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Braga J, Grine FE. New craniodental fossils of Paranthropus robustus from Kromdraai, South Africa (2014-2017 excavations). J Hum Evol 2024; 188:103481. [PMID: 38382132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Since the initial discovery of Paranthropus robustus at the site of Kromdraai in 1938, the hypodigm of this species has been expanded by subsequent work at the localities of Swartkrans and Drimolen, with a few fossils also known from Cooper's D, Gondolin and Sterkfontein Member 5. Beginning in 2014, systematic excavations at Kromdraai uncovered a large and previously unknown fossiliferous area, shedding light on Units O and P in the earliest part of the site's stratigraphic sequence. The aim of this paper is to provide detailed descriptions and illustrations of 30 P. robustus craniodental specimens recovered between 2014 and 2017 within the Unit P deposits at Kromdraai. This new sample predates all prior conspecific specimens found at this site (including the holotype of P. robustus from Kromdraai, TM 1517). Its basic dental morphology dimensions and cranial features are compared in a preliminary analysis with other P. robustus samples. The P. robustus sample from Kromdraai Unit P documents previously unknown portions of the P. robustus juvenile cranium. The new dental and cranial remains aid in the exploration of potential morphological distinctions between site-specific P. robustus samples and are compared favorably in size and morphology with the small P. robustus specimens from Drimolen (e.g., DNH 7). These findings do not support the hypothesis that the specimens from Drimolen belong to a different taxonomic group. Instead, they reinforce the presence of a significant degree of sexual dimorphism within P. robustus. The Kromdraai Unit P specimens also contribute to the biodemographic profile of P. robustus. The notable prevalence of infants (i.e., juvenile individuals before the emergence of their first permanent molars) mirrors the natural mortality profiles observed in wild chimpanzees. This suggests a closer resemblance in the processes of accumulation in Kromdraai Unit P and Drimolen than at Swartkrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Braga
- Centre for Anthropobiology & Genomics of Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 37 allées Jules Guesde, Toulouse, France; Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Frederick E Grine
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Syed Mohd Hamdan SN, Rahmat RAA, Abdul Razak F, Abd Kadir KA, Mohd Faizal Abdullah ER, Ibrahim N. Sex estimation of Malaysian sub-adults using craniometrics: A computed tomography study. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2023; 64:102275. [PMID: 37229938 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sex estimation is crucial in biological profiling of skeletal human remains. Methods used for sex estimation in adults are less effective for sub-adults due to varied cranium patterns during the growth period. Hence, this study aimed to develop a sex estimation model for Malaysian sub-adults using craniometric measurements obtained through multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT). A total of 521 cranial MSCT dataset of sub-adult Malaysians (279 males, 242 females; 0-20 years old) were collected. Mimics software version 21.0 (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) was used to construct three-dimensional (3D) models. A plane-to-plane (PTP) protocol was utilised to measure 14 selected craniometric parameters. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) and binary logistic regression (BLR) were used to statistically analyze the data. In this study, low level of sexual dimorphism was observed in cranium below 6 years old. The level was then increased with age. For sample validation data, the accuracy of DFA and BLR in estimating sex improved with age from 61.6% to 90.3%. All age groups except 0-2 and 3-6 showed high accuracy percentage (≥75%) when tested using DFA and BLR. DFA and BLR can be utilised to estimate sex for Malaysian sub-adult using MSCT craniometric measurements. However, BLR showed higher accuracy than DFA in sex estimation of sub-adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rabiah Al-Adawiyah Rahmat
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia
| | - Fathilah Abdul Razak
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Norliza Ibrahim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia.
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3
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Rojas-Sepúlveda CM, Buitrago-Orjuela L. Differential diagnosis for two 'holes in the head' of a child from 982 to 904 BP in northern South America. Int J Paleopathol 2023; 41:117-122. [PMID: 37192561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present paleopathological evidence of a congenital anomaly with photographic support and a review that will help scholars to diagnose the condition. MATERIALS Well-preserved skeletal remains of a child from central Colombia, dated 968-1046 CE. METHODS Macroscopic examination and computerized axial tomography. RESULTS Two holes were observed in the skull. CONCLUSIONS The pathology is consistent with a neural tube defect or an inclusion cyst. SIGNIFICANCE Neural tube defects and inclusion cysts, in paleopathology, are rarely reported in children. The preservation and origin of the individual make this case valuable. The photographic support and the review is useful for other scholars in the field. LIMITATIONS It was not possible to determine a single cause. SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH Review cases in identified osteological collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Rojas-Sepúlveda
- Department of Anthropology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Carrera 45 #26-85, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
| | - L Buitrago-Orjuela
- Concesión Alto Magdalena, Calle 106 # 57 - 23 oficina 408 Edificio 106, Bogotá, Colombia
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Odabas S, Derkuş B, Vargel İ, Vural AC. Surgical method for critical sized cranial defects in rat cranium. MethodsX 2023; 10:102208. [PMID: 37234940 PMCID: PMC10205777 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cranial tissue models are a widely used model to show the bone repair and the regeneration ability of candidate biomaterials for tissue engineering purposes. Until now, efficacy studies of different biomaterials for calvarial defect bone regeneration have been reported, generally in small animal models. This paper offers a versatile, reliable, and reproducible surgical method for creating a critical-sized cranial defect in rats including critical steps and tried-and-tested tips. The method proposed here,•Shows a general procedure for in vivo cranial models.•Provide an insight to restore bone tissue repair that may be used in combination with several tissue engineering strategies•Is a crucial technique that may guide in vivo bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Odabas
- Ankara University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory (bteLAB), Turkey
- Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Advanced Materials (INTRAM), Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burak Derkuş
- Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Advanced Materials (INTRAM), Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ankara University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Stem Cell Research Laboratory (SCRLab), Ankara, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Vargel
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
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Antón SC, Middleton ER. Making meaning from fragmentary fossils: Early Homo in the Early to early Middle Pleistocene. J Hum Evol 2023; 179:103307. [PMID: 37030994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
In celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Journal of Human Evolution, we re-evaluate the fossil record for early Homo (principally Homo erectus, Homo habilis, and Homo rudolfensis) from early diversification and dispersal in the Early Pleistocene to the ultimate demise of H. erectus in the early Middle Pleistocene. The mid-1990s marked an important historical turning point in our understanding of early Homo with the redating of key H. erectus localities, the discovery of small H. erectus in Asia, and the recovery of an even earlier presence of early Homo in Africa. As such, we compare our understanding of early Homo before and after this time and discuss how the order of fossil discovery and a focus on anchor specimens has shaped, and in many ways biased, our interpretations of early Homo species and the fossils allocated to them. Fragmentary specimens may counter conventional wisdom but are often overlooked in broad narratives. We recognize at least three different cranial and two or three pelvic morphotypes of early Homo. Just one postcranial morph aligns with any certainty to a cranial species, highlighting the importance of explicitly identifying how we link specimens together and to species; we offer two ways of visualizing these connections. Chronologically and morphologically H. erectus is a member of early Homo, not a temporally more recent species necessarily evolved from either H. habilis or H. rudolfensis. Nonetheless, an ancestral-descendant notion of their evolution influences expectations around the anatomy of missing elements, especially the foot. Weak support for long-held notions of postcranial modernity in H. erectus raises the possibility of alternative drivers of dispersal. New observations suggest that the dearth of faces in later H. erectus may mask taxonomic diversity in Asia and suggest various later mid-Pleistocene populations could derive from either Asia or Africa. Future advances will rest on the development of nuanced ways to affiliate fossils, greater transparency of implicit assumptions, and attention to detailed life history information for comparative collections; all critical pursuits for future research given the great potential they have to enrich our evolutionary reconstructions for the next fifty years and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Antón
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, NY, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Emily R Middleton
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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6
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Cofran Z, Hurst S, Beaudet A, Zipfel B. An overlooked Australopithecus brain endocast from Makapansgat, South Africa. J Hum Evol 2023; 178:103346. [PMID: 36958187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Cofran
- Anthropology Department, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA; Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human Journey, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Shawn Hurst
- Department of Biology, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amélie Beaudet
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK; School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg, South Africa; Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Calle de les Columnes, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernhard Zipfel
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Gündemir O, Duro S, Szara T, Koungoulos L, Jashari T, Demircioğlu İ, Hadžiomerović N, Ilieski V, Melnyk OP, Melnyk OO. Skull variation in different breeds sheep from Balkan countries. Ann Anat 2023; 249:152083. [PMID: 36935088 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The Balkan Peninsula region has a very diverse agricultural and livestock tradition, and almost every country has its own local breed of sheep. Different breeds of sheep and different breeding traditions, despite the small geographical distance, determine the morphological and morphometric variability among animal breeds. In this study, this morphological diversity among the skulls of sheep breeds of some countries in the Balkan region was examined by the geometric morphometric method. 2D images of 86 sheep skulls from five different countries were analyzed from the dorsal view.Sixteen landmarks were used. The Bardhoka and the Ivesi breed have the broadest distributions of skull shape amongst the sheep breeds. The Ruda sheep is the most morphologically conservative. The sheep from Turkey (Ivesi) and Kosovo (Bardhoka) seem to differ mainly from sheep from other Balkan countries. Bardhoka and Ruda differ most from each other (p < 0.0001). The next biggest differences were between Ivesi and Ruda (p < 0.0011) and between Bardhoka and Sharri sheep (p < 0.0016). The sheep breeds Dubska and Lara e Polisit differ the least from each other. Geometrics morphometric analysis is a useful tool to detect differences in the shape of the skull of different sheep breeds and can therefore be used successfully for taxonomic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Gündemir
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34500, Turkey
| | - Sokol Duro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Tirana, 1029 Tirana, Albania
| | - Tomasz Szara
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Loukas Koungoulos
- Department of Archaeology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tefik Jashari
- Institute of Graduate Studies, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34500, Turkey
| | - İsmail Demircioğlu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, 63200 Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Nedžad Hadžiomerović
- Department of Anatomy and Histology with Embryology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Vlatko Ilieski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Oleg P Melnyk
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Histology and Pathomorphology, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
| | - Oleksii O Melnyk
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Histology and Pathomorphology, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
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8
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von Cramon-Taubadel N. Patterns of integration and modularity in the primate skeleton: a review. J Anthropol Sci 2022; 100:109-140. [PMID: 36565456 DOI: 10.4436/jass.10012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The question of how complex morphologies evolve, given constraints imposed by genetic, developmental and functional factors, has been a topic of inquiry for many decades. In the mid-twentieth century the study of morphological trait covariation, and the implications of this for evolutionary diversification, was developed under the general concept of "morphological integration". Given the polygenic inheritance model underlying quantitative skeletal traits, and the existence of differential pleiotropic effects, it is assumed that variation in the genotype to phenotype map will lead to the emergence of semi-autonomous "modules" that share relatively stronger covariance (integration) among traits within them. Understanding these potential patterns of modularity in the primate skeleton is important for clarifying the seeming inconsistencies presented by "mosaic" morphologies found in fossil taxa, as well as providing hypothetical units of morphological evolution that can be compared across the primate order. A review of the primate skeletal integration and modularity literature was conducted with the aim of assessing (i) the general nature of primate skeletal integration patterns, and (ii) the extent to which any identified modularity patterns are ubiquitous across primates. The vast literature on cranial integration reveals some consistency in suggesting that the face and the neurocranium (and in some cases, the basicranium and vault) form distinct modules, but the intensity of this modular pattern varies across taxa. The much more modest postcranial integration literature suggests that apes show overall reduced covariation among skeletal regions compared with other anthropoid taxa, but the extent to which any identified modularity patterns hold true across primates is still very unclear. While much has been learned about primate skeletal integration in the past two decades, we still need more studies that establish benchmarks as to what constitutes an integrated modular structure, and that empirically test these potential modules across a wider range of primate taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen von Cramon-Taubadel
- Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14226,
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9
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Pérez-Claros JA, Palmqvist P. Heterochronies and allometries in the evolution of the hominid cranium: a morphometric approach using classical anthropometric variables. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13991. [PMID: 36042865 PMCID: PMC9420405 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This article studies the evolutionary change of allometries in the relative size of the two main cranial modules (neurocranium and splanchnocranium) in the five living hominid species and a diverse sample of extinct hominins. We use six standard craniometric variables as proxies for the length, width and height of each cranial module. Factor analysis and two-block partial least squares (2B-PLS) show that the great apes and modern humans share a pervasive negative ontogenetic allometry in the neurocranium and a positive one in the splanchnocranium. This developmental constraint makes it possible to interpret the cranial heterochronies in terms of ontogenetic scaling processes (i.e., extensions or truncations of the ancestral ontogenetic trajectory) and lateral transpositions (i.e., parallel translations of the entire trajectory starting from a different shape for a given cranial size). We hypothesize that ontogenetic scaling is the main evolutionary modality in the australopithecines while in the species of Homo it is also necessary to apply transpositions. Both types of processes are coordinated in Homo, which result in an evolutionary trend toward an increase in brain size and in the degree of paedomorphosis from the earliest habilines.
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Tan J, Labrinidis A, Williams R, Mian M, Anderson PJ, Ranjitkar S. Micro-CT-Based Bone Microarchitecture Analysis of the Murine Skull. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2403:129-145. [PMID: 34913121 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1847-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging has important applications in microarchitecture analysis of cortical and trabecular bone structure. While standardized protocols exist for micro-CT-based microarchitecture assessment of long bones, specific protocols need to be developed for different types of skull bones taking into account differences in embryogenesis, organization, development, and growth compared to the rest of the body. This chapter describes the general principles of bone microarchitecture analysis of murine craniofacial skeleton to accommodate for morphological variations in different regions of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Tan
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Agatha Labrinidis
- Adelaide Microscopy, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ruth Williams
- Adelaide Microscopy, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mustafa Mian
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Peter J Anderson
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Australian Craniofacial Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sarbin Ranjitkar
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia. .,Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia.
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11
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Arenson JL, Harrison T, Sargis EJ, Taboada HG, Gilbert CC. A new species of fossil guenon (Cercopithecini, Cercopithecidae) from the Early Pleistocene Lower Ngaloba Beds, Laetoli, Tanzania. J Hum Evol 2022; 163:103136. [PMID: 35033736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The living guenons (Cercopithecini, Cercopithecidae) are speciose and widely distributed across sub-Saharan Africa but are poorly represented in the fossil record. In addition, the craniodental and skeletal similarity of the guenons has hampered the identification of fragmentary material, likely obscuring the taxonomic diversity represented in the fossil record. Here, we describe a new fossil guenon specimen (LAET 75-3703) from the Lower Ngaloba Beds, Laetoli in Tanzania, dated to ∼1.7-1.2 Ma and preserving the lower face and mandible. Comparison to 278 extant guenon specimens, representing all six extant genera, identified several informative traits for distinguishing between the morphologically similar Chlorocebus and Cercopithecus, and these support the attribution of LAET 75-3703 to Chlorocebus. A discriminant function analysis of seven craniodental indices on a subsample of Chlorocebus and Cercopithecus was robust with an overall correct classification rate of 80.4%, and it classified LAET 75-3703 as a member of Chlorocebus with a posterior probability of 92.7%. LAET 75-3703 shares with Chlorocebus the presence of small 'thumbprint' depressions on the maxilla; a tall, narrow, and diamond-shaped nasal aperture; a relatively longer and shallower face; relatively buccolingually broader molars; and a shallow mandible that decreases in depth posteriorly. In addition, LAET 75-3703 is distinguished from all extant guenons, including other species of Chlorocebus, in having a very small P3 relative to M1 area. As such, LAET 75-3703 is assigned to a new species, Chlorocebus ngedere sp. nov. This specimen represents the first cercopithecin from Laetoli, as well as the oldest fossil cercopithecin confidently attributed to a modern genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Arenson
- PhD Program in Anthropology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Terry Harrison
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, NY, 10016, USA; Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Eric J Sargis
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, 10 Sachem Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Divisions of Vertebrate Paleontology and Vertebrate Zoology, Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, 170 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, P.O. Box 208118, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Hannah G Taboada
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Christopher C Gilbert
- PhD Program in Anthropology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, NY, 10016, USA; Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA; Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West, New York, NY, 10024, USA
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12
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Wu XJ, Bae CJ, Friess M, Xing S, Athreya S, Liu W. Evolution of cranial capacity revisited: A view from the late Middle Pleistocene cranium from Xujiayao, China. J Hum Evol 2022; 163:103119. [PMID: 35026677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Late Middle Pleistocene hominin fossils from the Xujiayao site in northern China have been closely studied in light of their morphological variability. However, all previous studies have focused on separated cranial fragments. Here, we report the first reconstruction of a fairly complete posterior cranium, Xujiayao 6 (XJY 6), confidently dated to ∼200-160 ka, which facilitated an assessment of its overall cranial size. XJY 6 was reconstructed from three of the original fragments-the PA1486 (No.7/XJY 6a) occipital bone, PA1490 (No.10/XJY 6b) right parietal bone, and PA1498 (No.17/XJY 15) left temporal bone-which originated from the same young adult individual. The XJY 6 endocranial capacity, estimated by measuring endocranial volume, was estimated using multiple regression formulae derived from ectocranial and endocranial measurements on select samples of Pleistocene hominins and recent modern humans. The results indicate that the larger pooled sample of both Pleistocene and recent modern humans was more robust for the endocranial capacity estimate. Based on the pooled sample using the ectocranial and endocranial measurements, we conservatively estimate the XJY 6 endocranial volume to be ∼1700 cm3 with a 95% confidence interval of 1555-1781 cm3. This is close to Xuchang 1, which dates to 125-105 ka and whose endocranial volume is ∼1800 cm3. Thus, XJY 6 provides the earliest evidence of a brain size that falls in the upper range of Neanderthals and modern Homo sapiens. XJY 6, together with Xuchang 1, Homo floresiensis, Homo luzonensis, and Homo naledi, challenge the general pattern that brain size gradually increases over geological time. This study also finds that hominin brain size expansion occurred at different rates across time and space.
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Mian M, Tan J, Yong R, Williams R, Labrinidis A, Anderson PJ, Ranjitkar S. Craniofacial Phenomics: Three-Dimensional Assessment of the Size and Shape of Cranial and Dentofacial Structures. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2403:107-127. [PMID: 34913120 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1847-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Craniofacial phenomics has opened up numerous opportunities to correlate genetic and epigenetic factors to craniofacial phenotypes in order to improve our understanding of growth and development in health and disease. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging has played a key role in advancing craniofacial phenomics by facilitating highly sensitive and specific characterizations of craniofacial and dental morphology. Here we describe the use of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to image the murine craniofacial complex, followed by surface reconstruction for traditional morphometric analyses. We also describe the application of geometric morphometrics, based on Generalized Procrustes Analysis, for use in human premolars. These principles are interchangeable between various vertebrate species, and between various surface imaging techniques (including micro-CT and 3D surface scanners), offering a high level of versatility and precision for extensive phenotyping of the entire craniofacial complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Mian
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jenny Tan
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robin Yong
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ruth Williams
- Adelaide Microscopy, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Agatha Labrinidis
- Adelaide Microscopy, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Peter J Anderson
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Australian Craniofacial Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sarbin Ranjitkar
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present pathologic, clinical, and treatment findings for giant cell tumors (GCTs) of sphenoid bone and clivus. METHODS We describe the optimal treatment algorithm in patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of bone GCT by presenting the effects of denosumab treatment in both pediatric and adult patients with GCT undergoing endoscopic transnasal surgery. Clinicopathologic correlation is crucial for the differential diagnosis of GCT and the choice of treatment modality. CONCLUSION GCT of bone is a local aggressive tumor that accounts for about 3%-7% of all bone tumors. GCTs located in the cranium are extremely uncommon neoplasms. There are no defined guidelines for the treatment of GCTs in skull base. Following surgical resection of the tumor, the addition of denosumab treatments to radiotherapy has a significant role in preventing the recurrence of GCT and in promoting regression of residual tumor size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Yaprak Bayrak
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Emre Özcan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Vural
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Atakan Emengen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Burak Çabuk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Savaş Ceylan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
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15
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Palamenghi A, Borlando A, De Angelis D, Sforza C, Cattaneo C, Gibelli D. Exploring the potential of cranial non-metric traits as a tool for personal identification: the never-ending dilemma. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:2509-2518. [PMID: 34275004 PMCID: PMC8523454 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Forensic anthropologists tasked with identification of skeletal remains often have to set up new strategies to overcome the limitations of conventional individualizing markers. A sound acquaintance with non-metric traits is essential for a reliable distinction between normal variations and pathological or traumatic conditions, yet the role of cranial variants in the identification process is still somehow ill-defined. One hundred crania (50 males and 50 females) of known sex and age were selected from the Collezione Antropologica LABANOF (a documented contemporary skeletal collection) and non-metric traits were scored as present or absent and by side. The frequencies of 13 traits were used to calculate the compound probabilities to find an individual with an exact combination of cranial features in the worldwide population. The probabilities of the majority of the individuals (53%) are within the 1 out of 10 million-1 out of 1 million interval. However, a fair number of subjects (25%) of the sample have the probabilities falling into the 1 out of 1 billion-1 out of 100 million interval, while the probabilities of a small portion of the sample (10%) are less than 1 out of 1 billion. This pilot study illustrates that some combinations of cranial variants are quite rare and may represent potential evidence to discern presumptive identifications, when an appropriate set of traits is selected and antemortem data are available for comparison. However, further research on larger and various samples is needed to confirm or discard the use of combinations of cranial non-metric traits as individualizing markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Palamenghi
- LABANOF, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Sezione di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 37, 20133, Milan, Italy. .,LAFAS, Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessia Borlando
- LABANOF, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Sezione di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 37, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Danilo De Angelis
- LABANOF, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Sezione di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 37, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- LAFAS, Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Cattaneo
- LABANOF, Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense, Sezione di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 37, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Gibelli
- LAFAS, Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
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16
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Stepanova N, Bauer AM. Phylogenetic history influences convergence for a specialized ecology: comparative skull morphology of African burrowing skinks (Squamata; Scincidae). BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:86. [PMID: 33993867 PMCID: PMC8127277 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01821-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skulls serve many functions and as a result, are subject to many different evolutionary pressures. In squamates, many fossorial species occupy a unique region of skull morphospace, showing convergence across families, due to modifications related to head-first burrowing. As different substrates have variable physical properties, particular skull shapes may offer selective advantages in certain substrates. Despite this, studies of variation within burrowers have been limited and are typically focused on a single origin of fossoriality. We focused on seven skink genera (Acontias, Typhlosaurus, Scelotes, Sepsina, Feylinia, Typhlacontias, and Mochlus; 39 sp.) from southern Africa, encompassing at least three independent evolutions of semi-fossoriality/fossoriality. We used microCT scans and geometric morphometrics to test how cranial and mandibular shape were influenced by phylogenetic history, size, and ecology. We also qualitatively described the skulls of four species to look at variation across phylogenetic and functional levels, and assess the degree of convergence. Results We found a strong effect of phylogenetic history on cranial and mandibular shape, with size and substrate playing secondary roles. There was a clear gradient in morphospace from less specialized to more specialized burrowers and burrowers in sand were significantly different from those in other substrates. We also created an anatomical atlas for four species with each element described in isolation. Every bone showed some variation in shape and relative scaling of features, with the skull roofing bones, septomaxilla, vomer, and palatine showing the most variation. We showed how broad-scale convergence in traits related to fossoriality can be the result of different anatomical changes. Conclusions Our study used geometric morphometrics and comparative anatomy to examine how skull morphology changes for a highly specialized and demanding lifestyle. Although there was broad convergence in both shape and qualitative traits, phylogenetic history played a large role and much of this convergence was produced by different anatomical changes, implying different developmental pathways or lineage-specific constraints. Even within a single family, adaptation for a specialized ecology does not follow a singular deterministic path. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01821-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Stepanova
- Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA. .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Aaron M Bauer
- Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
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17
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Toussaint N, Redhead Y, Vidal-García M, Lo Vercio L, Liu W, Fisher EMC, Hallgrímsson B, Tybulewicz VLJ, Schnabel JA, Green JBA. A landmark-free morphometrics pipeline for high-resolution phenotyping: application to a mouse model of Down syndrome. Development 2021; 148:dev188631. [PMID: 33712441 PMCID: PMC7969589 DOI: 10.1242/dev.188631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Characterising phenotypes often requires quantification of anatomical shape. Quantitative shape comparison (morphometrics) traditionally uses manually located landmarks and is limited by landmark number and operator accuracy. Here, we apply a landmark-free method to characterise the craniofacial skeletal phenotype of the Dp1Tyb mouse model of Down syndrome and a population of the Diversity Outbred (DO) mouse model, comparing it with a landmark-based approach. We identified cranial dysmorphologies in Dp1Tyb mice, especially smaller size and brachycephaly (front-back shortening), homologous to the human phenotype. Shape variation in the DO mice was partly attributable to allometry (size-dependent shape variation) and sexual dimorphism. The landmark-free method performed as well as, or better than, the landmark-based method but was less labour-intensive, required less user training and, uniquely, enabled fine mapping of local differences as planar expansion or shrinkage. Its higher resolution pinpointed reductions in interior mid-snout structures and occipital bones in both the models that were not otherwise apparent. We propose that this landmark-free pipeline could make morphometrics widely accessible beyond its traditional niches in zoology and palaeontology, especially in characterising developmental mutant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Toussaint
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Yushi Redhead
- Centre for Craniofacial Biology & Regeneration, King's College London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Marta Vidal-García
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Lucas Lo Vercio
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M C Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Benedikt Hallgrímsson
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Victor L J Tybulewicz
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Immunology & Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Julia A Schnabel
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Jeremy B A Green
- Centre for Craniofacial Biology & Regeneration, King's College London, UK
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18
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Velemínská J, Fleischmannová N, Suchá B, Dupej J, Bejdová Š, Kotěrová A, Brůžek J. Age-related differences in cranial sexual dimorphism in contemporary Europe. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:2033-2044. [PMID: 33649866 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanical load and hormonal levels tended to change just like the soft and skeletal tissue of the elderly with age. Although aging in both sexes shared common traits, it was assumed that there would be a reduction of sexual dimorphism in aged individuals. The main goals of this study were (1) to evaluate age-related differences in cranial sexual dimorphism during senescence, (2) to determine age-related differences in female and male skulls separately, and (3) to compare skull senescence in Czech and French adult samples as discussed by Musilová et al. (Forensic Sci Int 269:70-77, 2016). The cranial surface was analyzed using coherent point drift-dense correspondence analysis. The study sample consisted of 245 CT scans of heads from recent Czech (83 males and 59 females) and French (52 males and 51 females) individuals. Virtual scans in the age range from 18 to 92 years were analyzed using geometric morphometrics. The cranial form was significantly greater in males in all age categories. After size normalization, sexual dimorphism of the frontal, occipital, and zygomatic regions tended to diminish in the elderly. Its development during aging was caused by morphological changes in both female and male skulls but secular changes must also be taken into account. The most notable aging changes were the widening of the neurocranium and the retrusion of the face, including the forehead, especially after the age of 60 in both sexes. Sexual dimorphism was similar between the Czech and French samples but its age-related differences were partially different because of the population specificity. Cranial senescence was found to degrade the accuracy of sex classification (92-94%) in the range of 2-3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Velemínská
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Fleischmannová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Suchá
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dupej
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Software and Computer Science Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 118 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Bejdová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anežka Kotěrová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaroslav Brůžek
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic
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Huys SEF, Van Gysel A, Mommaerts MY, Sloten JV. Evaluation of Patient-Specific Cranial Implant Design Using Finite Element Analysis. World Neurosurg 2021; 148:198-204. [PMID: 33529765 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.01.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various studies have investigated the load-bearing capacity of patient-specific cranial implants. However, little attention has been given to the evaluation of the design of ceramic-titanium (CeTi) implants. METHODS A biomechanical evaluation of 3 patient-specific cranial implants was performed using finite element analysis. RESULTS The results of the analyses allowed the identification of the implant regions as well as the magnitudes of the maximum stresses on, and displacements along, these regions after traumatic impact. The analyses also showed that polyether ether ketone cranial implants offer inferior brain and neurocranial protection due to their high flexibility and local peak stresses at the bone-screw interface. In contrast, CeTi implants were able to evenly distribute the stresses along the interface and thus reduced the risk of neurocranial fracture. The scaffold structure at the border of these implants reduced stress shielding and enhanced bone ingrowth. Moreover, brain injuries were less likely to occur, as the CeTi implant exhibits limited deflection. CONCLUSIONS From the finite element analyses, CeTi cranial implants appear less likely to induce calvarial fractures with a better potential to protect the brain under impact loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn E F Huys
- Engineering Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Section of Biomechanics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anke Van Gysel
- Engineering Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Section of Biomechanics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maurice Y Mommaerts
- 3D Innovations Laboratory, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jos Vander Sloten
- Engineering Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Section of Biomechanics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Nandeesh BN, Rao S, Sadashiva N, Mahadevan A, Yasha TC, Santosh V. Clinicopathological Study of Extra-Axial Small Round Cell Tumors of the Cranium. Neurol India 2020; 68:1175-1182. [PMID: 33109871 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.299158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The cranium is a host to a variety of neoplasms and includes small round cell tumors (SRCTs) as an important malignant subset. Although SRCTs are histomorphologically similar, they are histogenetically diverse comprising of malignancies of epithelial, hematolymphoid, neuroectodermal, and mesenchymal origin. Objective The study aimed to review the clinical and pathological profile of cranial SRCTs. Materials and Methods Study is a retrospective review (clinical, imaging, and histopathology) of cranial (extra-axial) SRCTs diagnosed on histology (period: 3.5 years). Results Study included 126 cases constituting 1.5% of all intracranial neoplasms and age ranging from 11 months to 82 years (mean: 34.3 years; M:F = 1.46:1). Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors (pPNET-8.2%) was the commonest neoplasm followed by plasmacytoma (14.2%), poorly differentiated carcinomas (13.5%), lymphomas (9.5%), and sarcomas (8.7%). Rare tumors included glioma (undifferentiated) deposits, germ cell tumors, melanoma, neuroendocrine neoplasms, and embryonal tumor. Children constituted one-third of the total with PNETs, embryonal tumors, and round cell sarcomas being the common neoplasms. Elderly patients constituted 14% with plasmacytomas and epithelial neoplasms being common. Three percent of the tumors remained unclassified. Clinical symptomology was location dependent, headache being the commonest followed by visual symptoms. Radiopathological discordance was high (60%). Conclusion SRCTs are unusual tumors with a wide spectrum of histogenesis, biology and clinical presentation. Their rarity in cranium, atypical localization, overlapping clinical, and imaging features pose significant difficulty for clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists. A combined algorithmic analysis of the clinical, radiological, and histolopathological findings, supplemented with immunohistochemistry can aid in specific diagnosis which is crucial for optimal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Nandeesh
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences [NIMHANS], Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shilpa Rao
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences [NIMHANS], Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Nishanth Sadashiva
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences [NIMHANS], Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences [NIMHANS], Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - T C Yasha
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences [NIMHANS], Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vani Santosh
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences [NIMHANS], Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Nikita E, Nikitas P. On the use of machine learning algorithms in forensic anthropology. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2020; 47:101771. [PMID: 32795933 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The classification performance of the statistical methods binary logistic regression (BLR), multinomial and penalized multinomial logistic regression (MLR, pMLR), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and the machine learning algorithms naïve Bayes classification (NBC), decision trees (DT), random forest (RF), artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector machines (linear, polynomial or radial) (SVM), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), and extreme gradient boosting (XGB) is examined in skeletal sex/ancestry estimation. The datasets used to test the performance of these methods were obtained from a documented human skeletal collection, Athens Collection, and the Howells Craniometric data set. For their implementation, an R package has been written to search for the optimum tuning parameters under cross-validation and perform sex/ancestry classification. It was found that the classification performance may vary significantly depending on the problem. From the methods tested, LDA and the machine learning technique of linear SVM exhibit the best performance, with high prediction accuracy and relatively low bias in most of the tests. ANN and pMLR can generally be considered to give satisfactory predictions, whereas NBC when using metric traits and DT are the worst of the classification methods examined. The possibility of making the models developed via the machine learning algorithms applicable to other assemblages without the use of a training sample is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Nikita
- Science and Technology in Archaeology and Culture Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Panos Nikitas
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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22
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Cekdemir YE, Mutlu U, Karaman G, Balci A. Estimation of sex using morphometric measurements performed on cranial computerized tomography scans. Radiol Med 2020; 126:306-315. [PMID: 32533549 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-020-01233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of morphometric measurements performed on cranial computerized tomography (CT) images for the estimation of sex. A retrospective study was performed in the radiology department of a tertiary care center using data collected from cranial CT scans of 616 Caucasian cases (307 women, 309 men) with an average age of 44.70 ± 16.43. The parameters under investigation consisted of maximum cranial length (MCL), minimum frontal breadth, bi-zygomatic breadth (BZB), parietal chord, maximum cranial breadth, bi-mastoid diameter (BIM) and the length of cranial base. Any statistically significant difference in terms of these parameters was found between males and females. In our series, women were remarkably older than men (47.56 ± 15.87 vs. 41.39 ± 16.43; p < 0.001). We observed that there was a statistically significant difference between males and females concerning all morphometric measurements and males displayed higher values in terms of all parameters (p < 0.001, for all). The variables with the most successful performance for discrimination of gender were BZB (89.2%), MCL (87.4%) and BIM (84.8%). The concomitant use of these morphometric measurements seems to improve the accuracy of sex estimation. We suggest that morphometric measurements performed on cranial CT images can be useful for the estimation of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Ertug Cekdemir
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Uygar Mutlu
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gokce Karaman
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Council of Forensic Medicine, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Ali Balci
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
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van der Geer AA. Size matters: micro-evolution in Polynesian rats highlights body size changes as initial stage in evolution. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9076. [PMID: 32377457 PMCID: PMC7194086 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Microevolutionary patterns in populations of introduced rodent species have often been the focus of analytic studies for their potential relevance to understanding vertebrate evolution. The Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) is an excellent proxy species because of its wide geographic and temporal distribution: its native and introduced combined range spans half the globe and it has been living for at least seven centuries wherever it was introduced. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of long-term isolation (insularity; up to 4,000 years) and geographic variables on skull shape variation using geometric morphometrics. A sample of 513 specimens from 103 islands and four mainland areas was analysed. This study, to my knowledge the first to extensively sample introduced rats, analysed 59 two-dimensional landmarks on the skull. Landmarks were obtained in three separate aspects (dorsal, lateral, ventral skull view). The coordinate data were then subjected to a multivariate ordination analysis (principal components analysis, or PCA), multivariate regressions, and a canonical variates analysis (CVA). Three measures of disparity were evaluated for each view. The results show that introduced Polynesian rats evolve skull shapes that conform to the general mammalian interspecific pattern of cranial evolutionary allometry (CREA), with proportionally longer snouts in larger specimens. In addition, larger skulls are more tubular in shape than the smaller skulls, which are more balloon-shaped with a rounder and wider braincase relative to those of large skulls. This difference is also observed between the sexes (sexual dimorphism), due to the slightly larger average male size. Large, tubular skulls with long snouts are typical for Polynesia and Remote Oceania, where no native mammals occur. The greater disparity of Polynesian rats on mammal species-poor islands ('exulans-only' region) provides further insight into how diversity may affect diversification through ecological release from predators and competitors.
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Kattimani VS, Jairaj A, Govindan NO, Mathai P, Sahu S, Patley A, Sultana PS. Quality Assessment of Systematic Reviews of Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis Surgical Treatment Outcomes. J Contemp Dent Pract 2020; 21:337-349. [PMID: 32434984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM Temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TMJA) management involves many surgical treatment modalities depending on the experience of the operator. A lot of literature has been published on various treatment modalities. Many systematic reviews (SRs) were published without any published prior protocol. So, the study aimed to evaluate the quality of SRs with meta-analysis of TMJA management. MATERIALS AND METHODS Systematic reviews with meta-analysis were included for the quality assessment using AMSTAR (assessment of multiple SRs) and Glenny et al. checklist by two independent teams. The search was limited to the Medline database archival (from January 1980 to December 2018). RESULTS The primary search identified 1,507 related articles. After activation of different filters, abstracts screening, and cross-referencing, finally, a total of six studies were assessed to make the overview up-to-date. CONCLUSION The articles scored 8 to 11 with AMSTAR and 7 to 13 with the Glenny et al. checklist. None of the published reviews received maximum scores. The methodology and heterogeneity are essential factors to assess the quality of the published literature. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE None of the included meta-analysis was registered or published protocol with Prospero or Cochrane before publication for better validity of the studies. The authors are advised to follow reporting criteria so that in the future it is possible to provide the standards of care for TMJA with the highest quality of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivekanand S Kattimani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India, Phone: +91 9912400988, e-mail:
| | - Abhishek Jairaj
- Faculty of Dentistry, AIMST University, Jalan Bedong-Semeling Bedong Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Nikhil O Govindan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sree Anjaneya Institute of Dental Sciences, Modakkalloor, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Paul Mathai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Dentistry, Jubilee Mission Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Swati Sahu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New Horizon Dental College and Research Institute, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Abhishek Patley
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New Horizon Dental College and Research Institute, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Parveen S Sultana
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Elmaci İ, Altinoz MA, Ozlu BEK, Sari R, Er O, Danyeli AE, Karaarslan E. Benign leiomyoma with multiple metastases to vertebrae and calvarium: An index case with comprehensive review of endocrine targets. Neurosurg Rev 2021; 44:289-300. [PMID: 32078084 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-020-01268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
"Benign" metastatic leiomyomas (BML) are indolently growing metastatic tumors which mostly associate with uterine leiomyomas in women in reproductive ages. The reason to define these lesions as "benign" despite metastasis is their pathological features with low mitotic counts, lack of or minimal nuclear atypia, pseudocyst formation, and coagulative necrosis unlike leiomyosarcomas. Despite lack of pathological malignant features, they may cause significant morbidity and even mortality. Here, we describe a BML case with metastases to vertebrae and skull bones. Vertebral and skull metastases of BMLs were very rarely reported. In treatment of these tumors, hysterectomy and GnRH modifier treatments are widely employed. GnRH agonists act by desensitization and downregulation of the GnRH receptors, while GnRH antagonists act via the canonical competitive blockage. These treatments reduce FSH and LH levels, thereby reducing the systemic levels of sex steroids which stimulate leiomyoma growth. However, leiomyomas inherently harbor aromatase activity and synthesize their own estrogen; hence, treatment with systemic estrogen antagonists may provide better tumor control. Another important factor in BML pathogenesis is progesterone, and both progesterone receptor antagonists and high-dose progesterone receptor agonists may reduce BML growth. Following surgical treatment of the calvarial mass and radiotherapy of the vertebral metastatic foci, our BML case was successfully managed with hysterectomy and anastrozole treatment. Higher awareness of BML cases and their molecular endocrinological features in the neurosurgical community may pave to develop better strategies for treatment of these tumors causing high morbidity.
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Sasaki T, Niizuma K, Kanoke A, Matsui K, Ogita S, Rashad S, Kawai T, Watanabe M, Endo H, Takahashi T, Kamakura S, Tominaga T. Octacalcium phosphate collagen composite (OCP/Col) enhance bone regeneration in a rat model of skull defect with dural defect. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03347. [PMID: 32072051 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial bone defects are a major issue in the field of neurosurgery, and improper management of such defects can cause cosmetic issues as well as more serious infections and inflammation. Several strategies exist to manage these defects clinically, but most rely on synthetic materials that are prone to complications; thus, a bone regenerative approach would be superior. We tested a material (octacalcium phosphate collagen composite [OCP/Col]) that is known to enhance bone regeneration in a skull defect model in rats. Using a critical-sized rat skull defect model, OCP/Col was implanted in rats with an intact dura or with a partial defect of the dura. The results were compared with those in a no-treatment group over the course of 12 weeks using computed tomographic and histological analysis. OCP/Col enhanced bone regeneration, regardless of whether there was a defect of the dura. OCP/Col can be used to treat skull defects, even when the dura is injured or removed surgically, via bone regeneration with enhanced resorption of OCP/Col, thus limiting the risk of infection greatly.
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Taşkapılıoğlu MÖ, Ocakoğlu G, Kaya S, Baykal D, Yazıcı Z. Statistical shape analyses of trigonocephaly patients. Childs Nerv Syst 2020; 36:379-384. [PMID: 31243581 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-019-04269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Surgery is the first treatment option for patients with metopic craniosynostosis. Fronto-orbital advancement is the preferred method for correction of isolated trigonocephaly, but it is hard to understand whether surgery has been successful mainly in an early period. We aim to investigate the shape differences in the head shapes of trigonocephaly patients compared between preoperative and postoperative term. METHODS Cranial shape data were collected from the two-dimensional digital images. The Generalized Procrustes analysis was used to obtain mean shapes of the preoperative and postoperative term. The shape deformation of the frontal calvarium from preoperative to the postoperative term was evaluated using the thin-plate spline (TPS) method. RESULTS There was significant cranial shape difference between preoperative and postoperative term. The high-level deformations for preoperative to postoperative term determined seen in TPS graphic. Highest deformation was observed at the bifrontal dimension especially at nasion and posterior edge of the forehead. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we showed that the shape difference and structural deformation of the calvarium were correlated with the metopic craniosynostosis. The present study also shows that preoperative and postoperative head shapes of patients with trigonocephaly can be compared using the landmark-based geometrical morphometric method by taking into consideration the topographic distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Özgür Taşkapılıoğlu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Uludag University Medical School, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Gökhan Ocakoğlu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Seçkin Kaya
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Uludag University Medical School, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Duygu Baykal
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Uludag University Medical School, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Yazıcı
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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Kerkhoff W, Mattijssen EJAT, Zwanenburg EA, Oostra RJ. Relationship between bullet diameter and bullet defect diameter in human calvariums. Int J Legal Med 2020; 134:267-72. [PMID: 31734727 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Existing literature on the relationship between bullet diameter and bullet defect diameter in the human calvarium is summarized and discussed. The hypothesis, derived from the literature, that bullet deformation influences bullet defect diameter was studied in a small controlled experiment. The mean defect size caused by non-deforming projectiles was found to be smaller than the mean defect size caused by deforming projectiles of equal original mass and size. The p value of the difference between the two means, measured in two different ways, was found to be 0.002 for both in a Mann–Whitney U test and was significant if the confidence level is set at 5%.
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Weisbecker V, Guillerme T, Speck C, Sherratt E, Abraha HM, Sharp AC, Terhune CE, Collins S, Johnston S, Panagiotopoulou O. Individual variation of the masticatory system dominates 3D skull shape in the herbivory-adapted marsupial wombats. Front Zool 2019; 16:41. [PMID: 31695725 PMCID: PMC6824091 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Within-species skull shape variation of marsupial mammals is widely considered low and strongly size-dependent (allometric), possibly due to developmental constraints arising from the altricial birth of marsupials. However, species whose skulls are impacted by strong muscular stresses – particularly those produced through mastication of tough food items – may not display such intrinsic patterns very clearly because of the known plastic response of bone to muscle activity of the individual. In such cases, allometry may not dominate within-species shape variation, even if it is a driver of evolutionary shape divergence; ordination of shape in a geometric morphometric context through principal component analysis (PCA) should reveal main variation in areas under masticatory stress (incisor region/zygomatic arches/mandibular ramus); but this main variation should emerge from high individual variability and thus have low eigenvalues. Results We assessed the evidence for high individual variation through 3D geometric morphometric shape analysis of crania and mandibles of three species of grazing-specialized wombats, whose diet of tough grasses puts considerable strain on their masticatory system. As expected, we found little allometry and low Principal Component 1 (PC1) eigenvalues within crania and mandibles of all three species. Also as expected, the main variation was in the muzzle, zygomatic arches, and masticatory muscle attachments of the mandibular ramus. We then implemented a new test to ask if the landmark variation reflected on PC1 was reflected in individuals with opposite PC1 scores and with opposite shapes in Procrustes space. This showed that correspondence between individual and ordinated shape variation was limited, indicating high levels of individual variability in the masticatory apparatus. Discussion Our results are inconsistent with hypotheses that skull shape variation within marsupial species reflects a constraint pattern. Rather, they support suggestions that individual plasticity can be an important determinant of within-species shape variation in marsupials (and possibly other mammals) with high masticatory stresses, making it difficult to understand the degree to which intrinsic constraints act on shape variation at the within-species level. We conclude that studies that link micro- and macroevolutionary patterns of shape variation might benefit from a focus on species with low-impact mastication, such as carnivorous or frugivorous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Weisbecker
- 1School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thomas Guillerme
- 1School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cruise Speck
- 1School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emma Sherratt
- 2School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hyab Mehari Abraha
- 3Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alana C Sharp
- 4Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.,5Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claire E Terhune
- 6Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA
| | - Simon Collins
- 7School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephen Johnston
- 7School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Olga Panagiotopoulou
- 3Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Heck L, Sanchez-Villagra MR, Stange M. Why the long face? Comparative shape analysis of miniature, pony, and other horse skulls reveals changes in ontogenetic growth. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7678. [PMID: 31576240 PMCID: PMC6752190 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Much of the shape variation found in animals is based on allometry and heterochrony. Horses represent an excellent model to investigate patterns of size-shape variation among breeds that were intentionally bred for extreme small and large sizes. Methods We tested whether ponies (wither height < 148 cm) have a diverging size-shape relationship in skull shape as compared to regular-sized horse breeds (wither height > 148 cm, here-after called horses) during ontogenetic growth. We used a dataset of 194 specimens from 25 horse and 13 pony breeds, two of which are miniature breeds (wither height < 96.5 cm)—Falabella, Shetland. We applied three-dimensional geometric morphometrics, linear measurements, and multivariate analyses (Procrustes ANOVAs) to quantitatively examine and compare the ontogenetic trajectories between pony and horse breeds with an emphasis on the miniature breeds as an extreme case of artificial selection on size. Additionally, we tested for juvenile characteristics in adult horse and miniature breeds that could resemble “paedomorphosis”—retention of juvenile characteristics in adult stage; e.g. large eyes, large braincase-to-face-relationship, and large head-to-body relationship. Results Allometric regression of size on shape revealed that 42% of shape variation could be explained by variation in size in all breeds. The ontogenetic trajectories of ponies and horses vary in slope and therefore in rate of change per unit size, and length. The differences in trajectory lengths and slopes result in ponies having a similar skull shape in an older age stage than horses of the same size in a younger age stage. This pattern could cause the generally perceived “paedomorphic” appearance of ponies. Miniature breeds have larger heads in relation to wither height compared to horses, a non-paedomorphic feature in horses specifically. Also, rostra (faces) are longer in adult individuals than in juveniles across all kinds of breeds. This pattern can be explained by the long-face hypothesis for grazing ungulates and could possibly be caused by the mismatch of selection by humans for shorter rostra and the dentition of ruminants. Conclusions Miniature breed specimens do not exhibit any of the classical mammalian “paedomorphic” features (large orbits, large heads), except for the adult Falabella that has enlarged orbits, possibly because they are herbivorous ungulates that are affected by functional and metabolic constraints related to low nutrient-food consumption. Instead ponies, including miniature breeds, have faster and shorter ontogenetic growth compared to horses, resulting in adult pony skulls looking in part like juvenile horse skulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Heck
- Palaeontologisches Institut und Museum, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Madlen Stange
- Department of Biology & Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Banfield E, Stoll A, Thomas R. Healed impact trauma to a Neolithic cattle frontal bone: A posthuman perspective. Int J Paleopathol 2019; 24:197-200. [PMID: 30522022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Trauma associated with slaughter is identified occasionally archaeologically in the cranial remains of domesticated animals, with evidence for pole-axing occurring in Europe, especially from the Roman period onwards. The injury typically extends through the frontal bone and sinuses to penetrate the braincase, causing haemorrhage, loss of consciousness, brain damage, and death. Evidence for slaughter methods in the British Neolithic, however, is lacking. We report such evidence from a healed blunt-force impact trauma to the frontal bone of a domestic cattle skull from Beckhampton Road Neolithic long barrow, Wiltshire. The injury suggests a failed attempt at slaughter. To our knowledge, this is the first such report for domestic cattle from the British Neolithic. We contextualise this discovery, drawing on research into the role and meaning of faunal remains from Neolithic long barrows in Wiltshire. This work has been undertaken from a posthuman perspective. Thus, we demonstrate the opportunities for paleopathologists to inform and engage within posthumanist interpretative frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Banfield
- School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Alexander Stoll
- Veterinary Pathology Centre, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Francis Crick Road, Guildford, GU2 7AQ, UK.
| | - Richard Thomas
- School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
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San Juan RM. Gaetano Zumbo's anatomical wax model: From skull to cranium. Prog Brain Res 2018; 243:75-105. [PMID: 30514531 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Gaetano Giulio Zumbo's anatomical model of a head, executed in the late seventeenth century and now in Florence's La Specola, is the earliest known life-size wax model for use in study and research. The model conjoins experimental wax techniques with human matter such as hair, teeth and bone, and confronts the observer not only with the interior of the head but also with the face, brutally dissected and in the process of decomposing. By contrast, the back of the head offers an entirely different display, an actual human cranium cut across its upper part and revealing carefully dissected and vibrantly modeled sections of the brain. I argue that the incorporation of the disturbing presence of pain and sensation, usually barred from anatomical imagery, is compounded by the traditional dominance of the face, which continued to trouble attempts to bring physical specificity to the brain. In early modern anatomical research, the importance of the cranium as the container of the brain and the center of the body increasingly displaced the symbolic weight of the face-like skull. Yet the face continued to exert its presence, including through such substitutes as the cross section of the brain projected as a cartographic surface.
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Kawai S, Yamauchi M, Amano A. Zinc-finger transcription factor Odd-skipped related 1 regulates cranial bone formation. J Bone Miner Metab 2018; 36:640-647. [PMID: 29234951 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of bone formation has been advanced by novel findings related to genetic control. Odd-skipped related 1 (Osr1) is known to play important roles in embryonic, heart, and urogenital development. To elucidate the in vivo function of Osr1 in bone formation, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing full-length Osr1 under control of its 2.8-kb promoter, which were smaller than their wild-type littermates. Notably, abnormalities in the skull of Osr1 transgenic mice were revealed by analysis of X-ray, skeletal preparation, and morphological findings, including round skull and cranial dysraphism. Furthermore, primary calvarial cells obtained from these mice showed increased proliferation and expression of chondrocyte markers, while expression of osteoblast markers was decreased. BMP2 reduced Osr1 expression and Osr1 knockdown by siRNA-induced alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin expression in mesenchymal and osteoblastic cells. Together, our results suggest that Osr1 plays a coordinating role in appropriate skull closure and cranial bone formation by negative regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kawai
- Challenge to Intractable Oral Diseases, Center for Frontier Oral Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Masashi Yamauchi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsuo Amano
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
Surviving a gunshot wound to the head is a rare event, particularly in the past when medical treatment was much less advanced than it is today. Moreover, the finding of such a case as an identified specimen within a museum collection is even more uncommon. This led us to report on this unique case in this paper as it poses a challenge to forensic anthropology and provides a unique educational oppourtunity. The skull from the Collection at the Cranium Museum in the Department of Morphology and Genetic at the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) dates back to 1946. For trauma registration the bone location, severity, trauma aetiology, trauma classification, description, callus formation, periosteal reaction, degree and success of repair, and an estimate of the time elapsed since the trauma, were all assessed. To explore the case radiologically a CT scan of the skull was performed. Considering the survival of the patient and the morphology of the wound it is likely that the injury was caused by a small calibre, low-velocity gunshot. The bullet path shows an almost vertical direction on the right side of the individual's splanchno and neurocranium. The path of the projectile is consistent with a suicide attempt, although the possibility of a homicide simulating a suicide cannot be discarded. This case highlights how informative such cases can be to the practice of forensic anthropology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Shirley de Almeida Prado
- Department of Biomorphology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA 40110-902 Brazil
- Institute of Medicine & Biomedical Education, St. George’s University of London, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Sergio Ricardo Marques
- Department of Morphology and Genetic, Discipline of Topographic and Descriptive Anatomy, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023-900 Brazil
| | - Yara Vieira Lemos
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Legal Medicine Institute, Civil Police, Belo Horizonte, MG 31630-903 Brazil
- Faculty of Medical Sciences of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-110 Brazil
| | - Eugénia Cunha
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000456 Coimbra, Portugal
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Largo da Sé Nova, 3000-213 Coimbra, Portugal
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Paschall A, Ross AH. Biological sex variation in bone mineral density in the cranium and femur. Sci Justice 2018; 58:287-291. [PMID: 29895462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sex and age trends in bone mineral density (BMD) play an important role in the estimation of age-at-death (AAD) of unidentified human remains. Current methodologies lack the ability to precisely estimate age in older individuals. In this study, BMD of the cranium and femur measured by DXA were examined to establish their applicability for age estimation in older adults. BMD as measured by DXA, is most commonly used clinically for prediction of osteoporotic fracture risk. We hypothesized that weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing bones, the femur and cranium, respectively, would provide valuable insights for aging. METHODS The sample consists of 32 sets of excised cranial fragments from the Regional Forensic Center, Johnson City, Tennessee and 41 associated crania and femora from the North Carolina Office of the Chief Medical Examiner. All crania and femora were scanned using a Hologic (R) DXA scanner and data were analyzed using Student t-tests, Loess regression, and ANOVA. RESULTS Student t-tests indicate a significant relationship between the sexes and cranial BMD and a significant relationship between age cohorts and femoral neck BMD. The Loess regression showed different aging patterns in the cranium for females and males older than 55. And the ANOVA showed changes in femoral neck after age 55. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate age and sex dependent changes in BMD especially for individuals over the age of 55, which offers improvement from current aging methods for older individuals. Further research using a larger sample size could improve the predictive capabilities of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Paschall
- North Carolina State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Campus Box 7617, Raleigh 27695, NC, USA.
| | - Ann H Ross
- North Carolina State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Campus Box 7617, Raleigh 27695, NC, USA.
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Heck L, Wilson LAB, Evin A, Stange M, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Shape variation and modularity of skull and teeth in domesticated horses and wild equids. Front Zool 2018; 15:14. [PMID: 29713365 PMCID: PMC5907714 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-018-0258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In horses, the morphological changes induced by the process of domestication are reportedly less pronounced than in other species, such as dogs or pigs - although the horses' disparity has rarely been empirically tested. We investigated shape differences and modularity of domesticated horses, Przewalski's horses, donkeys and zebras. Mandibular and tooth shape have been shown to be valuable features for differentiating wild and domesticated forms in some mammals. RESULTS Both mandible and teeth, show a pattern of shape space occupation analogous to that of the cranium, with domesticated horses occupying a similar extension in shape space to that of wild equids. Only cranial shape data exhibit a tendency to separate domesticated horses and Przewalski's horses from donkeys and zebras. Maximum likelihood model-based tests confirm the horse cranium is composed of six developmental modules, as reported for placental mammals in general. The magnitude of integration in domesticated horse skull was lower than in wild equids across all six cranial modules, and lower values of integration were associated with higher disparity values across all modules. CONCLUSION This is the first study that combines different skeletal features for the description and comparison of shape changes in all living equid groups using geometric morphometrics. We support Darwin's hypothesis that the shape variation in the skull of domesticated horses is similar to the shape variation of all wild equid species existing today. Lower magnitudes of module integration are recovered in domesticated horses compared to their wild relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Heck
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura A. B. Wilson
- Palaeontology, Geobiology and Earth Archives Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Allowen Evin
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution – Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5554, Université de Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, 2 place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Madlen Stange
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Context Cranioplasty is a frequently performed procedure that uses a variety of reconstruction materials and techniques. In this technical note, we present refinements of computer-aided design–computer-aided manufacturing inlay cranioplasty. Objective, design, and setting In an attempt to decrease complications related to polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) cranioplasty, we gradually made changes to implant design and cranioplasty techniques. These changes include under-contouring of the implant and the use of segmented plates for large defects, microplate fixation for small temporal defects, temporal shell implants to reconstruct the temporalis muscle, and perforations to facilitate the drainage of blood and cerebrospinal fluid and serve as fixation points. Results From June 2016 to June 2017, 18 patients underwent cranioplasty, and a total of 31 PEEK and titanium implants were inserted. All implants were successful. Conclusions These changes to implant design and cranioplasty techniques facilitate the insertion and fixation of patient-specific cranial implants and improve esthetic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Nout
- European Face Centre, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, VUB, Brussels, Belgium.,Division of Oro-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, GH Elisabeth-Tweesteden, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice Y Mommaerts
- European Face Centre, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, VUB, Brussels, Belgium.
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Kuratani S, Ahlberg PE. Evolution of the vertebrate neuro cranium: problems of the premandibular domain and the origin of the trabecula. Zoological Lett 2018; 4:1. [PMID: 29340168 PMCID: PMC5759263 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-017-0083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The subdivision of the gnathostome neurocranium into an anterior neural crest-derived moiety and a posterior mesodermal moiety has attracted the interest of researchers for nearly two centuries. We present a synthetic scenario for the evolution of this structure, uniting developmental data from living cyclostomes and gnathostomes with morphological data from fossil stem gnathostomes in a common phylogenetic framework. Ancestrally, vertebrates had an anteroposteriorly short forebrain, and the neurocranium was essentially mesodermal; skeletal structures derived from premandibular ectomesenchyme were mostly anterior to the brain and formed part of the visceral arch skeleton. The evolution of a one-piece neurocranial 'head shield' in jawless stem gnathostomes, such as galeaspids and osteostracans, caused this mesenchyme to become incorporated into the neurocranium, but its position relative to the brain and nasohypophyseal duct remained unchanged. Basically similar distribution of the premandibular ectomesenchyme is inferred, even in placoderms, the earliest jawed vertebrates, in which the separation of hypophyseal and nasal placodes obliterated the nasohypophyseal duct, leading to redeployment of this ectomesenchyme between the separate placodes and permitting differentiation of the crown gnathostome trabecula that floored the forebrain. Initially this region was very short, and the bulk of the premandibular cranial part projected anteroventral to the nasal capsule, as in jawless stem gnathostomes. Due to the lengthening of the forebrain, the anteriorly projecting 'upper lip' was lost, resulting in the modern gnathostome neurocranium with a long forebrain cavity floored by the trabeculae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami Chuo-ku, Kobe, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Per. E. Ahlberg
- Department of Organismal Biology, Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma primarily involving the skull is an unusual occurrence (1% of all Ewing's sarcoma cases) with very few reported cases in the published literature. The challenge in such cases is to establish a definitive diagnosis before starting the multidisciplinary treatment approach. We report such a rare case in a 13-year-old boy who is being treated at our institute with an intention of adding to the limited information we currently have on diagnosis, management, and the outcome of such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Das Sharma
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jayesh Singh
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jigna Bhattacharya
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Wang JMH, Edwards BA, Loukas M, Oskouian RJ, Tubbs RS. Supernumerary Abducens Nerves: A Comprehensive Review. World Neurosurg 2017; 112:39-45. [PMID: 29158094 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Branching and/or replication of the abducens nerve is not an uncommon occurrence. Although numerous variations have been documented, the rarest forms are duplicated or triplicated nerves, where multiple nerve roots originate from the brainstem, travel intracranially, and attach to the lateral rectus as separate entities. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search on the topic of supernumerary abducens nerve, using PubMed and Google Scholar. RESULTS After screening, 16 studies were included: 11 cadaveric studies and 6 case reports. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we review the literature on variations found, discuss current hypotheses and clinical relevance, and propose future studies. Neurosurgeons should be aware of such nerve variants when viewing imaging or operating in the regions traversed by the abducens nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy M H Wang
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies.
| | - Bryan Adam Edwards
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Marios Loukas
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | | | - R Shane Tubbs
- Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Surachotmongkhon N, Techataweewan N, Mann RW. Endocranial illuminator: A technique for transilluminating the skull. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 280:153-5. [PMID: 29054029 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel tool, the endocranial illuminator (EI), has been devised to facilitate examination of the interior of the intact human cranium. A number of the endocranial characteristics including cranial thickness, sutural complexities, and foramina are easy visible with this device. The EI enhances the accuracy of anatomical examination of the cranial vault in forensic, archaeological, and historical crania in those cases where they must remain intact. The EI is simple and inexpensive to construct and lightweight so it can be used in the laboratory or easily transported in the field.
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Ledogar JA, Dechow PC, Wang Q, Gharpure PH, Gordon AD, Baab KL, Smith AL, Weber GW, Grosse IR, Ross CF, Richmond BG, Wright BW, Byron C, Wroe S, Strait DS. Human feeding biomechanics: performance, variation, and functional constraints. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2242. [PMID: 27547550 PMCID: PMC4975005 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the modern human (Homo sapiens) cranium is characterized by a reduction in the size of the feeding system, including reductions in the size of the facial skeleton, postcanine teeth, and the muscles involved in biting and chewing. The conventional view hypothesizes that gracilization of the human feeding system is related to a shift toward eating foods that were less mechanically challenging to consume and/or foods that were processed using tools before being ingested. This hypothesis predicts that human feeding systems should not be well-configured to produce forceful bites and that the cranium should be structurally weak. An alternate hypothesis, based on the observation that humans have mechanically efficient jaw adductors, states that the modern human face is adapted to generate and withstand high biting forces. We used finite element analysis (FEA) to test two opposing mechanical hypotheses: that compared to our closest living relative, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), the modern human craniofacial skeleton is (1) less well configured, or (2) better configured to generate and withstand high magnitude bite forces. We considered intraspecific variation in our examination of human feeding biomechanics by examining a sample of geographically diverse crania that differed notably in shape. We found that our biomechanical models of human crania had broadly similar mechanical behavior despite their shape variation and were, on average, less structurally stiff than the crania of chimpanzees during unilateral biting when loaded with physiologically-scaled muscle loads. Our results also show that modern humans are efficient producers of bite force, consistent with previous analyses. However, highly tensile reaction forces were generated at the working (biting) side jaw joint during unilateral molar bites in which the chewing muscles were recruited with bilateral symmetry. In life, such a configuration would have increased the risk of joint dislocation and constrained the maximum recruitment levels of the masticatory muscles on the balancing (non-biting) side of the head. Our results do not necessarily conflict with the hypothesis that anterior tooth (incisors, canines, premolars) biting could have been selectively important in humans, although the reduced size of the premolars in humans has been shown to increase the risk of tooth crown fracture. We interpret our results to suggest that human craniofacial evolution was probably not driven by selection for high magnitude unilateral biting, and that increased masticatory muscle efficiency in humans is likely to be a secondary byproduct of selection for some function unrelated to forceful biting behaviors. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a shift to softer foods and/or the innovation of pre-oral food processing techniques relaxed selective pressures maintaining craniofacial features that favor forceful biting and chewing behaviors, leading to the characteristically small and gracile faces of modern humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A. Ledogar
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States
| | - Paul C. Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Poorva H. Gharpure
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Adam D. Gordon
- Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States
| | - Karen L. Baab
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, United States
| | - Amanda L. Smith
- Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Gerhard W. Weber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian R. Grosse
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Brian G. Richmond
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barth W. Wright
- Department of Anatomy, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
| | - Craig Byron
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, United States
| | - Stephen Wroe
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David S. Strait
- Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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Ekizoglu O, Hocaoglu E, Inci E, Can IO, Solmaz D, Aksoy S, Buran CF, Sayin I. Assessment of sex in a modern Turkish population using cranial anthropometric parameters. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2016; 21:45-52. [PMID: 27497333 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of radiological imaging methods in anthropometric studies is being expanded by the application of modern imaging methods, leading to a decrease in costs, a decrease in the time required for analysis and the ability to create three-dimensional images. This retrospective study investigated 400 patients within the 18-45-years age group (mean age: 30.7±11.2years) using cranial computed tomography images. We measured 14 anthropometric parameters (basion-bregma height, basion-prosthion length, maximum cranial length and cranial base lengths, maximum cranial breadth, bizygomatic diameter, upper facial breadth, bimastoid diameter, orbital breadth, orbital length, biorbital breadth, interorbital breadth, foramen magnum breadth and foramen magnum length) of cranial measurements. The intra- and inter-observer repeatability and consistency were good. From the results of logistic regression analysis using morphometric measurements, the most conspicuous measurements in terms of dimorphism were maximum cranial length, bizygomatic diameter, basion-bregma height, and cranial base length. The most dimorphic structure was the bizygomatic diameter with an accuracy rate of 83% in females and 77% in males. In this study, 87.5% of females and 87.0% of males were classified accurately by this model including four parameters with a sensitivity of 91.5% and specificity of 85.0%. In conclusion, CT cranial morphometric analysis may be reliable for the assessment of sex in the Turkish population and is recommended for comparison of data of modern populations with those of former populations. Additionally, cranial morphometric data that we obtained from modern Turkish population may reveal population specific data, which may help current criminal investigations and identification of disaster victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguzhan Ekizoglu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Elif Hocaoglu
- Department of Radiology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ercan Inci
- Department of Radiology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Ozgur Can
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dilek Solmaz
- Department of Rheumatology, Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sema Aksoy
- Department of Radiology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cudi Ferat Buran
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Sayin
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Kamath V, Asif M, Shetty R, Avadhani R. Binary logistic regression analysis of hard palate dimensions for sexing human crania. Anat Cell Biol 2016; 49:151-9. [PMID: 27382518 PMCID: PMC4927431 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2016.49.2.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determination is the preliminary step in every forensic investigation and the hard palate assumes significance in cranial sexing in cases involving burns and explosions due to its resistant nature and secluded location. This study analyzes the sexing potential of incisive foramen to posterior nasal spine length, palatine process of maxilla length, horizontal plate of palatine bone length and transverse length between the greater palatine foramina. The study deviates from the conventional method of measuring the maxillo-alveolar length and breadth as the dimensions considered in this study are more heat resistant and useful in situations with damaged alveolar margins. The study involves 50 male and 50 female adult dry skulls of Indian ethnic group. The dimensions measured were statistically analyzed using Student's t test, binary logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve. It was observed that the incisive foramen to posterior nasal spine length is a definite sex marker with sex predictability of 87.2%. The palatine process of maxilla length with 66.8% sex predictability and the horizontal plate of palatine bone length with 71.9% sex predictability cannot be relied upon as definite sex markers. The transverse length between the greater palatine foramina is statistically insignificant in sexing crania (P=0.318). Considering a significant overlap of values in both the sexes the palatal dimensions singularly cannot be relied upon for sexing. Nevertheless, considering the high sex predictability of incisive foramen to posterior nasal spine length this dimension can definitely be used to supplement other sexing evidence available to precisely conclude the cranial sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Kamath
- Department of Anatomy, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India
| | - Muhammed Asif
- Department of Anatomy, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India
| | | | - Ramakrishna Avadhani
- Department of Anatomy, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India
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Porro LB, Witmer LM, Barrett PM. Digital preparation and osteology of the skull of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (Ornithischia: Dinosauria). PeerJ 2015; 3:e1494. [PMID: 26713245 PMCID: PMC4690377 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several skulls of the ornithischian dinosaur Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (Lower Jurassic, southern Africa) are known, but all are either incomplete, deformed, or incompletely prepared. This has hampered attempts to provide a comprehensive description of skull osteology in this crucial early dinosaurian taxon. Using visualization software, computed tomographic scans of the Lesothosaurus syntypes were digitally segmented to remove matrix, and identify and separate individual cranial and mandibular bones, revealing new anatomical details such as sutural morphology and the presence of several previously undescribed elements. Together with visual inspection of exposed skull bones, these CT data enable a complete description of skull anatomy in this taxon. Comparisons with our new data suggest that two specimens previously identified as Lesothosaurus sp. (MNHN LES 17 and MNHN LES 18) probably represent additional individuals of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Porro
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College , Hatfield , United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence M Witmer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University , Athens, OH , United States
| | - Paul M Barrett
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum , London , United Kingdom
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Bernard S, Loukas M, Rizk E, Oskouian RJ, Delashaw J, Tubbs RS. The human occipital bone: review and update on its embryology and molecular development. Childs Nerv Syst 2015; 31:2217-23. [PMID: 26280629 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-015-2870-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The formation of the occipital bone is intricate and has been extensively studied with many controversial conclusions, but with minimal effort being focused on the genes and molecular interactions necessary for its formation. A better understanding of this bone of the calvarial and skull base may shed light on pathologies where the occiput is often considered the offending entity. METHODS A review of the germane medical literature using textbooks and standard search engines was performed to gather information about previous conclusions as it pertains to the embryology and ossification of the occipital bone. RESULTS The occipital bone has both membranous and cartilaginous origin with ossification occurring as early as week 9 of fetal gestation. Its formations is dependent on complex interacts between genes and molecules with pathologies resulting from disruption of this delicate process. CONCLUSION There has been much controversy in the past in regards to the development and ossification process necessary for occipital bone formation, which has only recently been clarified with documentation of the genes and molecular interactions necessary for its formation. Lastly, this improved knowledge might improve our understanding of such congenital derailments as the Chiari malformations.
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Hillam RA, Goodship AE, Skerry TM. Peak strain magnitudes and rates in the tibia exceed greatly those in the skull: An in vivo study in a human subject. J Biomech 2015; 48:3292-8. [PMID: 26232812 PMCID: PMC4601046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone mass and architecture are the result of a genetically determined baseline structure, modified by the effect of internal hormonal/biochemical regulators and the effect of mechanical loading. Bone strain is thought to drive a feedback mechanism to regulate bone formation and resorption to maintain an optimal, but not excessive mass and organisation of material at each skeletal location. Because every site in the skeleton has different functions, we have measured bone strains induced by physiological and more unusual activities, at two different sites, the tibia and cranium of a young human male in vivo. During the most vigorous activities, tibial strains were shown to exceed 0.2%, when ground reaction exceeded 5 times body weight. However in the skull the highest strains recorded were during heading a heavy medicine/exercise ball where parietal strains were up to 0.0192%. Interestingly parietal strains during more physiological activities were much lower, often below 0.01%. Strains during biting were not dependent upon bite force, but could be induced by facial contortions of similar appearance without contact between the teeth. Rates of strain change in the two sites were also very different, where peak tibial strain rate exceeded rate in the parietal bone by more than 5 fold. These findings suggest that the skull and tibia are subject to quite different regulatory influences, as strains that would be normal in the human skull would be likely to lead to profound bone loss by disuse in the long bones.
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Ramos AM, Mesnard M. The stock alloplastic temporomandibular joint implant can influence the behavior of the opposite native joint: A numerical study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2015; 43:1384-91. [PMID: 26231883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2015.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of total stock temporomandibular implants on load mechanisms in both condyles in a specific patient. The patient presented with a disc with wear, and the introduction of a total temporomandibular prosthesis was simulated to compare the articular behavior. MATERIAL AND METHODS Based on specific patient computed tomographic images, two finite element models were created: one model with two intact temporomandibular joints (one joint with pathology), and other model with one implanted joint. The simulations considered the five most important muscles acting in the mandible, and it was possible to evaluate the biomechanical changes in the structures (skull, mandible, and articular disc). RESULTS The results revealed more load transfer in the opposite condyle than in the damaged one; the insertion of a total temporomandibular implant changed the load transfer to the opposite condyle. There was decreased stress in the disc by about 50% and increased strain distribution. In the mandibular condyle with implant, the screw fixation is critical, with minimum strain around -9430 με for first screw position. In the cranium, the implant changed the bone strains with a minimum principal strain observed around -2500 με in six screw positions. CONCLUSION This study indicates that replacing the damaged joint by an implant in an ideal position will improve joint position and consequently redistribute the loads. The study findings provide strong evidence that placing an implant on one side of the mandible will affect the load distribution on that structure and particularly on the opposite side. The temporomandibular joint changes condyle movement; with an implanted condyle, the movement is almost blocked.
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Affiliation(s)
- António M Ramos
- TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Michel Mesnard
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Mécanique et d'Ingénierie, CNRS UMR 5295, Talence, France
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Gómez-Olivencia A, Crevecoeur I, Balzeau A. La Ferrassie 8 Neandertal child reloaded: New remains and re-assessment of the original collection. J Hum Evol 2015; 82:107-26. [PMID: 25805043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The first evidence of the partial infant Neandertal skeleton La Ferrassie 8 (LF8) was discovered in 1970, although most of the remains were found in 1973 as part of the 1968-1973 work at the site by H. Delporte. This individual and the other Neandertal children from La Ferrassie were published in the early 1980s by J.-L. Heim, and since then LF8 has been regarded as coming from a poorly documented excavation. The recent rediscovery of the box that contained the hominin bones given by Delporte to Heim in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN) collection provided new fossils and helped to locate LF8 in the site: level M2 in square 1. Two visits to the Musée d'Archéologie nationale et Domaine national de Saint-Germain-en-Laye (MAN) yielded additional fossil remains from both the 1970 and 1973 excavations and resulted in the discovery of all of the notes from the excavation of H. Delporte between 1968 and 1973. Here the new fossil remains (47 after performing all possible refits), representing significant portions of the cranium, mandible, and vertebral column together with fragmentary hand and costal remains, are described. Unsurprisingly, the morphology of the bony labyrinth and of a complete stapes from the nearly complete left temporal show clear Neandertal affinities. Additionally, a complete reassessment of the original LF8 collection has resulted in the identification of several errors in the anatomical determination. Despite the significant increase in the anatomical representation of LF8, the skeletal remains are still limited to the head, thorax, pelvis, and four hand phalanges, with some very fragile elements relatively well preserved. Different hypotheses are proposed to explain this anatomical representation, which can be tested during future fieldwork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Gómez-Olivencia
- Équipe de Paléontologie Humaine, UMR 7194, CNRS, Département de Préhistoire, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, 17, Place du Trocadéro, 75016 Paris, France; Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5 (Pabellón 14), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Dept. Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV-EHU, Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Isabelle Crevecoeur
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5199, de la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (UMR 5199 - PACEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Antoine Balzeau
- Équipe de Paléontologie Humaine, UMR 7194, CNRS, Département de Préhistoire, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, 17, Place du Trocadéro, 75016 Paris, France; Department of African Zoology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
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Abstract
Craniocerebral eumycetomas are rare. They usually present with scalp swelling and discharging sinuses. Radiologically, they present as space-occupying lesions. We report a case of eumycetoma involving the left parietal cortex, bone, and subcutaneous tissue in a young male, farm laborer, who presented with seizures and blurring of vision. Imaging showed a dural based lesions enhancing moderately on contrast. To the best of our knowledge and belief, ours is the first published case in the English Literature where a eumycetoma has presented as a mass lesion without discharging sinuses. It is imperative to keep such atypical features of an infective etiology in mind because they may be one of differentials of "dural" based lesions where only a biopsy may suffice in the absence of significant mass effect to prove the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kommu Venkateswara Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ankathi Praveen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Santhavir Megha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Challa Sundaram
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Anirudh Kumar Purohith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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