“Beauty lies in the eye of the beholder”? Aspects of beauty and attractiveness

What we see is what we touch? Sex estimation on the skull in virtual anthropology

BACKGROUND

The increased use of virtual bone images in forensic anthropology requires a comprehensive study on the observational errors between dry bones and CT reconstructions. Here, we focus on the consistency of nonmetric sex estimation traits on the human skull.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We scored nine nonmetric traits on dry crania and mandibles (n = 223) of archaeological origin and their CT reconstructions. Additionally, we 3D surface scanned a subsample (n = 50) and repeated our observations. Due to the intricate anatomy of the mental eminence, we split it into two separate traits: the bilateral mental tubercles and the midsagittal mental protuberance. We provide illustrations and descriptions for both these traits.

RESULTS

We obtained supreme consistency values between the CT and 3D surface modalities. The most consistent cranial traits were the glabella and the supraorbital margin, followed by the nuchal crest, zygomatic extension, mental tubercles, mental protuberance, mental eminence, mastoid process and ramus flexure, in descending order. The mental tubercles show higher consistency scores than the mental eminence and the mental protuberance.

DISCUSSION

The increased interchangeability of the virtual modalities with each other as compared to the dry bone modality could be due to the lack of tactility on both the CT and surface scans. Moreover, tactility appears less essential with experience than a precise trait description. Future studies could revolve around the most consistent cranial traits, combining them with pelvic traits from a previous study, to test for accuracy.

Perspective Morphometric Criteria for Facial Beauty and Proportion Assessment

Common sense usually considers the assessment of female human attractiveness to be subjective. Nevertheless, in the past decades, several studies and experiments showed that an objective component in beauty assessment exists and can be strictly related, even if it does not match, with proportions of features. Proportions can be studied through analysis of the face, which relies on landmarks, i.e., specific points on the facial surface, which are shared by everyone, and measurements between them. In this work, several measures have been gathered from studies in the literature considering datasets of beautiful women to build a set of measures that can be defined as suggestive of female attractiveness. The resulting set consists of 29 measures applied to a public dataset, the Bosphorus database, whose faces have been both analyzed by the developed methodology based on the expanded set of measures and judged by human observers. Results show that the set of chosen measures is significant in terms of attractiveness evaluation, confirming the key role of proportions in beauty assessment; furthermore, the sorting of identified measures has been performed to identify the most significant canons involved in the evaluation.

Evaluation of facial beauty using anthropometric proportions

The improvement of a patient's facial appearance is one of the main goals of contemporary orthodontic treatment. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the difference in facial proportions between attractive and anonymous females in order to establish objective facial features which are widely considered as beautiful. The study included two groups: first group consisted of 83 Caucasian female subjects between 22 and 28 years of age who were selected from the population of students at the University of Belgrade, and the second group included 24 attractive celebrity Caucasian females. The en face facial photographs were taken in natural head position (NHP). Numerous parameters were recorded on these photographs, in order to establish facial symmetry and correlation with the ideal set of proportions. This study showed significant difference between anonymous and attractive females. Attractive females showed smaller face in general and uniformity of the facial thirds and fifths, and most of the facial parameters meet the criteria of the ideal proportions.

The aging perioral region -- Do we really know what is happening?

OBJECTIVES

The perioral region is subject to a myriad of different treatments for rejuvenation, many of which are applied without a clear understanding of the underlying physiological processes of perioral aging. The results of these procedures are therefore sometimes not optimal and do not achieve a natural youthful appearance. The aim of this study was to put the results of three investigations into the perioral aging process into relation to clinical application in aesthetic medicine.

DESIGN

Three different investigations were performed to evaluate the complex 3-dimensional changes during the perioral aging process. Perioral proportions of 182 standardized subject photographs were measured in a photomorphometric study and correlated to age. In cranial MRI scans of 30 women aged 20-35 and 30 women aged 65-80 relevant anatomical dimensions were measured. Histological cross cuts of the upper lip complex of 20 individuals in two age groups, young (< 40 years, n = 10) and old (> 80 years, n = 10), were analysed. The results were then set into relation to today's lip rejuvenation procedures.

RESULTS

All studies showed a statistically significant lengthening of the aging upper lip. The photomorphometric study further showed an increase of prolabium skin at the cost of a decreasing visible upper lip vermilion. The MRI scans showed a decrease in thickness and redistribution towards a length increase but no total volume loss. Histomorphometric analysis revealed statistically significant thinning of the cutis, thickening of the subcutis and a degeneration of elastic and collagen fibers. The orbicularis oris muscle becomes thinner and shows a decrease of the forward curve defining the vermilion border. The results show that the main processes of lip aging are redistribution from thickness to length without total volume loss and a decrease of structural components of the lip, which leads to the decrease of pouting, an inversion of the vermilion and a ptosis of the lip.

CONCLUSION

A new and better understanding of the underlying physiological changes of perioral aging is essential and will lead to a better and more specific implementation of perioral rejuvenation procedures which will lead to more natural results.