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Nini W, Chen L, Jinmei Z, Lufei W, Jingmei Y. The association between halitosis and periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:341. [PMID: 38801476 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this systemic review and meta-analysis was to explore the association between halitosis and periodontitis in observational studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic search covered PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library until August 18, 2023. Nine observational studies (585 cases, 1591 controls) were analyzed using Stata 17, with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analyses considered halitosis assessment methods. RESULTS The review found a positive association between halitosis and periodontitis. Significant differences were observed with organoleptic test (OR = 4.05, 95% CI: 1.76, 9.30, p < 0.01) and volatile sulfur compound readings (OR = 4.52, 95% CI: 1.89, 10.83, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS A positive association was observed between halitosis and periodontitis, supported by significant differences in both organoleptic and volatile sulfur compound readings. However, conclusive findings are limited by statistical heterogeneity, emphasizing the need for additional research. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Understanding the halitosis and periodontitis association is clinically significant, informing potential interventions for improved oral health. Further research is vital to refine understanding and guide effective clinical strategies, acknowledging the limitations in current findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Nini
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhang Jinmei
- Department of Periodontics, University of lowa College of Dentistry, lowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wang Lufei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction for Oral and Maxillofacial Research &Department of Orthodontics, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yang Jingmei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Maruyama T, Ekuni D, Yokoi A, Nagasaki J, Sawada N, Morita M. Effect of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on the Tongue Dorsum on Reducing Halitosis and the Duration of the Effect: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:980. [PMID: 38786391 PMCID: PMC11121130 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12100980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment that is gaining popularity in modern clinical medicine. However, little is known about the effect of PDT alone on reducing oral halitosis and the duration of the effect. This trial examined the effect of PDT on the tongue dorsum on reducing oral halitosis and the duration of the effect. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Okayama University Hospital (CRB20-015), and it was registered in the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCTs061200060). Twenty-two participants were randomly assigned to two groups: an intervention group and control group. PDT was performed in the intervention group using red laser emission and methylene blue gel on the middle and posterior area of the tongue dorsum. The concentration of volatile sulfur compounds, bacterial count on the tongue dorsum, probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, and simplified oral debris index score were determined before and 1 week after PDT. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to assess the significance of the differences in each parameter between the two groups. We found that the hydrogen sulfide concentration and bacterial count on the tongue dorsum were decreased in the intervention group, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. These results indicated that performing only PDT on the tongue dorsum may not contribute to reducing halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Maruyama
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (D.E.); (A.Y.)
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ekuni
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (D.E.); (A.Y.)
| | - Aya Yokoi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (D.E.); (A.Y.)
| | | | - Nanami Sawada
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan;
| | - Manabu Morita
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Takarazuka University of Medical and Health Care, Takarazuka 666-0162, Japan;
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Ha NY, Jeong H, Son J, Cha MR, Song S, Hwang JH, Kim J. Preliminary investigation of a combined herbal extract of Aruncus dioicus, Cirsium nipponicum, and Ocimum basilicum for halitosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37061. [PMID: 38363943 PMCID: PMC10869069 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Halitosis, the unpleasant odor in the oral cavity, has garnered increased attention and concern due to the growing significance of social interaction. SGE-107, a blend of 3 botanical drugs-Korean goat's beard, Cirsium tanakae, and Basil-with caffeic acid as its indicator component. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of SGE-107 in treating halitosis in patients with mild gastrointestinal symptoms. METHODS We enrolled 25 participants with oral malodor and dyspeptic symptoms. We assessed the severity of halitosis using the visual analog scale. Throughout a 4-week period of administering SGE-107, we evaluated both objective and subjective parameters, including the halitosis-associated life-quality test, the Korean gastrointestinal symptom rating scale, levels of volatile sulfur compounds, salivary flow rate, oral moisture, tongue index, Winkel tongue coating index, and tongue temperature. RESULTS After the intervention period, both the visual analog scale (5.88 ± 1.03 vs 2.38 ± 0.93, P < .001) and the scores of the halitosis-associated life-quality test (31.21 ± 11.78 vs 13.83 ± 6.38, P < .001) showed significant reductions. The proportion of participants with abnormal levels of methyl mercaptan (a volatile sulfur compound) also significantly decreased (17, 70.8% vs 9, 37.5%, P = .039). Furthermore, there were significant improvements in reflux, constipation, diarrhea, and the total scores on the Korean gastrointestinal symptom rating scale. Throughout the study period, only 2 participants experienced mild adverse events. CONCLUSION SGE-107 appears to be a safe and effective treatment for halitosis-associated with gastrointestinal symptoms; nevertheless, the limited sample size necessitates further large-scale randomized, controlled studies to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Yeon Ha
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Korean Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Digestive Diseases, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Haein Jeong
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Korean Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Digestive Diseases, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juah Son
- USCAREPHARM Co., Ltd., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ran Cha
- USCAREPHARM Co., Ltd., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukjin Song
- USCAREPHARM Co., Ltd., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jinsung Kim
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Korean Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Digestive Diseases, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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4
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Van der Weijden GAF, van Loveren C. Mechanical plaque removal in step-1 of care. Periodontol 2000 2023. [PMID: 38148481 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining a regular oral hygiene routine is essential for taking care of our mouths, ensuring healthy teeth, and achieving fresh breath. Patient education on oral hygiene is an important component of their overall treatment. Firstly, patients should be informed about the direct connection between bacteria in dental plaque and oral diseases. It is important for patients to understand that these conditions can be treated, but the success of treatment greatly depends on their level of oral hygiene. This journey begins by selecting the appropriate toothbrush and mastering the correct brushing technique to effectively remove dental plaque while avoiding any potential damage to the gums. In addition to toothbrushes, there are other devices available for comprehensive dental cleaning, such as floss, interdental sticks, interdental brushes, and oral irrigators. These aids are particularly beneficial for eliminating dental plaque from hard-to-reach areas. Moreover, tongue brushing or tongue scraping can effectively reduce breath odor and tongue coating. Currently, self-care recommendations for dental implants are primarily based on existing knowledge regarding natural teeth cleaning. Evidence-based recommendations are derived from comprehensive systematic evaluation of various oral hygiene aids.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Fridus Van der Weijden
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), A Joint Venture between the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Amsterdam and the Faculty of Dentistry of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Clinic for Periodontology Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cor van Loveren
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), A Joint Venture between the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Amsterdam and the Faculty of Dentistry of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Khounganian RM, Alasmari ON, Aldosari MM, Alghanemi NM. Causes and Management of Halitosis: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e43742. [PMID: 37727189 PMCID: PMC10506127 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Halitosis is defined as the presence of an unpleasant odor in exhaled air, regardless of its cause. In most patients with halitosis, the condition causes embarrassment and interferes with social interactions and daily life. Furthermore, bad breath can be a sign of an underlying disease. Understanding the factors and causes that lead to halitosis and its manifestations could facilitate proper management of this condition. To properly diagnose and treat patients, healthcare professionals, including primary care physicians and dental professionals, must be familiar with the etiology and appropriate management of the disease. Consequently, this review aims to provide practitioners with up-to-date information on the etiological factors of halitosis to facilitate the establishment of preventive measures and provide accurate diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Osama N Alasmari
- Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
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Izidoro C, Botelho J, Machado V, Reis AM, Proença L, Alves RC, Mendes JJ. Revisiting Standard and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Halitosis: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11303. [PMID: 36141577 PMCID: PMC9516975 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Halitosis, or bad breath, is an oral health problem characterized by an unpleasant malodor emanating from the oral cavity. This condition can have different origins and causes a negative burden in social interactions, communication and quality of life, and can in uncommon cases be indicative of underlying non-oral non-communicable diseases. Most cases of halitosis are due to inadequate oral hygiene, periodontitis and tongue coating, yet the remaining proportion of cases are due to ear-nose-throat-associated (10%) or gastrointestinal/endocrine (5%) disorders. For this reason, the diagnosis, treatment and clinical management of halitosis often require a multidisciplinary team approach. This comprehensive review revisits the etiology of halitosis as well as standard and novel treatment that may contribute to higher clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Izidoro
- Periodontology Department, Egas Moniz Dental Clinic (EMDC), Egas Moniz, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - João Botelho
- Periodontology Department, Egas Moniz Dental Clinic (EMDC), Egas Moniz, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Machado
- Periodontology Department, Egas Moniz Dental Clinic (EMDC), Egas Moniz, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Mafalda Reis
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- Neuroradiology Department, Hospital Pedro Hispano, 4464-513 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Luís Proença
- Quantitative Methods for Health Research Unit (MQIS), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Castro Alves
- Periodontology Department, Egas Moniz Dental Clinic (EMDC), Egas Moniz, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - José João Mendes
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
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Fraticelli L, Smentek C, Tardivo D, Masson J, Clément C, Roy S, Dussart C, Bourgeois D, Carrouel F. Characterizing the Content Related to Oral Health Education on TikTok. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:13260. [PMID: 34948869 PMCID: PMC8701928 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neglecting oral hygiene in adolescents negatively affects dental caries and periodontal diseases, in addition to social and emotional well-being. Thus, the TikTok platform (ByteDance, Beijing, China)as a social media could be a powerful channel to provide health-related information and educational content. This study aims to assess the quality of the TikTok videos corresponding to #oralhealtheducation. Sixty-nine videos were identified. Three oral health professionals (OHP), three health education professionals (HEP), and ten of TikTok's target audience watched and evaluated the videos from a qualitative questionnaire. OHP detected false or incorrect information in 11.6% (8/69) of the videos. At least two HEPs reported being unable to detect this type of content or whether the video met dental ethics standards in both the videos. Disagreement was observed among the professionals themselves. The evaluation indicated that TikTok's target audience was satisfied with the products viewed with an average score of >2.5, unlike the professionals, whose average score was <2.5 on a scale of 0 to 5. Users are advised to think critically and to consider the content of TikTok oral health videos with caution. The involvement of health professionals in the writing and validation of the videos could be an added value to positively respond to the needs of the adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Fraticelli
- Health, Systemic, Process, UR 4129 Research Unit, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (L.F.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.C.); (S.R.); (C.D.); (D.B.)
| | - Colette Smentek
- Health, Systemic, Process, UR 4129 Research Unit, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (L.F.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.C.); (S.R.); (C.D.); (D.B.)
| | - Delphine Tardivo
- ADES UMR 7268, Aix-Marseille University, 13344 Marseille, France;
| | - Julien Masson
- Health, Systemic, Process, UR 4129 Research Unit, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (L.F.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.C.); (S.R.); (C.D.); (D.B.)
| | - Céline Clément
- Health, Systemic, Process, UR 4129 Research Unit, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (L.F.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.C.); (S.R.); (C.D.); (D.B.)
- “Interpsy” Laboratory, University of Lorraine, EA 4432, 54015 Nancy, France
| | - Sylvain Roy
- Health, Systemic, Process, UR 4129 Research Unit, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (L.F.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.C.); (S.R.); (C.D.); (D.B.)
| | - Claude Dussart
- Health, Systemic, Process, UR 4129 Research Unit, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (L.F.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.C.); (S.R.); (C.D.); (D.B.)
| | - Denis Bourgeois
- Health, Systemic, Process, UR 4129 Research Unit, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (L.F.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.C.); (S.R.); (C.D.); (D.B.)
| | - Florence Carrouel
- Health, Systemic, Process, UR 4129 Research Unit, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (L.F.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.C.); (S.R.); (C.D.); (D.B.)
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8
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Wylleman A, Vuylsteke F, Dekeyser C, Teughels W, Quirynen M, Laleman I. Alternative therapies in controlling oral malodour: a systematic review. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 33227726 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abcd2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Is there a role for alternative therapies in controlling intra-oral halitosis? Treatments other than tongue cleaning and anti-halitosis products containing zinc, chlorhexidine and cetylpyridinium chloride were considered as alternative therapies. Four databases were searched (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library). Inclusion criteria were: examination of alternative halitosis therapies, study population with oral malodour, a (negative or positive) control group and evaluation of breath odour via organoleptic and/or instrumental assessment. Data were extracted for descriptive analysis. The screening of 7656 titles led to the inclusion of 26 articles. Analysis showed heterogeneity concerning the population of interest (from cysteine-induced to genuine halitosis), the examined treatment and the reported outcomes. This made a meta-analysis impossible. Essential oils, fluoride-containing products and herbal substances were the most studied. Results varied enormously and none of the active ingredients had an unambiguously positive effect on the malodour. The risk of bias was assessed as high in all articles. Given the fact that little evidence was found for each of the investigated treatments, it could be concluded that there is currently insufficient evidence that alternative therapies are of added value in the treatment of halitosis.Clinical relevanceScientific rationale:Halitosis is a common problem causing social isolation. Out of embarrassment, patients search the internet, leading to many questions about alternative solutions (e.g. oil pulling, herbs). This is the first systematic review on these alternative therapies.Principal findings: Results varied among studies. Some promising results were found for fluoride-containing toothpastes and probiotics. For other products (such as herbal and antibacterial products and essential oils) results were inconsistent. Long-term follow-up studies on these products are scarce. Moreover, the quality of the studies was poor.Practical implications:No clear evidence was found to support a certain alternative anti-halitosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wylleman
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Equally contributing first authors.,Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
| | - F Vuylsteke
- KU, Leuven, Belgium.,Equally contributing first authors
| | - C Dekeyser
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - W Teughels
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - M Quirynen
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - I Laleman
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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9
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Romero SS, do Vale KL, Remolina VG, Silva TG, Schalch TO, Ramalho KM, Negreiros RM, Ando ES, Mayer MPA, Mesquita Ferrari RA, Motta LJ, Fernandes KPS, Bussadori SK, Horliana ACRT. Oral hygiene associated with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy or lingual scraper in the reduction of halitosis after 90 days follow up: A randomized, controlled, single-blinded trial. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 33:102057. [PMID: 33238198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) can reduce halitosis immediately after application, it returns after a week. This probably occurs because bacteria residing in the oral cavity may recolonize the dorsum of the tongue. OBJECTIVE Verify if modification of oral hygiene behavior associated with aPDT or lingual scraper can reduce halitosis after a 90-day follow-up. METHODS Forty adults with positive halitosis were randomized in G1 (n = 20) -aPDT + oral hygiene behavior (OHB) or G2 (n = 20)- lingual scraper + OHB. G1 group were submitted to 0.005 % methylene blue in the middle and posterior third of the tongue, with pre-irradiation of 1 min. Irradiations were performed with red laser diode (λ =660 nm), 100 mW, 318 J/cm2, 3537 mW/cm2, 9 J per point at 6 points. In the G2 group, the tongue was scraped 10 times on the right side and on the left side with a tongue scraper. All patients were instructed on OHB at baseline, 7 and 90 days (guidance on the use of dental floss and the Bass technique for brushing). Halitosis was evaluated by gas chromatography (OralChroma®). Values > 112 ppb for Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas was considered positive halitosis. Methylmercaptanes and dimethylsulfide were also measured. The gas measures were assessed at baseline, immediately, and at 7 and 90 days. Paired t-test was used for the statistical analysis. For comparison between groups, the t-test was used. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS There was no difference between groups immediately after treatment (p = .1532) after 7 days (p = 0.9312) and 90 days (p = 0.6642). For the aPDT group, there was a decrease in hydrogen sulfide immediately after treatment (p = 0.0001), after 7 days, values remained 3-fold smaller (p = 0.0088) and 2-fold smaller after 90 days (p = 0.0270). For the scraper group, there was a decrease immediately after treatment (p = 0.0001), the values remains 2-fold smaller (p = 0.0003) after 7 days and 3 months (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION The oral hygiene behavior associated with aPDT or tongue scraper was not able to reduce halitosis after 90-day follow-up. Despite halitosis remaining higher than 112 ppb in all follow-up periods, the mean values remain 2 or 3 fold smaller than baseline values. Future studies should include other oral hygiene behavior to achieve better results in the treatment of halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Santos Romero
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho, University UNINOVE, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Katia Llanos do Vale
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho, University UNINOVE, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Gomes Remolina
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho, University UNINOVE, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Thayná Gomes Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho, University UNINOVE, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Tânia Oppido Schalch
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho, University UNINOVE, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Renata Matalon Negreiros
- Specialization in Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology at Fundecto - FFO, School of Dentistry - FOUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ellen Sayuri Ando
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Pinto Alves Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Agnelli Mesquita Ferrari
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho, University UNINOVE, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lara Jansiski Motta
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho, University UNINOVE, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho, University UNINOVE, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Romano F, Pigella E, Guzzi N, Manavella V, Campanelli L, Aimetti M. Etiology and characteristics of halitosis in patients of a halitosis center in Northern Italy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 69:174-182. [PMID: 32610725 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4970.19.04186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As there are few studies in Europe describing characteristics of breath malodor for large groups of patients, this retrospective study was designed to analyse the etiology of halitosis among patients attending a breath malodor center in Northern Italy. METHODS Clinical records of 547 consecutive patients were reviewed and data on self-perceived halitosis, organoleptic scores, volatile sulphur compound (VSC) levels, and oral health condition were extracted and analysed. RESULTS The prevalence of intra-oral halitosis was 90.7%. In 21 patients no objective signs of breath malodor could be found. Periodontitis and gingivitis were the main cause of bad breath in 33.9% of subjects and in combination with tongue coating in 55.2%. Only eight subjects have tongue coating as the only cause of halitosis. Ear, nose and throat (ENT)/extra-oral causes were found in 5.2% of the patients. VSC concentrations were lower in the psychogenic halitosis group, whereas no statistically significant differences were detected when comparing intra-oral and extra-oral halitosis except for (CH3)2S. CONCLUSIONS Psychogenic halitosis is a rare condition among subjects complaining of suffering from bad breath. The most prevalent cause of halitosis is intra-oral, in particular a combination of tongue coating and periodontal disease. Tongue coating is rarely the primary cause of oral malodor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Romano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy -
| | - Enrico Pigella
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Guzzi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Manavella
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorena Campanelli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mario Aimetti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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He L, Yang H, Chen Z, Ouyang X. The Effect of Streptococcus salivarius K12 on Halitosis: a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020; 12:1321-1329. [PMID: 32227309 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09646-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was to evaluate the effect of Streptococcus salivarius K12 on tongue coating-associated halitosis. Twenty-eight subjects having tongue coating-associated halitosis were randomly divided into either a test or control group. For each of the 30 days, the test subjects sucked S. salivarius K12 tablet while the control subjects sucked placebo tablets. All the subjects did not take physical (tongue scraping) and chemical (antiseptic mouth-rinse) oral cavity pretreatment prior to use of the tablets. At baseline, and on the 1st, 7th, and 14th day after completing the course of tablets, the subjects were assessed for their organoleptic test (OLT) scores, volatile sulfur compound (VSC) levels, and tongue coating scores (TCS). During the course, all subjects kept their routine oral care habits without scraping their tongue coating. Plaque index, probing depth, and bleeding index were recorded at baseline and at the completion of the trial. On the 1st day following the end of tablet use, the OLT scores and VSC levels had significantly decreased in the test group when compared with the baseline values (P = 0.001 and P = 0.012). The TCS in the test group were also significantly decreased (P = 0.05). At days 7 and 14, the OLT scores in the test group were still significantly lower than the baseline levels (P = 0.006 and P = 0.039 respectively). However, there were no statistical differences with OLT, VSC, and TCS between the test group and the placebo group by analysis of multi-level regression model. The use of S. salivarius K12 did not have significant effect on halitosis with tongue coating cause when the tongue coating was not physically or chemically pre-treated, which implies removing tongue coating is required before Streptococcus salivarius K12 use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu He
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjiang Yang
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Department of Stomatology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyuan Chen
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangying Ouyang
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Wu J, Cannon RD, Ji P, Farella M, Mei L. Halitosis: prevalence, risk factors, sources, measurement and treatment - a review of the literature. Aust Dent J 2019; 65:4-11. [PMID: 31610030 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Halitosis, an offensive breath odour, has multiple sources and negative impacts on people's social interactions and quality of life. It is important for health care professionals, including general physicians and dental professionals, to understand its aetiology and risk factors in order to diagnose and treat patients appropriately. In this study, we have reviewed the current literature on halitosis regarding its prevalence, classification, risk factors, sources, measurement and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - R D Cannon
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - P Ji
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - M Farella
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - L Mei
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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13
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Prevalence of Tongue Cleaning Using a Toothbrush: A Questionnaire Survey in Fukui Prefecture, Japan. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6320261. [PMID: 31915698 PMCID: PMC6930753 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6320261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the tongue cleaning habits using toothbrushes among outpatients of the University of Fukui Hospital and a private hospital in Fukui Prefecture. Methods We administered a questionnaire survey to volunteers detailing tongue cleaning habits using toothbrushes. The content of the questions in this survey were as follows: gender, age, frequency of tongue cleaning, portion of tongue cleaning, and purposes of tongue cleaning. Results We had 1,014 volunteers of various ages participating in this study. Regarding the frequency of tongue cleaning, 187 (18.4%) of all participants replied, “Every day”, and 346 (34.1%) replied, “Sometimes”. Regarding tongue cleaning of the 533 participants with active tongue cleaning habits, 242 (45.4%) participants replied, “The center of the dorsum of the tongue”, and 274 (51.4%) replied, “The entire tongue”. When analyzing the purpose of tongue cleaning, 346 (64.9%) participants replied, “To remove the tongue stain”, 192 (36.0%) participants replied, “To remove the tongue coating”, and 240 (45.0%) participants replied, “To manage halitosis”. Conclusions This study clarified that a wide range of age groups in the nonhospitalized general public practiced tongue cleaning habits using a toothbrush for various purposes.
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14
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Van Gils LM, Slot DE, Van der Sluijs E, Hennequin-Hoenderdos NL, Van der Weijden FG. Tongue coating in relationship to gender, plaque, gingivitis and tongue cleaning behaviour in systemically healthy young adults. Int J Dent Hyg 2019; 18:62-72. [PMID: 31309703 PMCID: PMC7004167 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this observational study was to investigate the relationship between tongue coating (thickness [Tc] and surface discoloration [Td]) and gender, plaque, gingivitis (bleeding on marginal probing [BOMP] and bleeding on pocket probing [BOPP]) and tongue cleaning behaviour. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 336 participants were screened for this cross-sectional study, from which 268 (150 male, 118 female) were found to be eligible. Aspects of tongue coating were visually assessed. Additionally, BOMP, BOPP and the plaque index (PI) were scored. To ascertain the tongue cleaning behaviour, the Oral Hygiene Behavior questionnaire was used. RESULTS Most tongue coating was found at the posterior sections of the tongue surface. A thin coating and white discoloration were most prevalent as highest score for both males (92.7%) and females (87.4%), as well as white discoloration for the whole group of participants (50.2%). A gender difference was observed for TC and Td (P < .001). Analysis did not reveal a relationship between Tc and PI and between Td and PI. Also, no relation was detected between tongue cleaning behaviour and Tc or Td. However, tongue cleaning was associated with lower BOMP and BOPP scores. CONCLUSION BOMP, BOPP or PI score did not appear to be linked to Tc and Td. A significant gender difference was found for Tc and Td. Self-reported tongue cleaning behaviour was associated with slightly lower BOMP and BOPP scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Van Gils
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar E Slot
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline Van der Sluijs
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke L Hennequin-Hoenderdos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fridus Ga Van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Non-HPV Papillary Lesions of the Oral Mucosa: Clinical and Histopathologic Features of Reactive and Neoplastic Conditions. Head Neck Pathol 2019; 13:71-79. [PMID: 30693457 PMCID: PMC6405796 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-019-01001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Excluding human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven conditions, oral papillary lesions consist of a variety of reactive and neoplastic conditions and, on occasion, can herald internal malignancy or be part of a syndrome. The objectives of this paper are to review the clinical and histopathological features of the most commonly encountered non-HPV papillary conditions of the oral mucosa. These include normal anatomic structures (retrocuspid papillae, lingual tonsils), reactive lesions (hairy tongue, inflammatory papillary hyperplasia), neoplastic lesions (giant cell fibroma), lesions of unknown pathogenesis (verruciform xanthoma, spongiotic gingival hyperplasia) and others associated with syndromes (for instance Cowden syndrome) or representing paraneoplastic conditions (malignant acanthosis nigricans). Common questions regarding differential diagnosis, management, and diagnostic pitfalls are addressed, stressing the importance of clinico-pathologic correlation and collaboration.
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16
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Acar B, Berker E, Tan Ç, İlarslan YD, Tekçiçek M, Tezcan İ. Effects of oral prophylaxis including tongue cleaning on halitosis and gingival inflammation in gingivitis patients—a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:1829-1836. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Tokinobu A, Yorifuji T, Sasai M, Doi H, Tsuda T. Effects of tongue cleaning on Ayurvedic digestive power and oral health-related quality of life: A randomized cross-over study. Complement Ther Med 2018; 36:9-13. [PMID: 29458938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effect of tongue cleaning on digestive power is mentioned in Ayurvedic information sources. However, no study has yet evaluated this. We aimed to evaluate the effects of tongue cleaning on digestive power from Ayurvedic viewpoint, and on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in healthy adults. DESIGN Randomized cross-over. INTERVENTIONS We recruited healthy adults aged 20-60 years. After randomization, the immediate intervention group started tongue cleaning with a tongue scraper every morning for 4 weeks, and then waited for 4 weeks. The delayed intervention group initially waited for 4 weeks, and then started tongue cleaning in the same way. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We assessed the outcomes using the questionnaire on digestive power from Ayurvedic viewpoint, and the General Oral Health Assessment Index for OHRQoL. We estimated the effects of tongue cleaning using generalized estimating equations (GEE). We also conducted a sensitivity analysis, by comparing the changes in outcomes during the first 4 weeks of both groups. RESULTS Of 58 participants, 57 completed the study. In GEE analysis, tongue cleaning showed improvement in some components of Ayurvedic digestive power represented by fecal and body conditions. For example, the odds ratio for improvement of constipation was 2.80 (95% CI: 1.04-7.58). The General Oral Health Assessment Index score was significantly increased by 4.33 points (95% CI: 2.18-6.48) after tongue cleaning. In sensitivity analyses, the trends of the results were similar to the main GEE analyses. CONCLUSIONS Tongue cleaning may be an effective method to improve digestive power and OHRQoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tokinobu
- Department of Human Ecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| | - T Yorifuji
- Department of Human Ecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| | - M Sasai
- Department of Human Ecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| | - H Doi
- Department of Epidemiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - T Tsuda
- Department of Human Ecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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18
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Herman S, Lisowska G, Herman J, Wojtyna E, Misiołek M. Genuine halitosis in patients with dental and laryngological etiologies of mouth odor: severity and role of oral hygiene behaviors. Eur J Oral Sci 2018; 126:101-109. [PMID: 29392764 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to determine the severity of halitosis and the association between oral hygiene practices and the severity of malodor in patients with dental and laryngological etiologies of genuine halitosis. Thirty-five laryngological and 40 dental patients with halitosis completed a structured interview and underwent laryngological and dental examinations. Halitosis was assessed using organoleptic and halimeter tests. Greater halitosis severity in laryngological patients was associated with worse clinical status of the palatine tonsils, less frequent toothbrushing, less frequent use of tongue cleaners, fewer daily meals, and increased use of mouthrinses. Among dental patients, more severe halitosis was associated with worse clinical status of the periodontium, more tongue coating, less saliva secretion, and less frequent use of dental floss, interdental toothbrushes, and tongue cleaners. Oral hygiene was found to be a key moderator of the relationship between status of the periodontium or tonsils and severity of halitosis. The severity of halitosis in laryngological patients and dental patients is essentially similar; however, oral hygiene routines are associated with different effects in each group. Consequently, individual recommendations for patients with halitosis should be adjusted for the underlying disease and emphasize the role of effective specific hygiene behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grażyna Lisowska
- Clinical Department of Otolaryngology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Wojtyna
- Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Maciej Misiołek
- Clinical Department of Otolaryngology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
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19
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Laleman I, Koop R, Teughels W, Dekeyser C, Quirynen M. Influence of tongue brushing and scraping on the oral microflora of periodontitis patients. J Periodontal Res 2017; 53:73-79. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Laleman
- Department of Oral Health Sciences KU Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - R. Koop
- Parodontologie Praktijk Twente Enschede the Netherlands
| | - W. Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences KU Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - C. Dekeyser
- Department of Oral Health Sciences KU Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - M. Quirynen
- Department of Oral Health Sciences KU Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
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20
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Deutscher H, Derman S, Barbe AG, Seemann R, Noack MJ. The effect of professional tooth cleaning or non-surgical periodontal therapy on oral halitosis in patients with periodontal diseases. A systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg 2017; 16:36-47. [PMID: 28836329 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to give the best available evidence on the impact of professional tooth cleaning (PTC) and scaling and root planing (SRP) on oral halitosis in patients with periodontal diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three databases were screened for relevant studies. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled clinical trials (CCT) were included. The primary outcome in all included studies was volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) measured by Halimeter or OralChroma and organoleptic scores as secondary outcome. Only studies investigating healthy adults except for periodontitis or gingivitis were included. The considered intervention strategies were professional tooth cleaning and non-surgical periodontal treatment. For both strategies, additional oral hygiene instructions (OHI) were possible. Two independent reviewers performed the study selection and quality assessment. SEARCH RESULTS After abstract and title screening and subsequent full-text reading of potential papers, a placebo-controlled RCT could not be found. However, eight studies or particular arms used PTC or SRP as sole interventions and were included in this review. All trials or study arms included showed a positive effect on VSC levels or organoleptic scores after intervention. CONCLUSIONS Based on best available evidence, PTC and SRP in combination with oral hygiene instructions reduced VSC values in patients with oral halitosis and/or periodontal diseases, independent of tongue cleaning and the use of mouth rinses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hcd Deutscher
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shm Derman
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A G Barbe
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - R Seemann
- Department of Preventive-, Restorative - and Pediatric Dentistry, zmk Bern, University Bern, Switzerland
| | - M J Noack
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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21
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Van der Sluijs E, Van der Weijden GA, Hennequin-Hoenderdos NL, Slot DE. The effect of a tooth/tongue gel and mouthwash regimen on morning oral malodour: A 3-week single-blind randomized clinical trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2017; 16:92-102. [PMID: 28544762 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the effects of a regimen consisting of a tooth/tongue gel, tongue cleaner and mouthwash with the effects of using standard fluoride dentifrice on the organoleptic oral malodour score (ORG) and volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total, 66 non-dental students participated in a 3-week parallel, single-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. The test group used a tongue cleaner, a tooth/tongue gel and mouthwash containing amine fluoride/stannous fluoride and zinc lactate as oral malodour counteractive. The control group used a standard fluoride dentifrice. Measurements were taken in the morning at baseline, at days 1, 7 and 21. The primary outcome was the ORG score. The secondary outcome, the VSC measurement, was assessed using OralChroma™ (H2 S, CH3 SH, (CH3 )2 S) and Halimeter® . Tongue coating thickness and tongue discoloration were scored. At baseline and day 21, the participants' self-perceptions were assessed. RESULTS At day 1 for the ORG, H2 S, CH3 SH and Halimeter® readings, a significant decrease was observed in the test group. At day 21, the decrease in H2 S and the Halimeter® outcomes were maintained for the test group, and a significant increase in tongue surface discoloration was observed. The test group evaluated their "morning breath upon awakening" as significantly better (P=.001) after 21 days. CONCLUSION A significant overnight effect on morning oral malodour was observed for most of the parameters in favour of the test group. At day 21, the effect of prolonged use was significant for H2 S and the Halimeter® readings, although not for the primary ORG outcome parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Van der Sluijs
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G A Van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N L Hennequin-Hoenderdos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D E Slot
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Iwamura Y, Hayashi JI, Sato T, Sato S, Murakami T, Fujimura T, Sasaki Y, Okada K, Takahashi E, Kikuchi T, Aino M, Noguchi T, Shimazaki Y, Mitani A, Fukuda M. Assessment of oral malodor and tonsillar microbiota after gargling with benzethonium chloride. J Oral Sci 2017; 58:83-91. [PMID: 27021544 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.58.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The oropharyngeal area can be a source of halitosis. However, the relationship between healthy tonsillar microbiota and halitosis is poorly understood. We conducted a pilot clinical study to clarify the effect of gargling with an antiseptic agent on tonsillar microbiota in patients with halitosis. Twenty-nine halitosis patients who did not have otolaryngologic disease or periodontitis were assigned randomly to one of three groups: benzethonium chloride (BZC) gargle; placebo gargle; no gargle. Concentrations of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in mouth air, the organoleptic score (ORS) and tongue-coating score (TCS) were measured before and after testing. Tonsillar microbiota were assessed by detection of periodontal pathogens, and profiling with terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis and sequencing of 16SrRNA clone libraries for taxonomic assignment. Gargling with BZC reduced the concentrations of methyl mercaptan and hydrogen sulfide and the ORS, but did not affect the TCS or prevalence of periodontal pathogens. T-RFLP analyses and 16SrRNA clone sequencing showed a tendency for some candidate species to decrease in the test group. Although gargling of the oropharyngeal area with an antiseptic agent can reduce oral malodor, it appears that tonsillar microbiota are not influenced greatly. (J Oral Sci 58, 83-91, 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Iwamura
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
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23
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Costa da Mota AC, França CM, Prates R, Deana AM, Costa Santos L, Lopes Garcia R, Leal Gonçalves ML, Mesquita Ferrari RA, Porta Santos Fernandes K, Kalil Bussadori S. Effect of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of halitosis in adolescents - a controlled, microbiological, clinical trial. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:1337-1343. [PMID: 27248838 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Halitosis can exert a negative influence on the social relations of adolescents and affect one's self-image. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and microbiological effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on halitosis in adolescents. Forty-six individuals aged 12 to 19 years were randomly allocated: Group 1 - treatment with photodynamic therapy; Group 2 - treatment with a tongue scraper and Group 3 - treatment with a tongue scraper and photodynamic therapy. The count of bacterial colony-forming units per milliliter was used for the microbiological analysis. Statistical analysis involved the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test. ANOVA was used for the determination of colony-forming units after treatment. The level of significance for all statistical tests was 5% (p < 0.05). After treatment, a statistically significant reduction in total volatile sulfur compounds was found in all groups (p < 0.001), with the largest reduction (median: 0) found in Group 3 (tongue scraper and photodynamic therapy). Moreover, a statistically significant difference was found between treatment with aPDT and a tongue scraper alone (p < 0.001). The present findings demonstrate an option for the treatment of halitosis in adolescents, with an immediate effect and without the mechanical aggression to the toungue. Clinical Trials: NCT02007993.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristiane Miranda França
- Biophotonics Applied to Science Health, Nove de Julho Universit, R. Vergueiro 235, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Renato Prates
- Biophotonics Applied to Science Health, Nove de Julho Universit, R. Vergueiro 235, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Alessandro Melo Deana
- Biophotonics Applied to Science Health, Nove de Julho Universit, R. Vergueiro 235, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Larissa Costa Santos
- Biophotonics Applied to Science Health, Nove de Julho Universit, R. Vergueiro 235, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rubia Lopes Garcia
- Biophotonics Applied to Science Health, Nove de Julho Universit, R. Vergueiro 235, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Biophotonics Applied to Science Health, Nove de Julho Universit, R. Vergueiro 235, São Paulo, Brasil
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Van der Weijden FA, Slot DE. Efficacy of homecare regimens for mechanical plaque removal in managing gingivitis a meta review. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 42 Suppl 16:S77-91. [PMID: 25597787 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
FOCUSED QUESTION Based on evidence as presented in systematic reviews what is the efficacy and safety of available homecare toothbrush regimens for mechanical plaque removal on plaque and gingivitis in adults? MATERIAL & METHODS Three Internet sources were used (up to and including August 2014) to search for appropriate papers that satisfied the study purpose. Plaque scores and gingivitis scores were considered to be the primary parameter of interest. Safety was considered an important facet in relation to efficacy. Data and conclusions as presented in the selected papers were extracted. The potential risk of bias was estimated and the emerging evidence was graded. RESULTS Independent screening of 176 unique reviews resulted in 10 published and eligible systematic reviews. They were categorized into one review evaluating the effect of an oral hygiene instruction with a toothbrush on plaque and gingivitis scores, five evaluating the efficacy of manual and power toothbrushes and three reviews evaluating toothbrush safety and one evaluating toothbrush contamination. CONCLUSION Tooth brushing is effective in reducing levels of dental plaque. With respect to gingivitis power toothbrushes have a benefit over manual toothbrushes. The greatest body of evidence was available for oscillating-rotating brushes. Tooth brushing generally can be considered safe for the teeth and their investing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fridus A Van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Clinic for Periodontology Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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The effect of periodontal therapy on intra-oral halitosis: a case series. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 43:445-452. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kapoor U, Sharma G, Juneja M, Nagpal A. Halitosis: Current concepts on etiology, diagnosis and management. Eur J Dent 2016; 10:292-300. [PMID: 27095913 PMCID: PMC4813452 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.178294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Halitosis or oral malodor is an offensive odor originating from the oral cavity, leading to anxiety and psychosocial embarrassment. A patient with halitosis is most likely to contact primary care practitioner for the diagnosis and management. With proper diagnosis, identification of the etiology and timely referrals certain steps are taken to create a successful individualized therapeutic approach for each patient seeking assistance. It is significant to highlight the necessity of an interdisciplinary method for the treatment of halitosis to prevent misdiagnosis or unnecessary treatment. The literature on halitosis, especially with randomized clinical trials, is scarce and additional studies are required. This article succinctly focuses on the development of a systematic flow of events to come to the best management of the halitosis from the primary care practitioner's point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Manish Juneja
- Advanced Standing DMD Candidate, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, MA, USA
| | - Archna Nagpal
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, P.D.M. Dental College and Research Institute, Bahadurgarh, Haryana, India
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Iatropoulos A, Panis V, Mela E, Stefaniotis T, Madianos PN, Papaioannou W. Changes of volatile sulphur compounds during therapy of a case series of patients with chronic periodontitis and halitosis. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 43:359-65. [PMID: 26824613 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the effect of different stages of intervention on volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) of periodontitis patients with halitosis, before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy. MATERIAL & METHODS This clinical trial included 18 adults with chronic periodontitis and halitosis. After initial examination, patients received oral hygiene (OH) instructions and tongue cleaner. One week later, non-surgical periodontal therapy was completed within 48 h. Measurements were at baseline, 1 week after OH, 1 and 6 weeks post therapy. These included simplified plaque index (sPlI), probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BoP), Winkel Tongue Coating Index (WTCI), organoleptic scores (OLSs) of nose and mouth air and VSCs. RESULTS sPlI, BoP, WTCI, OLS of the mouth air and VSCs showed significant differences (p < 0.05), even after 1 week of OH. A further significant decrease was determined 1 week after non-surgical therapy for WTCI, OLS (nose and mouth air) and methyl mercaptan concentration. A significant decrease, 6 weeks post therapy, was observed for sPlI, BoP, WTCI, PPD, OLS of the nose and mouth air and VSCs (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Oral hygiene and tongue cleaning improve the OLSs of the mouth air and reduce VSCs. Periodontal therapy further improves the OLSs and reduces the concentration of VSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraam Iatropoulos
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileios Panis
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Mela
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Stefaniotis
- Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Phoebus N Madianos
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - William Papaioannou
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Impact of self-tongue brushing on taste perception in Thai older adults: A pilot study. Geriatr Nurs 2016; 37:128-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Saad S, Gomez-Pereira P, Hewett K, Horstman P, Patel J, Greenman J. Daily reduction of oral malodor with the use of a sonic tongue brush combined with an antibacterial tongue spray in a randomized cross-over clinical investigation. J Breath Res 2016; 10:016013. [PMID: 26869586 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/1/016013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this clinical investigation was to test the effectiveness on breath odor of a newly designed sonic tongue brush (TongueCare+, TC). It consists of a soft silicone brush optimally designed based on the tongue's anatomy to remove bacterial biofilm from the tongue's complex surface, and it is coupled with a sonic power toothbrush handle. TC was used in combination with an antibacterial tongue spray (BreathRx, BRx) containing 0.09% cetylpyridinium chloride and 0.7% zinc gluconate. A total of 21 participants with oral malodor exceeding the threshold for recognition took part in this cross-over clinical investigation, which consisted of a single use of four treatment arms with one week washout period in between. The treatments consisted of: (1) TC + BRx, (2) TC + water, (3) BRx and (4) water. Malodor levels and bacterial density were monitored up to 6 h by organoleptic scoring and selective plating, respectively. The organoleptic score and bacterial density were significantly lower after using TC + BRx compared to all alternative treatments at all time points. A significant decrease in both parameters was detected after a single use of TC + BRx, from levels characteristic of high oral malodor, to barely noticeable levels after treatment and this was maintained up to 6 h. Moreover, we identified a significant positive correlation between bacterial density and organoleptic score, confirming that bacterial tongue biofilm is the root cause of oral malodor in these subjects. The results of this clinical investigation demonstrated that the combined treatment of a sonic tongue brush with the antibacterial tongue spray is able to deliver more than 6 h of fresh breath following a single use. The clinical investigation was registered at the ISRCTN registry under study identification number ISRCTN38199132.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saad
- Microbiology Unit, University of West of England, Bristol, UK
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30
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Beekmans DG, Slot DE, Van der Weijden GA. User perception on various designs of tongue scrapers: an observational survey. Int J Dent Hyg 2016; 15:e1-e8. [DOI: 10.1111/idh.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- DG Beekmans
- Academic Center for Dentistry at the University of Groningen (RuG); Groningen The Netherlands
| | - DE Slot
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and VU University; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - GA Van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and VU University; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Aimetti M, Perotto S, Castiglione A, Ercoli E, Romano F. Prevalence estimation of halitosis and its association with oral health-related parameters in an adult population of a city in North Italy. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42:1105-14. [PMID: 26477536 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM No epidemiological data on halitosis are available from Italy. Thus, the aim of this population-based cross-sectional study was to estimate the prevalence of halitosis in an urban adult population from North Italy and to explore related oral risk indicators. MATERIALS AND METHODS The survey used a two-stage probability sampling method to collect a representative sample of inhabitants, aged between 20 and 75 years, in the city of Turin. Seven hundred and forty-four adults were clinically examined (47% of sampled subjects) for oral malodor and periodontal conditions. Using a standardized questionnaire social, health and halitosis-related parameters were collected. Logistic models with interaction terms between tongue coating scores (TCS) and periodontal status were used to explore halitosis risk indicators. RESULTS The prevalence estimate of halitosis according to the organoleptic assessment was 53.51% (95% CI: 48.55-58.50). A statistically significant correlation was found between organoleptic and gas chromatography measurements (p < 0.0001). Stronger associations between halitosis and periodontitis were observed in people having higher TCS: adjusted odds ratio considering low and high TCS in individuals with severe periodontitis were 2.95 and 20.77 (p ≤ 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Due to the high prevalence of halitosis in the Turin population, its diagnosis and management should be incorporated in comprehensive dental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Aimetti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Anna Castiglione
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza and CPO Piedmont, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Ercoli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Romano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Correlations between Perceived Oral Malodor Levels and Self-Reported Oral Complaints. Int J Dent 2015; 2015:343527. [PMID: 26273303 PMCID: PMC4530242 DOI: 10.1155/2015/343527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. Even though objective data indicating the absence of oral malodor are presented to patients, they may be skeptical about the results, possibly due to the presence of some discomfort in the oral cavity. The objective of this study was to investigate whether there is an association among self-perceptions of oral malodor, oral complaints, and the actual oral malodor test result. Materials and Methods. Questions concerning self-perceptions of oral malodor and subjective intraoral symptoms were extracted from a questionnaire on oral malodor completed by 363 subjects who visited the clinic for oral malodor of Tokyo Dental College Chiba Hospital and gave consent to this study. In addition, the association of self-perception of oral malodor with values obtained after organoleptic and OralChroma measurement was analyzed. Results. No correlation between 195 subjects (54%) who were judged "with oral malodor" (organoleptic score of ≥1) and 294 subjects (81.6%) who had a self-perceptions of oral malodor was observed. Self-perception of oral malodor was significantly correlated with tongue coating (p = 0.002) and a strange intraoral taste (p = 0.016). Conclusions. Subjects with a self-perception of oral malodor were not necessarily consistent with those actually having an oral malodor. In addition, it was suggested that patients became aware of oral malodor when they felt oral complaints.
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Erovic Ademovski S, Lingström P, Renvert S. The effect of different mouth rinse products on intra-oral halitosis. Int J Dent Hyg 2015; 14:117-23. [DOI: 10.1111/idh.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Erovic Ademovski
- Section for Health and Society; Kristianstad University; Kristianstad Sweden
| | - P Lingström
- Department of Cariology; Institute of Odontology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - S Renvert
- Section for Health and Society; Kristianstad University; Kristianstad Sweden
- School of Dental Science; Trinity College; Dublin Ireland
- Blekinge Institute of Technology; Karlskrona Sweden
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Slot DE, De Geest S, van der Weijden FA, Quirynen M. Treatment of oral malodour. Medium-term efficacy of mechanical and/or chemical agents: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42 Suppl 16:S303-16. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar E. Slot
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Sophie De Geest
- Periodontology; Department of Oral Health Sciences; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; University Hospitals & Dentistry Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Fridus A. van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marc Quirynen
- Periodontology; Department of Oral Health Sciences; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; University Hospitals & Dentistry Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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Kuo YW, Yen M, Fetzer S, Chiang LC, Shyu YIL, Lee TH, Ma HI. A home-based training programme improves family caregivers’ oral care practices with stroke survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2015; 14:82-91. [DOI: 10.1111/idh.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y-W Kuo
- Department of Nursing; Asia University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - M Yen
- Department of Nursing and Institute of Allied Health Sciences; College of Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - S Fetzer
- Department of Nursing, College of Health and Human Services; University of New Hampshire; Durham NH USA
| | - L-C Chiang
- School of Nursing; National Defense; Medical Center; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Y-IL Shyu
- School of Nursing and Healthy Aging Research Center; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - T-H Lee
- College of Medicine; Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Taoyuan Taiwan
- Department of Neurology; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - H-I Ma
- Department of Occupational and Institute of Allied Health Sciences; College of Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
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36
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Mendes L, Coimbra J, Pereira AL, Resende M, Pinto MG. Comparative effect of a new mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine, triclosan and zinc on volatile sulphur compounds: a randomized, crossover, double-blind study. Int J Dent Hyg 2015; 14:202-8. [PMID: 25727335 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aims of this study were to compare the volatile sulphur compounds (VSC)-reducing effect of two commercial mouthrinses using a morning bad breath model and to assess the role of mechanical plaque control (MPC) when performed previously to mouthrinse use. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eleven volunteers with good oral health were enrolled in a double-blind, randomized, six-step crossover design study with a 7-day washout period. Two commercial mouthrinses were tested using a saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) as a negative control: one mouthrinse contained 0.05% chlorhexidine, 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride and 0.14% zinc lactate (CHX-CPC-Zn), while the other contained 0.05% chlorhexidine, 0.15% triclosan and 0.18% zinc pidolate (CHX-triclosan-Zn). A portable sulphide monitor (Halimeter(®) ) was used for VSC quantification. Measurements were made at baseline, and 1, 3 and 5 h after rinsing. Significant differences were detected by analysis of variance. RESULTS No significant differences between groups were detected at baseline. We were unable to demonstrate a significant influence of mechanical plaque control on the reduction of VSC levels when performed before mouthrinse use (P = 0.631). Both mouthrinses effectively lowered VSC levels in all test intervals (P < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found between mouthrinses in any of the test intervals (P = 0.629, 0.069 and 0.598 at 1, 3 and 5 h). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that CHX-CPC-Zn and CHX-triclosan-Zn have significant and similar effects in reducing VSC levels, which persist for at least 5 h. Such effects were independent of previous MPC, which failed to improve on the results of mouthrinse use alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mendes
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine of Oporto, Oporto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Coimbra
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine of Oporto, Oporto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - A L Pereira
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine of Oporto, Oporto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Resende
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine of Oporto, Oporto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - M G Pinto
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine of Oporto, Oporto University, Porto, Portugal
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Soares LG, Jonski G, Tinoco EMB, Young A. Short-term effect of strontium- and zinc-containing toothpastes and mouthrinses on volatile sulphur compounds in morning breath: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over clinical study. Eur J Oral Sci 2015; 123:72-9. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Léo G. Soares
- Department of Periodontology; Universidade Estadual do Rio; Rio de Janeiro-RJ Brazil
| | - Grazyna Jonski
- Clinical Research Laboratory; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - Eduardo M. B. Tinoco
- Department of Periodontology; Universidade Estadual do Rio; Rio de Janeiro-RJ Brazil
| | - Alix Young
- Department of Cariology and Gerodontology; Institute of Clinical Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
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Aung EE, Ueno M, Zaitsu T, Furukawa S, Kawaguchi Y. Effectiveness of three oral hygiene regimens on oral malodor reduction: a randomized clinical trial. Trials 2015; 16:31. [PMID: 25622725 PMCID: PMC4324034 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breath odor is a nuisance problem for many people around the world. Bad breath affects social interactions of people in daily life by causing personal discomfort and emotional stress. There are chemical and mechanical methods for controlling oral malodor. Many studies of various mouth rinse applications and tongue cleaning procedures have been conducted. However, few studies have compared the effect of simultaneous chemical and mechanical procedures on the reduction of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in subjects with oral malodor. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of different oral hygiene procedures on reduction of VSCs in subjects with oral malodor. Methods Thirty male volunteers who matched with study criteria were divided randomly into two groups. Both groups performed tooth brushing, mouth washing with chlorine dioxide, tongue cleaning and combination of those in different sequence for five weeks. Total VSCs of subjects were measured with a Breathtron®, and oral health status was also examined. Quantitative analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 16.0). Results There were no significant differences in oral health status between the two groups at the baseline. No significant decrease in oral malodor was detected after one week of tooth brushing. Significant reductions in VSCs were shown by adding mouthwash or tongue cleaning to tooth brushing from the second week to fourth week (P <0.01). The greatest reduction in VSCs was found at the fifth week after the practice of all three oral hygiene regimens. Conclusions Tooth brushing alone does not significantly reduce oral malodor. Mouth washing and tongue cleaning significantly reduce oral malodor, but combining tooth brushing, mouth washing and tongue cleaning regimens is most effective for oral malodor reduction. The results of this study could contribute to the formulation of appropriate preventive strategies against oral malodor not only for the general public but also for dental professionals serving as oral malodor-related service providers. Trial registration Registration number - ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02113137. Registration date – April 7th, 2014. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0549-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Ei Aung
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Ueno
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Takashi Zaitsu
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Furukawa
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Yoko Kawaguchi
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
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G. Soares L, Castagna L, C. Weyne S, G. Silva D, E. V. Falabella M, M. B. Tinoco E. Effectiveness of full- and partial-mouth disinfection on halitosis in periodontal patients. J Oral Sci 2015; 57:1-6. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.57.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Léo G. Soares
- Department of Periodontology, University of the Estate of Rio de Janeiro
| | - Lisiane Castagna
- Department of Periodontology, University of the Estate of Rio de Janeiro
| | | | | | - Márcio E. V. Falabella
- Department of Periodontology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora
- Department of Periodontology, University of Grande Rio
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Mokeem SA. Halitosis: a review of the etiologic factors and association with systemic conditions and its management. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014; 15:806-11. [PMID: 25825113 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Halitosis is a general term defined as an unpleasant or offensive odor emanating from the breath, arising from either oral or nonoral sources. Extraoral factors, such as ear-nose-throat conditions or gastrointestinal, respiratory, and systemic diseases, may also contribute to oral malodor. Although, halitosis has a multifactorial etiology, local factors play an important role in the majority of cases. Halitosis may lead to significant personal discomfort and social embarrassment. Assessment of halitosis can be performed using organoleptic measurements, sulfide monitoring, gas chromatography, microbial testing and chemical test strips. Management approaches are based on masking oral malodor, reducing the levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), and mechanical and/or chemical treatment. This review aims to identify the etiology of oral halitosis, describe the methods available for assessment and differential diagnosis and introduce a variety of management strategies. The importance of a multidisciplinary approach for the improvement of overall health and for the management and prevention of halitosis is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer A Mokeem
- Associate Professor, Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, e-mail:
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Han DH, Lee SM, Lee JG, Kim YJ, Kim JB. Association between viral hepatitis B infection and halitosis. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72:274-82. [PMID: 24053367 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2013.823645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral malodor can be increased in breath of liver patients. However, no study has been performed for the association between volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) and viral hepatitis. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between viral hepatitis and VSCs. METHODS This study analyzed 182 subjects and measured hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) and dimethyl sulfide [(CH3)2S] using the OralChroma(®). Hepatitis type B was evaluated. Periodontal health was assessed using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and bleeding on probing (BOP). Tongue coating score (TCS) was evaluated. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship. RESULTS Viral hepatitis had an elevated odds of dimethyl sulfide defined halitosis (OR = 9.22, 95% CI = 2.08-40.95) after controlling for age, gender, alcohol consumption, current smoking, periodontitis, BOP, TCS and tongue brushing habit. The magnitude of the association between viral hepatitis and VSCs defined halitosis attenuated with adjustment of mediators (alcohol consumption, periodontitis, BOP, TCS and tongue brushing habit for hydrogen sulfide defined halitosis; periodontitis, TCS and tongue brushing habit for methyl mercaptan defined halitosis; tongue brushing habit for dimethyl sulfide defined halitosis). CONCLUSIONS Findings of this study suggest that viral hepatitis may be associated with methyl mercaptan defined halitosis.
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Tseng WS. Halitosis: Could it be a predictor of stroke? Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:335-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ileri Keceli T, Gulmez D, Dolgun A, Tekcicek M. The relationship between tongue brushing and halitosis in children: a randomized controlled trial. Oral Dis 2013; 21:66-73. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Ileri Keceli
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey
| | - D Gulmez
- Department of Medical Microbiology Faculty of Medicine Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey
| | - A Dolgun
- Department of Biostatistics Faculty of Medicine Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey
| | - M Tekcicek
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey
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Guentsch A, Pfister W, Cachovan G, Raschke G, Kuepper H, Schaefer O, Eick S. Oral prophylaxis and its effects on halitosis-associated and inflammatory parameters in patients with chronic periodontitis. Int J Dent Hyg 2013; 12:199-207. [PMID: 24314016 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of oral prophylaxis on halitosis-associated, immunological and microbiological parameters. METHODS Thirty subjects were included in this controlled clinical trial (patients with generalized chronic periodontitis and controls without clinical attachment loss; each n = 15). Before oral prophylaxis and 14 days after (including tongue cleaning) volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), organoleptic scores and a tongue coating index were evaluated. The levels of IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10 and MMP-8 were measured in GCF, and also major periodontal pathogens were detected. Data were statistically analysed using anova and paired t-test. RESULTS Supragingival plaque and calculus removal with combined tongue cleaning was able to reduce significantly (P < 0.05) the VSC values in both groups (no significant differences between both groups). Two weeks after periodontal debridement, the VSC values were observed in the periodontitis group, but not in the control group, similar to the baseline values. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Only a repeated prophylaxis session in the periodontitis group was able to reduce VSC values significantly in comparison with baseline (P < 0.05). Organoleptic scores (10 and 30 cm) were significantly different (P < 0.05) between both groups before and after the treatment. Periodontal pathogens and host-derived markers were not significantly affected by a single prophylaxis session. CONCLUSIONS Oral prophylaxis may result in a significant decrease in VSC values. However, in periodontal diseases, a more complex treatment seems to be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guentsch
- Policlinic of Prosthetic Dentistry and Material Science, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Lu HX, Tang C, Chen X, Wong MCM, Ye W. Characteristics of patients complaining of halitosis and factors associated with halitosis. Oral Dis 2013; 20:787-95. [PMID: 24134214 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the characteristics of patients who visited halitosis clinic and to investigate the factors that may associate with halitosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine hundred and eleven patients, who visited halitosis clinic for consultations, underwent organoleptic tests and volatile sulfur compound (VSC) measurements with a portable sulfide monitor. The oral health of patients, including dental caries, oral hygiene, and gingival inflammation status, was assessed. Questionnaires were used to obtain information on demographics, oral hygiene practices, and dietary habits. RESULTS Of the 911 patients, more females than males visited the clinic. Patients' age ranged from 18 to 82 years (mean ± s.d.: 40.8 ± 14.1). Almost 30% of patients had complained of halitosis for over 5 years before looking into treatments. Approximately half of the patients self-perceived that they were unable to get close to others. Around 77% of patients had halitosis. Results of multiple logistic regressions for organoleptic scores and VSC values showed that tongue coating and tongue scraping were significantly associated with halitosis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Among these Chinese patients, over three-quarters of patients had halitosis, and negative impacts on social communications were observed. Tongue coating was the most important factor responsible for halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H X Lu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Liang W, Li X, Li Y, Li C, Gao B, Gan H, Li S, Shen J, Kang J, Ding S, Lin X, Liao L. Tongue coating microbiome regulates the changes in tongue texture and coating in patients with post-menopausal osteoporosis of Gan-shen deficiency syndrome type. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:1069-76. [PMID: 24026106 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tongue inspection is a unique and important method of diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It is a diagnostic approach which involves observing the changes in the tongue proper and tongue coating in order to understand the physiological functions and pathological changes of the body. However, the biological basis of TCM tongue diagnosis remains to be poorly understood and lacks systematic investigation at the molecular level. In this study, we evaluated the effects of tongue coating microbiome on changes in the tongue texture and coating in patients with post-menopausal osteoporosis (PMO) of Gan‑shen deficiency syndrome type. Our aim was to delineate the mechanisms of tongue coating microbiome-induced changes in the tongue texture and coating by investigating the histomorphological changes and performing a bacterial analysis of the tongue coating. We found that the number of intermediate cells in the red tongue with a thin coating was higher, while the number of superficial cells in the red tongue with a thin coating was lower. The maturation value (MV) of tongue exfoliated cells in the red tongue with a thin coating decreased, compared with that in the pale red tongue with a thin white coating. Furthermore, the total bacterial count, oral streptococcus, Gram‑positive (G+) and Gram‑negative (G-) anaerobic bacteria in the red tongue with a thin coating was significantly decreased compared with the pale red tongue with a thin white coating. The results of ultrastructural examination demonstrated that the number of epithelial cells and bacteria in the red tongue with a thin coating decreased compared with that in the pale red tongue with a thin white coating. These observations indicate that the tongue coating microbiome may be an important factor contributing to changes in the tongue in patients with PMO of Gan‑shen deficiency syndrome type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Liang
- Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, P.R. China
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Bollen CML, Beikler T. Halitosis: the multidisciplinary approach. Int J Oral Sci 2012; 4:55-63. [PMID: 22722640 PMCID: PMC3412664 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2012.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Halitosis, bad breath or oral malodour are all synonyms for the same pathology. Halitosis has a large social and economic impact. For the majority of patients suffering from bad breath, it causes embarrassment and affects their social communication and life. Moreover,halitosis can be indicative of underlying diseases. Only a limited number of scientific publications were presented in this field until 1995. Ever since, a large amount of research is published, often with lack of evidence. In general, intraoral conditions, like insufficient dental hygiene, periodontitis or tongue coating are considered to be the most important cause (85%) for halitosis. Therefore, dentists and periodontologists are the first-line professionals to be confronted with this problem. They should be well aware of the origin, the detection and especially of the treatment of this pathology. In addition, ear-nose-throat-associated (10%) or gastrointestinal/endocrinological (5%) disorders may contribute to the problem. In the case of halitophobia, psychiatrical or psychological problems may be present. Bad breath needs a multidisciplinary team approach: dentists, periodontologists, specialists in family medicine, ear-nose-throat surgeons, internal medicine and psychiatry need to be updated in this field, which still is surrounded by a large taboo.Multidisciplinary bad breath clinics offer the best environment to examine and treat this pathology that affects around 25% of the whole population. This article describes the origin, detection and treatment of halitosis, regarded from the different etiological origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curd M L Bollen
- Department of Periodontology, Universitktsklinikum, Dosseldorf, Germany.
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Erovic Ademovski S, Lingström P, Winkel E, Tangerman A, Persson GR, Renvert S. Comparison of different treatment modalities for oral halitosis. Acta Odontol Scand 2012; 70:224-33. [PMID: 22149929 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2011.635601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the effects on intra-oral halitosis by a mouth rinse containing zinc acetate (0.3%) and chlorhexidine diacetate (0.025%) with and without adjunct tongue scraping. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-one subjects without a diagnosis of periodontitis were randomized in a cross-over clinical trial. Organoleptic scores (OLS) were assessed to define intra-oral halitosis by total volatile sulfur compound (T-VSC) measurements and by gas chromatography. RESULTS Twenty-one subjects with a mean age of 45.7 years (SD: ±13.3, range: 21-66). The OLS were significantly lower following active rinse combined with tongue scraping (p < 0.001) at all time points. Immediately after, at 30 min, and at day 14, the T-VSC values were lower in the active rinse sequence than in the negative rinse sequence (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). At 30 min and at day 14, the hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) and methyl mercaptan (MM) values were lower in the active rinse sequence compared to the inactive rinse sequence (p < 0.001). The inactive rinse sequence with tongue scraping reduced T-VSC at 30 min (p < 0.001) but not at 14 days. Similar reductions in T-VSC, H(2)S and MM were found in the active rinse sequence with or without tongue scraping. CONCLUSION The use of a tongue scraper did not provide additional benefits to the active mouth rinse, but reduced OLS and tongue coating index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seida Erovic Ademovski
- Department of Oral Health Science, Section for Health and Society, Kristianstad University, Sweden
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