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Yilmaz OF, Sarmıs A, Mutlu MA, Oguz H. Does corneal tattooing affect the conjunctival microbiota? Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2024; 43:46-51. [PMID: 37879108 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2023.2275025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effects of commercial tattoo inks used in corneal tattooing on conjunctival microbiota. METHOD This prospective case control study consisted of 125 participants divided in the following three groups: 35 patients with corneal tattoos, 40 patients with corneal leukoma, and 50 healthy subjects. Corneal tattooing was performed in all the cases in this study using a tattoo pen machine and commercial tattoo ink. A total of 500 cultures were taken from 250 eyes of 125 individuals on chocolate and sheep blood agar. Bacteriological samples were taken from the inferior eyelid conjunctiva using a sterile cotton swab. Without any contact elsewhere, the swabs were smeared on bedside chocolate agars and 5% sheep blood agar. RESULTS In tattooed eyes, bacterial growth was detected in 42.9% of the chocolate and sheep blood agar samples. In other healthy eyes of patients with corneal tattoos, 54.5% bacterial growth on chocolate agar and 57.1% on sheep blood agar were detected. No statistical difference was detected in the conjunctival microbiota of chocolate and sheep blood agar (p = 0.254, p = 0.134, respectively) in the tattooed eyes compared to the other eye of the individual. No statistically significant difference was found in terms of bacterial growth in tattooed, leukoma, or healthy eyes on chocolate and sheep blood agar (p = 0.408, p = 0.349). The growth rate of Staphylococcus epidermidis decreased by 33.3% (from 12 to 8) on chocolate agar in 35 tattooed eyes, and it decreased by 28.5% (from 14 to 10) on sheep blood agar, while gram-negative bacteria Brevundimonas diminuta, Acinetobacter lwoffii, and Psychrobacter faecalis were detected in three patients. CONCLUSION Corneal tattooing using commercial dye does not affect conjunctival microbiota. In the past 3 years, 120 patients have been tattooed with commercial tattoo ink in Istanbul Medeniyet University Göztepe Training and Research Hospital. No complications related to infection were found in the 3-year follow-up. The gram-negative bacteria detected in the healthy control group and tattooed eyes were bacteria found on normal skin or in the respiratory tract. Although some gram-negative bacteria do not cause infection, careful eye examination, follow-up, and culture are required in suspicious cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Faruk Yilmaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Göztepe Prof. Dr. Süleyman Yalçin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Sarmıs
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Göztepe Prof. Dr. Süleyman Yalçin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Ali Mutlu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Halit Oguz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Schubert S, Kluger N, Schreiver I. Hypersensitivity to permanent tattoos: Literature summary and comprehensive review of patch tested tattoo patients 1997-2022. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 88:331-350. [PMID: 36772861 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
We outline constituents of tattoo and permanent make-up ink with regard to inflammatory tattoo reactions and population-based confounders. The comprehensive review of patch-tested tattoo patients between 1997 and 2022 shows that tattoo allergy cannot be reliably diagnosed via patch testing with today's knowledge. Weak penetration and slow haptenization of pigments, unavailability of pigments as test allergens and a lack of knowledge concerning relevant epitopes hamper the diagnosis of tattoo allergy. Patch testing p-phenylenediamine and disperse (textile) dyes is not able to close this gap. Sensitization to metals was associated with all types of tattoo complications, although often not clinically relevant for the tattoo reaction. Binders and industrial biocides are frequently missing on ink declarations and should be patch tested. The pigment carbon black (C.I. 77266) is no skin sensitizer. Patch tests with culprit inks were usually positive with cheap ink products for non-professional use or with professionally used inks in patients with eczematous reactions characterized by papules and infiltration. Tape stripping before patch testing and patch test readings on Day 8 or 10 may improve the diagnostic quality. The meaningfulness of the categorical EU-wide ban of Pigment Green 7 and Pigment Blue 15:3 is not substantiated by the presented data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Schubert
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Kluger
- Department of Dermatology, 'Tattoo' Consultation, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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3
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Abstract
Tattoo inks are comprised of different combinations of bioactive chemicals with combined biological effects that are insufficiently explored. Tattoos have been associated with oxidative stress; however, a recent N-of-1 study suggested that blue tattoos may be associated with suppressed local skin oxidative stress. The present study aimed to explore the attributes of the blue tattoo ink (BTI) that may explain its possible effects on redox homeostasis, namely the catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-mimetic properties that have been reported for copper(II) phthalocyanine (CuPC) - the main BTI constituent. Intenze™ Persian blue (PB) BTI has been used in the experiment. CAT and SOD-mimetic properties of PB and its pigment-enriched fractions were analyzed using the carbonato-cobaltate (III) formation-derived H2O2 dissociation and 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene autoxidation rate assays utilizing simple buffers and biochemical matrix of normal skin tissue as chemical reaction environments. CuPC-based tattoo ink PB and both its blue and white pigment-enriched fractions demonstrate CAT and SOD-mimetic properties in vitro with effect sizes demonstrating a substantial dependence on the biochemical environment. PB constituents act as inhibitors of CAT but potentiate its activity in the biochemical matrix of the skin. CuPC-based BTI can mimic antioxidant enzymes, however chemical constituents other than CuPC (e.g. the photoreactive TiO2) seem to be at least partially responsible for the BTI redox-modulating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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4
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Famele M, Lavalle R, Leoni C, Majorani C, Ferranti C, Palleschi L, Fava L, Draisci R, D'Ilio S. Quantification of Preservatives in Tattoo And Pmu Inks in The Frame of The New Requirements Under Reach Regulation. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:233-240. [PMID: 35289945 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the REACH restriction, tattoo and permanent make-up (PMU) inks placed on the EU market after 4th January 2022 shall not contain methylisothiazolinone (MI), benzisothiazolinone (BIT), octylisothiazolinone (OIT) or other skin sensitisers in concentrations ≥10 mg/kg and phenoxyethanol (PE) or other eye irritants or damaging substances in concentrations ≥100 mg/kg. In addition, preservatives and other substances enlisted in Annex II to Cosmetic Product Regulation shall not be present in concentrations ≥0.5 mg/kg. OBJECTIVES Quantification of 14 preservatives in 99 tattoo and 39 PMU inks from the Italian market and comparison with concentration limits set by REACH restriction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Inks were analysed by applying validated analytical methods based on liquid-chromatography techniques. RESULTS About 24.0% and 1.5% of the overall samples contained BIT and OIT respectively in concentrations ≥10 mg/kg; PE was detected at concentrations ≥100 mg/kg in 15.2% of samples. Number of non-compliant tattoo inks (49.5%) would be significantly greater than PMU samples (17.9%). CONCLUSIONS About 40.6% of the samples would be non-compliant with the restriction for the presence of preservatives above the permitted level. Additional concentration limits will apply to skin sensitising preservatives for proper labelling of inks under CLP Regulation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Famele
- National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetics and Consumer Health Protection, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena n. 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Lavalle
- National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetics and Consumer Health Protection, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena n. 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Leoni
- National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetics and Consumer Health Protection, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena n. 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Costanza Majorani
- National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetics and Consumer Health Protection, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena n. 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Ferranti
- National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetics and Consumer Health Protection, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena n. 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Palleschi
- National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetics and Consumer Health Protection, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena n. 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Fava
- National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetics and Consumer Health Protection, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena n. 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Draisci
- National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetics and Consumer Health Protection, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena n. 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia D'Ilio
- National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetics and Consumer Health Protection, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena n. 299, Rome, Italy
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5
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Leijs M, Schaefer H, Rübben A, Cacchi C, Rustemeyer T, van der Bent S. Cutaneous Malignancies in Tattoos, a Case Series of Six Patients. Curr Oncol 2021; 28:4721-37. [PMID: 34898571 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28060398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A variety of side effects following the tattooing of the skin were reported over the years. Analytical studies showed that some tattoo inks contain harmful compounds. Methods: We presented six patient cases with cutaneous malignancies in tattooed skin and performed an extensive literature research. Results: Two patients with black ink tattoos that were diagnosed with malignant melanoma raises the number of described cases to 36 patients. One of the patients developed an immunologic reaction limited to the tattoo area after treatment with a targeted immune therapy. In the other patient, the malignancy (malignant melanoma) was fatal. Basal cell carcinoma was seen in four patients with tattoos containing varying ink colors (black, green, red). This increased the number of described patient cases to 18. Although some ink components and their cleavage products have carcinogenic properties, epidemiological evidence for a causative correlation fails. Further epidemiologic studies on tattoos and malignancies, as well as on the appearance of naevi in tattoos, are necessary. Determining the type of mutation might be helpful to separate sun-induced tumors from skin cancers due to other pathogenic mechanisms.
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6
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Karregat JJJP, Rustemeyer T, van der Bent SAS, Spiekstra SW, Thon M, Fernandez Rivas D, Gibbs S. Assessment of cytotoxicity and sensitization potential of intradermally injected tattoo inks in reconstructed human skin. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:324-339. [PMID: 34029376 PMCID: PMC8453820 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The number of people within the European population having at least one tattoo has increased notably, and with it the number of tattoo‐associated clinical complications. Despite this, safety information and testing regarding tattoo inks remain limited. Objective To assess cytotoxicity and sensitization potential of 16 tattoo inks after intradermal injection into reconstructed human skin (RHS). Methods Commercially available tattoo inks were injected intradermally into RHS (reconstructed epidermis on a fibroblast‐populated collagen hydrogel) using a permanent makeup device. RHS biopsies, tissue sections, and culture medium were assessed for cytotoxicity (thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay [MTT assay]), detrimental histological changes (haematoxylin and eosin staining), and the presence of inflammatory and sensitization cytokines (interleukin [IL]‐1α, IL‐8, IL‐18; enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay). Results Varying degrees of reduced metabolic activity and histopathological cytotoxic effects were observed in RHS after ink injection. Five inks showed significantly reduced metabolic activity and enhanced sensitization potential compared with negative controls. Discussion Using the RHS model system, four tattoo inks were identified as highly cytotoxic and classified as potential sensitizers, suggesting that allergic contact dermatitis could emerge in individuals carrying these inks. These results indicate that an RHS‐based assessment of cytotoxicity and sensitization potential by intradermal tattoo ink injection is a useful analytical tool to determine ink‐induced deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey J J P Karregat
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Academic Tattoo Clinic Amsterdam, Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Academic Tattoo Clinic Amsterdam, Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sander W Spiekstra
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Thon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Fernandez Rivas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Abstract
Biomedical aspects of tattooing have been extensively discussed in literature, however pathophysiological effects of tattoo inks in the human body are still unexplored. Oxidative stress is considered responsible for the adverse effects of tattooing, however no experimental evidence for tattoo ink-related oxidative stress in the human body currently exists. The aim was to examine the effect of a blue tattoo on skin redox regulatory network (RRN) parameters in a single human subject. Skin surface oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) was analyzed with a PH60F flat probe. Interstitial and intracellular fluid enriched capillary blood from the tattoo and the control area was extracted and analyzed with I2/KI-stabilized microORP, nitrocellulose redox permanganometry (NRP), carbonato-cobaltate (III) formation-derived H2O2 dissociation rate assay, 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene autoxidation assay, thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) assay and 5,5,'-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB)-based determination of free thiol content in low molecular weight and protein precipitate fractions. Surface ORP analysis revealed a greater antioxidant capacity of tattooed skin in comparison with the control (CTR). Capillary blood analysis confirmed greater reductive capacity in the tattoo sample both by microORP (-4.33 mV vs CTR) and NRP (+10.8%). Hydrogen peroxide dissociation rate (+11.8%), and protein sulfhydryl content (+8.5%) were increased, and lipid peroxidation (-15%) was reduced in the tattoo sample in comparison with the CTR. In this N-of-1 study, RRN of tattooed skin was shifted toward a more reductive state with all parameters indicating reduced levels of oxidative stress in comparison with nontattooed skin. The local antioxidant effect of copper(II) phthalocyanine provides one possible explanation of the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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8
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Abstract
Tattoo pigment can precipitate numerous inflammatory states, and granulomatous tattoo
reactions are a diagnostically challenging form. The skin is the most common site of
inflammation, but systemic inflammation can occur. Reactions to black tattoo ink have a
broad differential of cutaneous and systemic conditions. Sarcoidosis is an important
consideration because it is unclear whether it is a separate entity. Here we present a
31-year-old male who developed an inflammatory eruption where he had black tattoos. He
also developed circular patches of scalp alopecia, monocular uveitis, and an enlarged
axillary lymph node, initially thought to represent lymphoma. Tissue biopsy of the skin
and lymph node revealed findings consistent with granulomatous tattoo reaction.
Investigations for other diagnoses, including sarcoidosis, were negative. He was treated
with systemic corticosteroids and then with topical corticosteroids and oral
hydroxychloroquine. This case report demonstrates the diagnostic challenge associated with
granulomatous tattoo ink reactions. Further studies are needed to improve characterization
and management of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetesh Bose
- Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa,
Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, The Ottawa Hospital,
Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Reetesh Bose, Division of Dermatology, The Ottawa
Hospital, 737 Parkdale Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada.
| | | | - Simone Fahim
- Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa,
Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, The Ottawa Hospital,
Ottawa, ON, Canada
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9
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Nho SW, Kim M, Kweon O, Kim SJ, Moon MS, Periz G, Huang MCJ, Dewan K, Sadrieh NK, Cerniglia CE. Microbial contamination of tattoo and permanent makeup inks marketed in the US: a follow-up study. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 71:351-358. [PMID: 32654157 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In a 2018 survey, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) identified microbial contamination in 42 (49%) of 85 unopened tattoo and permanent makeup (PMU) inks purchased from 13 manufacturers in the US between November 2015 and April 2016. To confirm the results of our previous survey, we evaluated the level of microbial contamination in an additional 27 samples from 10 manufacturers from September 2017 to December 2017, including 21 unopened tattoo and PMU inks which were selected based on our previous survey results and 6 ink diluents that were not previously analysed. Aerobic plate count and enrichment culture methods from the FDA's Bacteriological Analytical Manual revealed 11 (52%) out of 21 inks, from six manufacturers, were contaminated with micro-organisms, with contamination levels up to 3·6 × 108 CFU per gram, consistent with our previous survey results. We identified 25 bacterial strains belonging to nine genera and 19 species. Strains of Bacillus sp. (11 strains, 44%) were dominant, followed by Paenibacillus sp. (5 strains, 20%). Clinically relevant strains, such as Kocuria rhizophila and Oligella ureolytica, were also identified, as similar to the findings in our previous survey. No microbial contamination was detected in any of the six ink diluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Nho
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AK, USA
| | - M Kim
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AK, USA
| | - O Kweon
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AK, USA
| | - S-J Kim
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AK, USA
| | - M S Moon
- Office of Cosmetics and Colors, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. FDA, College Park, MD, USA
| | - G Periz
- Office of Cosmetics and Colors, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. FDA, College Park, MD, USA
| | - M-C J Huang
- Office of Cosmetics and Colors, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. FDA, College Park, MD, USA
| | - K Dewan
- Office of Cosmetics and Colors, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. FDA, College Park, MD, USA
| | - N K Sadrieh
- Office of Cosmetics and Colors, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. FDA, College Park, MD, USA
| | - C E Cerniglia
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AK, USA
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10
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic reactions to metals and metal salts used in tattoo pigments occur surprisingly frequently. For this reason, this study focused on the determination of thallium (Tl) in the samples of color tattoo inks. These inks are commonly used in tattooing processes worldwide. MATERIAL AND METHODS The samples were analyzed with the use of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. The stripping anodic peak current of Tl was linear over its concentration range of 0.5-6.0 μg/l, which corresponds to 2.45×10<sup>-9</sup>-2.94×10<sup>-8</sup> M. The determined value of the limit of detection (LOD) was equal to 0.149 μg/l (7.29×10<sup>-10</sup> M). RESULTS The obtained results revealed a wide range of Tl contents in tattoo inks, i.e., 0.0029-0.4275 μg/g. The content of this metal varied substantially depending on the pigment used in tattoo inks. CONCLUSIONS Thallium was identified and determined in all tested samples. Its content depends on the country of origin but it does not depend directly on the color. The lowest content of Tl was found in the pink ink and the highest in the violet ink (from Israel), and a similar content was also found in the yellow ink (from Israel). The use of colored inks in larger quantities (a dense pattern and a larger surface area covered) may potentially pose a health risk. The danger of Tl poisoning from tattooing depends on the type of the ink (color) and its origin. As Tl is not considered a micronutrient, introducing such a Tl content into the body may be associated with a potentially harmful accumulation of this metal in body organs, causing various types of ailments and toxic effects primarily on the nervous, skeletal and circulatory systems. The obtained results suggest that tattooists may be exposed to the toxic effects of Tl in tattoo inks. The analytical data presented in the paper may constitute the basis for determining the acceptable limits of toxic Tl contents in tattoo inks. Med Pr. 2020;71(4):405-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Karbowska
- Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland (Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry)
| | - Tomasz Rębiś
- Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland (Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry)
| | - Joanna Zembrzuska
- Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland (Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry)
| | - Katarzyna Nadolska
- Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland (Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry)
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11
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LaRochelle EPM, Soter J, Barrios L, Guzmán M, Streeter SS, Gunn JR, Bejarano S, Pogue BW. Imaging luminescent tattoo inks for direct visualization of linac and cobalt irradiation. Med Phys 2020; 47:1807-1812. [PMID: 32056218 PMCID: PMC7198205 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tattoo fiducials are commonly used in radiotherapy patient alignment, and recent studies have examined the use of UV-excited luminescent tattoo ink as a cosmetic substitute to make these visible under UV illumination. The goal of this study was to show how luminescent tattoo inks could be excited with MV radiation and imaged during beam delivery for direct visualization of field position. METHODS A survey of nine UV-sensitive tattoo inks with various emission spectra were investigated using both UV and MV excitation. Images of liquid solutions were collected under MV excitation using an intensified-CMOS imager. Solid skin-simulating phantoms were imaged with both surface-painted ink and in situ tattooing during dose delivery by both a clinical linear accelerator and cobalt-60 source. RESULTS The UV inks have peak fluorescence emission ranging from approximately 440 to 600 nm with lifetimes near 11-16 μs. The luminescence intensity is approximately 6x higher during the x-ray pulse than after the pulse, however, the signal-to-noise is only approximately twice as large. Spatial resolution for imaging was achieved at 1.6 mm accuracy in a skin test phantom. Optical filtering allows for continuous imaging using a cobalt source and provides a mechanism to discriminate ink colors using a monochromatic image sensor. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates how low-cost inks can be used as fiducial markers and imaged both using time-gated and continuous modes during MV dose delivery. Phantom studies demonstrate the potential application of real-time field verification. Further studies are required to understand if this technique could be used as a tool for radiation dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Soter
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jason R. Gunn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | | | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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12
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den Blanken MD, van der Bent S, Liberton N, Grimbergen M, Hofman MBM, Verdaasdonk R, Rustemeyer T. Quantification of cutaneous allergic reactions using 3D optical imaging: A feasibility study. Skin Res Technol 2019; 26:67-75. [PMID: 31423660 PMCID: PMC7003777 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background User‐independent quantitative measures of cutaneous allergic reactions can help the physicians manage and evaluate the treatment of cutaneous allergic reactions. In this paper, we present and validate a method to quantify the elevation, volume and area of cutaneous allergic reactions to red tattoos. Methods The skin surface of allergic tattoo reactions was imaged using an optical 3D scanner. The in‐house developed analysis tool measured the elevation, volume and area of the lesions, compared to a reference surface. This reference surface was created by 3D interpolation of the skin after manual removal of the lesions. The error of the interpolation tool was validated using a digital arm model. The error of our optical scanner was determined using a 3D printed lesion phantom. The clinical feasibility of the method was tested in 83 lesions in 17 patients. Results The method showed clear potential to assess skin elevation, volume change and area of an allergic reaction. The validation measurements revealed that the error due to interpolation increases for larger interpolation areas and largely determined the error in the clinical measurements. Lesions with a width ≥4 mm and an elevation ≥0.4 mm could be measured with an error below 26%. Patient measurements showed that lesions up to 600 mm2 could be measured accurately, and elevation and volume changes could be assessed at follow‐up. Conclusion Quantification of cutaneous allergic reactions to red tattoos using 3D optical scanning is feasible and may objectify skin elevation and improve management of the allergic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D den Blanken
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan van der Bent
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Tattoo Clinic Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Liberton
- Medical Technology, 3D innovationlab, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Grimbergen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark B M Hofman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Verdaasdonk
- Biomedical Photonics and Imaging group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Tattoo Clinic Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sauvageau AP, Mojeski JA, Bax MJ, Bogner PN. Delayed-onset pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia reaction to red tattoo pigment resembling squamous cell carcinoma. JAAD Case Rep 2019; 5:222-224. [PMID: 30809565 PMCID: PMC6374962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Sauvageau
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jacob A Mojeski
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Michael J Bax
- Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Paul N Bogner
- Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
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Bil W, van der Bent SAS, Spiekstra SW, Nazmi K, Rustemeyer T, Gibbs S. Comparison of the skin sensitization potential of 3 red and 2 black tattoo inks using interleukin-18 as a biomarker in a reconstructed human skin model. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 79:336-345. [PMID: 30136287 PMCID: PMC6282746 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last decade, the number of people with ≥1 tattoo has increased noticeably within the European population. Despite this, limited safety information is available for tattoo inks. OBJECTIVES To test the skin sensitization potential of 5 tattoo inks in vitro by using reconstructed human skin (RHS) and the contact sensitization biomarker interleukin (IL)-18. METHODS Two red and 3 black tattoo inks, 1 additive (Hamamelis virginiana extract) and 1 irritant control (lactic acid) were tested. The culture medium of RHS (reconstructed epidermis on a fibroblast-populated collagen hydrogel) was supplemented with test substances in a dose-dependent manner for 24 hours, after which cytotoxicity (histology; thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay) and skin sensitization potential (IL-18 secretion; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were assessed. RESULTS All but 1 ink showed cytotoxicity. Notably, 1 red ink and 1 black ink were able to cause an inflammatory response, indicated by substantial release of IL-18, suggesting that these inks may be contact sensitizers. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro RHS model showed that 4 tattoo inks were cytotoxic and 2 were able to cause an inflammatory IL-18 response, indicating that an individual may develop allergic contact dermatitis when exposed to these tattoo inks, as they contain contact sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieneke Bil
- Academic Tattoo Clinic Amsterdam, Department of DermatologyVU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan A. S. van der Bent
- Academic Tattoo Clinic Amsterdam, Department of DermatologyVU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sander W. Spiekstra
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologyVU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Kamran Nazmi
- Department of Oral BiochemistryAcademic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Academic Tattoo Clinic Amsterdam, Department of DermatologyVU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologyVU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Oral Cell BiologyAcademic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
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15
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González-Villanueva I, Álvarez-Chinchilla P, Silvestre JF. Allergic reaction to 3 tattoo inks containing Pigment Yellow 65. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 79:107-108. [PMID: 29635783 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iris González-Villanueva
- Cutaneous Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro Álvarez-Chinchilla
- Cutaneous Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Juan F Silvestre
- Cutaneous Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Grant CA, Twigg PC, Baker R, Tobin DJ. Tattoo ink nanoparticles in skin tissue and fibroblasts. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2015; 6:1183-1191. [PMID: 26171294 PMCID: PMC4464189 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tattooing has long been practised in various societies all around the world and is becoming increasingly common and widespread in the West. Tattoo ink suspensions unquestionably contain pigments composed of nanoparticles, i.e., particles of sub-100 nm dimensions. It is widely acknowledged that nanoparticles have higher levels of chemical activity than their larger particle equivalents. However, assessment of the toxicity of tattoo inks has been the subject of little research and ink manufacturers are not obliged to disclose the exact composition of their products. This study examines tattoo ink particles in two fundamental skin components at the nanometre level. We use atomic force microscopy and light microscopy to examine cryosections of tattooed skin, exploring the collagen fibril networks in the dermis that contain ink nanoparticles. Further, we culture fibroblasts in diluted tattoo ink to explore both the immediate impact of ink pigment on cell viability and also to observe the interaction between particles and the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Grant
- Advanced Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C Twigg
- Advanced Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Baker
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Desmond J Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
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