMalaysia75150
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Gonçalves ACDS, Martins MCN, Paula BLD, Weckwerth PH, Franzolin SDOB, Silveira EMV. A new technique for tongue brushing and halitosis reduction: the X technique. J Appl Oral Sci 2019; 27:e20180331. [PMID: 30970113 PMCID: PMC6442830 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The tongue is one of the primary sources of halitosis. The manual or mechanical removal of biofilm is known to decrease oral malodor.
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Wu X, Zhang J, Zhou Y, He Z, Cai Q, Nie M. Whether Chinese Medicine Have Effect on Halitosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:4347378. [PMID: 30598685 PMCID: PMC6287165 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4347378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Halitosis has great adverse impact on personal and social life. There is no strong evidence for the effect of Chinese medicine (CM) and combined Chinese and western medicine (CWM) on halitosis. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effective rate of CM and CWM on halitosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature search in English and Chinese was conducted in PubMed, Embase, CNKI, CBM, and Wanfang database. Study selection and data collection were conducted. Risks of bias were assessed by the Cochrane tool. Synthesis of results was done by RevMan 5.3. p<0.05 was considered significant difference. Subgroup analysis by classification of halitosis and sensitivity analysis were also conducted. RESULTS Seventeen studies were included. The follow-up length ranged from five days to eight weeks. CM had significantly better effect than WM on intraoral halitosis (I2 =24%; RR=1.21 (95% CI, 1.04, 1.40), P=0.01) and extraoral halitosis (I2 =0; RR=1.39 (95% CI, 1.19, 1.63), P<0.0001). CWM had significantly better effect than WM on intraoral halitosis (I2 =0; RR=1.25 (95% CI, 1.16, 1.35), P<0.00001) and extraoral halitosis (I2 =0; RR=1.19 (95% CI, 1.08, 1.31), P=0.0004). Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis showed insignificant results. CONCLUSION With the limitation of our study, both CM and CWM have significantly better effect on halitosis than WM. More effort should be made to explore long-term effect of CM and CWM on halitosis. This study was registered with the PROSPERO (ID: CRD42018107229).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Yikun Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Ze He
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Qiaoyi Cai
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Min Nie
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China
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Kim SR, Nam DH. Reliability, Accuracy, and Use Frequency of Evaluation Methods for Amount of Tongue Coating. Chin J Integr Med 2018; 25:378-385. [PMID: 29700763 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-018-2552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To classify the evaluation methods for amount of tongue coating (TC) and investigate their reliability, accuracy, and frequency of use. METHODS Articles published from 1985 to 2015 were searched for evaluation methods for the amount of TC in PubMed and the Cochrane Library. Only clinical researches were included except protocol articles. The methods were classified according to their characteristics. RESULTS Finally, 113 articles were selected. The evaluation method for the amount of TC from the articles was classified into 4 types: intuitive, specificative, computerized, and weighing TC. The reliability in the intuitive and specificative methods (κ =0.33-0.92) showed varying levels among the studies. In general, the amount of TC calculated by the specificative method (Spearman's r=0.68-0.80) was more strongly related to the directly measured value than to the value estimated by the computerized method (Pearson's r=0.442). The number of articles published on this topic has increased consistently, and the specificative method was the most frequently used. Despite the higher reliability of the computerized method, it has not been widely used. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of the specificative method would continue in clinical practice because of its convenience and accuracy. However, to establish higher reliability, the limitation of the subjectivity of the assessors should be overcome through calibration training. In the computerized method, novel algorithms are needed to obtain a higher accuracy so that it can help the practitioners confidently estimate the amount of TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ryun Kim
- Department of Biofunctional Medicine and Diagnosis, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Nam
- Department of Biofunctional Medicine and Diagnosis, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, 26339, Republic of Korea.
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Pedrazzi V, do Nascimento C, Mardegan Issa JP, Fedorowicz Z. Interventions for managing halitosis. Hippokratia 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Pedrazzi
- School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo; Department of Dental Materials and Prosthesis; Av do Café s/nº Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil 14040-904
| | - Cássio do Nascimento
- School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo; Av do Café s/nº Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil 14040-904
| | - Joao Paulo Mardegan Issa
- School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo; Av do Café s/nº Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil 14040-904
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Aimetti M, Perotto S, Castiglione A, Ercoli E, Romano F. Prevalence estimation of halitosis and its association with oral health-related parameters in an adult population of a city in North Italy. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42:1105-14. [PMID: 26477536 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM No epidemiological data on halitosis are available from Italy. Thus, the aim of this population-based cross-sectional study was to estimate the prevalence of halitosis in an urban adult population from North Italy and to explore related oral risk indicators. MATERIALS AND METHODS The survey used a two-stage probability sampling method to collect a representative sample of inhabitants, aged between 20 and 75 years, in the city of Turin. Seven hundred and forty-four adults were clinically examined (47% of sampled subjects) for oral malodor and periodontal conditions. Using a standardized questionnaire social, health and halitosis-related parameters were collected. Logistic models with interaction terms between tongue coating scores (TCS) and periodontal status were used to explore halitosis risk indicators. RESULTS The prevalence estimate of halitosis according to the organoleptic assessment was 53.51% (95% CI: 48.55-58.50). A statistically significant correlation was found between organoleptic and gas chromatography measurements (p < 0.0001). Stronger associations between halitosis and periodontitis were observed in people having higher TCS: adjusted odds ratio considering low and high TCS in individuals with severe periodontitis were 2.95 and 20.77 (p ≤ 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Due to the high prevalence of halitosis in the Turin population, its diagnosis and management should be incorporated in comprehensive dental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Aimetti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Anna Castiglione
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza and CPO Piedmont, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Ercoli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Romano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Kim SY, Sim S, Kim SG, Park B, Choi HG. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Subjective Halitosis in Korean Adolescents. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140214. [PMID: 26461837 PMCID: PMC4603949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and associated factors of subjective halitosis in adolescents. In total, 359,263 participants were selected from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS) from 2009 through 2013. Demographic data including age, sex, obesity and residency; psychosocial factors such as subjective health, stress, and economic levels; and dietary factors such as alcohol consumption; smoking; and fruit, soda, fast food, instant noodle, confection, and vegetable consumption were analyzed for correlations with halitosis using simple and multiple logistic regression analyses with complex sampling. In total, 23.6% of the participants reported the presence of halitosis. The following subjectively assessed factors were related to halitosis: poor health status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.56), overweight or obese (AOR = 1.37), stress (AOR = 2.56), and lower economic levels (AOR = 1.85). The high intake of fast food (AOR = 1.15), instant noodles (AOR = 1.17), and confections (AOR = 1.17) and the low intake of fruits (AOR = 1.22) and vegetables (AOR = 1.19) were also related to halitosis. The prevalence of subjective halitosis in the studied adolescents was 23.6%. Specific psychosocial factors and dietary intake were related to halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Songyong Sim
- Department of Statistics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sung-Gyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjung Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Hyo Geun Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Leandrin TP, Boeck EM, Ricci HA, Andrade MF, Cerqueira-Leite JBB. Avaliação da percepção pessoal em relação à condição de halitose e confirmação clínica. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-2577.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ResumoIntroduçãoA halitose é uma condição em que o hálito se apresenta de forma desagradável, acometendo milhares de pessoas e causando impacto negativo para as mesmas.ObjetivoA presente pesquisa em campo buscou avaliar a percepção pessoal em relação à condição de halitose por meio de aplicação de questionário específico e confirmação clínica.Material e métodoA amostra foi composta por 59 indivíduos entre 20 e 60 anos de idade, usuários de Unidades Básicas de Saúde de Araraquara, que foram selecionados de forma aleatória. A metodologia empregada constituiu-se de: i) Assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido; ii) Aplicação de questionário especialmente elaborado para esta pesquisa; iii) Confirmação clínica, com a aplicação do teste com halímetro (Tanita Breath Alert CHC-212S). Após o experimento, todos receberam folhetos informativos com dados gerais sobre halitose. Os resultados obtidos foram agrupados em tabelas de contingência, construídas pelo Microsoft Excel, sendo então analisados pelo teste do Qui-quadrado.Resultado e conclusãoApós análises, conclui-se que as pessoas perderam a capacidade de perceber o próprio hálito quando tinham halitose; não tiveram condições de se autoavaliarem de forma eficaz; os fatores de riscos que influenciaram na halitose foram: idade superior aos 40 anos, uso de alguns tipos de medicamentos, algumas patologias, frequência de visita ao Dentista e falhas em procedimentos de higiene bucal, tais como escovação dentária, uso do fio dental, limpeza da língua e limpeza de próteses. Os outros fatores pesquisados não se mostraram estatisticamente suficientes para estabelecerem relação de influência na halitose.
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Relationship of psychological and oral health statuses with self-perceived halitosis in a Jordanian population: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15:89. [PMID: 26227389 PMCID: PMC4520075 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-015-0078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Self-perceived halitosis could be a symptom of a psychosomatic or psychogenic disorder. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to clarify the relationship of self-perceived halitosis with psychological and oral health statuses. Methods One hundred participants with a history of halitosis were enrolled from a teaching hospital. They were divided into the self-perceived and suggested groups if they sensed and did not sense the malodor, respectively. Demographic and socioeconomic information, smoking status, and oral hygiene practices were noted. Complete nasal, oral, and periodontal examinations with organoleptic tests (OLTs) and N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide (BANA) tests were conducted. The participants also completed the validated Arabic version of the 90-item revised symptom checklist (SCL-90R). Data were compared by analysis of variance, chi-square test, Student’s t-test, and multivariate logistic regression. Results The self-perceived group had higher OLT scores (p = 0.005) and were significantly younger (p = 0.001) than the suggested group. A significantly higher number of its participants were smokers (p = 0.004). No significant differences were observed in socioeconomic information, oral hygiene practices, oral conditions, and BANA test results. Further, no significant association was noted between self-perceived halitosis and the nine psychological dimensions of SCL-90R. Conclusions Halitosis is a multifactorial symptom that requires multidisciplinary management. Self-reporting of the condition is unique entity and trust worthy symptom. It tends to be related to nonoral pathologies and extrinsic causes such as smoking.
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Correlations between Perceived Oral Malodor Levels and Self-Reported Oral Complaints. Int J Dent 2015; 2015:343527. [PMID: 26273303 PMCID: PMC4530242 DOI: 10.1155/2015/343527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. Even though objective data indicating the absence of oral malodor are presented to patients, they may be skeptical about the results, possibly due to the presence of some discomfort in the oral cavity. The objective of this study was to investigate whether there is an association among self-perceptions of oral malodor, oral complaints, and the actual oral malodor test result. Materials and Methods. Questions concerning self-perceptions of oral malodor and subjective intraoral symptoms were extracted from a questionnaire on oral malodor completed by 363 subjects who visited the clinic for oral malodor of Tokyo Dental College Chiba Hospital and gave consent to this study. In addition, the association of self-perception of oral malodor with values obtained after organoleptic and OralChroma measurement was analyzed. Results. No correlation between 195 subjects (54%) who were judged "with oral malodor" (organoleptic score of ≥1) and 294 subjects (81.6%) who had a self-perceptions of oral malodor was observed. Self-perception of oral malodor was significantly correlated with tongue coating (p = 0.002) and a strange intraoral taste (p = 0.016). Conclusions. Subjects with a self-perception of oral malodor were not necessarily consistent with those actually having an oral malodor. In addition, it was suggested that patients became aware of oral malodor when they felt oral complaints.
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Buunk-Werkhoven YAB, Buls JG, Osinga E, Bruers JJM. Diagnosis and treatment of patients with halitosis by dental hygienists and dentists in the Netherlands. Int Dent J 2014; 65:65-70. [PMID: 25487169 DOI: 10.1111/idj.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to ascertain the knowledge level of halitosis in dental hygienists and dentists in the Netherlands and to examine how they deal with patients with halitosis. METHODS A written survey (comprising 29 questions on personal and professional characteristics, clinical observation and treatment of halitosis, the referral of patients with halitosis and expert knowledge of halitosis) was randomly distributed to a sample of 327 Dutch dentist members of the Royal Dutch Dental Association (Koninklijke Nederlandse Maatschappij tot bevordering der Tandheelkunde; KNMT) and to a sample of 205 members of the Dutch Dental Hygienists' Association (members of the Nederlandse Vereniging van Mondhygiënisten; NVM). A total sample of 168 oral health professionals (92 NVM-dental hygienists and 76 dentists) was included. RESULTS This sample can be considered as representative of the population of dental hygienists and dentists working in the Netherlands. Knowledge of halitosis in NVM-dental hygienists and dentists was generally the same. In both professions, attention to, and treatment of, halitosis did not take place at every patient contact, even among those who were able to treat patients with halitosis. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the importance of training programmes aimed at increasing assertiveness, as well as the social and communication skills of dentists and dental hygienists to improve the diagnosis and treatment of patients with halitosis. A guideline on screening, diagnosis and treatment of halitosis may be useful to improve the attitude and behaviour of oral health-care professionals, ultimately aimed at stimulating optimal oral health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne A B Buunk-Werkhoven
- Dutch Dental Hygienists' Association (Nederlandse Vereniging van Mondhygiënisten NVM)-Foundation for Research and Education, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; SPOH ARTS: International Oral Health Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Petrini M, Costacurta M, Ferrante M, Trentini P, Docimo R, Spoto G. Association between the organoleptic scores, oral condition and salivary β-galactosidases in children affected by halitosis. Int J Dent Hyg 2014; 12:213-8. [DOI: 10.1111/idh.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Petrini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnologicalical Sciences; University of Chieti; Chieti Italy
| | - M Costacurta
- Paediatric Dentistry Unit; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome Italy
| | - M Ferrante
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnologicalical Sciences; University of Chieti; Chieti Italy
| | - P Trentini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnologicalical Sciences; University of Chieti; Chieti Italy
| | - R Docimo
- Paediatric Dentistry Unit; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome Italy
| | - G Spoto
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnologicalical Sciences; University of Chieti; Chieti Italy
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Han DH, Lee SM, Lee JG, Kim YJ, Kim JB. Association between viral hepatitis B infection and halitosis. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72:274-82. [PMID: 24053367 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2013.823645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral malodor can be increased in breath of liver patients. However, no study has been performed for the association between volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) and viral hepatitis. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between viral hepatitis and VSCs. METHODS This study analyzed 182 subjects and measured hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) and dimethyl sulfide [(CH3)2S] using the OralChroma(®). Hepatitis type B was evaluated. Periodontal health was assessed using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and bleeding on probing (BOP). Tongue coating score (TCS) was evaluated. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship. RESULTS Viral hepatitis had an elevated odds of dimethyl sulfide defined halitosis (OR = 9.22, 95% CI = 2.08-40.95) after controlling for age, gender, alcohol consumption, current smoking, periodontitis, BOP, TCS and tongue brushing habit. The magnitude of the association between viral hepatitis and VSCs defined halitosis attenuated with adjustment of mediators (alcohol consumption, periodontitis, BOP, TCS and tongue brushing habit for hydrogen sulfide defined halitosis; periodontitis, TCS and tongue brushing habit for methyl mercaptan defined halitosis; tongue brushing habit for dimethyl sulfide defined halitosis). CONCLUSIONS Findings of this study suggest that viral hepatitis may be associated with methyl mercaptan defined halitosis.
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Villa A, Zollanvari A, Alterovitz G, Cagetti MG, Strohmenger L, Abati S. Prevalence of halitosis in children considering oral hygiene, gender and age. Int J Dent Hyg 2014; 12:208-12. [PMID: 24674694 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, few studies have addressed halitosis in the paediatric population. As such, the aim of the present study was to investigate symptoms, signs and risk factors associated with halitosis in healthy children and to present a model based on the clinical data that predicts the presence of halitosis. METHODS A total of 101 individuals were included. All patients received a questionnaire that queried on sociodemographic characteristics, self-reported halitosis and dental treatment history. Individuals received a thorough intra-oral examination, and the volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) were measured to test the presence of halitosis with a portable sulphide monitor (Halimeter(®); Interscan Co., Chatsworth, CA, USA). The distribution of the sociodemographic characteristics, self-reported halitosis, dental treatment history and other oral features was evaluated. Finally, a statistical model was constructed with the best set of features to predict halitosis in children. RESULTS The median age was 12.0 years (mean: 11.7 ± SD 2.7) with 54.5% males. Halitosis (VSC > 100 parts per billion, or ppb) was objectively measured in 37.6% of patients. For comparison purposes, Bayesian network was obtained using clinical and demographic data. The model consisted of four variables (sex, age, oral hygiene status and self-reported halitosis) directly related to the presence of halitosis (VSC > 100 ppb). This model achieved 76.4% area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC). Overall, female patients or individuals with dental plaque on more than 25% of the dental surfaces or patients older than 13 year old were more prone to present with halitosis. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that halitosis in the paediatric population is related to poor oral hygiene and may be more common in females and older individuals. This specific predictive model may be useful to identify subgroups to target for intervention to treat oral halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Villa
- Department of General Dentistry, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Harvey-Woodworth CN. Dimethylsulphidemia: the significance of dimethyl sulphide in extra-oral, blood borne halitosis. Br Dent J 2013; 214:E20. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims were to evaluate the validity of patients' self-estimation and clinical diagnosis of oral malodor and to examine the relationship of oral malodor with oral health status. METHODS The subjects were 252 patients (mean age 43.7 ± 10.7 years) who complained of oral malodor. Oral malodor was assessed by patients' self-estimation, organoleptic test and Oral Chroma. Oral health status, including dental and periodontal conditions, oral hygiene status and flow rate of saliva, was examined. The N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-napthilamide (BANA) positive bacteria in tongue coating were evaluated by BANA test. A Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to test correlation between self-perceived and clinical oral malodor. The stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to assess predictors of patients' self-estimated and clinical oral malodor. RESULTS The percentage of patients who were diagnosed with pseudo-halitosis was 38.5%. Patients' self-estimated oral malodor was significantly correlated with organoleptic test (r = 0.61), H(2)S (r = 0.50) and CH(3)SH (r = 0.46). There were 47.1% of patients who estimated correctly their oral malodor's scores with those by examiner. The highest correspondence was found in patients without oral malodor (52.6%), followed by in those with moderate or strong oral malodor (46.7%) and in those with slight oral malodor (33.3%). The significant predictors of patients' self-estimated and clinical oral malodor were bleeding on probing, tongue coating, BANA test and flow rate of saliva. CONCLUSION Patients' self-estimated oral malodor was found to correspond significantly with clinical oral malodor and be associated with oral health status. Current findings suggest that self-estimation can be used to judge one's own oral malodor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy A V Pham
- National Hospital of Odonto-Stomatology, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Azodo CC, Onyeagba MI, Odai CD. Does concern about halitosis influence individual's oral hygiene practices? Niger Med J 2012; 52:254-9. [PMID: 22529509 PMCID: PMC3329096 DOI: 10.4103/0300-1652.93799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess whether the concern about halitosis influence oral health attitude and practices among young literate adults in Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional survey of 400 randomly selected temporary camp resident adults in Anambra state, South Eastern Nigeria was conducted using a modified version of the Hiroshima University-Dental Behavioral Inventory questionnaire. RESULTS Out of the 400 questionnaires distributed, only 294 were filled and returned giving an overall response rate of 73.5%. Half (50.0%) of the participants in this study expressed concern about halitosis. The participants that expressed concern about halitosis were mostly in the 25- to 27-year-old age group, females, known smoker, regular dental floss, and mouth wash users, had incorrect tooth brushing knowledge, brushed teeth more frequently and more forcefully, had no previous dental treatment, prefer symptomatic dental visit, experienced gingival bleeding, expressed worry about the color of their gingiva and teeth but were satisfied with the dental appearance. CONCLUSION Data from this study showed that concerns about halitosis-triggered behavioral reaction in oral self-care practices namely tooth brushing frequency, tooth brushing force, mouth wash, and dental floss use. Also revealed were poorer oral health and lower preventive dental visit practices among participants concerned about halitosis. There is need for improved public knowledge and awareness about halitosis by the dentist in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Azodo
- Department of Periodontics, New Dental Complex, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin-Nigeria
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present article reviews the current knowledge of halitosis with particular emphasis upon the interplay of diet and disease of the gastrointestinal tract upon oral malodour. RECENT FINDINGS Transient-altered breath smell usually reflects the effects of foodstuffs, whereas longstanding halitosis is almost always because of oral disease such as gingivitis or periodontitis. There is, however, increasing evidence that upper gastrointestinal tract disease may give rise to halitosis and that extracts of foodstuffs may be future therapeutic agents for the treatment of halitosis derived from the mouth or upper gastrointestinal tract. SUMMARY There is some interplay between the halitosis and the gastrointestinal tract, and it is possible that the therapy of halitosis may be aided by investigations of the effects of foodstuffs upon bacteria that give rise to volatile sulphur compounds.
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Campisi G, Musciotto A, Di Fede O, Di Marco V, Craxì A. Halitosis: could it be more than mere bad breath? Intern Emerg Med 2011; 6:315-9. [PMID: 21140240 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-010-0492-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Halitosis is a generic term used to describe unpleasant odor emanating from the mouth air and breath, independent of the source where the odor substances originate. It affects between 50 and 65% of the population, but despite its frequency, this problem is often unaccepted and declared as taboo. Ninety percent of patients suffering from halitosis have oral causes: a small, but important percentage, of oral malodor cases have an extra-oral etiology, very often falling into the category of "blood-borne halitosis". Several systemic diseases have been found to provoke malodor or to be a cofactor; bad breath may be an early sign of a serious local or systemic condition. A psychogenic halitosis also exists including the variant "pseudo-halitosis", when the oral malodor does not exist, but the patient believes he or she is suffering severely from it, and the halitophobia, when, instead, there is an exaggerated fear of having halitosis. The aims of this paper are to review both oral and extra-oral causes of halitosis, especially those related to underlying systemic diseases, and to provide the primary care clinician a helpful means for its diagnosis and management. In fact, it is important to determine quickly whether the odor comes from an oral cause or not: if so, it requires referral to a dentist; if not (extra-oral origin alone or combined), its management requires the treatment of the underlying causes. Extra-oral disorders can be the cause in up to 15% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Campisi
- Sector of Oral Medicine, Department of Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy.
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