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Smith AL, Davis J, Panagiotopoulou O, Taylor AB, Robinson C, Ward CV, Kimbel WH, Alemseged Z, Ross CF. Does the model reflect the system? When two-dimensional biomechanics is not 'good enough'. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20220536. [PMID: 36695017 PMCID: PMC9874278 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Models are mathematical representations of systems, processes or phenomena. In biomechanics, finite-element modelling (FEM) can be a powerful tool, allowing biologists to test form-function relationships in silico, replacing or extending results of in vivo experimentation. Although modelling simplifications and assumptions are necessary, as a minimum modelling requirement the results of the simplified model must reflect the biomechanics of the modelled system. In cases where the three-dimensional mechanics of a structure are important determinants of its performance, simplified two-dimensional modelling approaches are likely to produce inaccurate results. The vertebrate mandible is one among many three-dimensional anatomical structures routinely modelled using two-dimensional FE analysis. We thus compare the stress regimes of our published three-dimensional model of the chimpanzee mandible with a published two-dimensional model of the chimpanzee mandible and identify several fundamental differences. We then present a series of two-dimensional and three-dimensional FE modelling experiments that demonstrate how three key modelling parameters, (i) dimensionality, (ii) symmetric geometry, and (iii) constraints, affect deformation and strain regimes of the models. Our results confirm that, in the case of the primate mandible (at least), two-dimensional FEM fails to meet this minimum modelling requirement and should not be used to draw functional, ecological or evolutionary conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Smith
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA,Department of Anatomy, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA 90981, USA
| | - Julian Davis
- Department of Engineering, University of Southern Indiana, 8600 University Blvd, Evansville, IN 47712, USA
| | - Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | - Chris Robinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bronx Community College, Bronx, NY 10453, USA,Doctoral Program in Anthropology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Carol V. Ward
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, One Hospital Drive, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - William H. Kimbel
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4101, USA
| | - Zeresenay Alemseged
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Anatomy, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA 90981, USA
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Watts C, Spillane A, Henderson MA, Cust A, Braithwaite J, Gyorki DE, Hong AM, Kelly JW, Long GV, Mar VJ, Menzies AM, Morton RL, Rapport F, Saw RPM, Schmid H, Scolyer RA, Smith AL, Winder A, Mann GJ. Sentinel lymph node biopsy rates in Victoria, 2018 and 2019. Med J Aust 2022. [DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Watts
- Daffodil Centre University of Sydney and Cancer Council NSW Sydney NSW
- The Kirby Institute UNSW Sydney NSW
| | - Andrew Spillane
- Melanoma Institute Australia University of Sydney Sydney NSW
- Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney NSW
- Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney NSW
- Mater Hospital Sydney NSW
| | - Michael A Henderson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC
- The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC
| | - Anne Cust
- Daffodil Centre University of Sydney and Cancer Council NSW Sydney NSW
- Melanoma Institute Australia University of Sydney Sydney NSW
| | - J Braithwaite
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation Macquarie University Sydney NSW
| | - DE Gyorki
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC
| | - AM Hong
- Melanoma Institute Australia University of Sydney Sydney NSW
| | - JW Kelly
- Victorian Melanoma Service Alfred Hospital Melbourne VIC
| | - GV Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia University of Sydney Sydney NSW
- Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney NSW
- Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney NSW
- Mater Hospital Sydney NSW
| | - VJ Mar
- Victorian Melanoma Service Alfred Hospital Melbourne VIC
| | - AM Menzies
- Melanoma Institute Australia University of Sydney Sydney NSW
- Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney NSW
- Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney NSW
- Mater Hospital Sydney NSW
| | - RL Morton
- Melanoma Institute Australia University of Sydney Sydney NSW
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre University of Sydney Sydney NSW
| | - F Rapport
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation Macquarie University Sydney NSW
| | - RPM Saw
- Melanoma Institute Australia University of Sydney Sydney NSW
- Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney NSW
- Mater Hospital Sydney NSW
| | - H Schmid
- Daffodil Centre University of Sydney and Cancer Council NSW Sydney NSW
| | - RA Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia University of Sydney Sydney NSW
- Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney NSW
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and New South Wales Health Pathology Sydney NSW
| | - AL Smith
- Daffodil Centre University of Sydney and Cancer Council NSW Sydney NSW
| | - A Winder
- Melanoma Institute Australia University of Sydney Sydney NSW
| | - GJ Mann
- Melanoma Institute Australia University of Sydney Sydney NSW
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research Australian National University Canberra ACT
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Ledogar JA, Senck S, Villmoare BA, Smith AL, Weber GW, Richmond BG, Dechow PC, Ross CF, Grosse IR, Wright BW, Wang Q, Byron C, Benazzi S, Carlson KJ, Carlson KB, Pryor McIntosh LC, van Casteren A, Strait DS. Mechanical compensation in the evolution of the early hominin feeding apparatus. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220711. [PMID: 35703052 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Australopiths, a group of hominins from the Plio-Pleistocene of Africa, are characterized by derived traits in their crania hypothesized to strengthen the facial skeleton against feeding loads and increase the efficiency of bite force production. The crania of robust australopiths are further thought to be stronger and more efficient than those of gracile australopiths. Results of prior mechanical analyses have been broadly consistent with this hypothesis, but here we show that the predictions of the hypothesis with respect to mechanical strength are not met: some gracile australopith crania are as strong as that of a robust australopith, and the strength of gracile australopith crania overlaps substantially with that of chimpanzee crania. We hypothesize that the evolution of cranial traits that increased the efficiency of bite force production in australopiths may have simultaneously weakened the face, leading to the compensatory evolution of additional traits that reinforced the facial skeleton. The evolution of facial form in early hominins can therefore be thought of as an interplay between the need to increase the efficiency of bite force production and the need to maintain the structural integrity of the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Ledogar
- Department of Health Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Sascha Senck
- Research Group Computed Tomography, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4600 Wels, Austria
| | - Brian A Villmoare
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Amanda L Smith
- Department of Anatomy, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA 98901, USA
| | - Gerhard W Weber
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.,Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Paul C Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ian R Grosse
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Barth W Wright
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66106, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Craig Byron
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna 48121, Italy
| | - Kristian J Carlson
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Keely B Carlson
- Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Leslie C Pryor McIntosh
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine South Georgia, Moultrie, GA 31768, USA
| | - Adam van Casteren
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - David S Strait
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA.,Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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Smith AL, Nicholas C, Bakhsh N, Patankar S, Ledogar JA, Moreno‐Uribe L. Biomechanical consequences of alveolar cleft defect. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r6240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Smith
- AnatomyPacific Northwest University of Health SciencesYakimaWA
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Gilham D, Smith AL, Fu L, Moore DY, Muralidharan A, Reid SPM, Stotz SC, Johansson JO, Sweeney M, Wong NCW, El-Gamal D, Kulikowski E. Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) protein inhibitor, apabetalone, reduces ACE2 expression and attenuates SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Eur Heart J 2021. [PMCID: PMC8767620 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Introduction SARS-CoV-2 causes life threatening COVID-19 complications including acute coronary syndrome, venous thromboembolism, hyperinflammation and damage in multiple tissues. The SARS-CoV-2 “spike protein” binds cell surface receptors including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for entry into host cells to initiate infection. Host cell dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4 / CD26) is implicated as a cofactor in uptake. Recent evidence indicates expression of factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 uptake into host cells is regulated by BET proteins, epigenetic readers modulating gene expression. Apabetalone, the most clinically advanced BET inhibitor (BETi), is in phase 3 trials for cardiovascular disease (CVD) (a,b). In cultured human cardiomyocytes, apabetalone suppressed infection with SARS-CoV-2 and prevented dysfunction of cardiac organoids induced by the cytokine-storm that arises in patients with severe symptoms (c). However, anti-viral properties of apabetalone in other cell types are not known. Purpose To examine effects of apabetalone on SARS-CoV-2 infection in cell culture via downregulated expression of cell surface receptors involved in viral entry. Cell systems used mimic initial sites of infection in the lung as well as cell types contributing to complications in late stages of infection. Methods Gene expression was measured by real-time PCR, protein levels by immunoblot or flow cytometry, and binding of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by flow cytometry. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 was determined in a BSL3 facility. Infectivity was quantified by determining levels of viral spike protein amongst total cells via imaging on an Operetta CLS. Results In Calu-3, a human bronchial epithelial cell line, apabetalone dose-dependently downregulated ACE2 gene expression (up to 98%), reduced ACE2 protein levels (up to 84%) and diminished binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (up to 77%, p<0.001 for all parameters). Further, apabetalone abolished infection of Calu-3 cells with live SARS-CoV-2, which was comparable to other antiviral agents. Apabetalone-driven ACE2 downregulation was also observed in extrapulmonary cell types including HepG2, Huh-7 or primary hepatocytes (up to 90%, p<0.001 for all cell types), and Vero E6, a monkey kidney epithelial cell line (up to 38%, p<0.05). DPP4/CD26, a potential cofactor for SARS-CoV-2 uptake, was also downregulated by apabetalone in Calu-3 cells (mRNA ∼65% and protein ∼40%, p<0.001), which may be synergistic with ACE2 reductions to impede SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusions Apabetalone, an investigational drug for CVD, reduced cell surface receptors (ACE2 and DPP4) involved in SARS-CoV-2 uptake into host cells and dramatically attenuated SARS-CoV-2 infection/propagation in vitro. Our results suggest apabetalone can mitigate SARS-CoV-2 replication in multiple organs, which together with an established safety profile supports clinical evaluation of apabetalone to treat Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): COVID-19 Rapid Response Grant from the College of Medicine at the University of Nebraska Medical Center (to DE and SPMR), and by University of Nebraska Medical Center start-up funds (to DE).
Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gilham
- Resverlogix Corp., Calgary, Canada
| | - A L Smith
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Omaha, United States of America
| | - L Fu
- Resverlogix Corp., Calgary, Canada
| | - D Y Moore
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Omaha, United States of America
| | - A Muralidharan
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Omaha, United States of America
| | - S P M Reid
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Omaha, United States of America
| | | | - J O Johansson
- Resverlogix Inc., San Francisco, United States of America
| | - M Sweeney
- Resverlogix Inc., San Francisco, United States of America
| | | | - D El-Gamal
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Omaha, United States of America
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Cook RW, Vazzana A, Sorrentino R, Benazzi S, Smith AL, Strait DS, Ledogar JA. The cranial biomechanics and feeding performance of Homo floresiensis. Interface Focus 2021; 11:20200083. [PMID: 34938433 PMCID: PMC8361579 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2020.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Homo floresiensis is a small-bodied hominin from Flores, Indonesia, that exhibits plesiomorphic dentognathic features, including large premolars and a robust mandible, aspects of which have been considered australopith-like. However, relative to australopith species, H. floresiensis exhibits reduced molar size and a cranium with diminutive midfacial dimensions similar to those of later Homo, suggesting a reduction in the frequency of forceful biting behaviours. Our study uses finite-element analysis to examine the feeding biomechanics of the H. floresiensis cranium. We simulate premolar (P3) and molar (M2) biting in a finite-element model (FEM) of the H. floresiensis holotype cranium (LB1) and compare the mechanical results with FEMs of chimpanzees, modern humans and a sample of australopiths (MH1, Sts 5, OH5). With few exceptions, strain magnitudes in LB1 resemble elevated levels observed in modern Homo. Our analysis of LB1 suggests that H. floresiensis could produce bite forces with high mechanical efficiency, but was subject to tensile jaw joint reaction forces during molar biting, which perhaps constrained maximum postcanine bite force production. The inferred feeding biomechanics of H. floresiensis closely resemble modern humans, suggesting that this pattern may have been present in the last common ancestor of Homo sapiens and H. floresiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca W Cook
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Antonino Vazzana
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Sorrentino
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amanda L Smith
- Department of Anatomy, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA, USA
| | - David S Strait
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Justin A Ledogar
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Smith AL, Robinson C, Taylor AB, Panagiotopoulou O, Davis J, Ward CV, Kimbel WH, Alemseged Z, Ross CF. Comparative biomechanics of the Pan and Macaca mandibles during mastication: finite element modelling of loading, deformation and strain regimes. Interface Focus 2021; 11:20210031. [PMID: 34938438 PMCID: PMC8361577 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2021.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical behaviour of the mandibles of Pan and Macaca during mastication was compared using finite element modelling. Muscle forces were calculated using species-specific measures of physiological cross-sectional area and scaled using electromyographic estimates of muscle recruitment in Macaca. Loading regimes were compared using moments acting on the mandible and strain regimes were qualitatively compared using maps of principal, shear and axial strains. The enlarged and more vertically oriented temporalis and superficial masseter muscles of Pan result in larger sagittal and transverse bending moments on both working and balancing sides, and larger anteroposterior twisting moments on the working side. The mandible of Pan experiences higher principal strain magnitudes in the ramus and mandibular prominence, higher transverse shear strains in the top of the symphyseal region and working-side corpus, and a predominance of sagittal bending-related strains in the balancing-side mandible. This study lays the foundation for a broader comparative study of Hominidae mandibular mechanics in extant and fossil hominids using finite element modelling. Pan's larger and more vertical masseter and temporalis may make it a more suitable model for hominid mandibular biomechanics than Macaca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Smith
- Department of Anatomy, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, 200 University Parkway, Yakima, WA 98901, USA
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chris Robinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bronx Community College, Bronx, NY 10453, USA
| | | | - Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Julian Davis
- Department of Engineering, University of Southern Indiana, 8600 University Boulevard, Evansville, IN 47712, USA
| | - Carol V. Ward
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, One Hospital Drive, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - William H. Kimbel
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4101, USA
| | - Zeresenay Alemseged
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Ocádiz-Flores JA, Gheribi AE, Vlieland J, de Haas D, Dardenne K, Rothe J, Konings RJM, Smith AL. Examination of the short-range structure of molten salts: ThF 4, UF 4, and related alkali actinide fluoride systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:11091-11103. [PMID: 33949518 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00566a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The short-range structures of LiF-ThF4, NaF-AnF4, KF-AnF4, and Cs-AnF4 (An = Th, U), were probed using in situ high temperature Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Signally, the EXAFS spectra of pure molten ThF4 and UF4 were measured for the first time. The data were interpreted with the aid of Molecular Dynamics (MD) and standard fitting of the EXAFS equation. As in related studies, a speciation distribution dominated by [AnFx]4-x (x = 7, 8, 9) coordination complexes was observed. The average coordination number was found to decrease with the increasing size of the alkali cation, and increase with AnF4 content. An average coordination number close to 6, which had not been detected before in melts of alkali actinide fluorides, was seen when CsF was used as solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Ocádiz-Flores
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Radiation Science & Technology Department, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
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Puffer SR, Tennant LA, Lovich JE, Agha M, Smith AL, Delaney DK, Arundel TR, Fleckenstein LJ, Briggs J, Walde AD, Ennen JR. Birds not in flight: using camera traps to observe ground use of birds at a wind-energy facility. Wildl Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/wr21071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Martin JM, Leece AB, Neubauer S, Baker SE, Mongle CS, Boschian G, Schwartz GT, Smith AL, Ledogar JA, Strait DS, Herries AIR. Drimolen cranium DNH 155 documents microevolution in an early hominin species. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 5:38-45. [PMID: 33168991 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Paranthropus robustus is a small-brained extinct hominin from South Africa characterized by derived, robust craniodental morphology. The most complete known skull of this species is DNH 7 from Drimolen Main Quarry, which differs from P. robustus specimens recovered elsewhere in ways attributed to sexual dimorphism. Here, we describe a new fossil specimen from Drimolen Main Quarry, dated from approximately 2.04-1.95 million years ago, that challenges this view. DNH 155 is a well-preserved adult male cranium that shares with DNH 7 a suite of primitive and derived features unlike those seen in adult P. robustus specimens from other chronologically younger deposits. This refutes existing hypotheses linking sexual dimorphism, ontogeny and social behaviour within this taxon, and clarifies hypotheses concerning hominin phylogeny. We document small-scale morphological changes in P. robustus associated with ecological change within a short time frame and restricted geography. This represents the most highly resolved evidence yet of microevolutionary change within an early hominin species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse M Martin
- Palaeoscience, Department of Archaeology and History, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - A B Leece
- Palaeoscience, Department of Archaeology and History, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon Neubauer
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Human Evolution, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephanie E Baker
- Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Carrie S Mongle
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA.,Turkana Basin Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Giovanni Boschian
- Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gary T Schwartz
- Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Amanda L Smith
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Justin A Ledogar
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David S Strait
- Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Andy I R Herries
- Palaeoscience, Department of Archaeology and History, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
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11
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Palmatier MI, Smith AL, Odineal EM, Williams EA, Sheppard AB, Bradley CA. Nicotine Self-Administration With Tobacco Flavor Additives in Male Rats. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:224-231. [PMID: 30980717 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nicotine can robustly increase responding for conditioned reinforcers (CRs), stimuli that acquire reinforcing properties based on association with primary reinforcers. Menthol and licorice are tobacco flavoring agents also found in sweet foods (eg, candy and ice cream), making them putative CRs before they are consumed in tobacco. We sought to determine if intravenous self-administration (IVSA) of nicotine was enhanced by the inclusion of oral tobacco flavor CRs. METHODS Menthol (160 or 320 µM) or licorice root extract (0.1% or 1%) were established as CRs (paired with 20% sucrose) or "neutral" stimuli (paired with water) in separate groups. During subsequent IVSA tests, nicotine was delivered in conjunction with oral presentations of the CR. RESULTS In experiment 1, a menthol CR significantly shifted the peak nicotine dose from 15 µg/kg/infusion (Neutral group) to 3.25 µg/kg/infusion (CR group). In experiment 2, a menthol CR significantly increased operant licks for nicotine (3 µg/kg/infusion) relative to control groups. In experiment 3, both licorice and menthol CRs significantly increased operant licks for nicotine (7.5 µg/kg/infusion) relative to an "inactive" sipper. The licorice CR increased nicotine IVSA in proportion to the strength of the flavor, but both menthol concentrations increased nicotine IVSA to a similar extent. CONCLUSION Tobacco flavor additives with conditioned reinforcing properties promote acquisition of nicotine self-administration at low unit doses and may have robust impact on tobacco consumption when nicotine yield is low. IMPLICATIONS Tobacco flavor additives are found in rewarding foods (eg, ice cream) and gain palatability based on associations with primary rewards (eg, sugar) making them "conditioned reinforcers." Nicotine increases the motivation for flavor conditioned reinforcers and the present studies show that tobacco flavor additives can interact with nicotine to promote more nicotine self-administration. The interaction between flavors additives and nicotine may promote nicotine exposure and subsequently dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda L Smith
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
| | - Ethan M Odineal
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
| | - Emily A Williams
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
| | - Ashley B Sheppard
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
| | - Curtis A Bradley
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
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12
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Moffat JJ, Jung EM, Ka M, Smith AL, Jeon BT, Santen GWE, Kim WY. The role of ARID1B, a BAF chromatin remodeling complex subunit, in neural development and behavior. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 89:30-38. [PMID: 30149092 PMCID: PMC6249083 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the chromatin remodeling factor ARID1B leads to autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Several independent research groups, including our own, recently examined the effects of heterozygous deletion of Arid1b in mice and reported severe behavioral abnormalities reminiscent of autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability as well as marked changes in gene expression and decreased body size. Arid1b heterozygous mice also display significant cortical excitatory/inhibitory imbalance due to altered GABAergic neuron numbers and impaired inhibitory synaptic transmission. Abnormal epigenetic modifications, including histone acetylation and methylation, are additionally associated with Arid1b haploinsufficiency in the brain. Treating adult Arid1b mutant mice with a positive GABA allosteric modulator, however, rescues multiple behavioral abnormalities, such as cognitive and social impairments, as well as elevated anxiety. While treating Arid1b haploinsufficient mice with recombinant mouse growth hormone successfully increases body size, it has no effect on aberrant behavior. Here we summarize the recent findings regarding the role of ARID1B in brain development and behavior and discuss the utility of the Arid1b heterozygous mouse model in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric research. We also discuss some of the opportunities and potential challenges in developing translational applications for humans and possible avenues for further research into the mechanisms of ARID1B pathology in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eui-Man Jung
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Minhan Ka
- Research Center for Substance Abuse Pharmacology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
| | | | - Byeong Tak Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Gijs W. E. Santen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
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13
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Stahl EP, Dickert NW, Smith AL, Cole RT, Vega JD, Nguyen D, Gupta D. P5117Disparities in decisional regret among left ventricular assist device patient and caregiver recipients. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy566.p5117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E P Stahl
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - N W Dickert
- Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - A L Smith
- Emory University School of Medicine, Center for Heart Failure Therapy and Transplantation, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - R T Cole
- Emory University School of Medicine, Center for Heart Failure Therapy and Transplantation, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - J D Vega
- Emory University School of Medicine, Center for Heart Failure Therapy and Transplantation, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - D Nguyen
- Emory University School of Medicine, Center for Heart Failure Therapy and Transplantation, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - D Gupta
- Emory University School of Medicine, Center for Heart Failure Therapy and Transplantation, Atlanta, United States of America
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14
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Smith AL, Delfelder CJ, Stark CR, Evans CE, Yoder AD, Paulk CB, Beyer RS, Jones CK. 493 Effects of Monesin Sodium and Xylanase on Broiler Growth Performance. J Anim Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky073.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A L Smith
- Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | | | - C R Stark
- Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - C E Evans
- Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - A D Yoder
- Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - C B Paulk
- Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - R S Beyer
- Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - C K Jones
- Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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15
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Lovich JE, Puffer SR, Agha M, Ennen JR, Meyer-Wilkins K, Tennant LA, Smith AL, Arundel TR, Brundige KD, Vamstad MS. Reproductive Output and Clutch Phenology of Female Agassiz's Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in the Sonoran Desert Region of Joshua Tree National Park. Current Herpetology 2018. [DOI: 10.5358/hsj.37.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E. Lovich
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, 2255 North Gemini Drive, MS-9394, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | - Shellie R. Puffer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, 2255 North Gemini Drive, MS-9394, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | - Mickey Agha
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Joshua R. Ennen
- Tennessee Aquarium Conservation Institute, Tennessee Aquarium, 175 Baylor School Rd, Chattanooga, TN 37405, USA
| | | | - Laura A. Tennant
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, 2255 North Gemini Drive, MS-9394, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | - Amanda L. Smith
- Sonoran Institute, 100 North Stone Ave Suite 400, Tucson, AZ 85701, USA
| | - Terence R. Arundel
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, 2255 North Gemini Drive, MS-9394, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | - Kathleen D. Brundige
- Coachella Valley Conservation Commission, 73-710 Fred Waring Drive, Suite 200, Palm Desert, CA 92260–2516, USA
| | - Michael S. Vamstad
- National Park Service, Joshua Tree National Park, 74485 National Park Drive, Twentynine Palms, CA 92277–3597, USA
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16
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Ledogar JA, Benazzi S, Smith AL, Weber GW, Carlson KB, Dechow PC, Grosse IR, Ross CF, Richmond BG, Wright BW, Wang Q, Byron C, Carlson KJ, De Ruiter DJ, Pryor Mcintosh LC, Strait DS. The Biomechanics of Bony Facial "Buttresses" in South African Australopiths: An Experimental Study Using Finite Element Analysis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:171-195. [PMID: 28000396 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Australopiths exhibit a number of derived facial features that are thought to strengthen the face against high and/or repetitive loads associated with a diet that included mechanically challenging foods. Here, we use finite element analysis (FEA) to test hypotheses related to the purported strengthening role of the zygomatic root and "anterior pillar" in australopiths. We modified our previously constructed models of Sts 5 (Australopithecus africanus) and MH1 (A. sediba) to differ in the morphology of the zygomatic root, including changes to both the shape and positioning of the zygomatic root complex, in addition to creating variants of Sts 5 lacking anterior pillars. We found that both an expanded zygomatic root and the presence of "anterior pillars" reinforce the face against feeding loads. We also found that strain orientations are most compatible with the hypothesis that the pillar evolved to resist loads associated with premolar loading, and that this morphology has an ancillary effect of strengthening the face during all loading regimes. These results provide support for the functional hypotheses. However, we found that an anteriorly positioned zygomatic root increases strain magnitudes even in models with an inflated/reinforced root complex. These results suggest that an anteriorly placed zygomatic root complex evolved to enhance the efficiency of bite force production while facial reinforcement features, such as the anterior pillar and the expanded zygomatic root, may have been selected for in part to compensate for the weakening effect of this facial configuration. Anat Rec, 300:171-195, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Ledogar
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.,Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, 48121, Italy.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Amanda L Smith
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, New York.,Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gerhard W Weber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Keely B Carlson
- Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Paul C Dechow
- School of Science and Mathematics, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton, Georgia 30605
| | - Ian R Grosse
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian G Richmond
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.,Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York
| | - Barth W Wright
- Department of Anatomy, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Science and Mathematics, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton, Georgia 30605
| | - Craig Byron
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia
| | - Kristian J Carlson
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, 2050, South Africa
| | - Darryl J De Ruiter
- Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, 2050, South Africa
| | - Leslie C Pryor Mcintosh
- School of Science and Mathematics, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton, Georgia 30605
| | - David S Strait
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, New York.,Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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17
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Smith AL, Grosse IR. The Biomechanics of Zygomatic Arch Shape. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 299:1734-1752. [PMID: 27870343 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian zygomatic arch shape is remarkably variable, ranging from nearly cylindrical to blade-like in cross section. Based on geometry, the arch can be hypothesized to be a sub-structural beam whose ability to resist deformation is related to cross sectional shape. We expect zygomatic arches with different cross sectional shapes to vary in the degree to which they resist local bending and torsion due to the contraction of the masseter muscle. A stiffer arch may lead to an increase in the relative proportion of applied muscle load being transmitted through the arch to other cranial regions, resulting in elevated cranial stress (and thus, strain). Here, we examine the mechanics of the zygomatic arch using a series of finite element modeling experiments in which the cross section of the arch of Pan troglodytes has been modified to conform to idealized shapes (cylindrical, elliptical, blade-like). We find that the shape of the zygomatic arch has local effects on stain that do not conform to beam theory. One exception is that possessing a blade-like arch leads to elevated strains at the postorbital zygomatic junction and just below the orbits. Furthermore, although modeling the arch as solid cortical bone did not have the effect of elevating strains in other parts of the face, as had been expected, it does have a small effect on stress associated with masseter contraction. These results are counterintuitive. Even though the arch has simple beam-like geometry, we fail to find a simple mechanical explanation for the diversity of arch shape. Anat Rec, 299:1734-1752, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Smith
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri, 63130
| | - Ian R Grosse
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 160 Governor's Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003-2210
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18
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Prado FB, Freire AR, Cláudia Rossi A, Ledogar JA, Smith AL, Dechow PC, Strait DS, Voigt T, Ross CF. Review of In Vivo Bone Strain Studies and Finite Element Models of the Zygomatic Complex in Humans and Nonhuman Primates: Implications for Clinical Research and Practice. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 299:1753-1778. [PMID: 27870351 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The craniofacial skeleton is often described in the clinical literature as being comprised of vertical bony pillars, which transmit forces from the toothrow to the neurocranium as axial compressive stresses, reinforced transversely by buttresses. Here, we review the literature on bony microarchitecture, in vivo bone strain, and finite-element modeling of the facial skeleton of humans and nonhuman primates to address questions regarding the structural and functional existence of facial pillars and buttresses. Available bone material properties data do not support the existence of pillars and buttresses in humans or Sapajus apella. Deformation regimes in the zygomatic complex emphasize bending and shear, therefore conceptualizing the zygomatic complex of humans or nonhuman primates as a pillar obscures its patterns of stress, strain, and deformation. Human fossil relatives and chimpanzees exhibit strain regimes corroborating the existence of a canine-frontal pillar, but the notion of a zygomatic pillar has no support. The emerging consensus on patterns of strain and deformation in finite element models (FEMs) of the human facial skeleton corroborates hypotheses in the clinical literature regarding zygomatic complex function, and provide new insights into patterns of failure of titanium and resorbable plates in experimental studies. It is suggested that the "pillar and buttress" model of human craniofacial skeleton function be replaced with FEMs that more accurately and precisely represent in vivo function, and which can serve as the basis for future research into implants used in restoration of occlusal function and fracture repair. Anat Rec, 299:1753-1778, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felippe Bevilacqua Prado
- Department of Morphology, Anatomy Area, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Rodrigues Freire
- Department of Morphology, Anatomy Area, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Rossi
- Department of Morphology, Anatomy Area, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Justin A Ledogar
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda L Smith
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Paul C Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University, College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - David S Strait
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Tilman Voigt
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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19
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Abstract
Interneuron progenitors in the ganglionic eminence of the ventral telencephalon generate most cortical interneurons during brain development. However, the regulatory mechanism of interneuron progenitors remains poorly understood. Here, we show that MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin [serine/threonine kinase]) regulates proliferation and macroautophagy/autophagy of interneuron progenitors in the developing ventral telencephalon. To investigate the role of MTOR in interneuron progenitors, we conditionally deleted the Mtor gene in mouse interneuron progenitors and their progeny by using Tg(mI56i-cre,EGFP)1Kc/Dlx5/6-Cre-IRES-EGFP and Nkx2-1-Cre drivers. We found that Mtor deletion markedly reduced the number of interneurons in the cerebral cortex. However, relative positioning of cortical interneurons was normal, suggesting that disruption of progenitor self-renewal caused the decreased number of cortical interneurons in the Mtor-deleted brain. Indeed, Mtor-deleted interneuron progenitors showed abnormal proliferation and cell cycle progression. Additionally, we detected a significant activation of autophagy in Mtor-deleted brain. Our findings suggest that MTOR plays a critical role in the regulation of cortical interneuron number and autophagy in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhan Ka
- a Department of Developmental Neuroscience , Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Amanda L Smith
- a Department of Developmental Neuroscience , Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- a Department of Developmental Neuroscience , Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
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20
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Moffat JJ, Ka M, Jung EM, Smith AL, Kim WY. The role of MACF1 in nervous system development and maintenance. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:9-17. [PMID: 28579452 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1), also known as actin crosslinking factor 7 (ACF7), is essential for proper modulation of actin and microtubule cytoskeletal networks. Most MACF1 isoforms are expressed broadly in the body, but some are exclusively found in the nervous system. Consequentially, MACF1 is integrally involved in multiple neural processes during development and in adulthood, including neurite outgrowth and neuronal migration. Furthermore, MACF1 participates in several signaling pathways, including the Wnt/β-catenin and GSK-3 signaling pathways, which regulate key cellular processes, such as proliferation and cell migration. Genetic mutation or dysregulation of the MACF1 gene has been associated with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, specifically schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. MACF1 may also play a part in neuromuscular disorders and have a neuroprotective role in the optic nerve. In this review, the authors seek to synthesize recent findings relating to the roles of MACF1 within the nervous system and explore potential novel functions of MACF1 not yet examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Moffat
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Minhan Ka
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Eui-Man Jung
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Amanda L Smith
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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21
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Agha M, Smith AL, Lovich JE, Delaney D, Ennen JR, Briggs J, Fleckenstein LJ, Tennant LA, Puffer SR, Walde A, Arundel TR, Price SJ, Todd BD. Mammalian mesocarnivore visitation at tortoise burrows in a wind farm. J Wildl Manage 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mickey Agha
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Amanda L. Smith
- U.S. Geological SurveySouthwest Biological Science CenterFlagstaffAZ86001USA
| | - Jeffrey E. Lovich
- U.S. Geological SurveySouthwest Biological Science CenterFlagstaffAZ86001USA
| | - David Delaney
- U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research LaboratoryChampaignIL61826‐9005USA
| | - Joshua R. Ennen
- Tennessee Aquarium Conservation InstituteChattanoogaTN37402USA
| | | | | | - Laura A. Tennant
- U.S. Geological SurveySouthwest Biological Science CenterFlagstaffAZ86001USA
| | - Shellie R. Puffer
- U.S. Geological SurveySouthwest Biological Science CenterFlagstaffAZ86001USA
| | - Andrew Walde
- Walde Research and Environmental ConsultingAtascaderoCA93422USA
| | - Terence R. Arundel
- U.S. Geological SurveySouthwest Biological Science CenterFlagstaffAZ86001USA
| | - Steven J. Price
- Department of ForestryUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40546USA
| | - Brian D. Todd
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
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22
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Wattrang E, Magnusson SE, Näslund K, Thebo P, Hagström Å, Smith AL, Lundén A. Expression of perforin, granzyme A and Fas ligand mRNA in caecal tissues upon Eimeria tenella infection of naïve and immune chickens. Parasite Immunol 2017; 38:419-30. [PMID: 27136454 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic cells of the immune system may kill infected or transformed host cells via the perforin/granzyme or the Fas ligand (FasL) pathways. The purpose of this study was to determine mRNA expression of perforin, granzyme A and FasL in Eimeria tenella-infected tissues at primary infection and infection of immune chickens as an indirect measure of cytotoxic cell activity. Chickens were rendered immune by repeated E. tenella infections, which were manifested as an absence of clinical signs or pathological lesions and significantly reduced oocyst production upon challenge infection. During primary E. tenella infection, perforin, granzyme A and FasL mRNA expression in caecal tissue was significantly increased at 10 days after infection, compared to uninfected birds. In contrast, at infection of immune birds, perforin and granzyme A mRNA expression in caecal tissue was significantly increased during the early stages of E. tenella challenge infection, days 1-4, which coincided with a substantial reduction of parasite replication in these birds. These results indicate the activation of cytotoxic pathways in immune birds and support a role for cytotoxic T cells in the protection against Eimeria infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wattrang
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S E Magnusson
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Näslund
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Thebo
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Å Hagström
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A L Smith
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Lundén
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Huybregts MAJM, de Vroege R, Christiaans HMT, Smith AL, Paulus RCE. The use of a mini bypass system (Cobe Synergy) without venous and cardiotomy reservoir in a mitral valve repair: a case report. Perfusion 2017; 20:121-4. [PMID: 15918450 DOI: 10.1191/0267659105pf794cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The use of mini cardiopulmonary bypass circuits is an emerging technology. The venous and cardiotomy reservoir have been excluded from the circuit. This results in a reduction of the blood contact surface area and of the priming volume. Entrainment of venous air, however, remains a drawback in the widespread acceptance of using these mini circuits. The technique described resolves this problem by automatic removal of venous air, and explains how this mini cardiopulmonary bypass circuit was utilized on a 64-year-old female presented for a mitral valve repair. In the absence of a cardiotomy reservoir, an autotrans-fusion cell separator was used to process shed blood and, after CPB, the residual pump blood. This mini bypass circuit, with the safety feature to remove automatically venous air, provided an additional degree of protection. In our experience, mini bypass circuits allow us safely to perform cardiopulmonary bypass during valve procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A J M Huybregts
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Vrije Universiteit Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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24
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Ledogar JA, Dechow PC, Wang Q, Gharpure PH, Gordon AD, Baab KL, Smith AL, Weber GW, Grosse IR, Ross CF, Richmond BG, Wright BW, Byron C, Wroe S, Strait DS. Human feeding biomechanics: performance, variation, and functional constraints. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2242. [PMID: 27547550 PMCID: PMC4975005 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the modern human (Homo sapiens) cranium is characterized by a reduction in the size of the feeding system, including reductions in the size of the facial skeleton, postcanine teeth, and the muscles involved in biting and chewing. The conventional view hypothesizes that gracilization of the human feeding system is related to a shift toward eating foods that were less mechanically challenging to consume and/or foods that were processed using tools before being ingested. This hypothesis predicts that human feeding systems should not be well-configured to produce forceful bites and that the cranium should be structurally weak. An alternate hypothesis, based on the observation that humans have mechanically efficient jaw adductors, states that the modern human face is adapted to generate and withstand high biting forces. We used finite element analysis (FEA) to test two opposing mechanical hypotheses: that compared to our closest living relative, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), the modern human craniofacial skeleton is (1) less well configured, or (2) better configured to generate and withstand high magnitude bite forces. We considered intraspecific variation in our examination of human feeding biomechanics by examining a sample of geographically diverse crania that differed notably in shape. We found that our biomechanical models of human crania had broadly similar mechanical behavior despite their shape variation and were, on average, less structurally stiff than the crania of chimpanzees during unilateral biting when loaded with physiologically-scaled muscle loads. Our results also show that modern humans are efficient producers of bite force, consistent with previous analyses. However, highly tensile reaction forces were generated at the working (biting) side jaw joint during unilateral molar bites in which the chewing muscles were recruited with bilateral symmetry. In life, such a configuration would have increased the risk of joint dislocation and constrained the maximum recruitment levels of the masticatory muscles on the balancing (non-biting) side of the head. Our results do not necessarily conflict with the hypothesis that anterior tooth (incisors, canines, premolars) biting could have been selectively important in humans, although the reduced size of the premolars in humans has been shown to increase the risk of tooth crown fracture. We interpret our results to suggest that human craniofacial evolution was probably not driven by selection for high magnitude unilateral biting, and that increased masticatory muscle efficiency in humans is likely to be a secondary byproduct of selection for some function unrelated to forceful biting behaviors. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a shift to softer foods and/or the innovation of pre-oral food processing techniques relaxed selective pressures maintaining craniofacial features that favor forceful biting and chewing behaviors, leading to the characteristically small and gracile faces of modern humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A. Ledogar
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States
| | - Paul C. Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Poorva H. Gharpure
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Adam D. Gordon
- Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States
| | - Karen L. Baab
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, United States
| | - Amanda L. Smith
- Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Gerhard W. Weber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian R. Grosse
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Brian G. Richmond
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barth W. Wright
- Department of Anatomy, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
| | - Craig Byron
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, United States
| | - Stephen Wroe
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David S. Strait
- Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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Smith AL, Rosenkrantz TS, Fitch RH. Effects of Sex and Mild Intrainsult Hypothermia on Neuropathology and Neural Reorganization following Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Injury in Rats. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:2585230. [PMID: 27042359 PMCID: PMC4794561 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2585230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia ischemia (HI) is a recognized risk factor among late-preterm infants, with HI events leading to varied neuropathology and cognitive/behavioral deficits. Studies suggest a sex difference in the incidence of HI and in the severity of subsequent behavioral deficits (with better outcomes in females). Mechanisms of a female advantage remain unknown but could involve sex-specific patterns of compensation to injury. Neuroprotective hypothermia is also used to ameliorate HI damage and attenuate behavioral deficits. Though currently prescribed only for HI in term infants, cooling has potential intrainsult applications to high-risk late-preterm infants as well. To address this important clinical issue, we conducted a study using male and female rats with a postnatal (P) day 7 HI injury induced under normothermic and hypothermic conditions. The current study reports patterns of neuropathology evident in postmortem tissue. Results showed a potent benefit of intrainsult hypothermia that was comparable for both sexes. Findings also show surprisingly different patterns of compensation in the contralateral hemisphere, with increases in hippocampal thickness in HI females contrasting reduced thickness in HI males. Findings provide a framework for future research to compare and contrast mechanisms of neuroprotection and postinjury plasticity in both sexes following a late-preterm HI insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Smith
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Division, The University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ted S. Rosenkrantz
- Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, The University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - R. Holly Fitch
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Division, The University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Eckstrand CD, Hillman C, Smith AL, Sparger EE, Murphy BG. Viral Reservoirs in Lymph Nodes of FIV-Infected Progressor and Long-Term Non-Progressor Cats during the Asymptomatic Phase. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146285. [PMID: 26741651 PMCID: PMC4704817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Examination of a cohort of cats experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) for 5.75 years revealed detectable proviral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) harvested during the asymptomatic phase, undetectable plasma viral RNA (FIV gag), and rarely detectable cell-associated viral RNA. Despite apparent viral latency in peripheral CD4+ T cells, circulating CD4+ T cell numbers progressively declined in progressor animals. The aim of this study was to explore this dichotomy of peripheral blood viral latency in the face of progressive immunopathology. The viral replication status, cellular immunophenotypes, and histopathologic features were compared between popliteal lymph nodes (PLNs) and peripheral blood. Also, we identified and further characterized one of the FIV-infected cats identified as a long-term non-progressor (LTNP). Results PLN-derived leukocytes from FIV-infected cats during the chronic asymptomatic phase demonstrated active viral gag transcription and FIV protein translation as determined by real-time RT-PCR, Western blot and in situ immunohistochemistry, whereas viral RNA in blood leukocytes was either undetectable or intermittently detectable and viral protein was not detected. Active transcription of viral RNA was detectable in PLN-derived CD4+ and CD21+ leukocytes. Replication competent provirus was reactivated ex vivo from PLN-derived leukocytes from three of four FIV-infected cats. Progressor cats showed a persistent and dramatically decreased proportion and absolute count of CD4+ T cells in blood, and a decreased proportion of CD4+ T cells in PLNs. A single long-term non-progressor (LTNP) cat persistently demonstrated an absolute peripheral blood CD4+ T cell count indistinguishable from uninfected animals, a lower proviral load in unfractionated blood and PLN leukocytes, and very low amounts of viral RNA in the PLN. Conclusion Collectively our data indicates that PLNs harbor important reservoirs of ongoing viral replication during the asymptomatic phase of infection, in spite of undetectable viral activity in peripheral blood. A thorough understanding of tissue-based lentiviral reservoirs is fundamental to medical interventions to eliminate virus or prolong the asymptomatic phase of FIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Eckstrand
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - C Hillman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - A L Smith
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - E E Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - B G Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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Smith AL, Benazzi S, Ledogar JA, Tamvada K, Pryor Smith LC, Weber GW, Spencer MA, Lucas PW, Michael S, Shekeban A, Al-Fadhalah K, Almusallam AS, Dechow PC, Grosse IR, Ross CF, Madden RH, Richmond BG, Wright BW, Wang Q, Byron C, Slice DE, Wood S, Dzialo C, Berthaume MA, van Casteren A, Strait DS. The feeding biomechanics and dietary ecology of Paranthropus boisei. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:145-67. [PMID: 25529240 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The African Plio-Pleistocene hominins known as australopiths evolved derived craniodental features frequently interpreted as adaptations for feeding on either hard, or compliant/tough foods. Among australopiths, Paranthropus boisei is the most robust form, exhibiting traits traditionally hypothesized to produce high bite forces efficiently and strengthen the face against feeding stresses. However, recent mechanical analyses imply that P. boisei may not have been an efficient producer of bite force and that robust morphology in primates is not necessarily strong. Here we use an engineering method, finite element analysis, to show that the facial skeleton of P. boisei is structurally strong, exhibits a strain pattern different from that in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and Australopithecus africanus, and efficiently produces high bite force. It has been suggested that P. boisei consumed a diet of compliant/tough foods like grass blades and sedge pith. However, the blunt occlusal topography of this and other species suggests that australopiths are adapted to consume hard foods, perhaps including grass and sedge seeds. A consideration of evolutionary trends in morphology relating to feeding mechanics suggests that food processing behaviors in gracile australopiths evidently were disrupted by environmental change, perhaps contributing to the eventual evolution of Homo and Paranthropus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Smith
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, New York
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Smith AL, Benazzi S, Ledogar JA, Tamvada K, Pryor Smith LC, Weber GW, Spencer MA, Dechow PC, Grosse IR, Ross CF, Richmond BG, Wright BW, Wang Q, Byron C, Slice DE, Strait DS. Biomechanical implications of intraspecific shape variation in chimpanzee crania: moving toward an integration of geometric morphometrics and finite element analysis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:122-44. [PMID: 25529239 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In a broad range of evolutionary studies, an understanding of intraspecific variation is needed in order to contextualize and interpret the meaning of variation between species. However, mechanical analyses of primate crania using experimental or modeling methods typically encounter logistical constraints that force them to rely on data gathered from only one or a few individuals. This results in a lack of knowledge concerning the mechanical significance of intraspecific shape variation that limits our ability to infer the significance of interspecific differences. This study uses geometric morphometric methods (GM) and finite element analysis (FEA) to examine the biomechanical implications of shape variation in chimpanzee crania, thereby providing a comparative context in which to interpret shape-related mechanical variation between hominin species. Six finite element models (FEMs) of chimpanzee crania were constructed from CT scans following shape-space Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of a matrix of 709 Procrustes coordinates (digitized onto 21 specimens) to identify the individuals at the extremes of the first three principal components. The FEMs were assigned the material properties of bone and were loaded and constrained to simulate maximal bites on the P(3) and M(2) . Resulting strains indicate that intraspecific cranial variation in morphology is associated with quantitatively high levels of variation in strain magnitudes, but qualitatively little variation in the distribution of strain concentrations. Thus, interspecific comparisons should include considerations of the spatial patterning of strains rather than focus only on their magnitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Smith
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, New York
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Smith AL, Chaparro BS. Smartphone Text Input Method Performance, Usability, and Preference With Younger and Older Adults. Hum Factors 2015; 57:1015-1028. [PMID: 25850116 DOI: 10.1177/0018720815575644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE User performance, perceived usability, and preference for five smartphone text input methods were compared with younger and older novice adults. BACKGROUND Smartphones are used for a variety of functions other than phone calls, including text messaging, e-mail, and web browsing. Research comparing performance with methods of text input on smartphones reveals a high degree of variability in reported measures, procedures, and results. This study reports on a direct comparison of five of the most common input methods among a population of younger and older adults, who had no experience with any of the methods. METHOD Fifty adults (25 younger, 18-35 years; 25 older, 60-84 years) completed a text entry task using five text input methods (physical Qwerty, onscreen Qwerty, tracing, handwriting, and voice). Entry and error rates, perceived usability, and preference were recorded. RESULTS Both age groups input text equally fast using voice input, but older adults were slower than younger adults using all other methods. Both age groups had low error rates when using physical Qwerty and voice, but older adults committed more errors with the other three methods. Both younger and older adults preferred voice and physical Qwerty input to the remaining methods. Handwriting consistently performed the worst and was rated lowest by both groups. CONCLUSION Voice and physical Qwerty input methods proved to be the most effective for both younger and older adults, and handwriting input was the least effective overall. APPLICATION These findings have implications to the design of future smartphone text input methods and devices, particularly for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. Rowley
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda L. Smith
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte E. Davies
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
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Smith AL, Bascuñana C, Hall A, Salman A, Andrei AZ, Volenik A, Rothenmund H, Ferland D, Lamoussenery D, Kamath AS, Amre R, Caglar D, Gao ZH, Haegert DG, Kanber Y, Michel RP, Omeroglu-Altinel G, Asselah J, Bouganim N, Kavan P, Arena G, Barkun J, Chaudhury P, Gallinger S, Foulkes WD, Omeroglu A, Metrakos P, Zogopoulos G. Establishing a clinic-based pancreatic cancer and periampullary tumour research registry in Quebec. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:113-21. [PMID: 25908910 DOI: 10.3747/co.22.2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enrolling patients in studies of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (pdac) is challenging because of the high fatality of the disease. We hypothesized that a prospective clinic-based study with rapid ascertainment would result in high participation rates. Using that strategy, we established the Quebec Pancreas Cancer Study (qpcs) to investigate the genetics and causes of pdac and other periampullary tumours (pats) that are also rare and underrepresented in research studies. METHODS Patients diagnosed with pdac or pat were introduced to the study at their initial clinical encounter, with a strategy to enrol participants within 2 weeks of diagnosis. Patient self-referrals and referrals of unaffected individuals with an increased risk of pdac were also accepted. Family histories, epidemiologic and clinical data, and biospecimens were collected. Additional relatives were enrolled in families at increased genetic risk. RESULTS The first 346 completed referrals led to 306 probands being enrolled, including 190 probands affected with pdac, who represent the population focus of the qpcs. Participation rates were 88.4% for all referrals and 89.2% for pdac referrals. Family history, epidemiologic and clinical data, and biospecimens were ascertained from 91.9%, 54.6%, and 97.5% respectively of patients with pdac. Although demographics and trends in risk factors in our patients were consistent with published statistics for patients with pdac, the qpcs is enriched for families with French-Canadian ancestry (37.4%), a population with recurrent germ-line mutations in hereditary diseases. CONCLUSIONS Using rapid ascertainment, a pdac and pat research registry with high participation rates can be established. The qpcs is a valuable research resource and its enrichment with patients of French-Canadian ancestry provides a unique opportunity for studies of heredity in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Smith
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC. ; The Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC
| | - C Bascuñana
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC. ; The Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC
| | - A Hall
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC. ; The Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC
| | - A Salman
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC. ; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC
| | - A Z Andrei
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC. ; The Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC
| | - A Volenik
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC. ; The Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC. ; Program in Cancer Genetics, Department of Oncology and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC
| | - H Rothenmund
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC. ; The Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC. ; Program in Cancer Genetics, Department of Oncology and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC
| | - D Ferland
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC. ; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC
| | - D Lamoussenery
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC. ; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Oncology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC
| | - A S Kamath
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC
| | - R Amre
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC
| | - D Caglar
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC
| | - Z H Gao
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC
| | - D G Haegert
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC
| | - Y Kanber
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC
| | - R P Michel
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC
| | | | - J Asselah
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Oncology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC
| | - N Bouganim
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Oncology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC
| | - P Kavan
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Oncology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC
| | - G Arena
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC
| | - J Barkun
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC
| | - P Chaudhury
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC
| | - S Gallinger
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC
| | - W D Foulkes
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC. ; Program in Cancer Genetics, Department of Oncology and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC
| | - A Omeroglu
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC
| | - P Metrakos
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC. ; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC
| | - G Zogopoulos
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC. ; The Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC. ; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC. ; Program in Cancer Genetics, Department of Oncology and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Liu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Seattle, Wash
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Smith AL, Alexander M, Chrobak JJ, Rosenkrantz TS, Fitch RH. Dissociation in the Effects of Induced Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia on Rapid Auditory Processing and Spatial Working Memory in Male Rats. Dev Neurosci 2015; 37:440-52. [PMID: 25791036 DOI: 10.1159/000375487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants born prematurely are at risk for cardiovascular events causing hypoxia-ischemia (HI; reduced blood and oxygen to the brain). HI in turn can cause neuropathology, though patterns of damage are sometimes diffuse and often highly variable (with clinical heterogeneity further magnified by rapid development). As a result, though HI injury is associated with long-term behavioral and cognitive impairments in general, pathology indices for specific infants can provide only limited insight into individual prognosis. The current paper addresses this important clinical issue using a rat model that simulates unilateral HI in a late preterm infant coupled with long-term behavioral evaluation in two processing domains - auditory discrimination and spatial learning/memory. We examined the following: (1) whether deficits on one task would predict deficits on the other (suggesting that subjects with more severe injury perform worse across all cognitive domains) or (2) whether domain-specific outcomes among HI-injured subjects would be uncorrelated (suggesting differential damage to orthogonal neural systems). All animals (sham and HI) received initial auditory testing and were assigned to additional auditory testing (group A) or spatial maze testing (group B). This allowed within-task (group A) and between-task (group B) correlation. Anatomic measures of cortical, hippocampal and ventricular volume (indexing HI damage) were also obtained and correlated against behavioral measures. Results showed that auditory discrimination in the juvenile period was not correlated with spatial working memory in adulthood (group B) in either sham or HI rats. Conversely, early auditory processing performance for group A HI animals significantly predicted auditory deficits in adulthood (p = 0.05; no correlation in shams). Anatomic data also revealed significant relationships between the volumes of different brain areas within both HI and shams, but anatomic measures did not correlate with any behavioral measure in the HI group (though we saw a hippocampal/spatial correlation in shams, in the expected direction). Overall, current data provide an impetus to enhance tools for characterizing individual HI-related pathology in neonates, which could provide more accurate individual prognoses within specific cognitive/behavioral domains and thus improved patient-specific early interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Smith
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Division, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn., USA
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Wensrich CM, Kisi EH, Luzin V, Garbe U, Kirstein O, Smith AL, Zhang JF. Force chains in monodisperse spherical particle assemblies: three-dimensional measurements using neutrons. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2014; 90:042203. [PMID: 25375485 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.042203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The full triaxial stress state within individual particles in a monodisperse spherical granular assembly has been measured. This was made possible by neutron imaging and computed tomography combined with neutron diffraction strain measurement techniques and associated stress reconstruction. The assembly in question consists of 549 precision steel ball bearings under an applied axial load of 85 MPa in a cylindrical die. Clear evidence of force chains was observed in terms of both the shape of the probability distribution function for normal stresses and the network formed by highly loaded particles. An extensive analysis of the source and magnitude of uncertainty in these measurements is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Wensrich
- The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - E H Kisi
- The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - V Luzin
- Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee NSW 2232, Australia
| | - U Garbe
- Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee NSW 2232, Australia
| | - O Kirstein
- The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia and European Spallation Source, Box 176, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - A L Smith
- The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - J F Zhang
- The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
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Smith AL, Whitten MMA, Hirschle L, Pope EC, Wootton EC, Vogan CL, Rowley AF. Bacterial septicaemia in prerecruit edible crabs, Cancer pagurus L. J Fish Dis 2014; 37:729-737. [PMID: 23962351 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile edible crabs, Cancer pagurus L., were surveyed from Mumbles Head and Oxwich Bay in South Wales, UK, and the number of heterotrophic bacteria and vibrios in the hemolymph was determined. The percentage of crabs with hemolymph containing bacteria was variable over the survey with higher numbers of animals affected in summer than in winter. Post-moult crabs contained significantly higher numbers of heterotrophic bacteria in the hemolymph than pre- and intermoult animals. Crabs with cuticular damage to the gills also had significantly higher numbers of bacteria in the hemolymph. Crabs were found to have a high prevalence of infection by the dinoflagellate, Hematodinium. Such animals had significantly fewer bacteria in the blood in comparison with Hematodinium-free animals. Of the 463 crabs surveyed, only 3 individuals had hemolymph containing 2000 + CFU mL(-1). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, two of these crabs contained a Vibrio pectenicida-like isolate, while the other had a mixed assemblage of vibrios. Although 59% of the crabs surveyed had culturable bacteria in the hemolymph, the majority only had small numbers (<2000 CFU mL(-1) ), suggesting that such infections may be of limited importance to the sustainability of the crab fishery in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Smith
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
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Freeman SM, Walum H, Inoue K, Smith AL, Goodman MM, Bales KL, Young LJ. Neuroanatomical distribution of oxytocin and vasopressin 1a receptors in the socially monogamous coppery titi monkey (Callicebus cupreus). Neuroscience 2014; 273:12-23. [PMID: 24814726 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The coppery titi monkey (Callicebus cupreus) is a socially monogamous New World primate that has been studied in the field and the laboratory to investigate the behavioral neuroendocrinology of primate pair bonding and parental care. Arginine vasopressin has been shown to influence male titi monkey pair-bonding behavior, and studies are currently underway to examine the effects of oxytocin on titi monkey behavior and physiology. Here, we use receptor autoradiography to identify the distribution of arginine vasopressin 1a receptor (AVPR1a) and oxytocin receptors (OXTR) in hemispheres of titi monkey brain (n=5). AVPR1a are diffuse and widespread throughout the brain, but the OXTR distribution is much more limited, with the densest binding being in the hippocampal formation (dentate gyrus, CA1 field) and the presubiculum (layers I and III). Moderate OXTR binding was detected in the nucleus basalis of Meynert, pulvinar, superior colliculus, layer 4C of primary visual cortex, periaqueductal gray (PAG), pontine gray, nucleus prepositus, and spinal trigeminal nucleus. OXTR mRNA overlapped with OXTR radioligand binding, confirming that the radioligand was detecting OXTR protein. AVPR1a binding is present throughout the cortex, especially in cingulate, insular, and occipital cortices, as well as in the caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, central amygdala, endopiriform nucleus, hippocampus (CA4 field), globus pallidus, lateral geniculate nucleus, infundibulum, habenula, PAG, substantia nigra, olivary nucleus, hypoglossal nucleus, and cerebellum. Furthermore, we show that, in the titi monkey brain, the OXTR antagonist ALS-II-69 is highly selective for OXTR and that the AVPR1a antagonist SR49059 is highly selective for AVPR1a. Based on these results and the fact that both ALS-II-69 and SR49059 are non-peptide, small-molecule antagonists that should be capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, these two compounds emerge as excellent candidates for the pharmacological manipulation of OXTR and AVPR1a in future behavioral experiments in titi monkeys and other primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Freeman
- Silvio O. Conte Center for Oxytocin and Social Cognition, Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - H Walum
- Silvio O. Conte Center for Oxytocin and Social Cognition, Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - K Inoue
- Silvio O. Conte Center for Oxytocin and Social Cognition, Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - A L Smith
- Silvio O. Conte Center for Oxytocin and Social Cognition, Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Radiology, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - M M Goodman
- Silvio O. Conte Center for Oxytocin and Social Cognition, Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Radiology, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - K L Bales
- California National Primate Research Center, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Psychology, 135 Young Hall, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - L J Young
- Silvio O. Conte Center for Oxytocin and Social Cognition, Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Smith AL, Hill CA, Alexander M, Szalkowski CE, Chrobak JJ, Rosenkrantz TS, Fitch RH. Spatial working memory deficits in male rats following neonatal hypoxic ischemic brain injury can be attenuated by task modifications. Brain Sci 2014; 4:240-72. [PMID: 24961760 PMCID: PMC4101476 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci4020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI; reduction in blood/oxygen supply) is common in infants with serious birth complications, such as prolonged labor and cord prolapse, as well as in infants born prematurely (<37 weeks gestational age; GA). Most often, HI can lead to brain injury in the form of cortical and subcortical damage, as well as later cognitive/behavioral deficits. A common domain of impairment is working memory, which can be associated with heightened incidence of developmental disorders. To further characterize these clinical issues, the current investigation describes data from a rodent model of HI induced on postnatal (P)7, an age comparable to a term (GA 36–38) human. Specifically, we sought to assess working memory using an eight-arm radial water maze paradigm. Study 1 used a modified version of the paradigm, which requires a step-wise change in spatial memory via progressively more difficult tasks, as well as multiple daily trials for extra learning opportunity. Results were surprising and revealed a small HI deficit only for the final and most difficult condition, when a delay before test trial was introduced. Study 2 again used the modified radial arm maze, but presented the most difficult condition from the start, and only one daily test trial. Here, results were expected and revealed a robust and consistent HI deficit across all weeks. Combined results indicate that male HI rats can learn a difficult spatial working memory task if it is presented in a graded multi-trial format, but performance is poor and does not appear to remediate if the task is presented with high initial memory demand. Male HI rats in both studies displayed impulsive characteristics throughout testing evidenced as reduced choice latencies despite more errors. This aspect of behavioral results is consistent with impulsiveness as a core symptom of ADHD—a diagnosis common in children with HI insult. Overall findings suggest that task specific behavioral modifications are crucial to accommodating memory deficits in children suffering from cognitive impairments following neonatal HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Smith
- Behavioral Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Courtney A Hill
- Behavioral Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Michelle Alexander
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street S.E. Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
| | - Caitlin E Szalkowski
- Behavioral Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - James J Chrobak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Ted S Rosenkrantz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - R Holly Fitch
- Behavioral Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Alexander M, Garbus H, Smith AL, Fitch RH. Cell size anomalies in the auditory thalamus of rats with hypoxic-ischemic injury on postnatal day 3 or 7. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 33:1-7. [PMID: 24184287 PMCID: PMC3945053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Children born prematurely (<37 weeks gestational age) or at very low birth weight (VLBW; <1500g) are at increased risk for hypoxic ischemic (HI) brain injuries. Term infants can also suffer HI from birth complications. In both groups, blood/oxygen delivery to the brain is compromised, often resulting in brain damage and later cognitive delays (e.g., language deficits). Literature suggests that language delays in a variety of developmentally impaired populations (including specific language impairment (SLI), dyslexia, and early HI-injury) may be associated with underlying deficits in rapid auditory processing (RAP; the ability to process and discriminate brief acoustic cues). Data supporting a relationship between RAP deficits and poor language outcomes is consistent with the "magnocellular theory," which purports that damage to or loss of large (magnocellular) cells in thalamic nuclei could underlie disruptions in temporal processing of sensory input, possibly including auditory (medial geniculate nucleus; MGN) information This theory could be applied to neonatal HI populations that show subsequent RAP deficits. In animal models of neonatal HI, persistent RAP deficits are seen in postnatal (P)7 HI injured rats (who exhibit neuropathology comparable to term birth injury), but not in P1-3 HI injured rodents (who exhibit neuropathology comparable to human pre-term injury). The current study sought to investigate the mean cell size, cell number, and cumulative probability of cell size in the MGN of P3 HI and P7 HI injured male rats that had previously demonstrated behavioral RAP deficits. Pilot data from our lab (Alexander, 2011) previously revealed cell size abnormalities (a shift toward smaller cells) in P7 but not P1 HI injured animals when compared to shams. Our current finding support this result, with evidence of a significant shift to smaller cells in the experimental MGN of P7 HI but not P3 HI subjects. P7 HI animals also showed significantly fewer cells in the affected (right) MGN as compared P3 HI and shams animals. Moreover, cell number in the right hemisphere was found to correlate with gap detection (fewer cells=worse performance) in P7 HI injured subjects. These findings could be applied to clinical populations, providing an anatomic marker that may index potential long-term language disabilities in HI injured infants and possibly other at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Alexander
- University of Connecticut, Department of Psychology, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
| | - Haley Garbus
- University of Connecticut, Department of Psychology, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Amanda L Smith
- University of Connecticut, Department of Psychology, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - R Holly Fitch
- University of Connecticut, Department of Psychology, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
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Strait DS, Constantino P, Lucas PW, Richmond BG, Spencer MA, Dechow PC, Ross CF, Grosse IR, Wright BW, Wood BA, Weber GW, Wang Q, Byron C, Slice DE, Chalk J, Smith AL, Smith LC, Wood S, Berthaume M, Benazzi S, Dzialo C, Tamvada K, Ledogar JA. Viewpoints: Diet and dietary adaptations in early hominins: The hard food perspective. Am J Phys Anthropol 2013; 151:339-55. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Strait
- Department of Anthropology; University at Albany; Albany; NY; 12222
| | - Paul Constantino
- Department of Biological Sciences; Marshall University; Huntington; WV; 25755
| | - Peter W. Lucas
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences; Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University; Kuwait
| | | | - Mark A. Spencer
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change; Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University; Tempe; AZ; 85287-4104
| | - Paul C. Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry; Dallas; TX; 75246
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy; University of Chicago; Chicago; IL; 60637
| | - Ian R. Grosse
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Massachusetts; Amherst; MA; 01003-2210
| | - Barth W. Wright
- Department of Anatomy; Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences; Kansas City; MO; 64106-1453
| | | | - Gerhard W. Weber
- Department of Anthropology; University of Vienna; A-1090; Vienna; Austria
| | - Qian Wang
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences; Mercer University School of Medicine; Macon; GA; 31207
| | - Craig Byron
- Department of Biology; Mercer University; Macon; GA; 31207
| | - Dennis E. Slice
- School of Computational Science and Department of Biological Science; Florida State University; Tallahassee; FL; 32306-4120
| | - Janine Chalk
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology; Duke University; Durham; NC; 27708-0383
| | - Amanda L. Smith
- Department of Anthropology; University at Albany; Albany; NY; 12222
| | - Leslie C. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry; Dallas; TX; 75246
| | - Sarah Wood
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Massachusetts; Amherst; MA; 01003-2210
| | - Michael Berthaume
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Massachusetts; Amherst; MA; 01003-2210
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; 04103; Leipzig; Germany
| | - Christine Dzialo
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Massachusetts; Amherst; MA; 01003-2210
| | - Kelli Tamvada
- Department of Anthropology; University at Albany; Albany; NY; 12222
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Smith AL, Benazzi S, Ledogar JA, Smith L, Weber GW, Dechow PC, Grosse IR, Spencer MA, Wang Q, Strait DS. Considering the constrained lever model: Feeding biomechanics of OH 5 assessed using finite element analysis. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.520.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Leslie Smith
- Biomedical SciencesBaylor College of DentistryTexas A&M Health Sciences CenterDallasTX
| | | | - Paul C Dechow
- Biomedical SciencesBaylor College of DentistryTexas A&M Health Sciences CenterDallasTX
| | - Ian R Grosse
- Mechanical and Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Massachusetts at AmherstAmherstMA
| | - Mark A Spencer
- Institute of Human OriginsArizona State UniversityTempeAZ
| | - Qian Wang
- AnatomyMercer University School of MedicineMaconGA
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Alexander M, Smith AL, Rosenkrantz TS, Fitch RH. Therapeutic effect of caffeine treatment immediately following neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury on spatial memory in male rats. Brain Sci 2013; 3:177-90. [PMID: 24961313 PMCID: PMC4061822 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia Ischemia (HI) refers to the disruption of blood and/or oxygen delivery to the brain. Term infants suffering perinatal complications that result in decreased blood flow and/or oxygen delivery to the brain are at risk for HI. Among a variety of developmental delays in this population, HI injured infants demonstrate subsequent memory deficits. The Rice-Vannucci rodent HI model can be used to explore behavioral deficits following early HI events, as well as possible therapeutic agents to help reduce deleterious outcomes. Caffeine is an adenosine receptor antagonist that has recently shown promising results as a therapeutic agent following HI injury. The current study sought to investigate the therapeutic benefit of caffeine following early HI injury in male rats. On post-natal day (P) 7, HI injury was induced (cauterization of the right common carotid artery, followed by two hours of 8% oxygen). Male sham animals received only a midline incision with no manipulation of the artery followed by room air exposure for two hours. Subsets of HI and sham animals then received either an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of caffeine (10 mg/kg), or vehicle (sterile saline) immediately following hypoxia. All animals later underwent testing on the Morris Water Maze (MWM) from P90 to P95. Results show that HI injured animals (with no caffeine treatment) displayed significant deficits on the MWM task relative to shams. These deficits were attenuated by caffeine treatment when given immediately following the induction of HI. We also found a reduction in right cortical volume (ipsilateral to injury) in HI saline animals as compared to shams, while right cortical volume in the HI caffeine treated animals was intermediate. These findings suggest that caffeine is a potential therapeutic agent that could be used in HI injured infants to reduce brain injury and preserve subsequent cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Alexander
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Amanda L Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Ted S Rosenkrantz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - R Holly Fitch
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Paigen B, Svenson KL, Von Smith R, Marion MA, Stearns T, Peters LL, Smith AL. Physiological effects of housing density on C57BL/6J mice over a 9-month period. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:5182-92. [PMID: 22952366 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The NRC has consistently recommended floor space for animals used in science and agriculture. For mice, the recommended floor space is 77.4 cm(2) (12 in(2)) for a 15- to 25-g mouse. The NRC noted that its recommendations were based on "best professional judgment" and encouraged alternatives that were data driven. As part of a continual effort of The Jackson Laboratory to ensure the health and well-being of production and research mice, while promoting cost-effective, state-of-the-art research, several density-driven studies have been conducted by lab researchers. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of housing density on variables related to mouse physiology and air quality in cages and assess the value of specific measured variables in such studies. In the present study, we monitored C57BL/6J mice in individually ventilated cages from weaning until 9 mo of age. Housing densities were equivalent to 66.4 or 36.8 cm(2) per mouse (10.3 or 5.7 in(2)). Clinical physiological variables representing general health and well-being were measured. Hematological traits, plasma lipids, and glucose, growth, bone mineral density, and percent body fat did not differ between housing densities. In the more densely housed mice, however, adrenal glands were significantly smaller, heart rates were significantly less, and food consumption was less. Cage air microenvironment was evaluated for ammonia, carbon dioxide, temperature, and humidity in cages changed weekly or every 2 wk. The cage microenvironment remained within acceptable limits at the higher density of mice at both cage-changing frequencies. The results suggest that mice housed for as long as 9 mo at up to twice the density currently recommended by NRC show no measurable adverse effects. Continued re-evaluation of the recommendation by measuring additional relevant variables of health and general well-being, and studying additional strains of mice is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Paigen
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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Smith AL, Iwanaga R, Drasin DJ, Micalizzi DS, Vartuli RL, Tan AC, Ford HL. The miR-106b-25 cluster targets Smad7, activates TGF-β signaling, and induces EMT and tumor initiating cell characteristics downstream of Six1 in human breast cancer. Oncogene 2012; 31:5162-71. [PMID: 22286770 PMCID: PMC3342483 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of TGF-β signaling in tumorigenesis is paradoxical: it can be tumor suppressive or tumor promotional, depending on context. The metastatic regulator, Six1, was recently shown to mediate this switch, providing a novel means to explain this elusive “TGF-β paradox”. Herein, we identify a mechanism by which Six1 activates the tumor promotional arm of TGF-β signaling, via its ability to upregulate the miR-106b-25 microRNA cluster, and further identify a novel function for this cluster of microRNAs. While expression of the miR-106b-25 cluster is known to overcome TGF-β-mediated growth suppression via targeting p21 and BIM, we demonstrate for the first time that this same cluster can additionally target the inhibitory Smad7 protein, resulting in increased levels of the TGF-β type I receptor (TβRI) and downstream activation of TGF-β signaling. We further show that the miR-106b-25 cluster is sufficient to induce an epithelial to mesenchymal transition and a tumor initiating cell phenotype, and that it is required downstream of Six1 to induce these phenotypes. Finally, we demonstrate a significant correlation between miR-106b, Six1, and activated TGF-β signaling in human breast cancers, and further show that high levels of miR-106b and miR-93 in breast tumors significantly predicts shortened time to relapse. These findings expand the spectrum of oncogenic functions of miR-106b-25, and may provide a novel molecular explanation, through the Six1 regulated miR-106b-25 cluster, by which TGF-β signaling shifts from tumor suppressive to tumor promoting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Smith
- Program in Molecular Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Garcia CB, Shaffer CM, Alfaro MP, Smith AL, Sun J, Zhao Z, Young PP, VanSaun MN, Eid JE. Reprogramming of mesenchymal stem cells by the synovial sarcoma-associated oncogene SYT-SSX2. Oncogene 2011; 31:2323-34. [PMID: 21996728 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell identity is determined by its gene expression programs. The ability of a cell to change its identity and produce cell types outside its lineage is achieved by the activity of transcription controllers capable of reprogramming differentiation gene networks. The synovial sarcoma (SS)-associated protein, SYT-SSX2, reprograms myogenic progenitors and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) by dictating their commitment to a pro-neural lineage. It fulfills this function by directly targeting an extensive array of neural-specific genes as well as genes of developmental pathway mediators. Concomitantly, the ability of both myoblasts and BMMSCs to differentiate into their normal myogenic and adipogenic lineages was compromised. SS is believed to arise in mesenchymal stem cells where formation of the t(X/18) translocation product, SYT-SSX, constitutes the primary event in the cancer. SYT-SSX is therefore believed to initiate tumorigenesis in its target stem cell. The data presented here allow a glimpse at the initial events that likely occur when SYT-SSX2 is first expressed, and its dominant function in subverting the nuclear program of the stem cell, leading to its aberrant differentiation, as a first step toward transformation. In addition, we identified the fibroblast growth factor receptor gene, Fgfr2, as one occupied and upregulated by SYT-SSX2. Knockdown of FGFR2 in both BMMSCs and SS cells abrogated their growth and attenuated their neural phenotype. These results support the notion that the SYT-SSX2 nuclear function and differentiation effects are conserved throughout sarcoma development and are required for its maintenance beyond the initial phase. They also provide the stem cell regulator, FGFR2, as a promising candidate target for future SS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Garcia
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0021, USA
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Toscano MJ, Sait L, Jørgensen F, Nicol CJ, Powers C, Smith AL, Bailey M, Humphrey TJ. Sub-clinical infection with Salmonella in chickens differentially affects behaviour and welfare in three inbred strains. Br Poult Sci 2011; 51:703-13. [PMID: 21161776 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2010.528748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. Much evidence exists detailing how animals respond to pathogen challenge, yet information explaining how the various behavioural, immunological, and physiological systems in chickens interplay during such challenges remains limited. 2. To gain an understanding of this interplay while controlling for genetic variation, the current study collected a variety of behavioural, physiological and immunological measures from three inbred lines (P, O and N) of laying hens before and after a sub-clinical infection with Salmonella enterica Typhimurium at 56 d of age. For comparison, an equal number of control birds were inoculated with a Salmonella-free broth. To identify an underlying profile, which might result in reduced susceptibility to infection, data were also collected in the pre-infection period. Post-infection blood and faeces were collected at 1-d post infection (dpi) and faeces again at 8 dpi. Animals were killed 15 d after infection and faeces, caecal contents, and spleen were examined for the presence of Salmonella. 3. Statistical analysis was performed to identify pre- and post-infection differences between genetic lines, changes in bird behavioural patterns between the two periods, and associations between a positive test for Salmonella and the various response measures. 4. Tissues from Line P birds were more often negative for Salmonella than those from birds of other lines, though this was inconsistent and tissue-dependent. The P line was also characterised by relatively greater serum concentrations of immunoglobulins at 1 dpi and α(1)-acid glycoprotein at 15 dpi. In addition, P line birds were more timid and their growth was reduced during the pre-infection period suggesting the possibility of a profile with reduced susceptibility to the bacterial challenge. 5. The current work has identified correlations between attributes of chicken strains and improved clearance. Future work using hypothesis-based testing will be required to determine whether the identified correlations are causally related.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Toscano
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare Group, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK.
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Nakashige M, Smith AL, Strait DS. Biomechanics of the macaque postorbital septum investigated using finite element analysis: implications for anthropoid evolution. J Anat 2011; 218:142-50. [PMID: 21070237 PMCID: PMC3039786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Finite element analysis was used to assess whether the postorbital septum plays a meaningful biomechanical role as a structural support for the circumorbital region in a species of macaque, an anthropoid primate. A finite element model was constructed of a Macaca fascicularis cranium that was subsequently modified to create a second model in which the septum was removed bilaterally. The models were subjected to forces and constraints simulating a molar bite, and resulting strains and displacements were recorded. Strain magnitudes at selected locations on the models were typically lower or unchanged in the model lacking septae, which would seem to be contrary to expectations. However, more broadly, relative to the model containing septae, the model without septae exhibited a mosaic pattern of strain increases and decreases in the circumorbital region. The model lacking septae also exhibited more asymmetric displacements in the orbital region, although not in precisely the manner predicted by prior experimental studies. Overall, the mechanical impact of the postorbital septum is minimal in macaques. These results, when considered along with those of prior experimental studies, suggest that either the postorbital septum in anthropoids did not evolve for mechanical reasons, or, if it did, it no longer plays such a role in extant taxa.
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Wang Q, Smith AL, Strait DS, Wright BW, Richmond BG, Grosse IR, Byron CD, Zapata U. The global impact of sutures assessed in a finite element model of a macaque cranium. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:1477-91. [PMID: 20652940 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The biomechanical significance of cranial sutures in primates is an open question because their global impact is unclear, and their material properties are difficult to measure. In this study, eight suture-bone functional units representing eight facial sutures were created in a finite element model of a monkey cranium. All the sutures were assumed to have identical isotropic linear elastic material behavior that varied in different modeling experiments, representing either fused or unfused sutures. The values of elastic moduli employed in these trials ranged over several orders of magnitude. Each model was evaluated under incisor, premolar, and molar biting conditions. Results demonstrate that skulls with unfused sutures permitted more deformations and experienced higher total strain energy. However, strain patterns remained relatively unaffected away from the suture sites, and bite reaction force was likewise barely affected. These findings suggest that suture elasticity does not substantially alter load paths through the macaque skull or its underlying rigid body kinematics. An implication is that, for the purposes of finite element analysis, omitting or fusing sutures is a reasonable modeling approximation for skulls with small suture volume fraction if the research objective is to observe general patterns of craniofacial biomechanics under static loading conditions. The manner in which suture morphology and ossification affect the mechanical integrity of skulls and their ontogeny and evolution awaits further investigation, and their viscoelastic properties call for dynamic simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia 31207, USA.
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Strait DS, Grosse IR, Dechow PC, Smith AL, Wang Q, Weber GW, Neubauer S, Slice DE, Chalk J, Richmond BG, Lucas PW, Spencer MA, Schrein C, Wright BW, Byron B, Ross CF. Errata: The Structural Rigidity of the Cranium of Australopithecus africanus: Implications for Diet, Dietary Adaptations, and the Allometry of Feeding Biomechanics. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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49
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Strait DS, Grosse IR, Dechow PC, Smith AL, Wang Q, Weber GW, Neubauer S, Slice DE, Chalk J, Richmond BG, Lucas PW, Spencer MA, Schrein C, Wright BW, Byron C, Ross CF. The Structural Rigidity of the Cranium of Australopithecus africanus: Implications for Diet, Dietary Adaptations, and the Allometry of Feeding Biomechanics. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:583-93. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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50
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Smith AL, Pareja R, Ramirez PT. Robotic radical hysterectomy. A literature review. Minerva Ginecol 2009; 61:339-346. [PMID: 19745798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Advanced laparoscopic procedures are increasingly being used as an alternative to laparotomy in gynecologic surgery. Several reviews have been completed that examine the advantages and drawbacks of this technique. Robotic technology offers the promise of overcoming many of the shortcomings of laparoscopy, while preserving classic operative techniques. This review article summarizes some of the most recent literature provided in the arena of robotic assisted radical hysterectomy for the treatment of cervical or endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
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