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Fogel MA, Li C, Elci OU, Pawlowski T, Schwab PJ, Wilson F, Nicolson SC, Montenegro LM, Diaz L, Spray TL, Gaynor JW, Fuller S, Mascio C, Keller MS, Harris MA, Whitehead KK, Bethel J, Vossough A, Licht DJ. Neurological Injury and Cerebral Blood Flow in Single Ventricles Throughout Staged Surgical Reconstruction. Circulation 2016; 135:671-682. [PMID: 28031423 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.021724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with a single ventricle experience a high rate of brain injury and adverse neurodevelopmental outcome; however, the incidence of brain abnormalities throughout surgical reconstruction and their relationship with cerebral blood flow, oxygen delivery, and carbon dioxide reactivity remain unknown. METHODS Patients with a single ventricle were studied with magnetic resonance imaging scans immediately prior to bidirectional Glenn (pre-BDG), before Fontan (BDG), and then 3 to 9 months after Fontan reconstruction. RESULTS One hundred sixty-eight consecutive subjects recruited into the project underwent 235 scans: 63 pre-BDG (mean age, 4.8±1.7 months), 118 BDG (2.9±1.4 years), and 54 after Fontan (2.4±1.0 years). Nonacute ischemic white matter changes on T2-weighted imaging, focal tissue loss, and ventriculomegaly were all more commonly detected in BDG and Fontan compared with pre-BDG patients (P<0.05). BDG patients had significantly higher cerebral blood flow than did Fontan patients. The odds of discovering brain injury with adjustment for surgical stage as well as ≥2 coexisting lesions within a patient decreased (63%-75% and 44%, respectively) with increasing amount of cerebral blood flow (P<0.05). In general, there was no association of oxygen delivery (except for ventriculomegaly in the BDG group) or carbon dioxide reactivity with neurological injury. CONCLUSIONS Significant brain abnormalities are commonly present in patients with a single ventricle, and detection of these lesions increases as children progress through staged surgical reconstruction, with multiple coexisting lesions more common earlier than later. In addition, this study demonstrated that BDG patients had greater cerebral blood flow than did Fontan patients and that an inverse association exists of various indexes of cerebral blood flow with these brain lesions. However, CO2 reactivity and oxygen delivery (with 1 exception) were not associated with brain lesion development. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02135081.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Fogel
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.).
| | - Christine Li
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.)
| | - Okan U Elci
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.)
| | - Tom Pawlowski
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.)
| | - Peter J Schwab
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.)
| | - Felice Wilson
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.)
| | - Susan C Nicolson
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.)
| | - Lisa M Montenegro
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.)
| | - Laura Diaz
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.)
| | - Thomas L Spray
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.)
| | - J William Gaynor
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.)
| | - Stephanie Fuller
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.)
| | - Christopher Mascio
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.)
| | - Marc S Keller
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.)
| | - Matthew A Harris
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.)
| | - Kevin K Whitehead
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.)
| | - Jim Bethel
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.)
| | - Arastoo Vossough
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.)
| | - Daniel J Licht
- From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.)
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