1
|
Giulbudagian M, Battisini B, Bäumler W, Blass Rico AM, Bocca B, Brungs C, Famele M, Foerster M, Gutsche B, Houben V, Hauri U, Karpienko K, Karst U, Katz LM, Kluger N, Serup J, Schreiver I, Schubert S, van der Bent SAS, Wolf C, Luch A, Laux P. Lessons learned in a decade: Medical-toxicological view of tattooing. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38:1926-1938. [PMID: 38709160 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.20072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Tattooing has been part of the human culture for thousands of years, yet only in the past decades has it entered the mainstream of the society. With the rise in popularity, tattoos also gained attention among researchers, with the aim to better understand the health risks posed by their application. 'A medical-toxicological view of tattooing'-a work published in The Lancet almost a decade ago, resulted from the international collaboration of various experts in the field. Since then, much understanding has been achieved regarding adverse effects, treatment of complications, as well as their regulation for improving public health. Yet major knowledge gaps remain. This review article results from the Second International Conference on Tattoo Safety hosted by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) and provides a glimpse from the medical-toxicological perspective, regulatory strategies and advances in the analysis of tattoo inks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Giulbudagian
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatrice Battisini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Bäumler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ana M Blass Rico
- European Commission, DG Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs (GROW), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Beatrice Bocca
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Corinna Brungs
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Marco Famele
- National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetic Products and Consumer's Health Protection - Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Milena Foerster
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Birgit Gutsche
- Karlsruhe Chemical and Veterinary Investigation Authority, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Urs Hauri
- Kanton Basel-Stadt, Kantonales Laboratorium, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Karpienko
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunication, and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Linda M Katz
- Office of Cosmetics and Colors, United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicolas Kluger
- Department of Dermatology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- "Tattoo Consultation", Department of Dermatology, Bichat - Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
- EADV Tattoo and Body Art Task Force, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Jørgen Serup
- Department of Dermatology, the Tattoo Clinic, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Schubert
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology - IVDK, Institute at the University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Carina Wolf
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lebhar J, Jacobs J, Rundle C, Kaplan SJ, Mosca PJ. Skin cancers arising within tattoos: A systematic review. JAAD Int 2024; 16:133-143. [PMID: 38957835 PMCID: PMC11217691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdin.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tattooing is a widespread practice and has increased in popularity over time. Many lesions have been described in relation to tattoos, including malignant tumors. Objectives The primary goal of this review is to determine whether the frequency of published cases of skin cancers within tattoos has been increasing over time. Methods Our review is in adherence to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and reporting criteria. The databases MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase via Elsevier, and Scopus via Elsevier were searched from inception to February 23, 2023. No data or publication date limits were imposed. Results Our review identified 160 cases of cutaneous tumors arising within tattoos. An increase in published cases over time was observed. Most reported tumors developed within red tattoo pigment (36.9%), with the largest contribution by squamous cell carcinoma and keratoacanthoma lesions. Limitations There was a lack of consistency of information in published case reports which limited the scope of our analysis. Small sample size was also a limitation of this review. Conclusions With the increased popularity of tattoos, it is helpful to continue reporting cases of cutaneous malignancies within tattoos. Awareness of the frequency and severity of tumors within tattoos may be communicated to the public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Lebhar
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Chandler Rundle
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Samantha J. Kaplan
- Duke University Medical Center Library & Archives, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Paul J. Mosca
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kurz B, Schreiver I, Siewert K, Haslböck B, Weiß KT, Hannemann J, Berner B, von Eichborn MI, Berneburg M, Bäumler W. Investigation of Adverse Reactions in Tattooed Skin through Histological and Chemical Analysis. Dermatology 2023; 239:782-793. [PMID: 37231944 PMCID: PMC10614264 DOI: 10.1159/000530949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Just as the number of tattooed people has increased in recent years, so has the number of adverse reactions in tattooed skin. Tattoo colourants contain numerous, partly unidentified substances, which have the potential to provoke adverse skin reactions like allergies or granulomatous reactions. Identification of the triggering substances is often difficult or even impossible. METHODS Ten patients with typical adverse reactions in tattooed skin were enrolled in the study. Skin punch biopsies were taken and the paraffin-embedded specimens were analysed by standard haematoxylin and eosin and anti-CD3 stainings. Tattoo colourants provided by patients and punch biopsies of patients were analysed with different chromatography and mass spectrometry methods and X-ray fluorescence. Blood samples of 2 patients were screened for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R). RESULTS Histology showed variable skin reactions such as eosinophilic infiltrate, granulomatous reactions, or pseudolymphoma. CD3+ T lymphocytes dominated the dermal cellular infiltrate. Most patients had adverse skin reactions in red tattoos (n = 7), followed by white tattoos (n = 2). The red tattooed skin areas predominantly contained Pigment Red (P.R.) 170, but also P.R. 266, Pigment Orange (P.O.) 13, P.O. 16, and Pigment Blue (P.B.) 15. The white colourant of 1 patient contained rutile titanium dioxide but also other metals like nickel and chromium and methyl dehydroabietate - known as the main ingredient of colophonium. None of the 2 patients showed increased levels of ACE and sIL-2R related to sarcoidosis. Seven of the study participants showed partial or complete remission after treatment with topical steroids, intralesional steroids, or topical tacrolimus. CONCLUSIONS The combination of the methods presented might be a rational approach to identify the substances that trigger adverse reactions in tattoos. Such an approach might help make tattoo colourants safer in the future if such trigger substances could be omitted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Kurz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Katherina Siewert
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Haslböck
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katharina T. Weiß
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julia Hannemann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bianca Berner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Mark Berneburg
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bäumler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nielsen C, Andréasson K, Olsson H, Engfeldt M, Jöud A. Cohort profile: The Swedish Tattoo and Body Modifications Cohort (TABOO). BMJ Open 2023; 13:e069664. [PMID: 37142309 PMCID: PMC10163470 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Swedish Tattoo and Body Modifications Cohort (TABOO) cohort was established to provide an infrastructure for epidemiological studies researching the role of tattoos and other body modifications as risk factors for adverse health outcomes. It is the first population-based cohort with detailed exposure assessment of decorative, cosmetic, and medical tattoos, piercing, scarification, henna tattoos, cosmetic laser treatments, hair dyeing, and sun habits. The level of detail in the exposure assessment of tattoos allows for investigation of crude dose-response relationships. PARTICIPANTS The TABOO cohort includes 13 049 individuals that participated in a questionnaire survey conducted in 2021 (response rate 49%). Outcome data are retrieved from the National Patient Register, the National Prescribed Drug Register and the National Cause of Death Register. Participation in the registers is regulated by Swedish law, which eliminates the risk of loss to follow-up and associated selection bias. FINDINGS TO DATE The tattoo prevalence in TABOO is 21%. The cohort is currently used to clarify the incidence of acute and long-lasting health complaints after tattooing based on self-reported data. Using register-based outcome data, we are investigating the role of tattoos as a risk factor for immune-mediated disease, including hypersensitisation, foreign body reactions and autoimmune conditions. FUTURE PLANS The register linkage will be renewed every third year to update the outcome data, and we have ethical approval to reapproach the responders with additional questionnaires.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christel Nielsen
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - H Olsson
- Cancer Epidemiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Engfeldt
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Jöud
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Skåne University Hospital, Research and Education, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schubert S, Kluger N, Schreiver I. Hypersensitivity to permanent tattoos: Literature summary and comprehensive review of patch tested tattoo patients 1997-2022. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 88:331-350. [PMID: 36772861 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
We outline constituents of tattoo and permanent make-up ink with regard to inflammatory tattoo reactions and population-based confounders. The comprehensive review of patch-tested tattoo patients between 1997 and 2022 shows that tattoo allergy cannot be reliably diagnosed via patch testing with today's knowledge. Weak penetration and slow haptenization of pigments, unavailability of pigments as test allergens and a lack of knowledge concerning relevant epitopes hamper the diagnosis of tattoo allergy. Patch testing p-phenylenediamine and disperse (textile) dyes is not able to close this gap. Sensitization to metals was associated with all types of tattoo complications, although often not clinically relevant for the tattoo reaction. Binders and industrial biocides are frequently missing on ink declarations and should be patch tested. The pigment carbon black (C.I. 77266) is no skin sensitizer. Patch tests with culprit inks were usually positive with cheap ink products for non-professional use or with professionally used inks in patients with eczematous reactions characterized by papules and infiltration. Tape stripping before patch testing and patch test readings on Day 8 or 10 may improve the diagnostic quality. The meaningfulness of the categorical EU-wide ban of Pigment Green 7 and Pigment Blue 15:3 is not substantiated by the presented data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Schubert
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Kluger
- Department of Dermatology, 'Tattoo' Consultation, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Colboc H, Bazin D, Reguer S, Lucas IT, Moguelet P, Amode R, Jouanneau C, Soria A, Chasset F, Amsler E, Pecquet C, Aractingi S, Bellot-Gurlet L, Deschamps L, Descamps V, Kluger N. Chemical characterization of inks in skin reactions to tattoo. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:1436-1445. [PMID: 36345752 PMCID: PMC9641572 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522008165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Skin reactions are well described complications of tattooing, usually provoked by red inks. Chemical characterizations of these inks are usually based on limited subjects and techniques. This study aimed to determine the organic and inorganic composition of inks using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES) and Raman spectroscopy, in a cohort of patients with cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to tattoo. A retrospective multicenter study was performed, including 15 patients diagnosed with skin reactions to tattoos. Almost half of these patients developed skin reactions on black inks. XRF identified known allergenic metals - titanium, chromium, manganese, nickel and copper - in almost all cases. XANES spectroscopy distinguished zinc and iron present in ink from these elements in endogenous biomolecules. Raman spectroscopy showed the presence of both reported (azo pigments, quinacridone) and unreported (carbon black, phtalocyanine) putative organic sensitizer compounds, and also defined the phase in which Ti was engaged. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper reports the largest cohort of skin hypersensitivity reactions analyzed by multiple complementary techniques. With almost half the patients presenting skin reaction on black tattoo, the study suggests that black modern inks should also be considered to provoke skin reactions, probably because of the common association of carbon black with potential allergenic metals within these inks. Analysis of more skin reactions to tattoos is needed to identify the relevant chemical compounds and help render tattoo ink composition safer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hester Colboc
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Rothschild, Service de Gériatrie-Plaies et Cicatrisation, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1155, F-75020 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bazin
- Institut de Chimie Physique, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Solenn Reguer
- DiffAbs Beamline, Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Ivan T. Lucas
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Lise UMR 8235, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Moguelet
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Paris, France
| | | | - Chantal Jouanneau
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1155, F-75020 Paris, France
| | - Angèle Soria
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Dermatologie-Allergologie, Paris, France
| | - François Chasset
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Dermatologie-Allergologie, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Amsler
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Dermatologie-Allergologie, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Pecquet
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Dermatologie-Allergologie, Paris, France
| | - Sélim Aractingi
- Université de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Dermatologie, Paris, France
| | | | - Lydia Deschamps
- Université de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Descamps
- Université de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Dermatologie, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Kluger
- Université de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Dermatologie, Paris, France
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tattoo-Related Allergic Contact Dermatitis. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-022-00371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
8
|
Hernandez L, Mohsin N, Frech FS, Dreyfuss I, Vander Does A, Nouri K. Laser tattoo removal: laser principles and an updated guide for clinicians. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:2581-2587. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-022-03576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
9
|
Fraser TR, Ross KE, Alexander U, Lenehan CE. Current knowledge of the degradation products of tattoo pigments by sunlight, laser irradiation and metabolism: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:343-355. [PMID: 34274958 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The popularity of tattooing has increased significantly over recent years. This has raised concerns about the safety of tattoo inks and their metabolites/degradation products. The photolytic and metabolic degradation of tattoo pigments may result in the formation of toxic compounds, with unforeseen health risks. A systematic literature review was undertaken to determine the current state of knowledge of tattoo pigments' degradation products when irradiated with sunlight, laser light or metabolised. The review demonstrates that there is a lack of knowledge regarding tattoo pigment degradation/metabolism, with only eleven articles found pertaining to the photolysis of tattoo pigments and two articles on the metabolism of tattoo pigments. The limited research indicates that the photolysis of tattoo pigments could result in many toxic degradation products, including hydrogen cyanide and carcinogenic aromatic amines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan R Fraser
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Kirstin E Ross
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Ula Alexander
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Claire E Lenehan
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Brungs C, Schmid R, Wolf C, Berg T, Korf A, Heuckeroth S, Hayen H, van der Bent S, Maijer K, Rustemeyer T, Karst U. Tattoo Pigment Identification in Inks and Skin Biopsies of Adverse Reactions by Complementary Elemental and Molecular Bioimaging with Mass Spectral Library Matching. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3581-3589. [PMID: 35179876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tattooing has become increasingly popular throughout society. Despite the recognized issue of adverse reactions in tattoos, regulations remain challenging with limited data available and a missing positive list. The diverse chemical properties of mostly insoluble inorganic and organic pigments pose an outstanding analytical challenge, which typically requires extensive sample preparation. Here, we present a multimodal bioimaging approach combining micro X-ray fluorescence (μXRF) and laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) to detect the elemental and molecular composition in the same sample. The pigment structures directly absorb the laser energy, eliminating the need for matrix application. A computational data processing workflow clusters spatially resolved LDI-MS scans to merge redundant information into consensus spectra, which are then matched against new open mass spectral libraries of tattoo pigments. When applied to 13 tattoo inks and 68 skin samples from skin biopsies in adverse tattoo reactions, characteristic signal patterns of isotopes, ion adducts, and in-source fragments in LDI-MS1 scans yielded confident compound annotations across various pigment classes. Combined with μXRF, pigment annotations were achieved for all skin samples with 14 unique structures and 2 inorganic pigments, emphasizing the applicability to larger studies. The tattoo-specific spectral libraries and further information are available on the tattoo-analysis.github.io website.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Brungs
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Robin Schmid
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Carina Wolf
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tanja Berg
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ansgar Korf
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Steffen Heuckeroth
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastiaan van der Bent
- Tattoo Clinic (Tattoo Poli), Department of Dermatology, Alrijne Hospital, Houtlaan 55, 2334 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Maijer
- Tattoo Clinic (Tattoo Poli), Department of Dermatology, Alrijne Hospital, Houtlaan 55, 2334 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Comparative Toxicological Evaluation of Tattoo Inks on Two Model Organisms. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121308. [PMID: 34943222 PMCID: PMC8698971 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tattooing is a technique that introduces colored substances under the skin in order to color it permanently. Decomposition products of tattoo pigments produce numerous damages for the skin and other organs. We studied the effects of a commercial red ink tattoo, PR170, on Xenopus laevis embryos and Daphnia magna nauplii using concentrations of 10, 20, and 40 mg/L. For Xenopus, we applied the FETAX protocol analyzing survival, malformations, growth, heart rate, and the expression of genes involved in the development. In D. magna, we evaluated the toxicity with an immobilization test. Moreover, we investigated the production of ROS, antioxidant enzymes, and the expression of the ATP-binding cassette in both models. Our results indicate that PR170 pigment has nanoparticle dimensions, modifies the survival and the ATP-binding cassette activity, and induces oxidative stress that probably produces the observed effects in both models. Deformed embryos were observed in Xenopus, probably due to the modification of expression of genes involved in development. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was also modified in this amphibian. We think that these effects are due to the accumulation of PR170 and, in particular, to the presence of the azoic group in the chemical structure of this pigment. Further studies needed to better understand the effects of commercial tattoo inks.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu Z, Wang M, Guo Y, Ji F, Wang C, Wang S, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhang S, Jin B, Zhao G. Nonadiabatic Dynamics Mechanism of Chalcone Analogue Sunscreen FPPO-HBr: Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer Followed by Conformation Twisting. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9572-9578. [PMID: 34433282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, traditional sunscreen molecules face many adverse problems: single energy relaxation pathway, lack of adequate UVA light protection, and therefore no longer meeting the growing demand for UVA protection. In this work, we reported a novel sunscreen molecule (E)-3-(5-bromofuran-2-yl)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (hereinafter referred to as FPPO-HBr) which tackled adverse problems of traditional sunscreen molecules as single energy relaxation pathway, lacking effective UVA light protection. Various nonradiative pathways were proposed and verified by combining the steady-state and femtosecond transient absorption (FTA) spectroscopy and theoretical calculation. Upon UV excitation, the FPPO-HBr mainly decays via excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) followed by conformation twist in ultrafast manner. Importantly, 1H NMR spectra proved that the FPPO-HBr could not undergo trans-cis photoisomerization. Additionally, excellent photostability was also observed for newly synthesized FPPO-HBr. The current work could provide new perspectives for sunscreen molecules synthesis and mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Wu
- MeChem Group, Molecular Dynamic Chemistry Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry & Chemical engineering Education, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- MeChem Group, Molecular Dynamic Chemistry Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry & Chemical engineering Education, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Yurong Guo
- MeChem Group, Molecular Dynamic Chemistry Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry & Chemical engineering Education, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.,New Sunscreens Development and UV Photoprotection Research Center, Tianjin ChenyinSTI Co., Ltd., Xinghua Road at Xeda, Tianjin 300385, China
| | - Feixiang Ji
- MeChem Group, Molecular Dynamic Chemistry Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry & Chemical engineering Education, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Chao Wang
- MeChem Group, Molecular Dynamic Chemistry Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry & Chemical engineering Education, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Shiping Wang
- MeChem Group, Molecular Dynamic Chemistry Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry & Chemical engineering Education, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Jingran Zhang
- MeChem Group, Molecular Dynamic Chemistry Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry & Chemical engineering Education, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.,New Sunscreens Development and UV Photoprotection Research Center, Tianjin ChenyinSTI Co., Ltd., Xinghua Road at Xeda, Tianjin 300385, China
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Bing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Guangjiu Zhao
- MeChem Group, Molecular Dynamic Chemistry Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry & Chemical engineering Education, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Portilla Maya N, Kempf W, Perez Muñoz N, Rodríguez-Martínez P, Posada R, Fernández-Figueras MT. Histopathologic Spectrum of Findings Associated With Tattoos: Multicenter Study Series of 230 Cases. Am J Dermatopathol 2021; 43:543-553. [PMID: 34276026 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Reactions to tattoo may simulate common dermatosis or skin neoplasms. Histopathology allows diagnosis and helps determining the level and degree of inflammation associated, consequently orientating treatment. OBJECTIVE To describe the histological features found in biopsies of cutaneous reactions to tattoo. DESIGN This study was designed as a multicenter case series. SETTING All consecutive histopathological samples of tattoos referred from 1992 to 2019 to the Hospital General de Catalunya, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, and a private practice, all in Barcelona, Spain, and from the Kempf und Pfaltz Histologische Diagnostik in Zurich, Switzerland were retrieved from the files. PARTICIPANTS AND EXPOSURE The inclusion criteria were all cosmetic/permanent makeup, artistic/professional, and traumatic tattoos associated with either inflammatory reactions alone and/or with tumors and/or infections. Exclusion criteria were cases without any associated pathologic finding in the place of the ink, amalgam tattoos, and medical or temporary tattoos. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES In all patients, clinical features (age, sex, location, tattoo color, and presentation) were recorded. Histological features evaluated included ink color, associated tumors or infections, and inflammatory reaction pattern. Inflammation was graded in low to moderate or severe. RESULTS From 477 biopsies diagnosed as tattoos, 230 cases from 226 patients met the inclusion criteria. Samples corresponded to 107 male and 120 female subjects and 3 of unknown gender. Median age was 39 years (ranging from 9 to 84 years). Fifty-three samples were referred from centers in Spain and 177 from the center in Switzerland. The series was analyzed in 2 parts: tattoos associated only with inflammatory reactions (117/230) and tattoos associated with tumors or infections (113/230). The most common form of inflammatory pattern associated with tattoo was the fibrosing reaction (79/117, 68%), followed by granulomatous reaction (56/117, 48%), lichenoid reaction (33/117, 28%), epithelial hyperplasia (28/117, 24%), pseudolymphoma (27/117, 23%) and spongiotic reaction (27/117, 23%). Combined features of 2 or more types of inflammatory patterns were seen in 64% cases. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our series confirms that cutaneous reactions to tattoos are polymorphous. Inflammation tends to present with combined patterns. Infections are tending to decline, and pathologic findings are not specific to ink color or clinical features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Portilla Maya
- Dermatologist, Dermatology Department, Clínica Erasmo LTDA. Valledupar, Colombia
| | - Werner Kempf
- Dermatopathologist, Pathology Department, Kempf und Pfaltz Histologische Diagnostik, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Noelia Perez Muñoz
- Pathologist, Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari General de Catalunya (HUGC), Sant- Cugat del Vallès, Spain; and
- Pulmonologist, Pathology Department, Hospital University German Trias I Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Rodolfo Posada
- Pathologist, Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari General de Catalunya (HUGC), Sant- Cugat del Vallès, Spain; and
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Karregat JJJP, Rustemeyer T, van der Bent SAS, Spiekstra SW, Thon M, Fernandez Rivas D, Gibbs S. Assessment of cytotoxicity and sensitization potential of intradermally injected tattoo inks in reconstructed human skin. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:324-339. [PMID: 34029376 PMCID: PMC8453820 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The number of people within the European population having at least one tattoo has increased notably, and with it the number of tattoo‐associated clinical complications. Despite this, safety information and testing regarding tattoo inks remain limited. Objective To assess cytotoxicity and sensitization potential of 16 tattoo inks after intradermal injection into reconstructed human skin (RHS). Methods Commercially available tattoo inks were injected intradermally into RHS (reconstructed epidermis on a fibroblast‐populated collagen hydrogel) using a permanent makeup device. RHS biopsies, tissue sections, and culture medium were assessed for cytotoxicity (thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay [MTT assay]), detrimental histological changes (haematoxylin and eosin staining), and the presence of inflammatory and sensitization cytokines (interleukin [IL]‐1α, IL‐8, IL‐18; enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay). Results Varying degrees of reduced metabolic activity and histopathological cytotoxic effects were observed in RHS after ink injection. Five inks showed significantly reduced metabolic activity and enhanced sensitization potential compared with negative controls. Discussion Using the RHS model system, four tattoo inks were identified as highly cytotoxic and classified as potential sensitizers, suggesting that allergic contact dermatitis could emerge in individuals carrying these inks. These results indicate that an RHS‐based assessment of cytotoxicity and sensitization potential by intradermal tattoo ink injection is a useful analytical tool to determine ink‐induced deleterious effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joey J J P Karregat
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Academic Tattoo Clinic Amsterdam, Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Academic Tattoo Clinic Amsterdam, Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sander W Spiekstra
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Thon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Fernandez Rivas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Weiß KT, Schreiver I, Siewert K, Luch A, Haslböck B, Berneburg M, Bäumler W. Tattoos – mehr als nur kolorierte Haut? Auf der Suche nach Tattoo‐Allergenen. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19:657-671. [PMID: 33979044 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14436_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina T Weiß
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Abteilung Chemikalien- und Produktsicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Berlin
| | - Katherina Siewert
- Abteilung Chemikalien- und Produktsicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Berlin
| | - Andreas Luch
- Abteilung Chemikalien- und Produktsicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Berlin
| | - Birgit Haslböck
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
| | - Mark Berneburg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
| | - Wolfgang Bäumler
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Weiß KT, Schreiver I, Siewert K, Luch A, Haslböck B, Berneburg M, Bäumler W. Tattoos - more than just colored skin? Searching for tattoo allergens. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19:657-669. [PMID: 33955682 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During tattooing, a high amount of ink is injected into the skin. Tattoo inks contain numerous substances such as the coloring pigments, impurities, solvents, emulsifiers, and preservatives. Black amorphous carbon particles (carbon black), white titanium dioxide, azo or polycyclic pigments create all varieties of color shades in the visible spectrum. Some ingredients of tattoo inks might be hazardous and allergenic chemicals of unknown potential. In Germany, about 20 % of the general population is tattooed and related adverse reactions are increasingly reported. Since tattoo needles inevitably harm the skin, microorganisms can enter the wound and may cause infections. Non-allergic inflammatory reactions (for example cutaneous granuloma and pseudolymphoma) as well as allergic reactions may emerge during or after wound healing. Especially with allergies occurring after weeks, months or years, it remains difficult to identify the specific ingredient(s) that trigger the reaction. This review summarizes possible adverse effects related to tattooing with a focus on the development of tattoo-mediated allergies. To date, relevant allergens were only identified in rare cases. Here we present established methods and discuss current experimental approaches to identify culprit allergens in tattoo inks - via testing of the patient and in vitro approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina T Weiß
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Katherina Siewert
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Haslböck
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mark Berneburg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bäumler
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Serup J, Bove T, Zawada T, Jessen A, Poli M. High-frequency (20 MHz) high-intensity focused ultrasound: New ablative method for color-independent tattoo removal in 1-3 sessions. An open-label exploratory study. Skin Res Technol 2020; 26:839-850. [PMID: 32557859 PMCID: PMC7754334 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) operating at 20 MHz is new and potentially applicable to ablative tattoo removal. The method was documented safe and rational in preclinical testing. MATERIALS AND METHODS High-intensity focused ultrasound was introduced to subjects when lasers and dermatome shaving had failed or caused side effects. Transducers with focal depths between 1.1 mm and 1.7 mm in the skin were used, and settings of 0.4-1.2 J/shot at pulse durations of 150 ms were applied. Tattoos were covered with synergistic "shoulder-by-shoulder" focused ultrasound shots. Effectiveness and side effects were measured. RESULTS Twenty-two subjects with 67 tattoos were treated. 62% benefitted (19% cleared, 43% partially cleared), and 28% had minor effect. VAS pain was 5-6 versus 7-9 with previous lasers removal. Wound healing was longer after HIFU ablation (1-3 months). 57% of subjects had no scar or minor visible changes of skin surface markings only, while 19% had moderate or major skin thickening. Hypertrophic scar or keloid scars were not observed. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION High-intensity focused ultrasound was effective in removal of difficult tattoos of any color where Nd:YAG lasers had failed. The method only needs 1-3 sessions. As an ablative method, the wound healing period is longer than with laser removal and needs attention. Focused ultrasound can be used as a first-line treatment of smaller tattoos independent of color, and second line when Nd:YAG lasers have failed or caused problems. The operator shall be qualified, as with lasers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Serup
- Department of DermatologyBispebjerg University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cohen PR, Erickson CP, Uebelhoer NS, Calame A. Tattoo-Associated Basal Cell Carcinoma: Coincident or Coincidence. Biomed Hub 2020; 5:2055-2062. [PMID: 32884932 DOI: 10.1159/000508208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tattoos may be associated with medical complications including, albeit rarely, skin cancer. The features of a 46-year-old man who developed a basal cell carcinoma within a tattoo on his left scapula are described and the characteristics of the other 13 patients (7 men and 6 women) with tattoo-associated basal cell carcinoma are reviewed. The tumor usually occurs on the sun-exposed skin of individuals aged 60 years and older whose tattoo has often been present for 20 years or more. The pathogenesis of a basal cell carcinoma developing within a tattoo may merely be a coincidence. However, there is supporting evidence that the tattoo and the subsequent basal cell carcinoma may be coincident events whereby either tattoo injection-associated trauma or the tattoo pigments and dyes (in their native state or after ultraviolet radiation alteration) or both have a carcinogenic impact on the development of the basal cell carcinoma at that location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Cohen
- San Diego Family Dermatology, National City, California, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Touro University California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, California, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Tattooing entails a high amount of tattoo colorants that is injected into skin. Tattoo colorants usually contain various substances of which the colouring component is the major ingredient that can be assigned to two different groups. Firstly, amorphous carbon particles (carbon black) are almost exclusively found in black tattoos. Secondly, tattooists use azo and polycyclic pigments to create nearly all colours of the visible spectrum. Due to their different but frequently complex chemistry, tattoo colorants usually contain various compounds like by-products and impurities which may exhibit health concerns. Professional tattooists inject that mixture into skin using the solid needles of tattoo machines. It is known that part of injected tattoo colorants is predominantly transported away from skin via lymphatic system. In addition to tattooing, exposure of tattooed skin to solar radiation or laser light may cause decomposition of pigment molecules leading to new and potential hazard chemical compounds. In light of the various hazard substances in the tattoo colorants and its decomposition products, tattooing might pose a health risk not only to skin but also to other organs of humans.
Collapse
|
20
|
Serup J, Hutton Carlsen K, Dommershausen N, Sepehri M, Hesse B, Seim C, Luch A, Schreiver I. Identification of pigments related to allergic tattoo reactions in 104 human skin biopsies. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 82:73-82. [PMID: 31626330 PMCID: PMC6973263 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Red tattoos are prone to allergic reactions. The identity of the allergen(s) is mostly unknown. Objectives Chemical analysis of human skin biopsies from chronic allergic reactions in red tattoos to identify culprit pigment(s) and metals. Material and methods One hundred four dermatome biopsies were analyzed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS/MS) for identification of commonly used organic pigments. Metal concentrations were assessed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP)‐MS and x‐ray fluorescence (XRF). Fourteen patients had cross‐reactions in other red tattoos. Results In total, the identified pigments were mainly azo Pigment Red (P.R.) 22 (35%), P.R. 210 (24%), P.R. 170 (12%), P.R. 5 (0.9%), P.R. 112 (0.9%), and Pigment Orange (P.O.) 13 (11%). P.R. 122 (0.9%) and Pigment Violet (P.V.) 23 (8%) were also common. P.R. 22, P.R. 170, and P.R. 210 also dominated in patients with cross‐reactions. In 22% of the biopsies, no red pigment was detected. Element analysis indicated the presence of the sensitizers nickel and chromium. Conclusions P.R. 22, P.R. 170, and P.R. 210 were identified as the prevailing pigments behind chronic allergic reactions in red tattoos. The epitope causing the reaction might be a pigment‐degradation product. Metal contamination may derive from different sources, and its role in red tattoo allergy cannot be ascertained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Serup
- Department of Dermatology, The "Tattoo Clinic", Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrina Hutton Carlsen
- Department of Dermatology, The "Tattoo Clinic", Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nils Dommershausen
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mitra Sepehri
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Bernhard Hesse
- The European Synchrotron (ESRF), Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Xploraytion GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Seim
- Xploraytion GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rubio L, Guerra E, Garcia-Jares C, Lores M. Body-decorating products: Ingredients of permanent and temporary tattoos from analytical and european regulatory perspectives. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1079:59-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
22
|
Abudu B, Erickson CP, Calame A, Cohen PR. Basal Cell Carcinoma Originating in a Tattoo: Case Report and Review of an Uncommon Complication in Tattoo Recipients. Dermatol Pract Concept 2019; 9:265-270. [PMID: 31723458 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.0904a03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The placement of a tattoo is a common event. Basal cell carcinoma arising from a tattoo is rare despite this neoplasm being the most common form of skin cancer. Objective We describe a 41-year-old man who developed a basal cell carcinoma in his tattoo and review the literature of basal cell carcinomas originating in a tattoo. Methods A literature search using PubMed was performed. The following terms were searched: "basal," "carcinoma," "cell," and "tattoo." The characteristics of individuals with a basal cell carcinoma originating in a tattoo were analyzed and summarized. Results A total of 13 patients (6 women and 7 men) with a basal cell carcinoma arising in a tattoo have been reported. The majority of the tumors were located on the head (6 cases, 46.2%) followed by either an upper extremity (4 cases, 30.7%) or the trunk (3 cases, 23.1%). Most of the carcinomas were asymptomatic; however, 2 patients reported pruritus associated with their tumor. Nodular basal cell carcinoma was the most common subtype diagnosed (5 tumors), followed by superficial basal cell carcinoma (2 tumors). One patient had either a pagetoid or a mixed (nodular and sclerosing) histology. The pathological variant was not described for 4 patients. Conclusions Basal cell carcinoma arising in a tattoo is a rare occurrence. Although this occurrence may be coincidental, emerging evidence of carcinogenesis associated with tattoo pigment may suggest a causal link. Elucidating this important relationship warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boya Abudu
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Philip R Cohen
- San Diego Family Dermatology, National City, CA, USA.,Touro University California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gonzalez CD, Rundle CW, Pona A, Walkosz BJ, Dellavalle RP. Ultraviolet radiation may cause premature fading of colored tattoos. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2019; 36:73-74. [PMID: 31461178 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian D. Gonzalez
- Department of Dermatology University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora CO USA
| | - Chandler W. Rundle
- Department of Dermatology University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora CO USA
| | - Adrian Pona
- Department of Dermatology University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora CO USA
| | | | - Robert P. Dellavalle
- Department of Dermatology University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora CO USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center Dermatology Service Aurora CO USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bent S, Winter R, Wolkerstorfer A, Rustemeyer T. Red tattoo reactions, a prospective cohort on clinical aspects. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33:e384-e386. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.A.S. Bent
- Academic Tattoo Clinic AmsterdamDepartment of Dermatology and Allergology VU University Medical Center 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - R.W. Winter
- Academic Tattoo Clinic AmsterdamDepartment of Dermatology and Allergology VU University Medical Center 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - A. Wolkerstorfer
- Department of Dermatology Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - T. Rustemeyer
- Academic Tattoo Clinic AmsterdamDepartment of Dermatology and Allergology VU University Medical Center 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bäumler W, Weiß KT. Laser assisted tattoo removal – state of the art and new developments. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:349-358. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00416a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Decorative tattoos including permanent make-up are very popular world-wide. As the trend for tattoo acquisition increases, the demand for tattoo removal will similarly rise. This article highlights the state of the art and new developments in laser assisted tattoo removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W. Bäumler
- Department of Dermatology
- University of Regensburg
- Germany
| | - K. T. Weiß
- Department of Dermatology
- University of Regensburg
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
González-Villanueva I, Silvestre Salvador J. Diagnostic Tools to Use When We Suspect an Allergic Reaction to a Tattoo: A Proposal Based on Cases at Our Hospital. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
27
|
Diagnostic Tools to Use When We Suspect an Allergic Reaction to a Tattoo: A Proposal Based on Cases at Our Hospital. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2017; 109:162-172. [PMID: 29197467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tattooing has become a popular practice in western countries, particularly among younger populations. Tattoos, however, can cause complications, such as infections, allergic or foreign-body reactions, and even systemic inflammatory responses. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of all patients seen for tattoo-related complications at our skin allergy unit between January 2002 and December 2016. RESULTS We studied 23 patients. Nine of these experienced early complications, all related to infection. The other 14 patients developed late reactions. Ten were diagnosed with probable allergic contact dermatitis to ink, but the suspect allergen was identified in just 3 cases and confirmed in just 1 of these. There were 2 cases of cutaneous sarcoidosis, 1 case of foreign body granuloma, and 1 case of neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS Complications resulting from tattoos are relatively common dermatology complaints. Drawing from our experience, we propose a diagnostic algorithm designed to guide dermatologists in evaluating different reactions to tattoos and prescribing appropriate treatment.
Collapse
|
28
|
Escudero-Góngora M, Del Pozo L, Knöpfel N, Saus C, Giacaman A, Hierro F. Reactive perforating collagenosis on a tattoo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 31:e87-e89. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.M. Escudero-Góngora
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital Universitari Son Espases; Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - L.J. Del Pozo
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital Universitari Son Espases; Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - N. Knöpfel
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital Universitari Son Espases; Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - C. Saus
- Department of Pathology; Hospital Universitari Son Espases; Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - A. Giacaman
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital Universitari Son Espases; Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - F. Hierro
- Tecnoscientific Department; Universitat de les Illes Balears; Palma de Mallorca Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Identification and hazard prediction of tattoo pigments by means of pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:1639-50. [PMID: 27209489 PMCID: PMC4894928 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1739-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of regulation for tattoo ink ingredients across Europe has generated the need for analytical methods suitable to identify prohibited compounds. Common challenges of this subject are the poor solubility and the lack of volatility for most pigments and polymers applied in tattoo inks. Here, we present pyrolysis coupled to online gas chromatography and electron impact ionization mass spectrometry (py-GC/MS) as quick and reliable tool for pigment identification using both purified pigments and tattoo ink formulations. Some 36 organic pigments frequently used in tattoo inks were subjected to py-GC/MS with the aim to establish a pyrogram library. To cross-validate pigment identification, 28 commercially available tattoo inks as well as 18 self-made pigment mixtures were analyzed. Pyrograms of inks and mixtures were evaluated by two different means to work out the most reliable and fastest strategy for an otherwise rather time-consuming data review. Using this approach, the declaration of tattoo pigments currently used on the market could be verified. The pyrolysis library presented here is also assumed suitable to predict decomposition patterns of pigments when affected by other degradation scenarios, such as sunlight exposure or laser irradiation. Thus, the consumers’ risk associated with the exposure to toxicologically relevant substances that originate from pigment decomposition in the dermal layers of the skin can be assessed. Differentiation between more or less harmful pigments for this field of application now will become feasible.
Collapse
|
30
|
Hutton Carlsen K, Køcks M, Sepehri M, Serup J. Allergic reactions in red tattoos: Raman spectroscopy for 'fingerprint' detection of chemical risk spectra in tattooed skin and culprit tattoo inks. Skin Res Technol 2016; 22:460-469. [PMID: 26991512 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of Raman spectroscopy as a screening technique for chemical characterisation of tattoo pigments in pathologic reacting tattoos and tattoo ink stock products to depict unsafe pigments and metabolites of pigments. MATERIALS/METHODS Twelve dermatome shave biopsies from allergic reactions in red tattoos were analysed with Raman spectroscopy (A 785-nm 300 mW diode laser). These were referenced to samples of 10 different standard tattoo ink stock products, three of these identified as the culprit inks used by the tattooist and thus by history the source of the allergy. Three primary aromatic amine (PAA) laboratory standards (aniline, o-anisidine and 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine) were also studied. RESULTS Application of Raman spectroscopy to the shave biopsies was technically feasible. In addition, all ten inks and the three PAA standards could be discriminated. 10/12 shave biopsies provided clear fingerprint Raman signals which differed significantly from background skin, and Raman spectra from 8/12 biopsies perfectly matched spectra from the three culprit ink products. The spectrum of one red ink (a low cost product named 'Tattoo', claimed to originate from Taiwan, no other info on label) was identified in 5/12 biopsies. Strong indications of the inks 'Bright Red' and 'Crimson Red' were seen in three biopsies. The three PAA's could not be unambiguously identified. CONCLUSION This study, although on a small-scale, demonstrated Raman spectroscopy to be feasible for chemical analysis of red pigments in allergic reactions. Raman spectroscopy has a major potential for fingerprint screening of problematic tattoo pigments in situ in skin, ex vivo in skin biopsies and in tattoo ink stock products, thus, to eliminate unsafe ink products from markets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Hutton Carlsen
- Department of Dermatology, The "Tattoo Clinic", Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - M Køcks
- Chemistry and Biotechnology, Danish Technological Institute, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Sepehri
- Centre of Wound Healing, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Serup
- Department of Dermatology, The "Tattoo Clinic", Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Neale PA, Stalter D, Tang JYM, Escher BI. Bioanalytical evidence that chemicals in tattoo ink can induce adaptive stress responses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 296:192-200. [PMID: 25929673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tattooing is becoming increasingly popular, particularly amongst young people. However, tattoo inks contain a complex mixture of chemical impurities that may pose a long-term risk for human health. As a first step towards the risk assessment of these complex mixtures we propose to assess the toxicological hazard potential of tattoo ink chemicals with cell-based bioassays. Targeted modes of toxic action and cellular endpoints included cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and adaptive stress response pathways. The studied tattoo inks, which were extracted with hexane as a proxy for the bioavailable fraction, caused effects in all bioassays, with the red and yellow tattoo inks having the greatest response, particularly inducing genotoxicity and oxidative stress response endpoints. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the tested black tattoo ink at concentrations twice the recommended level. The detected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons only explained 0.06% of the oxidative stress response of the black tattoo ink, thus the majority of the effect was caused by unidentified components. The study indicates that currently available tattoo inks contain components that induce adaptive stress response pathways, but to evaluate the risk to human health further work is required to understand the toxicokinetics of tattoo ink chemicals in the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peta A Neale
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Daniel Stalter
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Janet Y M Tang
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Beate I Escher
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Schreiver I, Hutzler C, Laux P, Berlien HP, Luch A. Formation of highly toxic hydrogen cyanide upon ruby laser irradiation of the tattoo pigment phthalocyanine blue. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12915. [PMID: 26243473 PMCID: PMC4525383 DOI: 10.1038/srep12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since laser treatment of tattoos is the favored method for the removing of no longer wanted permanent skin paintings, analytical, biokinetics and toxicological data on the fragmentation pattern of commonly used pigments are urgently required for health safety reasons. Applying dynamic headspace-gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (DHS-GC/MS) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-ToF-MS), we identified 1,2-benzene dicarbonitrile, benzonitrile, benzene, and the poisonous gas hydrogen cyanide (HCN) as main fragmentation products emerging dose-dependently upon ruby laser irradiation of the popular blue pigment copper phthalocyanine in suspension. Skin cell viability was found to be significantly compromised at cyanide levels of ≥1 mM liberated during ruby laser irradiation of >1.5 mg/ml phthalocyanine blue. Further, for the first time we introduce pyrolysis-GC/MS as method suitable to simulate pigment fragmentation that may occur spontaneously or during laser removal of organic pigments in the living skin of tattooed people. According to the literature such regular tattoos hold up to 9 mg pigment/cm(2) skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Schreiver
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Hutzler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Berlien
- Evangelical Elisabeth Hospital, Department of Laser Medicine, Lützowstrasse 24-26, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Høgsberg T, Thomsen BM, Serup J. Histopathology and immune histochemistry of red tattoo reactions. Interface dermatitis is the lead pathology, with increase in T-lymphocytes and Langerhans cells suggesting an allergic pathomechanism. Skin Res Technol 2015; 21:449-58. [PMID: 26031754 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of tattoo reactions are affiliated to red pigmented areas and often suspected to be allergic in nature. A sizeable series of biopsies of such reactions has not previously been performed. The aim of this study was to type and grade epidermal and dermal changes in tattoo reactions to red/red nuances by microscopy and immunochemistry relevant for the assessment of a possible allergic pathomechanism. METHODS Skin biopsies were taken from red tattoo reactions, graded by conventional microscopy and stained for T and B-lymphocytes, Langerhans cells, macrophages and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. RESULTS The study included 19 biopsies from 19 patients. The culprit colours were red/pink (n = 15) and purple/bordeaux (n = 4). Interface dermatitis was clearly the lead pathology found in 78% of samples, overlapped with granulomatous (in 32%) and pseudolymphomatous reaction patterns (in 32%). Epidermal hyperkeratosis (in 89%) was common as was leakage of red pigment across the dermo-epidermal junction, with transepidermal elimination (in 28%). The dermal cellular infiltration was dominated by T-lymphocytes (in 100%), Langerhans cells (in 95%) and macrophages (in 100%). TNF-α was common. CONCLUSION The predominant histological pattern of chronic tattoo reactions in red/red nuances is interface dermatitis. T-lymphocytes and Langerhans cells are increased suggesting an allergic pathomechanism. TNF-α may contribute to reactions. In many cases, overlapping reactive patterns were identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Høgsberg
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - B M Thomsen
- Department of Pathology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - J Serup
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gosetti F, Bolfi B, Marengo E. Identification of sulforhodamine B photodegradation products present in nonpermanent tattoos by micro liquid chromatography coupled with tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4649-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8667-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
35
|
Sepehri M, Jørgensen B, Serup J. Introduction of dermatome shaving as first line treatment of chronic tattoo reactions. J DERMATOL TREAT 2015; 26:451-5. [PMID: 25672517 DOI: 10.3109/09546634.2014.999021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Chronic tattoo reactions requiring treatment have increased. Laser removal is not ideal for removal of allergic reactions. Surgical removal of culprit pigment situated in the outer dermis by dermatome shaving is rational and need to be revisited. MATERIALS/METHODS Fifty four tattoos with chronic reactions in 50 patients were treated with dermatome shaving. Tattoos with red/red nuances dominated the material. In total, 52 operations were performed in infiltration and 2 in general anaesthesia. Shaving was performed to the level in the dermis free of tattoo pigment as assessed visually by the surgeon. RESULTS Operative complications were few. Healing occurred over weeks as normal for this procedure. On a rating scale from 0 to 4, 4 as most severe, the patient's severity rating of symptoms in their tattoo declined from 3.2 pre-operatively to 1.0, 0.8 and 0.7 after 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. Burden of operation was rated low. Patient satisfaction was high. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Dermatome shaving is efficient and with few complications, and is proposed as first line treatment of chronic tattoo reactions. Shaving of such reactions apparently has been neglected during enthusiastic introduction of laser approaches, which in the treatment of allergic tattoo reactions may be relatively contra indicated and of special risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Sepehri
- a Wound Healing Center, Bispebjerg University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark and
| | - Bo Jørgensen
- a Wound Healing Center, Bispebjerg University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark and
| | - Jørgen Serup
- b Department of Dermatology , Bispebjerg University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gaudron S, Ferrier-Le Bouëdec MC, Franck F, D'Incan M. Azo pigments and quinacridones induce delayed hypersensitivity in red tattoos. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 72:97-105. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Gaudron
- Department of Dermatology; Université d'Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand Hôpital Estaing; Lucie et Raymond Aubrac 63003 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Marie-Christine Ferrier-Le Bouëdec
- Department of Dermatology; Université d'Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand Hôpital Estaing; Lucie et Raymond Aubrac 63003 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Frederic Franck
- Department of Pathology; Université d'Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand Hôpital Estaing; Lucie et Raymond Aubrac 63003 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Michel D'Incan
- Department of Dermatology; Université d'Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand Hôpital Estaing; Lucie et Raymond Aubrac 63003 Clermont-Ferrand France
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Serup J, Hutton Carlsen K. Patch test study of 90 patients with tattoo reactions: Negative outcome of allergy patch test to baseline batteries and culprit inks suggests allergen(s) are generated in the skin through haptenization. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 71:255-63. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Serup
- Department of Dermatology; The ‘Tattoo Clinic’, Bispebjerg University Hospital; DK-2400 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Katrina Hutton Carlsen
- Department of Dermatology; The ‘Tattoo Clinic’, Bispebjerg University Hospital; DK-2400 Copenhagen Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kluger N. Skin tumors arising in tattoos: coincidental or upcoming public health issue? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.09.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
39
|
Hutton Carlsen K, Tolstrup J, Serup J. High-frequency ultrasound imaging of tattoo reactions with histopathology as a comparative method. Introduction of preoperative ultrasound diagnostics as a guide to therapeutic intervention. Skin Res Technol 2013; 20:257-64. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Hutton Carlsen
- Department of Dermatology; Bispebjerg University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. Tolstrup
- Department of Dermatology; Bispebjerg University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. Serup
- Department of Dermatology; Bispebjerg University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Lehner K, Santarelli F, Penning R, Vasold R, Engel E, Maisch T, Gastl K, König B, Landthaler M, Bäumler W. The decrease of pigment concentration in red tattooed skin years after tattooing. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 25:1340-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.03987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
42
|
|
43
|
Engel E, Vasold R, Santarelli F, Maisch T, Gopee NV, Howard PC, Landthaler M, Bäumler W. Tattooing of skin results in transportation and light-induced decomposition of tattoo pigments â a first quantification in vivo using a mouse model. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:54-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
44
|
Jemec GBE. Comment on: Tattooing of skin results in transportation and light-induced decomposition of tattoo pigments. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:61-2. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
45
|
Karsai S, Krieger G, Raulin C. Tattoo removal by non-professionals - medical and forensic considerations. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 24:756-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
46
|
Falconi M, Teti G, Zago M, Galanzi A, Breschi L, Pelotti S, Ruggeri A, Mazzotti G. Influence of a commercial tattoo ink on protein production in human fibroblasts. Arch Dermatol Res 2009; 301:539-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-009-0953-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|