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Zhou Q, Wang J, Tang Y, Bu W, Gao J, Du S, Guo Y, Guo Y, Meng H. Evaluation of the effect of orthodontic treatment on the reliability of facial recognition by using three-dimensional model superimposition technique. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 364:112253. [PMID: 39426159 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 10/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024]
Abstract
3D-3D registration of facial models, has great advantages in personal individual identification in forensic medicine. However, orthodontic treatment has brought changes in facial soft and hard tissues, which has a potential effect in personal identification. The aim of the study was to explore whether orthodontic treatment affects 3D-3D facial recognition. A total of 68 patients aged between 18 and 38 were selected (30 subjects with tooth extraction, 38 subjects with non-tooth extraction) and a control group consisting of 30 volunteers without orthodontic treatment was selected from a database of 3dMD facial models. 3dMD facial model acquisition was performed twice for each subject. For both extraction and non-extraction groups, T0 was acquired before treatment, and T1 was acquired at the end of treatment. The time span of 2 times 3dMD facial model acquisition in the control group was about 2 years. 3dMD facial models were then registered onto other 3dMD models belonging to the same and different individuals according to the minimum point-to-point distance, getting a cohort of matches and mismatches. Root mean square (RMS) value of the minimum point-to-point distance between two models was then calculated. The intra- and inter-observer repeatability coefficients were 0.986 (P<0.001) and 0.982 (P<0.001). The absolute technical error of measurement (TEM) value was 0.05 mm and 0.04 mm, and relative technical error of measurement (rTEM) value was 4.91 % and 3.60 %, respectively. Possible significant differences between groups were assessed through independent samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U test (p<0.001). The average RMS value was 1.03±0.33 mm in matches of orthodontic group, 0.67±0.22 mm in matches of control group, and 2.66±0.51 mm in mismatches. An RMS value range of 1.70-1.77 mm could distinguish matches from mismatches in 100 % of cases in the present study. This study showed that orthodontic treatment would not affect 3D-3D facial recognition in adults for the purpose of individual identification in forensic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China; Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China; State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jinxiu Wang
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China; Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China; Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Wenqing Bu
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China; Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Shaoyi Du
- Clinical Research Center of Shanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China; Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, College of Artificial Intelligence, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Yuxin Guo
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Yucheng Guo
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China; Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China; Clinical Research Center of Shanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
| | - Haotian Meng
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 98 XiWu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
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Ho CT, Denadai R, Lo LJ, Lin HH. Average Three-Dimensional Skeletofacial Model as a Template for Bone Repositioning during Virtual Orthognathic Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2024; 153:435-444. [PMID: 36940142 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virtual planning has revolutionized orthognathic surgery. This study presents a computer-assisted method for constructing average three-dimensional skeletofacial models that can be applied as templates for surgical planning for maxillomandibular repositioning. METHODS The authors used the images of 60 individuals (30 women and 30 men) who had never undergone orthognathic surgery to construct an average three-dimensional skeletofacial model for male participants and one for female participants. The authors validated the accuracy of the newly developed skeletofacial models by comparing their images with 30 surgical simulation images (ie, skulls) that had been created using three-dimensional cephalometric normative data. The comparison was conducted by superimposing surgical simulation images created using the authors' models with the previously created images to analyze their differences, particularly differences in the jawbone position. RESULTS For all participants, the authors compared the jaw position in the surgical simulation images created using the authors' average three-dimensional skeletofacial models with that in the images created using three-dimensional cephalometric normative data. The results revealed that the planned maxillary and mandibular positions were similar in both images and that the differences between all facial landmarks were less than 1 mm, except for one dental position. Most studies have reported less than 2 mm to be the success criterion for the distance difference between planned and outcome images; thus, the authors' data indicate high consistency between the images in terms of jawbone position. CONCLUSION The authors' average three-dimensional skeletofacial models provide an innovative template-assisted orthognathic surgery planning modality that can enhance the fully digital workflow for virtual orthognathic surgical planning. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ting Ho
- From the Division of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry
| | - Rafael Denadai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University
| | - Lun-Jou Lo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University
| | - Hsiu-Hsia Lin
- Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
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Inada E, Kaihara Y, Nogami Y, Murakami D, Kubota N, Tsujii T, Kiyokawa Y, Sawami T, Yamamoto Y, Ban Y, Oku Y, Oku T, Saitoh I. Lip and facial training improves lip-closing strength and facial morphology. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 154:105761. [PMID: 37421827 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood is an important period for lip-closing strength (LCS) development, and failure to acquire LCS during childhood leads to various adverse health effects, such as mouth breathing. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of device-free lip and facial training in preschool children. DESIGN The participants were divided into training and control groups. Both groups comprised 123 children aged 3-4 years, and only the training group received lip and facial training (i.e., opening and closing the lips and protruding the tongue) for 1 year. A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was applied to compare the interaction effects of LCS and facial linear distance and angle by year (initial year vs. 1 year later) and group (training vs. control group). In addition, paired t-tests were used to test the changes in LCS and facial linear distance and angle after 1 year in both groups. Furthermore, the same analysis was performed in children with weak LCS in both groups (incompetent lip seal [ILS]). RESULTS The LCS of children in the training group significantly increased after training compared with that in the control group, whether the analysis included all children or children with ILS alone. Lip and facial training for children with ILS reduced both the upper and lower lip protrusion; children with ILS without training had increased lip protrusion after 1 year. CONCLUSIONS Lip and facial training for children with ILS effectively improved LCS and lip morphology, thereby preventing increased lip protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Inada
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Yasutaka Kaihara
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Ogaki Women's College, 1-109 Nishinokawa-cho, Ogaki-shi, Gifu 503-8554, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nogami
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851-1 Hozumi, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
| | - Daisuke Murakami
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Naoko Kubota
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Toshiya Tsujii
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yuki Kiyokawa
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851-1 Hozumi, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sawami
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851-1 Hozumi, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
| | - Yushi Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ban
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Oku
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Takeshi Oku
- Oku Pediatric and Orthodontic Dental Clinic, 5-4-27 Tagami, Kagoshima 890-0034, Japan
| | - Issei Saitoh
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851-1 Hozumi, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
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Harnádková K, Kočandrlová K, Kožejová Jaklová L, Dupej J, Velemínská J. The effect of sex and age on facial shape directional asymmetry in adults: A 3D landmarks-based method study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288702. [PMID: 37535545 PMCID: PMC10399867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Facial directional asymmetry research, including age-related changes, is crucial for the evaluation of treatment of craniofacial malformations/trauma in orthodontics, facial surgery and forensic sciences. The aim was to describe facial directional asymmetry (DA) in different age categories of adults using 3D methods. According to our hypothesis, facial shape DA (1) depends on sex; (2) differs among age groups; and (3) has wider variability in older age. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional sample of healthy Czech adults without craniofacial trauma or anomalies consisted of 300 3D facial models (151 females). The age-range in the study was between 20-80 years. The shape asymmetry of 28 3D landmarks was evaluated using geometric morphometrics and multivariate statistics. RESULTS The manifestation of DA was similar in both sexes and in each age category; however, there were some statistical differences. In contrast to the ideal symmetrical face, the mean asymmetrical faces tended to create a slightly bent "C" shape of the midline. Therefore, the upper face was rotated slightly clockwise and the lower face counter-clockwise. The right eye was located slightly higher, with the nasal tip and mandibular region tilting to the left. Sex differences in facial DA were significant before the age of 40. DA was more significant in the youngest males than in the oldest, while the women's DA did not change. CONCLUSIONS The DA patterns were similar in both sexes and in all age categories (a slightly bent C shape of the midline); however, some significant local differences between male age groups were found. A significantly more pronounced asymmetry compared to other age groups was found only in the youngest males from 20 to 40 years. Moreover, significant sexual dimorphism of DA rapidly decreased after middle age, likely caused by the same age-related changes of the face during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Harnádková
- Laboratory of 3D Imaging and Analytical Methods, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Kočandrlová
- Laboratory of 3D Imaging and Analytical Methods, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kožejová Jaklová
- Laboratory of 3D Imaging and Analytical Methods, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Dupej
- Laboratory of 3D Imaging and Analytical Methods, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Velemínská
- Laboratory of 3D Imaging and Analytical Methods, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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5
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Matthews HS, Mahdi S, Penington AJ, Marazita ML, Shaffer JR, Walsh S, Shriver MD, Claes P, Weinberg SM. Using data-driven phenotyping to investigate the impact of sex on 3D human facial surface morphology. J Anat 2023. [PMID: 36943032 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of sex on human facial morphology have been widely documented. Because sexual dimorphism is relevant to a variety of scientific and applied disciplines, it is imperative to have a complete and accurate account of how and where male and female faces differ. We apply a comprehensive facial phenotyping strategy to a large set of existing 3D facial surface images. We investigate facial sexual dimorphism in terms of size, shape, and shape variance. We also assess the ability to correctly assign sex based on shape, both for the whole face and for subregions. We applied a predefined data-driven segmentation to partition the 3D facial surfaces of 2446 adults into 63 hierarchically linked regions, ranging from global (whole face) to highly localized subparts. Each facial region was then analyzed with spatially dense geometric morphometrics. To describe the major modes of shape variation, principal components analysis was applied to the Procrustes aligned 3D points comprising each of the 63 facial regions. Both nonparametric and permutation-based statistics were then used to quantify the facial size and shape differences and visualizations were generated. Males were significantly larger than females for all 63 facial regions. Statistically significant sex differences in shape were also seen in all regions and the effects tended to be more pronounced for the upper lip and forehead, with more subtle changes emerging as the facial regions became more granular. Males also showed greater levels of shape variance, with the largest effect observed for the central forehead. Classification accuracy was highest for the full face (97%), while most facial regions showed an accuracy of 75% or greater. In summary, sex differences in both size and shape were present across every part of the face. By breaking the face into subparts, some shape differences emerged that were not apparent when analyzing the face as a whole. The increase in facial shape variance suggests possible evolutionary origins and may offer insights for understanding congenital facial malformations. Our classification results indicate that a high degree of accuracy is possible with only parts of the face, which may have implications for biometrics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold S Matthews
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Soha Mahdi
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anthony J Penington
- Facial Sciences Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, Australia
- Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | - John R Shaffer
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | - Susan Walsh
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
| | - Mark D Shriver
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Peter Claes
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Facial Sciences Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, Australia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
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Valid 3D surface superimposition references to assess facial changes during growth. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16456. [PMID: 34385558 PMCID: PMC8361153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the primary techniques applied for the assessment of facial changes over time utilize 2D images. However, this approach has important limitations related to the dimensional reduction and the accuracy of the used data. 3D facial photography has been recently introduced as a risk-free alternative that overcomes these limitations. However, the proper reference areas that should be used to superimpose serial 3D facial images of growing individuals are not yet known. Here, we tested various 3D facial photo superimposition reference areas and compared their outcomes to those of a standard anterior cranial base superimposition technique. We found that a small rectangular area on the forehead plus an area including the middle part of the nose and the lower wall of the orbital foramen provided comparable results to the standard technique and showed adequate reproducibility. Other reference areas that have been used so far in the literature were less reliable. Within the limitations of the study, a valid superimposition reference area for serial 3D facial images of growing individuals is suggested. The method has potential to greatly expand the possibilities of this highly informative, risk free, and easily obtained 3D tool for the assessment of facial changes in growing individuals.
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Matthews HS, Palmer RL, Baynam GS, Quarrell OW, Klein OD, Spritz RA, Hennekam RC, Walsh S, Shriver M, Weinberg SM, Hallgrimsson B, Hammond P, Penington AJ, Peeters H, Claes PD. Large-scale open-source three-dimensional growth curves for clinical facial assessment and objective description of facial dysmorphism. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12175. [PMID: 34108542 PMCID: PMC8190313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial dysmorphism is associated with thousands of genetic and environmental disorders. Delineation of salient facial characteristics can guide clinicians towards a correct clinical diagnosis and understanding the pathogenesis of the disorder. Abnormal facial shape might require craniofacial surgical intervention, with the restoration of normal shape an important surgical outcome. Facial anthropometric growth curves or standards of single inter-landmark measurements have traditionally supported assessments of normal and abnormal facial shape, for both clinical and research applications. However, these fail to capture the full complexity of facial shape. With the increasing availability of 3D photographs, methods of assessment that take advantage of the rich information contained in such images are needed. In this article we derive and present open-source three-dimensional (3D) growth curves of the human face. These are sequences of age and sex-specific expected 3D facial shapes and statistical models of the variation around the expected shape, derived from 5443 3D images. We demonstrate the use of these growth curves for assessing patients and show that they identify normal and abnormal facial morphology independent from age-specific facial features. 3D growth curves can facilitate use of state-of-the-art 3D facial shape assessment by the broader clinical and biomedical research community. This advance in phenotype description will support clinical diagnosis and the understanding of disease pathogenesis including genotype–phenotype relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold S Matthews
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Facial Sciences Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, Australia.
| | - Richard L Palmer
- School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, 6845, Australia
| | - Gareth S Baynam
- School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, 6845, Australia.,Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute and Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Notre Dame University, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Oliver W Quarrell
- Dept Clinical Genetics, Sheffield Children's NHS Trust, OPDII Northern General Hospital, Herries Road, Sheffield, S5 7AU, UK
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard A Spritz
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Raoul C Hennekam
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Walsh
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mark Shriver
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Benedikt Hallgrimsson
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2T 4N1, Canada
| | - Peter Hammond
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anthony J Penington
- Facial Sciences Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, Australia.,Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, 3052, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter D Claes
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Facial Sciences Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, Australia.,Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Kuijpers MAR, Maal TJJ, Meulstee JW, Carels CEL, Bronkhorst EM, Bergé SJ, Fudalej PS. Nasolabial shape and aesthetics in unilateral cleft lip and palate: an analysis of nasolabial shape using a mean 3D facial template. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 50:267-272. [PMID: 32605823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the amount of deviation in nasolabial shape in patients with a cleft compared with an average non-cleft face, and to assess whether this difference is related to nasolabial aesthetics. Three-dimensional stereophotogrammetric images of 60 patients with a unilateral cleft were used. To quantify shape differences, four average non-cleft faces were constructed from stereophotogrammetric images of 141 girls and 60 boys. Three-dimensional shape differences were calculated between superimposed cleft faces and the average non-cleft face for the same sex and age group. Nasolabial aesthetics were rated with the modified Asher-McDade Aesthetic Index using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Mean VAS scores ranged from 51.44 to 60.21 for clefts, with lower aesthetic ratings associated with increasing cleft severity. Shape differences were found between cleft faces and the average non-cleft face. No relationship was found for the VAS, age, and sex, except that a lower VAS was related to a higher nose and lip distance between the superimposed cleft and average non-cleft faces for nasal profile (P= 0.02), but the explained variance was low (R2=0.066). In conclusion, except for nasal profile, nasolabial aesthetics were not influenced by the extent of shape differences from the average non-cleft face.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A R Kuijpers
- Department of Dentistry, Section of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Cleft Palate Craniofacial Unit, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - T J J Maal
- Radboudumc 3D Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J W Meulstee
- Radboudumc 3D Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C E L Carels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven and University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - E M Bronkhorst
- Department of Dentistry, Section of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Dentistry, Section of Cariology and Endodontology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S J Bergé
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P S Fudalej
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Orthodontics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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Demir R, Baysal A. Three-dimensional evaluation of smile characteristics in subjects with increased vertical facial dimensions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2020; 157:773-782. [PMID: 32487307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients seeking orthodontic treatment often have esthetic concerns (ie, they want a better smile). Patients with increased vertical facial dimensions have different smile traits than other patients. This study aimed to compare the smile characteristics of subjects with different vertical facial dimensions and to use stereophotogrammetry to evaluate the changes in facial animation upon smiling. METHODS One hundred twenty adolescents and young adults (aged 15-25 years) who were referred for orthodontic treatment were divided into 2 groups according to their vertical facial height: increased (n = 30) and normal (n = 30). Three-dimensional stereophotogrammetric images were obtained from the patients during rest and smile. The images were superimposed, and the displacements of specific landmarks were recorded. Linear, angular, and proportional measurements were recorded on the smile and rest images. RESULTS When smiling, horizontal movement of commissures was less (right, P = 0.038; left, P = 0.009), upper lip elevation was higher (P = 0.014), and the upper lip was shorter (P = 0.014) in the vertical group than in the normal group. In the vertical group, the interlabial gap was increased both at rest and when smiling (P <0.001). Statistically significant differences were found in smile index (P = 0.001), nasolabial fold displacement (P = 0.018), and lip angles (both P = 0.001) between groups. CONCLUSIONS Group and sex differences were observed when smiling. Careful consideration of these differences will help clinicians in proper diagnosis and treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asli Baysal
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey.
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10
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Kau CH, Wang J, Davis M. A Cross-Sectional Study to Understand 3D Facial Differences in a Population of African Americans and Caucasians. Eur J Dent 2019; 13:485-496. [PMID: 31891965 PMCID: PMC6938420 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3400551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective
The purpose of this cross-sectional retrospective study was to use three-dimensional surface imaging to determine gender dimorphism and facial morphological changes from adolescence to adulthood in African American and Caucasian populations.
Materials and Methods
Three-dimensional images were captured and the total sample size included 371 subjects. Images were combined using Rapidform 2006 Plus Pack 2 software to produce a male and female facial average for each population. Comparisons were conducted within the following categories: (1) gender comparison within each race, (2) adult and adolescent comparison within each race, and (3) adult and adolescent comparison between the races.
Results
Adolescent gender comparisons within each race showed high percentages of similarity. However, adult females in both races showed more prominent periorbital, malar, and nasolabial regions and less prominent lower forehead, nose, and lower face compared with adult males of the same race. African American adult females showed increase in length and width of the face, increased nasal tip projection, and decreased periorbital regions compared with African American adolescent females. Welsh adult females had an increase in the nose and chin projection compared with Welsh adolescent females. Adult males of both races had increase in nose and chin projection, increase in length and width of the face, and decreased periorbital, malar, and nasolabial regions compared with adolescent males of the same race. African American adolescents had a wider alar base, more protrusive lips, and periorbital regions, and less prominent nose and chin compared with the Welsh adolescents. African American adults also had a wider alar base; more protrusive lips and periorbital regions; a broader face; and more retrusive chin, nose, nasolabial region; and lower forehead compared with Welsh adults.
Conclusions
Few differences were noted between genders within the same racial groups during adolescence. However, changes became more distinct in adulthood. From adolescence to adulthood, facial morphologies were similarly matched within the gender for females; however, there were significant changes for males. Lastly, facial morphology patterns tend to be established early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung H Kau
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Matthew Davis
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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11
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Lagorsse A, Gebeile-Chauty S. [Does gender make a difference in orthodontics? A literature review]. Orthod Fr 2018; 89:157-168. [PMID: 30040615 DOI: 10.1051/orthodfr/2018011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this literature review is to investigate whether the gender of patients and practitioners makes any difference to orthodontic treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-nine articles were selected, the vast majority of which studied patient gender. RESULTS Young females are the category of patients which most often apply for orthodontic treatment, probably because of their higher aesthetic demands, despite their objective needs being no greater. Aesthetic, skeletal and dental analyses reveal an obvious dimorphism with larger dimensions in males, especially for the nose, cheekbones, mouth and mandibular canines. Nevertheless, cephalometric angular values do not vary significantly between male and female individuals. Growth is quantitatively greater in males. It also occurs later, as does eruption and maturation of their teeth. Response to the different orthodontic / orthopedic therapies would appear not to differ according to the sex of the patient. DISCUSSION These results, however, need to be qualified according to the country concerned, the patients' life style and mind frames, as these can modify or influence the studied parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Lagorsse
- Département d'Orthopédie Dento-Faciale, Faculté d'Odontologie, rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon cedex 08, France
| | - Sarah Gebeile-Chauty
- Département d'Orthopédie Dento-Faciale, Faculté d'Odontologie, rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon cedex 08, France
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12
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Vittert L, Katina S, Ayoub A, Khambay B, Bowman AW. Assessing the outcome of orthognathic surgery by three-dimensional soft tissue analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 47:1587-1595. [PMID: 29933911 PMCID: PMC6234045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies of orthognathic surgery often focus on pre-surgical versus post-surgical changes in facial shape. In contrast, this study provides an innovative comparison between post-surgical and control shape. Forty orthognathic surgery patients were included, who underwent three different types of surgical correction: Le Fort I maxillary advancement, bilateral sagittal split mandibular advancement, and bimaxillary advancement surgery. Control facial images were captured from volunteers from local communities in Glasgow, with patterns of age, sex, and ethnic background that matched those of the surgical patients. Facial models were fitted and Procrustes registration and principal components analysis used to allow quantitative analysis, including the comparison of group mean shape and mean asymmetry. The primary characteristic of the difference in shape was found to be residual mandibular prognathism in the group of female patients who underwent Le Fort I maxillary advancement. Individual cases were assessed against this type of shape difference, using a quantitative scale to aid clinical audit. Analysis of the combined surgical groups provided strong evidence that surgery reduces asymmetry in some parts of the face such as the upper lip region. No evidence was found that mean asymmetry in post-surgical patients is greater than that in controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vittert
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - S Katina
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A Ayoub
- Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - B Khambay
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - A W Bowman
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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13
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Estimating age and synthesising growth in children and adolescents using 3D facial prototypes. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 286:61-69. [PMID: 29567544 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
3D facial images are becoming increasingly common. They provide more information about facial form than their 2D counterparts and will be useful in future forensic applications. These include age estimation and predicting changes in appearance of missing persons (synthetic growth). We present a framework for both age estimation and synthetic growth of children and adolescents from 3D photographs. Age estimation accuracy was substantially better than for existing approaches (mean absolute error=1.19 years). Our synthetically 'grown' images were compared to actual longitudinal images of the same cases. On average 75% of the head overall and 85% of the face were predicted correctly to within three millimetres. We find that our approach is most suitable for ageing children from late childhood into adolescence. The work can be improved in the future by modelling skin colouring and taking account of other factors that influence face shape such as BMI.
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Johal A, Chaggar A, Zou LF. A three-dimensional soft tissue analysis of Class III malocclusion: a case-controlled cross-sectional study. J Orthod 2017; 45:16-22. [PMID: 28678642 DOI: 10.1080/14653125.2017.1331893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study used the optical surface laser scanning technique to compare the facial features of patients aged 8-18 years presenting with Class I and Class III incisor relationship in a case-control design. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subjects with a Class III incisor relationship, aged 8-18 years, were age and gender matched with Class I control and underwent a 3-dimensional (3-D) optical surface scan of the facial soft tissues. RESULTS Landmark analysis revealed Class III subjects displayed greater mean dimensions compared to the control group most notably between the ages of 8-10 and 17-18 years in both males and females, in respect of antero-posterior (P = 0.01) and vertical (P = 0.006) facial dimensions. Surface-based analysis, revealed the greatest difference in the lower facial region, followed by the mid-face, whilst the upper face remained fairly consistent. CONCLUSION Significant detectable differences were found in the surface facial features of developing Class III subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ama Johal
- a Institute of Dentistry, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry , Queen Mary University of London , UK
| | - Amrit Chaggar
- a Institute of Dentistry, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry , Queen Mary University of London , UK
| | - Li Fong Zou
- a Institute of Dentistry, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry , Queen Mary University of London , UK
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Suppersberger Hamre S, Ersland GA, Daux V, Parson W, Wilkinson C. Three individuals, three stories, three burials from medieval Trondheim, Norway. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180277. [PMID: 28671986 PMCID: PMC5495345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents the life stories of three individuals who lived in Trondheim, Norway, during the 13th century. Based on skeletal examinations, facial reconstructions, genetic analyses, and stable oxygen isotope analyses, the birthplace, mobility, ancestry, pathology, and physical appearance of these people are presented. The stories are discussed within the relevant historical context. These three people would have been ordinary citizens, without any privileges out of the ordinary, which makes them quite rare in the academic literature. Through the study of individuals one gets a unique look into the Norwegian medieval society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stian Suppersberger Hamre
- Department of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion, University og Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Geir Atle Ersland
- Department of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion, University og Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Valérie Daux
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, UMR CNRS/CEA/UVSQ/IPSL, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Walther Parson
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Caroline Wilkinson
- Face Lab, Liverpool Science Park IC1, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool, England
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16
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Othman SA, Majawit LP, Wan Hassan WN, Wey MC, Mohd Razi R. Anthropometric Study of Three-Dimensional Facial Morphology in Malay Adults. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164180. [PMID: 27706220 PMCID: PMC5051712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish the three-dimensional (3D) facial soft tissue morphology of adult Malaysian subjects of the Malay ethnic group; and to determine the morphological differences between the genders, using a non-invasive stereo-photogrammetry 3D camera. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and nine subjects participated in this research, 54 Malay men and 55 Malay women, aged 20-30 years old with healthy BMI and with no adverse skeletal deviation. Twenty-three facial landmarks were identified on 3D facial images captured using a VECTRA M5-360 Head System (Canfield Scientific Inc, USA). Two angular, 3 ratio and 17 linear measurements were identified using Canfield Mirror imaging software. Intra- and inter-examiner reliability tests were carried out using 10 randomly selected images, analyzed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was carried out to investigate morphologic differences between genders. RESULTS ICC scores were generally good for both intra-examiner (range 0.827-0.987) and inter-examiner reliability (range 0.700-0.983) tests. Generally, all facial measurements were larger in men than women, except the facial profile angle which was larger in women. Clinically significant gender dimorphisms existed in biocular width, nose height, nasal bridge length, face height and lower face height values (mean difference > 3mm). Clinical significance was set at 3mm. CONCLUSION Facial soft tissue morphological values can be gathered efficiently and measured effectively from images captured by a non-invasive stereo-photogrammetry 3D camera. Adult men in Malaysia when compared to women had a wider distance between the eyes, a longer and more prominent nose and a longer face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Adibah Othman
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Craniofacial Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Lynnora Patrick Majawit
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Nurazreena Wan Hassan
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Craniofacial Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mang Chek Wey
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Craniofacial Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roziana Mohd Razi
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Craniofacial Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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17
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Kesterke MJ, Raffensperger ZD, Heike CL, Cunningham ML, Hecht JT, Kau CH, Nidey NL, Moreno LM, Wehby GL, Marazita ML, Weinberg SM. Using the 3D Facial Norms Database to investigate craniofacial sexual dimorphism in healthy children, adolescents, and adults. Biol Sex Differ 2016; 7:23. [PMID: 27110347 PMCID: PMC4841054 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-016-0076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although craniofacial sex differences have been extensively studied in humans, relatively little is known about when various dimorphic features manifest during postnatal life. Using cross-sectional data derived from the 3D Facial Norms data repository, we tested for sexual dimorphism of craniofacial soft-tissue morphology at different ages. Methods One thousand five hundred fifty-five individuals, pre-screened for craniofacial conditions, between 3 and 25 years of age were placed in to one of six age-defined categories: early childhood, late childhood, puberty, adolescence, young adult, and adult. At each age group, sex differences were tested by ANCOVA for 29 traditional soft-tissue anthropometric measurements collected from 3D facial scans. Additionally, sex differences in shape were tested using a geometric morphometric analysis of 24 3D facial landmarks. Results Significant (p < 0.05) sex differences were observed in every age group for measurements covering multiple aspects of the craniofacial complex. The magnitude of the dimorphism generally increased with age, with large spikes in the nasal, cranial, and facial measurements observed after puberty. Significant facial shape differences (p < 0.05) were also seen at each age, with some dimorphic features already present in young children (eye fissure inclination) and others emerging only after puberty (mandibular position). Conclusions Several craniofacial soft-tissue sex differences were already present in the youngest age group studied, indicating that these differences emerged prior to 3 years of age. The results paint a complex and heterogeneous picture, with different groups of traits exhibiting distinct patterns of dimorphism during ontogeny. The definitive adult male and female facial shape was present following puberty, but arose from numerous distinct changes taking place at earlier stages. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13293-016-0076-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Kesterke
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Zachary D Raffensperger
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Suite 500, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| | - Carrie L Heike
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Michael L Cunningham
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA ; Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA ; Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA ; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Chung How Kau
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Nichole L Nidey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Lina M Moreno
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA ; Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - George L Wehby
- Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Suite 500, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA ; Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA ; Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA ; Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Suite 500, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
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Comparison of lateral photographic and radiographic sagittal analysis in relation to Angle's classification. J Orofac Orthop 2015; 76:294-304. [PMID: 26123731 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-015-0292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to compare sagittal jaw relationships derived from standardized profile photographs (soft tissue) to those derived from lateral cephalograms (hard tissue) with respect to Angle's classification of malocclusion. METHODS A total of 110 randomly selected subjects (mean age: 13.75 ± 1.46 years) undergoing treatment (Postgraduate Program in Orthodontics at Tel Aviv University) were assigned to three groups based on Angle's classification (Class I: n = 30; Class II: n = 50; Class III: n = 30). Standardized profile-view photographs and lateral radiographs (cephalograms) were compared using 11 soft tissue and 8 skeletal measurements, respectively. RESULTS Tragus, infra-orbital, nasion, A point, B point, and pogonion were found to be the most reliable soft tissue reference points. A similar pattern of diversity was found between the three groups of Angle's classification (Class I/II/III) for the photographic soft,-tissue and the radiographic skeletal measurements (e.g., soft tissue A'N'B' =11.43°/13.30°/8.85° and hard tissue ANB = 3.13°/4.64°/-1.31°). Soft tissue A'N'B' measurement provides complementary information to hard tissue ANB measurement. CONCLUSION Analyzing profile photographs for evaluating sagittal jaw relationships is a practical tool in determining soft tissue harmony. Soft tissue measurements provide a sagittal differential diagnosis in relation to Angle's classification of malocclusion.
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The use of craniofacial superimposition for disaster victim identification. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 252:187.e1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Talbert L, Kau CH, Christou T, Vlachos C, Souccar N. A 3D analysis of Caucasian and African American facial morphologies in a US population. J Orthod 2015; 41:19-29. [PMID: 24671286 DOI: 10.1179/1465313313y.0000000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to compare facial morphologies of an adult African-American population to an adult Caucasian-American population using three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS The images were captured using a stereophotogrammetric system (3dMDface(TM) system). Subjects were aged 19-30 years, with normal body mass index and no gross craniofacial anomalies. Images were aligned and combined using RF6 Plus Pack 2 software to produce a male and female facial average for each population. The averages were superimposed and the differences were assessed. RESULTS The most distinct differences were in the forehead, alar base and perioricular regions. The average difference between African-American and Caucasian-American females was 1·18±0·98 mm. The African-American females had a broader face, wider alar base and more protrusive lips. The Caucasian-American females had a more prominent chin, malar region and lower forehead. The average difference between African-American and Caucasian-American males was 1·11±1·04 mm. The African-American males had a more prominent upper forehead and periocular region, wider alar base and more protrusive lips. No notable difference occurred between chin points of the two male populations. CONCLUSIONS Average faces were created from 3D photographs, and the facial morphological differences between populations and genders were compared. African-American males had a more prominent upper forehead and periocular region, wider alar base and more protrusive lips. Caucasian-American males showed a more prominent nasal tip and malar area. African-American females had broader face, wider alar base and more protrusive lips. Caucasian-American females showed a more prominent chin point, malar region and lower forehead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Talbert
- Professor C. H. Kau, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Room 305, 1919 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Weinberg SM, Parsons TE, Raffensperger ZD, Marazita ML. Prenatal sex hormones, digit ratio, and face shape in adult males. Orthod Craniofac Res 2014; 18:21-6. [PMID: 25257381 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several reports have demonstrated a relationship between second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) and facial shape, suggesting that prenatal sex hormones play a role in the development of the craniofacial complex. Using 3D surface imaging and geometric morphometrics, we test the hypothesis that decreased digit ratio (indicative of increased prenatal androgen exposure) is associated with a more masculine facial phenotype. METHODS 3D facial surface images and digit measures were collected on a sample of 151 adult males. Facial landmarks collected from the images were aligned by Procrustes superimposition and the resulting shape coordinates regressed on 2D:4D. Variations in facial shape related to 2D:4D were visualized with deformable surface warps. RESULTS A significant statistical relationship was observed between facial shape variation and 2D:4D (p = 0.0084). Lower 2D:4D ratio in adult males was associated with increased facial width relative to height, increased mandibular prognathism, greater nasal projection, and increased upper and lower lip projection. CONCLUSIONS A statistical relationship between 2D:4D and facial shape in adult males was observed. Faces tended to look more masculine as 2D:4D decreased, suggesting a biologically plausible link between prenatal androgen exposure and the development of male facial characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Anthropology, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Morphological differences of facial soft tissue contours from child to adult of Japanese males: a three-dimensional cross-sectional study. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:1391-9. [PMID: 25214309 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate morphological differences of the facial soft tissue surface between male Japanese adults and children. DESIGN 20 adult Japanese males (average age 28 years) and 20 Japanese boys (average age 5.5 years) with normal occlusion were selected for this study. The images of the subjects' facial surface were obtained with a 3-D laser scanner. To evaluate the three-dimensional morphological differences of the facial soft tissue, we transformed the coordinates of 16 facial landmarks to a new reference plane and compared the adults' and children's facial form drawn to the same scale in the same coordinate system. RESULTS The morphological difference ratio of the lower facial area was higher than in the upper facial area, and the nose and lower face changed more forward than downward. The morphological difference ratio of the mid face width was smaller than other areas. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that the morphological facial soft tissue differences between Japanese adults and children are more forward and downward than laterally, manifesting in a facial form of adults that is deeper and narrow.
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The Use of Three-dimensional Evaluation in the Management of a Complex Patient With Mandibular Fracture. J Craniofac Surg 2014; 25:e223-8. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Wirthlin J, Kau CH, English JD, Pan F, Zhou H. Comparison of facial morphologies between adult Chinese and Houstonian Caucasian populations using three-dimensional imaging. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 42:1100-7. [PMID: 23623784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the facial morphologies of an adult Chinese population to a Houstonian white population. Three-dimensional (3D) images were acquired via a commercially available stereophotogrammetric camera system, 3dMDface™. Using the system, 100 subjects from a Houstonian population and 71 subjects from a Chinese population were photographed. A complex mathematical algorithm was performed to generate a composite facial average (one for males and one for females) for each subgroup. The computer-generated facial averages were then superimposed based on a previously validated superimposition method. The facial averages were evaluated for differences. Distinct facial differences were evident between the subgroups evaluated. These areas included the nasal tip, the peri-orbital area, the malar process, the labial region, the forehead, and the chin. Overall, the mean facial difference between the Chinese and Houstonian female averages was 2.73±2.20mm, while the difference between the Chinese and Houstonian males was 2.83±2.20mm. The percent similarity for the female population pairings and male population pairings were 10.45% and 12.13%, respectively. The average adult Chinese and Houstonian faces possess distinct differences. Different populations and ethnicities have different facial features and averages that should be considered in the planning of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wirthlin
- School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Godt A, Bechtold TE, Schaupp E, Zeyher C, Koos B, Baas E, Berneburg M. Correlation between occlusal abnormalities and parameters investigated by three-dimensional facial photography. Angle Orthod 2013; 83:782-9. [DOI: 10.2319/111412-874.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To clarify, by three-dimensional (3D) facial scans, if 4- to 6-year-old children with intraoral sagittal discrepancies and open-bite occlusion show differences in facial morphology when compared to children without anomalies.
Materials and Methods:
Scans of 290 children presenting with occlusal abnormalities were compared to 1772 face scans of age-matched individuals photographed with a faceSCAN II® 3D data acquisition system. From these, three study groups were formed comprising 188 children with distal occlusion/increased overjet (Class II), 37 with mesial occlusion/inverse overjet (Class III), and 65 with open-bite occlusion. These groups were evaluated by age and gender for each group compared to the control individuals.
Results:
The Class II group showed statistically significant reduced dimensions of head width, upper face width, and midface length. In addition, the mean values for mouth width and lip thickness were higher, and their upper lips were located more anteriorly than in the control group. The Class III group exhibited more markedly retruded upper lips. The facial profile of female 5-year-old Class III patients was significantly more concave. Patients in the open-bite group showed reduced upper lip length, with differences only being statistically significant in male 4-year-olds.
Conclusion:
Dental Class II with increased overjet and dental Class III with decreased overjet influence soft tissue morphology and are represented on 3D facial scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnim Godt
- Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Eberhard Karl University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Till Edward Bechtold
- Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Eberhard Karl University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Edgar Schaupp
- Research Scientist, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Eberhard Karl University, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Koos
- Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University Clinic Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva Baas
- PhD student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Eberhard Karl University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mirjam Berneburg
- Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Eberhard Karl University, Tübingen, Germany
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Hierl T, Arnold S, Kruber D, Schulze FP, Hümpfner-Hierl H. CAD-CAM–Assisted Esthetic Facial Surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 71:e15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bugaighis I, Tiddeman B, Mattick CR, Hobson R. 3D comparison of average faces in subjects with oral clefts. Eur J Orthod 2012; 36:365-72. [PMID: 23172581 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjs060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This prospective cross-sectional, case-controlled morphometric study assessed three dimensional (3D) facial morphological differences between average faces of 103 children aged 8-12 years; 40 with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), 23 with unilateral cleft lip and alveolus (UCLA), 19 with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP), 21 with isolated cleft palate (ICP), and 80 gender and age-matched controls. 3D stereophotogrammetric facial scans were recorded for each participant at rest. Thirty-nine landmarks were digitized for each scan, and x-, y-, z-coordinates for each landmark were extracted. A 3D photorealistic average face was constructed for each participating group and subjective and objective comparisons were carried out between each cleft and control average faces. Marked differences were observed between all groups. The most severely affected were groups where the lip and palate were affected and repaired (UCLP and UCLA). The group with midsagittal palatal deformity and repair (ICP) was the most similar to the control group. The results revealed that 3D shape analysis allows morphometric discrimination between subjects with craniofacial anomalies and the control group, and underlines the potential value of statistical shape analysis in assessing the outcomes of cleft lip and palate surgery, and orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Bugaighis
- Orthodontic Department, Dental Faculty, Benghazi University, Libya,
| | | | | | - Ross Hobson
- ****Private Practice, Windmill Dental Suite, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Maal T, de Koning M, Plooij J, Verhamme L, Rangel F, Bergé S, Borstlap W. One year postoperative hard and soft tissue volumetric changes after a BSSO mandibular advancement. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 41:1137-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ongkosuwito E, Goos J, Wattel E, Van Der Wal K, Van Adrichem L, Van Neck J. Assessment of Volumetric Changes with a Best-Fit Method in Three-Dimensional Stereophotograms. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2012; 49:472-6. [DOI: 10.1597/10-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Different three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry systems and analyzing methods exist that often use landmarks for comparison. Measurement errors in landmark or surface comparison are mostly within 1 mm, which seems clinically acceptable. The aim of this study was to validate a three-dimensional stereophotogrammetric best-fit method of assessing volumetric changes and to compare three devices. Methods The validation of the best-fit method was at first done on a life-size dummy head. Scans were made in the ideal position, as well as in four additional positions, and a scan was made in which a soft putty specimen was added to the dummy head. The comparison was executed with a best-fit method using triangulation. Student's t tests were used to detect statistically significant differences. Second, comparisons were made among scans of a white man in the ideal position and with volume changes added. Results The different positions tested for the dummy head showed no significant volume differences within each system or among systems. The differences found when adding a soft putty specimen fell into the same range as the differences between various positions. The differences within a live situation were 10 times greater compared with the dummy-head situation. Conclusions In a dummy-head situation, the different systems gave similar results when tested with a best-fit method. However, in live situations the differences may become 10 times greater, possibly due to different facial expressions. These differences may become clinically relevant and, therefore, further research in volumetric changes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.M. Ongkosuwito
- Department of Orthodontics, and Member, Cleft Palate Team and Craniofacial Team, Erasmus Medical Centre, Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J.A.C. Goos
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E. Wattel
- Section Geometry, Department of Exact Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K.G.H. Van Der Wal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Member, Cleft Palate Team and Craniofacial Team, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L.N.A. Van Adrichem
- Craniofacial Centre, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J.W. Van Neck
- Research Unit–Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Kihara T, Tanimoto K, Michida M, Yoshimi Y, Nagasaki T, Murayama T, Tanne K, Nikawa H. Construction of orthodontic setup models on a computer. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012; 141:806-13. [PMID: 22640682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2011.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Orthodontic setup models are usually limited to the display of teeth, with no information about the roots. The purpose of this article is to present a method for visualizing the tooth roots in setup models by integrating information from cone-beam computed tomography and a laser scanner. The reproducibility of the integration was evaluated. METHODS The records of 5 patients were used in this study. Three-dimensional digital models were generated from the dental casts. Tooth models were generated from the cone-beam computed tomography slices. The 3-dimensional models were superimposed on the crowns of the teeth in the tooth models and integrated. The integrated 3-dimensional tooth model and 3-dimensional setup model were registered. The reproducibility of the integration was evaluated for each tooth. Unpaired Student t tests were performed on the data between the anterior and posterior teeth, and between the right and left teeth. RESULTS The discrepancy among the integrated 3-dimensional models at the final positions after we used this technique was 0.025 ± 0.007 mm. There was a significant difference in the distance between the anterior and posterior teeth (P <0.05). However, the average distances between the anterior and posterior teeth were small: 0.023 ± 0.007 and 0.028 ± 0.007 mm, respectively. No significant difference was found between the right and left teeth (P = 0.831). CONCLUSIONS The methods presented in this study provide a reproducible visualization of tooth roots in virtual setup models by registering accurate crown models to cone-beam computed tomography scans.
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Hammond P, Suttie M. Large-scale objective phenotyping of 3D facial morphology. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:817-25. [PMID: 22434506 PMCID: PMC3327801 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal phenotypes have played significant roles in the discovery of gene function, but organized collection of phenotype data has been overshadowed by developments in sequencing technology. In order to study phenotypes systematically, large-scale projects with standardized objective assessment across populations are considered necessary. The report of the 2006 Human Variome Project meeting (Cotton et al, 2007) recommended documentation of phenotypes through electronic means by collaborative groups of computational scientists and clinicians using standard, structured descriptions of disease-specific phenotypes. In this report, we describe progress over the past decade in three-dimensional (3D) digital imaging and shape analysis of the face, and future prospects for large-scale facial phenotyping. Illustrative examples are given throughout using a collection of 1,107 3D face images of healthy controls and individuals with a range of genetic conditions involving facial dysmorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hammond
- Molecular Medicine Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
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Popat H, Zhurov AI, Toma AM, Richmond S, Marshall D, Rosin PL. Statistical modelling of lip movement in the clinical context. Orthod Craniofac Res 2012; 15:92-102. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2011.01539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bassil-Nassif N, Bouserhal J, Treil J, Braga J, Garcia R. [Sexual dimorphism and facial cavities: a 3D imaging volumetric study]. Orthod Fr 2011; 82:217-22. [PMID: 21624341 DOI: 10.1051/orthodfr/2011116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the sexual dimorphism in facial cavity's volumes of untreated young adults. METHODS Sixty subjects, ages between 18 to 30 years, were selected and divided in two groups according to the gender. Volumes of orbital, nasal, sinusal and buccal cavities were measured from CT scans with AMIRA(®)software. The statistical studies were performed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality followed by Student "t" test (p < 0.05). RESULTS The gender comparison reflected statistically significant differences between the volumes of orbital, nasal, sinusal and buccal cavities, volumes being larger in males. Sexual dimorphism did not appear in the ratio of each cavity volume on the total facial volume. CONCLUSION Absolute volume of facial cavities are larger in males, but no sexual dimorphism is detected comparing volume ratios. A difference in size, but not in shape, between genders might exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayla Bassil-Nassif
- Département d'Orthodontie, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Saint-Joseph, Rue de Damas, Beyrouth, Liban.
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Bugaighis I, Mattick CR, Tiddeman B, Hobson R. Three-dimensional gender differences in facial form of children in the North East of England. Eur J Orthod 2011; 35:295-304. [PMID: 21531786 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjr033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the prospective cross-sectional morphometric study was to explore three dimensional (3D) facial shape and form (shape plus size) variation within and between 8- and 12-year-old Caucasian children; 39 males age-matched with 41 females. The 3D images were captured using a stereophotogrammeteric system, and facial form was recorded by digitizing 39 anthropometric landmarks for each scan. The x, y, z coordinates of each landmark were extracted and used to calculate linear and angular measurements. 3D landmark asymmetry was quantified using Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) and an average face was constructed for each gender. The average faces were superimposed and differences were visualized and quantified. Shape variations were explored using GPA and PrincipalComponent Analysis. Analysis of covariance and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to explore gender differences and to determine any correlation between facial measurements and height or weight. Multivariate analysis was used to ascertain differences in facial measurements or 3D landmark asymmetry. There were no differences in height or weight between genders. There was a significant positive correlation between facial measurements and height and weight and statistically significant differences in linear facial width measurements between genders. These differences were related to the larger size of males rather than differences in shape. There were no age- or gender-linked significant differences in 3D landmark asymmetry. Shape analysis confirmed similarities between both males and females for facial shape and form in 8- to 12-year-old children. Any differences found were related to differences in facial size rather than shape.
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Hanis SB, Kau CH, Souccar NM, English JD, Pirttiniemi P, Valkama M, Harila V. Facial morphology of Finnish children with and without developmental hip dysplasia using 3D facial templates. Orthod Craniofac Res 2011; 13:229-37. [PMID: 21040466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2010.01499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a condition that affects the femoral head and the acetabulum and leads to hip subluxation and dislocation. Infants with DDH are usually treated using splints that immobilize their hip joint and are forced on their back for long periods of time. The link between positioning and facial asymmetries is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To compare the facial morphologies of children with DDH to a group of healthy controls. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Fifty-six Finnish patients born with DDH were matched on the basis of gender and age to a control group. Three-dimensional surface images were captured using the 3dMDface system. Using RF6 PP2 software, anthropometric landmarks were plotted and used to calculate asymmetry based on 3D co-ordinates in a reference framework. RESULTS There was statistically significant difference between all paired facial shells. Relative to the control group, DDH boys and girls presented a chin-point deviation to the right, a more prominent left orbital ridge, a more protrusive nose and upper lip. The gender-specific subgroups show a similarity of 66.54 and 65.22% in girls and boys, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Patients with DDH present a facial asymmetry when compared to healthy controls. Gender characteristics are marked whether subjects are affected with DDH or not. Three-dimensional surface imaging is a powerful diagnostic and research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Hanis
- Department of Orthodontics, The University of Texas Dental Branch at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Popat H, Richmond S, Marshall D, Rosin PL. Facial Movement in 3 Dimensions. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011; 145:24-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599811401701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To construct 3-dimensional (3D) templates of average lip movement based on a group of normal healthy subjects. Study Design. Cross-sectional study. Setting. School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, United Kingdom. Subjects and Methods. One hundred fifteen white subjects were asked to perform 2 reproducible verbal gestures (/puppy/ and /rope/) in a normal relaxed manner. The sequences were captured using a noninvasive, 3D motion scanner (3dMDFace Dynamic System). Mesh-registration software was used to align sequential facial shells to a standardized reference plane. Lip movement during the verbal facial gestures was quantified using the displacement vectors ( x, y, z coordinates) of 6 lip landmarks of sequential 3D facial shells subtracted from the reference or rest shell. Descriptive statistics were used to build references for average lip movement, and independent t tests were used to compare lip movement between men and women. Results. Mean reference movements were created for lip opening, lip stretch, and lip purse that corresponded to the visemes /pu/ /ppy/ and /rope/, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the lip movement between genders for the visemes /pu/ and /ppy/, although when quantified these were found not to be of clinical significance. Men favored left-sided movement and women right-sided movement, although only slightly—again, when quantified, this was considered to be within symmetrical limits. Conclusion. It was possible to quantify and create normal templates of lip movement for the words /puppy/ and /rope/. Men and women show similar standardized lip movements for these 2 words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashmat Popat
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephen Richmond
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David Marshall
- Cardiff School of Computer Science, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Paul L. Rosin
- Cardiff School of Computer Science, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Lee KM, Song HY, Lee KH, Hwang HS. Influence of the angles and number of scans on the accuracy of 3D laser scanning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2011.41.2.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Min Lee
- Graduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, 2nd Stage of Brain Korea 21, Chonnam National University, Korea
| | - Hyo-Young Song
- Graduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, 2nd Stage of Brain Korea 21, Chonnam National University, Korea
| | - Ki-Heon Lee
- Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, 2nd Stage of Brain Korea 21, Chonnam National University, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Shik Hwang
- Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, 2nd Stage of Brain Korea 21, Chonnam National University, Korea
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Plooij JM, Maal TJJ, Haers P, Borstlap WA, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Bergé SJ. Digital three-dimensional image fusion processes for planning and evaluating orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. A systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 40:341-52. [PMID: 21095103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The three important tissue groups in orthognathic surgery (facial soft tissues, facial skeleton and dentition) can be referred to as a triad. This triad plays a decisive role in planning orthognathic surgery. Technological developments have led to the development of different three-dimensional (3D) technologies such as multiplanar CT and MRI scanning, 3D photography modalities and surface scanning. An objective method to predict surgical and orthodontic outcome should be established based on the integration of structural (soft tissue envelope, facial skeleton and dentition) and photographic 3D images. None of the craniofacial imaging techniques can capture the complete triad with optimal quality. This can only be achieved by 'image fusion' of different imaging techniques to create a 3D virtual head that can display all triad elements. A systematic search of current literature on image fusion in the craniofacial area was performed. 15 articles were found describing 3D digital image fusion models of two or more different imaging techniques for orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. From these articles it is concluded, that image fusion and especially the 3D virtual head are accurate and realistic tools for documentation, analysis, treatment planning and long term follow up. This may provide an accurate and realistic prediction model.
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Tolleson SR, Kau CH, Lee RP, English JD, Harila V, Pirttiniemi P, Valkama M. 3-D analysis of facial asymmetry in children with hip dysplasia. Angle Orthod 2010; 80:519-24. [DOI: 10.2319/082009-472.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Popat H, Henley E, Richmond S, Benedikt L, Marshall D, Rosin PL. A comparison of the reproducibility of verbal and nonverbal facial gestures using three-dimensional motion analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010; 142:867-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the reproducibility of selected verbal and nonverbal facial gestures. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom. Subjects and Methods: Twenty-five white subjects were asked to perform four verbal gestures and two nonverbal facial gestures in a normal, relaxed manner. The sequences were captured using a noninvasive, three-dimensional motion analysis scanner (3dMDFace Dynamic System; 3Q Technologies, Atlanta, GA) at an initial time point (T1) and one month later (T2). Principal component analysis was used to analyze the dynamics of lip movement, and dynamic time warping was used to evaluate the reproducibility between T1 and T2 for the individual facial gestures. Statistical analyses were used to compare the reproducibility of the different facial gestures. Results: All four verbal gestures were found to be significantly more reproducible than the nonverbal gestures. The word “puppy” was most reproducible, and the normal smile expression least reproducible. A hierarchy of reproducibility is proposed as “puppy,” “baby,” “rope,” “bob,” standardized smile, normal smile. Conclusion: Verbal facial gestures, in particular the words “puppy” and “baby,” are more appropriate for use in the assessment of lip movement when compared with smile expressions because of their high level of reproducibility over a one-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashmat Popat
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Henley
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Richmond
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lanthao Benedikt
- Cardiff School of Computer Science, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David Marshall
- Cardiff School of Computer Science, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Paul L. Rosin
- Cardiff School of Computer Science, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Kau CH, Richmond S, Zhurov A, Ovsenik M, Tawfik W, Borbely P, English JD. Use of 3-dimensional surface acquisition to study facial morphology in 5 populations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 137:S56.e1-9; discussion S56-7. [PMID: 20381762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to assess the use of 3-dimensional facial averages for determining morphologic differences from various population groups. METHODS We recruited 473 subjects from 5 populations. Three-dimensional images of the subjects were obtained in a reproducible and controlled environment with a commercially available stereo-photogrammetric camera capture system. Minolta VI-900 (Konica Minolta, Tokyo, Japan) and 3dMDface (3dMD LLC, Atlanta, Ga) systems were used. Each image was obtained as a facial mesh and orientated along a triangulated axis. All faces were overlaid, one on top of the other, and a complex mathematical algorithm was performed until average composite faces of 1 man and 1 woman were achieved for each subgroup. These average facial composites were superimposed based on a previously validated superimposition method, and the facial differences were quantified. RESULTS Distinct facial differences were observed among the groups. The linear differences between surface shells ranged from 0.37 to 1.00 mm for the male groups. The linear differences ranged from 0.28 and 0.87 mm for the women. The color histograms showed that the similarities in facial shells between the subgroups by sex ranged from 26.70% to 70.39% for men and 36.09% to 79.83% for women. The average linear distance from the signed color histograms for the male subgroups ranged from -6.30 to 4.44 mm. The female subgroups ranged from -6.32 to 4.25 mm. CONCLUSIONS Average faces can be efficiently and effectively created from a sample of 3-dimensional faces. Average faces can be used to compare differences in facial morphologies for various populations and sexes. Facial morphologic differences were greatest when totally different ethnic variations were compared. Facial morphologic similarities were present in comparable groups, but there were large variations in concentrated areas of the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung How Kau
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Kau CH, Richmond S, Zhurov A, Ovsenik M, Tawfik W, Borbely P, English JD. Use of 3-dimensional surface acquisition to study facial morphology in 5 populations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.04.022 share on mendeley] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gor T, Kau CH, English JD, Lee RP, Borbely P. Three-dimensional comparison of facial morphology in white populations in Budapest, Hungary, and Houston, Texas. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 137:424-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Seager DC, Kau CH, English JD, Tawfik W, Bussa HI, Ahmed AEYM. Facial morphologies of an adult Egyptian population and an adult Houstonian white population compared using 3D imaging. Angle Orthod 2009; 79:991-9. [PMID: 19705950 DOI: 10.2319/111408-579.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the facial morphologies of an adult Egyptian population with those of a Houstonian white population. MATERIALS AND METHODS The three-dimensional (3D) images were acquired via a commercially available stereophotogrammetric camera capture system. The 3dMDface System photographed 186 subjects from two population groups (Egypt and Houston). All of the participants from both population groups were between 18 and 30 years of age and had no apparent facial anomalies. All facial images were overlaid and superimposed, and a complex mathematical algorithm was performed to generate a composite facial average (one male and one female) for each subgroup (EGY-M: Egyptian male subjects; EGY-F: Egyptian female subjects; HOU-M: Houstonian male subjects; and HOU-F: Houstonian female subjects). The computer-generated facial averages were superimposed based on a previously validated superimposition method, and the facial differences were evaluated and quantified. RESULTS Distinct facial differences were evident between the subgroups evaluated, involving various regions of the face including the slant of the forehead, and the nasal, malar, and labial regions. Overall, the mean facial differences between the Egyptian and Houstonian female subjects were 1.33 +/- 0.93 mm, while the differences in Egyptian and Houstonian male subjects were 2.32 +/- 2.23 mm. The range of differences for the female population pairings and the male population pairings were 14.34 mm and 13.71 mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The average adult Egyptian and white Houstonian face possess distinct differences. Different populations and ethnicities have different facial features and averages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Craig Seager
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Three-dimensional analysis of facial morphology surface changes in untreated children from 12 to 14 years of age. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009; 134:751-60. [PMID: 19061801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 01/01/2007] [Accepted: 01/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The developing face is of interest to orthodontists, especially if orthodontic treatment can influence the outcome of facial growth. New 3-dimensional (3D) modalities have enabled clinicians to better understand the facial changes in a developing child. METHODS Fifty-nine children with normal body mass indexes were evaluated with a previously validated 3D laser imaging device over a 2-year period. Surface changes were evaluated on normal and average faces. These changes were seen as mean surface changes and color maps. RESULTS The results suggest that the surface areas of change in average faces were generally downward and forward with respect to the nose and soft-tissue nasion. The lips also translated in a downward direction as the nose grew, and there was a general increase in the vertical dimension. Some subjects were in the "great changes" category, boys significantly more so than girls. CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions can be made from this 3D study of changes of facial morphology in children: (1) surface changes are greater in boys than in girls; (2) differences in the timing of surface changes in boys and girls are clinically significant, with boys exhibiting more changes later; (3) positive surface changes occur in the nose, brows, lips, and vertical dimensions of the face; (4) the eyes deepen, and the cheeks become flatter; and (5) 3D imaging is a useful tool in analyzing changes to the face over time.
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Facial soft tissue changes after transverse palatal distraction in adult patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 37:810-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kau CH, Hunter LM, Hingston EJ. A different look: 3-dimensional facial imaging of a child with Binder syndrome. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007; 132:704-9. [PMID: 18005847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Binder syndrome, or maxillonasal dysplasia, is an uncommon developmental anomaly characterized by an unusually flat, underdeveloped midface, with an abnormally short nose and a flat nasal bridge. In this article, we review the literature and describe how 3-dimensional laser scanning was used to evaluate the facial morphology of a 12-year-old boy with this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung How Kau
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
Facial appearance can be a significant clue in the initial identification of genetic conditions, but their low incidence limits exposure during training and inhibits the development of skills in recognising the facial "gestalt" characteristic of many dysmorphic syndromes. Here we describe the potential of computer-based models of three-dimensional (3D) facial morphology to assist in dysmorphology training, in clinical diagnosis and in multidisciplinary studies of phenotype-genotype correlations.
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