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Schlögel MJ, Mendola A, Fastré E, Vasudevan P, Devriendt K, de Ravel TJL, Van Esch H, Casteels I, Arroyo Carrera I, Cristofoli F, Fieggen K, Jones K, Lipson M, Balikova I, Singer A, Soller M, Mercedes Villanueva M, Revencu N, Boon LM, Brouillard P, Vikkula M. No evidence of locus heterogeneity in familial microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema, or mental retardation syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:52. [PMID: 25934493 PMCID: PMC4464120 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema, or mental retardation syndrome (MCLMR) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder with variable expressivity. It is characterized by mild-to-severe microcephaly, often associated with intellectual disability, ocular defects and lymphedema. It can be sporadic or inherited. Eighty-seven patients have been described to carry a mutation in KIF11, which encodes a homotetrameric motor kinesin, EG5. METHODS We tested 23 unreported MCLMR index patients for KIF11. We also reviewed the clinical phenotypes of all our patients as well as of those described in previously published studies. RESULTS We identified 14 mutations, 12 of which are novel. We detected mutations in 12 affected individuals, from 6 out of 6 familial cases, and in 8 out of 17 sporadic patients. Phenotypic evaluation of patients (our 26 + 61 earlier published = 87) revealed microcephaly in 91%, eye anomalies in 72%, intellectual disability in 67% and lymphedema in 47% of the patients. Unaffected carriers were rare (4 out of 87: 5%). Family history is not a requisite for diagnosis; 31% (16 out of 52) were de novo cases. CONCLUSIONS All inherited cases, and 50% of sporadic cases of MCLMR are due to germline KIF11 mutations. It is possible that mosaic KIF11 mutations cause the remainder of sporadic cases, which the methods employed here were not designed to detect. On the other hand, some of them might have another mimicking disorder and genetic defect, as microcephaly is highly heterogeneous. In aggregate, KIF11 mutations likely cause the majority, if not all, of MCLMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu J Schlögel
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74, bte B1.74.06, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Antonella Mendola
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74, bte B1.74.06, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Elodie Fastré
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74, bte B1.74.06, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Pradeep Vasudevan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK.
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Thomy J L de Ravel
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ingele Casteels
- Department of Ophthalmology, St Rafael University Hospitals, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Francesca Cristofoli
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Karen Fieggen
- Division of Human Genetics, University of Cape Town, 7700, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Katheryn Jones
- Medical Genetics, Kaiser Permanente, Sacramento, CA, 95815, USA.
| | - Mark Lipson
- Medical Genetics, Kaiser Permanente, Sacramento, CA, 95815, USA.
| | - Irina Balikova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Fabiola Children's University Hospital (HUDERF), 1020, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ami Singer
- Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Barzilai Medical Center, 78306, Ashkelon, Israel.
| | - Maria Soller
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University Hospital, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.
| | - María Mercedes Villanueva
- General Hospital of Florencio Varela, Children's Hospital Dr. Pedro Elizalde and Foundation for Neurological Diseases of Childhood (FLENI), C1270AAN, Buenos Aires, Capital Federal, Argentina.
| | - Nicole Revencu
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74, bte B1.74.06, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium. .,Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Laurence M Boon
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74, bte B1.74.06, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium. .,Center for Vascular Anomalies, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Pascal Brouillard
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74, bte B1.74.06, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Miikka Vikkula
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74, bte B1.74.06, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium. .,Center for Vascular Anomalies, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium. .,Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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Jones GE, Ostergaard P, Moore AT, Connell FC, Williams D, Quarrell O, Brady AF, Spier I, Hazan F, Moldovan O, Wieczorek D, Mikat B, Petit F, Coubes C, Saul RA, Brice G, Gordon K, Jeffery S, Mortimer PS, Vasudevan PC, Mansour S. Microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphoedema, or mental retardation (MCLMR): review of phenotype associated with KIF11 mutations. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 22:881-7. [PMID: 24281367 PMCID: PMC3938398 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphoedema, or mental retardation (MCLMR) (MIM No.152950) is a rare autosomal dominant condition for which a causative gene has recently been identified. Mutations in the kinesin family member 11 (KIF11) gene have now been described in 16 families worldwide. This is a review of the condition based on the clinical features of 37 individuals from 22 families. This report includes nine previously unreported families and additional information for some of those reported previously. The condition arose de novo in 8/20 families (40%). The parental results were not available for two probands. The mutations were varied and include missense, nonsense, frameshift, and splice site and are distributed evenly throughout the KIF11 gene. In our cohort, 86% had microcephaly, 78% had an ocular abnormality consistent with the diagnosis, 46% had lymphoedema, 73% had mild-moderate learning difficulties, 8% had epilepsy, and 8% had a cardiac anomaly. We identified three individuals with KIF11 mutations but no clinical features of MCLMR demonstrating reduced penetrance. The variable expression of the phenotype and the presence of mildly affected individuals indicates that the prevalence may be higher than expected, and we would therefore recommend a low threshold for genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela E Jones
- Clinical Genetics Department, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Human Genetics Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Fiona C Connell
- Clinical Genetics Department, Guys and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Denise Williams
- Clinical Genetics Department, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Oliver Quarrell
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Department, Sheffield Children's NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Angela F Brady
- Clinical Genetics Department, Kennedy Galton Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Isabel Spier
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Filiz Hazan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Oana Moldovan
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Dusiburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Barbara Mikat
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Dusiburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Florence Petit
- Service de Genetique Clinique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Christine Coubes
- Department of Medical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve's Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert A Saul
- Children's Hospital (formerly Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA), Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Glen Brice
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Kristiana Gordon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Steve Jeffery
- Human Genetics Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Peter S Mortimer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Pradeep C Vasudevan
- Clinical Genetics Department, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Sahar Mansour
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Hazan F, Ostergaard P, Ozturk T, Kantekin E, Atlihan F, Jeffery S, Ozkinay F. A novel KIF11 mutation in a Turkish patient with microcephaly, lymphedema, and chorioretinal dysplasia from a consanguineous family. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:1686-9. [PMID: 22653704 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Microcephaly-lymphedema-chorioretinal dysplasia (MLCRD) syndrome is a rare syndrome that was first described in 1992. Characteristic craniofacial features include severe microcephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, prominent ears, a broad nose, and a long philtrum with a pointed chin. Recently, mutations in KIF11 have been demonstrated to cause dominantly inherited MLCRD syndrome. Herein, we present a patient with MLCRD syndrome whose parents were first cousins. The parents are unaffected, and thus a recessive mode of inheritance for the disorder was considered likely. However, the propositus carries a novel, de novo nonsense mutation in exon 2 of KIF11. The patient also had midline cleft tongue which has not previously been described in this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Hazan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
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Ostergaard P, Simpson MA, Mendola A, Vasudevan P, Connell FC, van Impel A, Moore AT, Loeys BL, Ghalamkarpour A, Onoufriadis A, Martinez-Corral I, Devery S, Leroy JG, van Laer L, Singer A, Bialer MG, McEntagart M, Quarrell O, Brice G, Trembath RC, Schulte-Merker S, Makinen T, Vikkula M, Mortimer PS, Mansour S, Jeffery S. Mutations in KIF11 cause autosomal-dominant microcephaly variably associated with congenital lymphedema and chorioretinopathy. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90:356-62. [PMID: 22284827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified KIF11 mutations in individuals with syndromic autosomal-dominant microcephaly associated with lymphedema and/or chorioretinopathy. Initial whole-exome sequencing revealed heterozygous KIF11 mutations in three individuals with a combination of microcephaly and lymphedema from a microcephaly-lymphedema-chorioretinal-dysplasia cohort. Subsequent Sanger sequencing of KIF11 in a further 15 unrelated microcephalic probands with lymphedema and/or chorioretinopathy identified additional heterozygous mutations in 12 of them. KIF11 encodes EG5, a homotetramer kinesin motor. The variety of mutations we have found (two nonsense, two splice site, four missense, and six indels causing frameshifts) are all predicted to have an impact on protein function. EG5 has previously been shown to play a role in spindle assembly and function, and these findings highlight the critical role of proteins necessary for spindle formation in CNS development. Moreover, identification of KIF11 mutations in patients with chorioretinopathy and lymphedema suggests that EG5 is involved in the development and maintenance of retinal and lymphatic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Ostergaard
- Medical Genetics Unit, Biomedical Sciences, St. George's University of London, UK
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Lee BJ, Kim JH, Yu YS. Lissencephaly and mild cerebellar vermis hypoplasia in a case of microcephaly and chorioretinal dysplasia. Ophthalmic Genet 2010; 31:89-93. [PMID: 20450312 DOI: 10.3109/13816811003620509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Microcephaly and chorioretinal dysplasia is a very rare syndrome, characterized by microcephaly, chorioretinal dysplasia, mental retardation, and is phenotypically classified according to the presence of lymphedema. Among previously described patients, there has been no association with brain anomaly other than simple microcephaly, except for one case that presented with micro-lissencephaly, who had lymphedema. METHODS Herein, we describe a case of microcephaly and chorioretinal dysplasia without lymphedema who was shown to have lissencephaly and cerebellar vermis hypoplasia. His head circumference at birth was 28 cm (below -3SD) and both fundi showed pigmentary retinopathy with multiple punched-out lesions and retinal vascular attenuation. RESULTS Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed lissencephaly accompanied by inferior cerebellar vermis hypoplasia. CONCLUSIONS These results show that microcephaly and chorioretinal dysplasia can be accompanied by lissencephaly, thus brain imaging should be considered in evaluating these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Joo Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
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