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Monteiro FASG, Soares CN, Chaveiro LG, Cabral VA, Lima PMA. Survey of off-label prescribing in a university paediatric outpatient in Brazil. Trop Doct 2022; 52:270-275. [PMID: 35037806 DOI: 10.1177/00494755211068644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ours is a cross-sectional, descriptive, retrospective study evaluating the extent of off-label prescribing for patients attending a university paediatric outpatient department in Goiás, Brazil. 391 patients were treated in the outpatient, and 668 medicines were prescribed. Of these, 70.4% followed the terms of the marketing authorization; 0.3% were unlicenced, and 11% were off-label. Dose was the main factor in off-label prescribing. Infants (0-2 years) received 37.8% of the off-label prescriptions. Vitamins and drugs for the treatment of respiratory diseases were the most prevalent culprits. Of the total prescriptions, 23 different drugs were defined as off-label. Salbutamol was the most prescribed (41.9%). Owing to practical and legal difficulties in carrying out clinical trials, medicines are inadequately studied in children; cooperation between industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare professionals is required to improve treatment safety. Our results may help guide clinical researcher on off-label prescripting in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francelle A S G Monteiro
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rio Verde - Campus Aparecida245072, Aparecida de Goiânia (GO), Brazil, 74823-440
| | - Cristina N Soares
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rio Verde - Campus Aparecida245072, Aparecida de Goiânia (GO), Brazil, 74823-440
| | - Letícia G Chaveiro
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rio Verde - Campus Aparecida245072, Aparecida de Goiânia (GO), Brazil, 74823-440
| | - Valeska A Cabral
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rio Verde - Campus Aparecida245072, Aparecida de Goiânia (GO), Brazil, 74823-440
| | - Paulo M A Lima
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rio Verde - Campus Aparecida245072, Aparecida de Goiânia (GO), Brazil, 74823-440
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Schrier L, Hadjipanayis A, Stiris T, Ross-Russell RI, Valiulis A, Turner MA, Zhao W, De Cock P, de Wildt SN, Allegaert K, van den Anker J. Off-label use of medicines in neonates, infants, children, and adolescents: a joint policy statement by the European Academy of Paediatrics and the European society for Developmental Perinatal and Pediatric Pharmacology. Eur J Pediatr 2020; 179:839-847. [PMID: 31897842 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-019-03556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Health-care professionals who prescribe medicines have the professional duty to choose medicines that are in the best interest of their individual patient, irrespective if that patient is an adult or a child. However, the availability of medicines with an appropriate label for pediatric use is lagging behind those for adults, and even available pediatric drugs are sometimes not suitable to administer to children. Consequently, health-care professionals often have no other option than to prescribe off-label medicines to children. An important reason for use of off-label medicines is to improve access to (innovative) treatments or to address medical needs and preferences of patients, especially when no other options are available. However, off-label use of medicines is in general not supported by the same level of evidence as medicines licensed for pediatric use. This may result in increased uncertainty on efficacy as well as the risk for toxicity and other side effects. In addition, liability may also be of concern, counterbalanced by professional guidelines.Conclusion: The purpose of this joint EAP/ESDPPP policy statement is to offer guidance for HCPs on when and how to prescribe off-label medicines to children and to provide recommendations for future European policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenneke Schrier
- European Academy of Paediatrics (EAP), Princess Maxima Centre for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Adamos Hadjipanayis
- EAP; Paediatric Department, Larnaca General Hospital, Larnaca, Cyprus; European University Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Tom Stiris
- EAP; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Arunas Valiulis
- EAP Institute of Clinical Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Vilnius University Medical Faculty, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mark A Turner
- European Society for Developmental Perinatal and Paediatric Pharmacology (ESDPPP) Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; Centre for Women's Health Research, Liverpool Women's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Wei Zhao
- ESDPPP; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Pieter De Cock
- ESDPPP; Department of Pharmacy, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium and Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Saskia N de Wildt
- ESDPPP; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Intensive Care and Department of Paediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karel Allegaert
- ESDPPP; Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John van den Anker
- ESDPPP; Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre - Sophia Children's Hospital, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Kaguelidou F, Durrieu G, Clavenna A. Pharmacoepidemiological research for the development and evaluation of drugs in pediatrics. Therapie 2019; 74:315-324. [PMID: 30773345 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2018.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
New regulations have come into force in Europe and the US establishing the pediatric development as an integral part of the early development of medicinal products. Parallel to the advances in pediatric clinical research, it became obvious that all available sources and research tools to gather valuable information for the safe and efficacious prescription of medicines in children should be used. Real-life, pharmacoepidemiological studies provide information that contribute to the better knowledge of drug utilization, effects and safety in the pediatric population and thereby, a better prescribing in children. In this paper, we suggest some possible applications, provide examples of impact of pharmacoepidemiological and pharmacovigilance studies and expose future perspectives in pediatric pharmacoepidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentia Kaguelidou
- CIC Inserm 1426, Department of pediatric pharmacology and pharmacogenetics, clinical investigations center, hôpital Robert-Debré, 48, boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France; UMR-1123, ECEVE, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France; Department of pediatric pharmacology and pharmacogenetics, hôpital Robert-Debré, AP-HP, 75019 Paris, France.
| | - Geneviève Durrieu
- Inserm UMR 1027, CIC Inserm 1436, service de pharmacologie médicale et clinique, centre Midi-Pyrénées de pharmacovigilance, de pharmacoépidémiologie et d'informations sur le médicament, faculté de médecine, centre hospitalier universitaire, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Antonio Clavenna
- Laboratory for mother and child health, department of public health, IRCCS, Istituto di ricerche farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy
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Casartelli P, Clavenna A, Cartabia M, Bortolotti A, Fortino I, Merlino L, Biondi A, Bonati M. Spirometry monitoring in asthmatic children in Lombardy Region, Italy. BMJ Paediatr Open 2018; 2:e000334. [PMID: 30397670 PMCID: PMC6203055 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2018-000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in a cohort of asthmatic children before and after starting drug therapy. METHODS Data were retrieved from administrative databases of the Lombardy Region. The study population was composed of 78 184 children born in the Lombardy Region in 2002 and followed until their 10th birthday.Children with at least one antiasthmatic drug prescription per year (with the exclusion of nebulised suspension/solution formulations) in 2 consecutive years and at least one antiasthmatic drug prescription after the fifth birthday were identified as potential asthmatics (PA).Each PA was monitored for a period starting from 12 months before and ending 24 months after the first prescription (index prescription, IP). During the monitoring period antiasthmatic drug prescriptions were analysed, as well as spirometry and/or specialist visits. RESULTS A total of 59 975 children (76.7%) received ≥1 prescription of antiasthmatic drugs in their first 10 years of life, and 4475 (5.7%) were identified as PAs. In all, 24% of PAs started with short-acting β2-agonists (SABA), 23% with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and 20% with SABA+ICS.A total of 33% of PAs had at least one prescription for specialist visit/spirometry: 11% before and 28% after the IP. The factors associated with a greater likelihood of receiving visit/spirometry prescriptions were local health unit of residence, age and high use of asthma drugs. CONCLUSIONS Despite international guideline recommendations, spirometry monitoring is still underused in asthmatic children, even in subjects who initiated pharmacological treatment and therefore need an airway function evaluation. Moreover, the choice of drug therapy appears not always rational, since one out of four children were commenced on ICS as monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Casartelli
- Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, Department of Public Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics, Hospital S Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Antonio Clavenna
- Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, Department of Public Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Cartabia
- Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, Department of Public Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ida Fortino
- Regional Health Ministry, Lombardy Region, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Merlino
- Regional Health Ministry, Lombardy Region, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital S Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bonati
- Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, Department of Public Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Mukattash TL, Hayajneh WA, Ibrahim SM, Ayoub A, Ayoub N, Jarab AS, Khdour M, Almaaytah A. Prevalence and nature of off-label antibiotic prescribing for children in a tertiary setting: A descriptive study from Jordan. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2016; 14:725. [PMID: 27785160 PMCID: PMC5061516 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2016.03.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of off-label antibiotics in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and paediatric wards in Jordan. Methods: Data of patients admitted to the neonatal intensive care units and paediatric wards in King Abdulla University Hospital were collected over an 8-week survey between May and July 2012. Data collected in this study included patients’ age, weight, medical history, diagnosis and the details of antibiotics prescribed to each patient. Results: The study involved a total of 250 children (80 admitted to the NICU and 170 admitted to the wards). A total of 598 antibiotic prescriptions were issued for these patients (244 in NICUs and 354 in paediatricwards). The results of the present study show that off-label antibiotic prescribing to paediatric patients is very common. Off-label antibiotic prescribing to paediatric patients is related mostly to doses and indications, and rarely to age. The majority of admitted patients received at least one off-label antibiotic during their hospital stay. Conclusion: This study reveals the high prevalence of off-label use of antibiotic among paediatric children in Jordan. There is a serious need for robust and continuous educational programs to improve the awareness of paediatricians of guidelines surrounding the use of antibiotics in paediatric patients. Furthermore, true collaboration between paediatricians and clinical pharmacists towards safe and effective antibiotic prescribing in paediatric patients is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq L Mukattash
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid ( Jordan ).
| | - Wail A Hayajneh
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid ( Jordan ).
| | - Shorok M Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid ( Jordan ).
| | - Abeer Ayoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid ( Jordan ).
| | - Nehad Ayoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid ( Jordan ).
| | - Anan S Jarab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid ( Jordan ),
| | - Maher Khdour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, AlQuds University . Jerusalem ( Palestine ).
| | - Ammar Almaaytah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid ( Jordan ).
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Bini S, Clavenna A, Rigamonti AE, Sartorio A, Marazzi N, Fiorini G, Cella SG. Drugs Delivery by Charities: A Possible Epidemiologic Indicator in Children of Undocumented Migrants. J Immigr Minor Health 2016; 19:1379-1385. [PMID: 27460254 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-016-0471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Describing the health status of a population is difficult, especially in the case of irregular migrants who are now a growing population in western Countries. Data for children of these families are almost inexistent. In the absence of databases on this peculiar pediatric population, we analyzed drugs dispensation by a major Charity to have an insight into their health needs. This observational retrospective study was carried out during the entire 2015 and enrolled 628 undocumented children. A cohort of 8438 adult patients belonging to the same ethnic groups was used for comparison. Respiratory drugs were those most commonly prescribed, followed by those for skin and ocular diseases and by those for gastrointestinal disorders. Also in adults respiratory medications were the most dispensed, but almost in equal measure than cardiovascular drugs.To our knowledge this is the first study on the health needs of undocumented children residing in a western Country. The method we used seems to be a useful method for epidemiological analysis. As could be expected, respiratory and skin diseases ranked first, possibly owing to environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - A Clavenna
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - A E Rigamonti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - A Sartorio
- Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, IRCCS-Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan and Verbania, Italy
| | - N Marazzi
- Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, IRCCS-Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan and Verbania, Italy
| | - G Fiorini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129, Milan, Italy.,Istituti Clinici Zucchi, Carate, Italy
| | - S G Cella
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129, Milan, Italy.
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Bianchi M, Clavenna A, Piovani D, Bonati M. In Italy anti-asthmatic drug prescription is not always a reliable proxy of asthma. Eur J Epidemiol 2016; 31:531-2. [PMID: 27107995 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-016-0146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bianchi
- Department of Public Health, Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, IRCCS - Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, via G. La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonio Clavenna
- Department of Public Health, Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, IRCCS - Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, via G. La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Piovani
- Department of Public Health, Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, IRCCS - Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, via G. La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bonati
- Department of Public Health, Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, IRCCS - Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, via G. La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
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Clavenna A, Sequi M, Cartabia M, Fortinguerra F, Borghi M, Bonati M. Effectiveness of nebulized beclomethasone in preventing viral wheezing: an RCT. Pediatrics 2014; 133:e505-12. [PMID: 24534400 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-2404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nebulized beclomethasone in preventing the recurrence of viral wheezing. METHODS The study was designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Outpatient children aged 1 to 5 years with at least 1 episode of viral wheezing in the last 12 months, presenting to any of 40 Italian pediatricians for an upper respiratory tract infection, were randomly allocated to receive beclomethasone 400 μg or placebo twice daily for 10 days. Medications were administered through a nebulizer. A clinical evaluation was performed by the pediatrician at the start and end of the treatment period. A subjective evaluation of symptoms and efficacy of treatment was performed by the parents. The primary endpoint was the incidence of viral wheezing diagnosed by the pediatricians during the 10-day treatment period. RESULTS A total of 525 children were enrolled in the study, 521 of whom were visited at the end of the treatment period. Wheezing was diagnosed by the pediatricians in 47 children (9.0% [95% confidence interval: 6.7 to 11.3]), with no statistically significant differences between treatment groups (beclomethasone versus placebo relative risk: 0.61 [95% confidence interval: 0.35 to 1.08]).The treatment was considered helpful by 63% of parents (64% in the beclomethasone group vs 61% in the placebo group). In all, 46% of children still had infection symptoms at the end of the treatment period, with no differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study confirm that inhaled steroids are not effective in preventing recurrence of viral wheezing. Moreover, no benefits were found in reducing symptoms of respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Clavenna
- Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, Department of Public Health, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Milan, Italy
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Off-label medicine use in children and adolescents: results of a population-based study in Germany. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:631. [PMID: 23822744 PMCID: PMC3706213 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Population-based self-reported data on off-label medicine use independent from health care provisions are lacking. The purpose of this study is to investigate off-label medicine use in children and adolescents in Germany in a non-clinical setting and to identify prevalence, determinants and spectrum of off-label medicine use. Methods Data were obtained from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) conducted by the Robert Koch Institute (2003–2006). 17,450 randomly selected children aged 0–17 years took part in the drug interviews. Of those, 8,899 took at least one medicine during the 7 days preceding the interview. Off-label medicine use was defined as the discrepancy between actual use and the intended use described in the summary of product characteristics. Off-label medicine use was stratified into off-label indication, off-label age, off-label over-dosing, and off-label under-dosing. Results The prevalence rate of off-label medicine use among those who used medicines amount of is 40.2%. The prevalence rate is significantly higher in boys (41.4%), in children aged 3 to 6 years (48.7%), without migration background (40.9%), with high social status (42.5%), living in small (42.0%) and medium sized cities (41.6%), and with a poor parents rated health status (41.7%). 12,667 preparations (attributable in respect to off-label use) were taken by 8,899 children. 30% of the medicines have been used off-label. Off-label medicine use was highest in preparations of the ATC-class “C00 Cardiovascular System”. In all origins of medicine, all age groups and all ATC-classes under-dosing was the most frequent reason for off-label medicine use. Conclusions There is a considerable level of self-reported off-label medicines use in the general paediatric population. Further investigations are needed to examine in how far off-label medicine use is based on lack of knowledge or on empiricism in paediatric pharmacotherapy. Attention also needs to be paid to under-dosing which potentially exposes drug users to risks of side effects without the benefit of a therapeutic effect. Clinical trials for licensing of paediatric medicines, education of health care professionals, but also of parents and carers are needed to ensure the rational use of medicines.
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Clavenna A, Sequi M, Bortolotti A, Merlino L, Fortino I, Bonati M. Determinants of the drug utilization profile in the paediatric population in Italy's Lombardy Region. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 67:565-71. [PMID: 19552752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the intraregional differences in drug prescribing to children and adolescents. METHODS Prescriptions reimbursed by the National Health System, involving 1543 203 children and adolescents <18 years old and dispensed during 2005 by the retail pharmacies of 15 local health units (LHU) in the Lombardy Region, were analysed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between drug prescription and age, gender, prescriber, and setting. RESULTS A total of 747 790 youths (48%) received at least one drug prescription. The prescription prevalence rate was highest in children 1-5 years old (65%), decreased with increasing age to 38% in adolescents, and was slightly higher in boys than in girls. Antibiotics and anti-asthmatics were the most prescribed therapeutic classes. Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid was the most prescribed drug (18% of children; 20% of packages). Large differences were found in the drug prescription prevalence rate between the different LHUs. The rate ranged between 38.4 and 54.8%, and was not correlated to hospitalization rate in the paediatric population. Being 1-5 years old [odds ratio (OR) 4.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.43, 4.58] and living in the eastern part of the region (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.99, 2.13) were the factors associated with the highest risk of drug exposure. CONCLUSIONS The results resemble the profiles observed in other Italian contexts, in particular concerning the wide use of antibiotics and anti-asthmatics. However, large differences were found between LHUs, highlighting the need for more detailed investigations on therapeutic needs, drug use, and related variables in different geographic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Clavenna
- Department of Public Health, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy.
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