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Cruz JFD, Pacunla KWM, Hwang SG. Low lysine stimulates adipogenesis through ZFP423 upregulation in bovine stromal vascular cells. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:1173-1183. [PMID: 36812034 PMCID: PMC9890343 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adipogenesis is a complex process comprising commitment and a differentiation stages. Through research, many different transcriptional factors were found to mediate preadipocyte commitment and differentiation. Lysine has a potential of regulating the commitment and differentiation of preadipocytes. In the present study, intramuscular stromal vascular cells (SVC) isolated from Hanwoo beef cattle were used to elucidate the effects of low lysine level on adipogenesis. SVC were isolated and incubated with various concentrations of lysine (0, 37.5, 75, 150 and 300 µg/mL). No significant difference were observed in the proliferation of SVC after 24 and 48 h of incubation with different concentration of lysine. On preadipocyte determination, reducing the level of lysine significantly increased the expression of preadipocyte commitment gene Zinc finger protein 423 and Preadipocyte factor-1. Upon differentiation, Oil Red O staining revealed that lipid accumulation and triglyceride content significantly increased with the decreasing lysine levels in the media. Expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CCAAT enhancer binding protein-α, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c, Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 and stearoyl CoA desaturase were upregulated by the decreased level of lysine. These data suggest the potential mechanism of action for the improved preadipocyte commitment and adipocyte differentiation in bovine intramuscular SVC upon treatment with low levels of lysine. These findings may be valuable in developing feed rations that promote deposition of intramuscular fat in beef cattle through lysine level modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F. dela Cruz
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences,
College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los
Banos, Laguna 4031, Philippines,Department of Animal Life and
Environmental Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong
17579, Korea
| | | | - Seong Gu Hwang
- Department of Animal Life and
Environmental Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong
17579, Korea,Corresponding author: Seong Gu Hwang,
Department of Animal Life and Environmental Science, Hankyong National
University, Anseong 17579, Korea. Tel: +82-31-670-5121, E-mail:
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Sringarm K, Chaiwang N, Wattanakul W, Mahinchai P, Satsook A, Norkeaw R, Seel-audom M, Moonmanee T, Mekchay S, Sommano SR, Ruksiriwanich W, Rachtanapun P, Jantanasakulwong K, Arjin C. Improvement of Intramuscular Fat in longissimus Muscle of Finishing Thai Crossbred Black Pigs by Perilla Cake Supplementation in a Low-Lysine Diet. Foods 2022; 11:907. [PMID: 35406994 PMCID: PMC8997464 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to find out the effects of perilla cake (PC) supplementation in a low-lysine diet on Thai crossbred finishing pigs’ productivity, carcass and meat quality, and fatty acid composition. For six weeks, a total of 21 barrows of finishing pigs were fed with three dietary treatments (T1: basal diet, T2: 2.5 percent PC supplementation in a low-lysine diet, and T3: 4.5 percent PC supplementation in a low-lysine diet). The results show that the intramuscular fat and marbling score was significantly increased by T2 and T3. On the other hand, it was found that the boiling loss and shear force value were significantly decreased by T2 and T3 (p < 0.05). In a low-lysine diet, dietary PC supplementation caused a significant increase in malondialdehyde levels in meat (p < 0.05) compared with the basal diet. It was also shown that alpha-linolenic acid level in backfat and the longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle was increased considerably by T2 and T3. Therefore, supplementing PC in a low-lysine diet may be an alternative strategy for improving the meat quality of late-phase pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korawan Sringarm
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (M.S.-a.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.R.S.); (W.R.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.R.); (K.J.)
| | - Niraporn Chaiwang
- Department of Agricultural Technology and Development, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Chiang Mai 50300, Thailand; (N.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Watcharapong Wattanakul
- Department of Agricultural Technology and Development, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Chiang Mai 50300, Thailand; (N.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Prapas Mahinchai
- Chiang Mai Livestock Research and Breeding Center, Department of Livestock Development, Chiang Mai 50120, Thailand;
| | - Apinya Satsook
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (M.S.-a.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Rakkiat Norkeaw
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (M.S.-a.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Mintra Seel-audom
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (M.S.-a.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Tossapol Moonmanee
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (M.S.-a.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Supamit Mekchay
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (M.S.-a.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.R.S.); (W.R.)
| | - Sarana Rose Sommano
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.R.S.); (W.R.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.R.); (K.J.)
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Warintorn Ruksiriwanich
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.R.S.); (W.R.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.R.); (K.J.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.R.); (K.J.)
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.R.); (K.J.)
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat Arjin
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (M.S.-a.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
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Malgwi IH, Halas V, Grünvald P, Schiavon S, Jócsák I. Genes Related to Fat Metabolism in Pigs and Intramuscular Fat Content of Pork: A Focus on Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020150. [PMID: 35049772 PMCID: PMC8772548 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The intramuscular fat (IMF) or marbling is an essential pork sensory quality that influences the preference of the consumers and premiums for pork. IMF is the streak of visible fat intermixed with the lean within a muscle fibre and determines sensorial qualities of pork such as flavour, tenderness and juiciness. Fat metabolism and IMF development are controlled by dietary nutrients, genes, and their metabolic pathways in the pig. Nutrigenetics explains how the genetic make-up of an individual pig influences the pig’s response to dietary nutrient intake. Differently, nutrigenomics is the analysis of how the entire genome of an individual pig is affected by dietary nutrient intake. The knowledge of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics, when harmonized, is a powerful tool in estimating nutrient requirements for swine and programming dietary nutrient supply according to an individual pig’s genetic make-up. The current paper aimed to highlight the roles of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics in elucidating the underlying mechanisms of fat metabolism and IMF deposition in pigs. This knowledge is essential in redefining nutritional intervention for swine production and the improvement of some economically important traits such as growth performance, backfat thickness, IMF accretion, disease resistance etc., in animals. Abstract Fat metabolism and intramuscular fat (IMF) are qualitative traits in pigs whose development are influenced by several genes and metabolic pathways. Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics offer prospects in estimating nutrients required by a pig. Application of these emerging fields in nutritional science provides an opportunity for matching nutrients based on the genetic make-up of the pig for trait improvements. Today, integration of high throughput “omics” technologies into nutritional genomic research has revealed many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the mutation(s) of key genes directly or indirectly involved in fat metabolism and IMF deposition in pigs. Nutrient–gene interaction and the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in fatty acid synthesis and marbling in pigs is difficult to unravel. While existing knowledge on QTLs and SNPs of genes related to fat metabolism and IMF development is yet to be harmonized, the scientific explanations behind the nature of the existing correlation between the nutrients, the genes and the environment remain unclear, being inconclusive or lacking precision. This paper aimed to: (1) discuss nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics and epigenetic mechanisms controlling fat metabolism and IMF accretion in pigs; (2) highlight the potentials of these concepts in pig nutritional programming and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Hyeladi Malgwi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell’ Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-33-17566768
| | - Veronika Halas
- Department of Farm Animal Nutrition, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Utca 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary; (V.H.); (P.G.)
| | - Petra Grünvald
- Department of Farm Animal Nutrition, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Utca 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary; (V.H.); (P.G.)
| | - Stefano Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell’ Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy;
| | - Ildikó Jócsák
- Institute of Agronomy, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Utca 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
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Verge-Mèrida G, Barroeta AC, Guardiola F, Verdú M, Balart M, Font-I-Furnols M, Solà-Oriol D. Crude and acid oils from olive pomace as alternative fat sources in growing-finishing pigs. Animal 2021; 15:100389. [PMID: 34844189 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The inclusion of crude and acid oils from olive pomace can lead to more unsaturated meat products and, especially in the case of olive pomace acid oil, achieve a more economically and environmentally sustainable swine production. The objective of this trial was to study the effect of dietary supplementation with crude and acid oils from olive pomace, which are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (FAs) and have differing free FA content, on growth performance, digestibility, carcass parameters and FA profile of Longissimus muscle (LM) and backfat in growing-finishing pigs compared to the conventional crude palm oil. A total of 224 male and female pigs [(Landrace × Large White) × Duroc] were randomly distributed into 48 pens according to initial BW (58.7 ± 9.71 kg, mean ± SD) and sex. Four experimental treatments were randomly assigned (n = 12 pens/treatment; 4-5 pigs/pen) for the growing (0-42 days) and finishing (40-62 days) phases. Treatments consisted of a basal diet supplemented with 5% (as-fed basis) palm oil (PO), olive pomace oil (O), olive pomace acid oil (OA) or a mixture (M) of PO and OA at 50/50. No differences were found in the growth performance results between PO, O or M, but animals fed OA showed a lower gain to feed ratio than M (P = 0.008). No differences were found in apparent ileal digestibility among treatments, however, animals fed O and OA showed the highest values of total FA apparent total tract digestibility, while those fed PO had the lowest values, and M had intermediate values (P < 0.001). No differences were observed in carcass composition among treatments. In relation to backfat and the LM FA profile, O and OA treatments led to a higher unsaturated FA to saturated FA ratio and a lower content in saturated FA than PO. Moreover, O showed a higher intramuscular fat (IMF) content in LM than PO (P = 0.037). It is concluded that olive pomace oil is an interesting alternative fat source that can be included at 5% in growing-finishing pig diets, leading to meat products with more IMF, rich in monounsaturated FA, reaching high FA digestibility values and good pig performance parameters. Alternatively, olive pomace acid oil blended with conventional palm oil did not negatively impact fat utilisation nor performance. Including these fat by-products reduced feeding costs and led to a more efficient and environmentally sustainable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Verge-Mèrida
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A C Barroeta
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F Guardiola
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Dept. INSA-XIA, Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - M Verdú
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Industry, bonÀrea Agrupa, 25210 Guissona, Spain
| | - M Balart
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Industry, bonÀrea Agrupa, 25210 Guissona, Spain
| | | | - D Solà-Oriol
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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Goda Y, Yamanaka D, Nishi H, Masuda M, Kamei H, Kumano M, Ito K, Katsumata M, Yamanouchi K, Kataoka N, Hakuno F, Takahashi SI. Dietary lysine restriction induces lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle through an increase in serum threonine levels in rats. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101179. [PMID: 34508782 PMCID: PMC8488598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that dietary amino acid restriction induces the accumulation of triglycerides (TAG) in the liver of growing rats. However, differences in TAG accumulation in individual cell types or other tissues were not examined. In this study, we show that TAG also accumulates in the muscle and adipose tissues of rats fed a low amino acid (low-AA) diet. In addition, dietary lysine restriction (low-Lys) induces lipid accumulation in muscle and adipose tissues. In adjusting the nitrogen content to that of the control diet, we found that glutamic acid supplementation to the low-AA diet blocked lipid accumulation, but supplementation with the low-Lys diet did not, suggesting that a shortage of nitrogen caused lipids to accumulate in the skeletal muscle in the rats fed a low-AA diet. Serum amino acid measurement revealed that, in rats fed a low-Lys diet, serum lysine levels were decreased, while serum threonine levels were significantly increased compared with the control rats. When the threonine content was restricted in the low-Lys diet, TAG accumulation induced by the low-Lys diet was completely abolished in skeletal muscle. Moreover, in L6 myotubes cultured in medium containing high threonine and low lysine, fatty acid uptake was enhanced compared with that in cells cultured in control medium. These findings suggest that the increased serum threonine in rats fed a low-Lys diet resulted in lipid incorporation into skeletal muscle, leading to the formation of fatty muscle tissue. Collectively, we propose conceptual hypothesis that "amino-acid signal" based on lysine and threonine regulates lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Goda
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamanaka
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nishi
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Masuda
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Kamei
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikako Kumano
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Ito
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Katsumata
- School of Veterinary Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yamanouchi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kataoka
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hakuno
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichiro Takahashi
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Tejeda JF, Hernández-Matamoros A, González E. Free-Range and Low-Protein Concentrated Diets in Iberian Pigs: Effect on Plasma Insulin and Leptin Concentration, Lipogenic Enzyme Activity, and Fatty Acid Composition of Adipose Tissue. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1917. [PMID: 33086592 PMCID: PMC7603104 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of diets with different protein contents on carcass traits, plasma hormone concentration, lipogenic enzyme activities, and fatty acid (FA) composition in the adipose tissue of Iberian pigs. Twenty-four castrated male Iberian pigs (eight per feeding diet) were fed under free-range conditions with acorns and grass (FR), and in confinement with concentrated diets with standard (SP) and low-protein contents (LP) from 116.0 to 174.2 kg live weight. Backfat thickness was not affected by diet. The plasma leptin concentration was higher (p < 0.001) in the FR group than in the LP and SP groups, while insulin concentration was higher in the SP group than in the LP and FR groups. The lipogenic enzyme activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were lower in the FR group compared to the LP and SP pigs. The activities of these enzymes were adipose-tissue-specific. No differences were found in FA composition of adipose tissue between the SP and LP groups, while the FR pigs had lower proportions of saturated FA and higher proportions of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FA than the SP and LP pigs. In conclusion, feeding low-protein diets in Iberian pigs does not seem to affect adipose carcass traits, strengthening previous findings that indicate that this is a good strategy to improve meat and dry-cured product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Tejeda
- Food Science and Technology, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain;
- Research University Institute of Agricultural Resources (INURA), Avda. de Elvas s/n, Campus Universitario, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Hernández-Matamoros
- Food Science and Technology, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Elena González
- Research University Institute of Agricultural Resources (INURA), Avda. de Elvas s/n, Campus Universitario, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
- Animal Production, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
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Watanabe G, Kobayashi H, Shibata M, Kubota M, Kadowaki M, Fujimura S. Reduction in dietary lysine increases muscle free amino acids through changes in protein metabolism in chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3102-3110. [PMID: 32475447 PMCID: PMC7597547 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste is crucial to meat quality, and free Glu is an important taste-active component in meat. Our recent study showed that the short-term feeding of a low-Lys diet increases the concentration of free Glu and other free amino acids in chicken muscle and improves its taste. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which the feeding of a low-Lys diet increases free Glu in chicken muscle. Two groups (n = 10 per group) of 28-day-old female Ross strain broiler chickens were fed diets with a graded Lys content of 90% or 100% of the recommended Lys requirement (according to National Research Council [1994] guidelines) for 10 D. Free amino acid concentrations and the mRNA abundance of protein metabolism–related genes were measured in breast muscle, and breast muscle metabolome analysis was conducted. Free Glu in muscle was increased by 51.8% in the Lys 90% group compared with the Lys 100% group (P < 0.01). Free threonine, glutamine, glycine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, and 3-methyl-histidine concentrations in breast muscle were also increased in the Lys 90% group (P < 0.05). Metabolome analysis also showed that free amino acids were increased in the Lys 90% group. The mRNA abundance of μ-calpain, caspase-3, and 20S proteasome C2 subunit were increased in the Lys 90% group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the free Glu concentration in muscle was correlated with mRNA abundance of μ-calpain (r = 0.74, P < 0.01), caspase 3 (r = 0.69, P < 0.01), 20S proteasome C2 subunit (r = 0.65, P < 0.01), and cathepsin B (r = 0.52, P < 0.05). Our study suggests that the feeding of a low-Lys diet to chickens increased the free Glu content of breast muscle by promoting protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genya Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; National Agriculture and Food Research Organization for Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shibata
- Faculty of Applied Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kubota
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Motoni Kadowaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Shinobu Fujimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
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VELOSO RDC, DUARTE MDS, SILVA FFE, SARAIVA A, GUIMARÃES SEF, CHIZZOTTI ML, CAMARGO EG, LOPES PS. Effects of nutritional plans and genetic groups on performance, carcass and meat quality traits of finishing pigs. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.22417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Effects of lysine deficiency on carcass composition and activity and gene expression of lipogenic enzymes in muscles and backfat adipose tissue of fatty and lean piglets. Animal 2019; 13:2406-2418. [PMID: 31062674 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate potential mechanisms involved in fat deposition promoted by dietary lysine deficiency, particularly intramuscular fat (IMF), and differential responses between fatty and lean pigs. Carcass traits and lipogenic enzyme activities and gene expression levels in muscles and adipose tissue were investigated in Iberian (fatty) and Landrace × Large White (LDW) pigs under identical feeding level (based on body weight (BW)) and management conditions. Twenty-eight barrows of 10 kg initial BW, 14 per breed, were fed two isoproteic (200 g CP /kg DM) and isocaloric (14.7 MJ metabolizable energy/kg DM) diets with identical composition except for the lysine content (1.09% for diet adequate in lysine and 0.52% for diet deficient in lysine). At a BW of 25 kg, pigs were slaughtered. Compared with pigs fed the lysine-adequate diet, in both genotypes lysine-deficient diet led to lower carcass protein concentration, lower relative proportions of leaner components (loin, ham and shoulder; P < 0.01), and higher carcass fatty components and carcass lipid concentration (P < 0.001). Irrespective of diet, the activity and gene expression of lipogenic enzymes (fatty acid synthase (FAS), malic enzyme (ME) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH)) were greater in Iberian than in LDW pigs, particularly in adipose tissue where transcriptional regulators involved in the control of adipogenesis and lipogenesis were also upregulated in Iberian animals. In backfat tissue, there was a small decrease induced by or no effects of lysine-deficient diet on the activity and gene expression of lipogenic enzymes, nor in gene expression levels of upstream regulators of lipogenesis and adipogenesis. In longissimus muscle, the activity of FAS, G6PDH and ME increased with lysine deficiency in both genotypes (P < 0.01) and an upregulation of gene expression of lipogenic enzymes was specifically observed in Iberian pigs (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). In biceps femoris muscle of lysine-deficient pigs, the activity of FAS and ME enzymes increased, ME1 gene was upregulated (added to FASN gene in the case of Iberian pigs; P < 0.01 to P < 0.001) and PPARA gene was downregulated (P < 0.05). The results show that in both fatty and lean pigs, the effect of lysine deficiency on lipid metabolism was tissue-specific, with an activation of lipogenesis in longissimus and biceps femoris muscle but no apparent stimulation in backfat adipose tissue. Suitable feeding protocols including lysine-deficient diets should be designed for each pig type in order to increase intramuscular lipids without penalizing the growth of lean carcass components.
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Apple JK, Maxwell CV, Bass BE, Yancey JWS, Payne RL, Thomson J. Effects of reducing dietary crude protein levels and replacement with crystalline amino acids on growth performance, carcass composition, and fresh pork quality of finishing pigs fed ractopamine hydrochloride. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:4971-4985. [PMID: 29293731 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progeny of GPK-35 females mated to PIC 380 boars were blocked by initial BW, and within the 9 blocks, pens of pigs (3 gilts and 3 barrows/pen) were randomly assigned to dietary treatments where CP of finisher-I, -II, and -III diets was 1) 16.04, 14.55, and 16.23%, respectively (Ctrl); 2) 14.76, 13.48, and 15.27%, respectively (ILE); 3) 14.26, 12.78, and 14.28%, respectively (VAL); or 4) 12.65, 12.38, and 13.32%, respectively (NoSBM). All finisher-III diets included 10 mg/kg of ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) and a Lys:ME ratio of 2.79 g/Mcal. At slaughter, HCW and Fat-O-Meat'er data were recorded before carcasses were subjected to a rapid chilling process. A subsample of whole hams (2/pen) and whole loins (2/pen) were transported under refrigeration to the University of Arkansas. Hams were dissected with a knife into lean, fat, and bone, and 2.5-cm-thick chops from the semimembranosus (SM) and the LM were used to measure fresh pork quality characteristics. Both ADG and G:F decreased (linear, = 0.05) as CP decreased in finisher-I diets, whereas ADFI was reduced (linear, = 0.01) in response to decreasing CP in finisher-II diets. When RAC was included in the finisher-III diets, ADFI and BW decreased (linear, ≤ 0.03) with decreasing CP, and pigs fed the ILE diet had greater (cubic, < 0.01) G:F than pigs fed the Ctrl and VAL diets. Across the entire finishing period, ADG and ADFI decreased (linear, = 0.01) in response to reductions in dietary CP. Conversely, reducing CP in finisher diets did not ( ≥ 0.13) affect carcass yield, fat depth, LM depth, or calculated fat-free lean yield, and dietary CP content did not ( ≥ 0.09) alter the lean, fat, or bone composition of fresh hams. Moreover, there was no effect of dietary CP on the visual and instrumental color or firmness of the LM ( ≥ 0.06) or SM ( ≥ 0.12). However, there were linear increases in LM marbling scores ( = 0.02) and intramuscular fat content ( = 0.03) as CP was reduced in the finisher diets. Although reducing dietary CP decreased overall ADG and ADFI by approximately 6.1 and 4.9%, respectively, carcass composition was not impacted by dietary CP level. More importantly, reducing dietary CP, although meeting the standard ileal digestible requirements for Lys, Thr, Trp, Met, Ile, and Val with crystalline AA, did not impact pork color or water-holding capacity and actually increased the intramuscular fat content of the LM.
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Wang T, Crenshaw MA, Regmi N, Rude BJ, Shamimul Hasan M, Sukumaran AT, Dinh T, Liao SF. Effects of dietary lysine level on the content and fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat in late-stage finishing pigs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate how dietary lysine level affects the intramuscular fat (IMF) content and fatty acid (FA) composition in late-stage finishing pigs. Nine crossbred barrows [94.4 ± 6.7 kg body weight (BW)] were randomly allotted to three treatment groups (n = 3). Three corn- and soybean-meal-based diets were formulated to meet the National Research Council (2012) requirements for various nutrients except for lysine, whose concentrations were 0.43%, 0.71%, and 0.98% (as-fed basis) for Diets 1 (lysine-deficient), 2 (lysine-adequate), and 3 (lysine-excess), respectively. After 5 wk of ad libitum access to diets, pigs were harvested and longissimus dorsi samples were collected. The IMF content and FA composition of the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. Results showed that the IMF content of the muscle was increased linearly (P < 0.05) with decreasing dietary lysine level from 0.98% to 0.43%. Dietary lysine level altered the composition of FA, especially the unsaturated FA, in the muscle. Particularly, the percentages of C18:1 n-9 and total monounsaturated FA were higher, whereas the percentages of C18:2 n-6 and total polyunsaturated FA were lower, in the muscle of the pigs fed Diet 1. Collectively, dietary lysine deficiency increased the proportion of monounsaturated FA and decreased the proportion of polyunsaturated FA, which may benefit pork palatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Wang
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
| | - Mark A. Crenshaw
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
| | - Naresh Regmi
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
| | - Brian J. Rude
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
| | - M. Shamimul Hasan
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
| | - Anuraj T. Sukumaran
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
| | - Thu Dinh
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
| | - Shengfa F. Liao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
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Katsumata M, Kobayashi H, Ashihara A, Ishida A. Effects of dietary lysine levels and lighting conditions on intramuscular fat accumulation in growing pigs. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:988-993. [PMID: 29707871 PMCID: PMC6055808 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to test our hypothesis that intramuscular fat (IMF) accumulation increases in pigs fed on a low lysine diet during the dark period than those fed on the same diet during the light period. Using barrows aged 6 weeks, we monitored whether serum glucose and insulin levels were affected by light conditions. Two diets with different levels of lysine, 0.78% (LL diet) and 1.37% (control diet) were prepared. Eight pigs were fed on the diet during the light period, while the remaining pigs were fed during the dark period. The pigs were fed either the LL diet or the control diet. Although IMF contents of Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle were higher in the pigs fed on a LL diet (p < .05), the light conditions had no effect. Low dietary lysine caused reduction in serum glucose levels (p < .05) and serum insulin levels (p = .0613). However, they were also unaffected by the lighting conditions. To gain further insights, we determined the messenger RNA levels of insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate 1, acetyl CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase in LD and Rhomboideus muscles and in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Katsumata
- NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Akane Ashihara
- NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Aiko Ishida
- NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Tsukuba, Japan
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Palma-Granados P, Haro A, Seiquer I, Lara L, Aguilera JF, Nieto R. Similar effects of lysine deficiency in muscle biochemical characteristics of fatty and lean piglets. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:3025-3036. [PMID: 28727124 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this work was to investigate the effects of feeding Lys-deficient diets on muscle biochemical characteristics, particularly intramuscular fat concentration and fatty acid profile, in a fatty (Iberian) and a conventional pig genotype (Landrace × Large White [LDW]) maintained in identical experimental conditions. Performance and plasma metabolite changes were also monitored. Twenty-eight barrows of 10 kg initial BW, 14 of Iberian and 14 of LDW breed, were randomly assigned to each of 2 experimental diets in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (2 breeds × 2 diets). Seven pigs were allocated to each treatment combination. Diets (isonitrogenous and isoenergetic; 200 g CP/kg DM and 14.7 MJ ME) based on barley, corn, corn gluten meal, and soybean meal, with identical composition, except for their Lys content (10.9 g/kg for the diet adequate in Lys and 5.2 g/kg for the diet deficient in Lys), were assayed. Pigs were housed in individual 2 m pens and fed at 85% of ad libitum intake of the Iberian genotype, of greater intake capacity. Daily feed allowance was based on BW individually measured each week. At 25 kg BW, pigs were slaughtered by exsanguination after electrical stunning. Blood samples were taken and longissimus dorsi and biceps femoris muscles were rapidly dissected and stored frozen prior to analysis. Performance was reduced in both pig breeds when fed Lys-deficient diets, particularly in LDW pigs (breed × diet interaction, < 0.05). Intramuscular fat content increased in longissimus dorsi of Iberian ( < 0.05) and in biceps femoris of both pig genotypes ( < 0.01) when fed Lys-deficient diets. Oleic acid increased ( < 0.05) and PUFA acid decreased ( < 0.01) in longissiumus dorsi and biceps femoris of pigs of both genotypes fed Lys-deficient diets. The proportion of oxidative fibers ( < 0.001) and free carnitine content ( < 0.05) increased in longissimus dorsi of both pigs types fed Lys-deficient diets. Plasma creatinine was greater in LDW pigs compared with Iberian pigs ( < 0.01). Urea and total cholesterol increased in pigs consuming Lys-deficient diets ( < 0.01). The plasma free carnitine concentration was higher in Iberian pigs than in LDW pigs ( < 0.059). No changes in plasma carnitine status due to dietary Lys supply were detected. Feeding Lys-deficient diets could be a suitable strategy for increasing intramuscular fat content in fatty and lean pigs.
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Yang C, Liu J, Wu X, Bao P, Long R, Guo X, Ding X, Yan P. The response of gene expression associated with lipid metabolism, fat deposition and fatty acid profile in the longissimus dorsi muscle of Gannan yaks to different energy levels of diets. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187604. [PMID: 29121115 PMCID: PMC5679530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The energy available from the diet, which affects fat deposition in vivo, is a major factor in the expression of genes regulating fat deposition in the longissimus dorsi muscle. Providing high-energy diets to yaks might increase intramuscular fat deposition and fatty acid concentrations under a traditional grazing system in cold seasons. A total of fifteen adult castrated male yaks with an initial body weight 274.3 ± 3.14 kg were analyzed for intramuscular adipose deposition and fatty acid composition. The animals were divided into three groups and fed low-energy (LE: 5.5 MJ/kg), medium-energy (ME: 6.2 MJ/kg) and high-energy (HE: 6.9 MJ/kg) diets, respectively. All animals were fed ad libitum twice daily at 08:00–09:00 am and 17:00–18:00 pm and with free access to water for 74 days, including a 14-d period to adapt to the diets and the environment. Intramuscular fat (IMF) content, fatty acid profile and mRNA levels of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis were determined. The energy levels of the diets significantly (P<0.05) affected the content of IMF, total SFA, total MUFA and total PUFA. C16:0, C18:0 and C18:1n9c account for a large proportion of total fatty acids. Relative expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACACA), fatty acid synthase (FASN), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) was greater in HE than in LE yaks (P<0.05). Moreover, ME yaks had higher (P<0.05) mRNA expression levels of PPARγ, ACACA, FASN, SCD and FABP4 than did the LE yaks. The results demonstrate that the higher energy level of the diets increased IMF deposition and fatty acid content as well as increased intramuscular lipogenic gene expression during the experimental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Pastoral Agricultural Ecosystem, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianbin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ruijun Long
- International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (RL); (XG); (XD); (PY)
| | - Xian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (RL); (XG); (XD); (PY)
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (RL); (XG); (XD); (PY)
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (RL); (XG); (XD); (PY)
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15
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Zhang H, Dong X, Wang Z, Zhou A, Peng Q, Zou H, Xue B, Wang L. Dietary conjugated linoleic acids increase intramuscular fat deposition and decrease subcutaneous fat deposition in Yellow Breed × Simmental cattle. Anim Sci J 2015; 87:517-24. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education; Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an China
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Xianwen Dong
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education; Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education; Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an China
| | - Aiming Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education; Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an China
| | - Quanhui Peng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education; Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an China
| | - Huawei Zou
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education; Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an China
| | - Bai Xue
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education; Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an China
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education; Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an China
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16
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Zhang H, Zhang X, Wang Z, Dong X, Tan C, Zou H, Peng Q, Xue B, Wang L, Dong G. Effects of dietary energy level on lipid metabolism-related gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue of Yellow breed × Simmental cattle. Anim Sci J 2014; 86:392-400. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education; Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an China
| | - Xiangfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education; Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an China
| | - ZhiSheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education; Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an China
| | - Xianwen Dong
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education; Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an China
| | - Cui Tan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education; Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an China
| | - Huawei Zou
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education; Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an China
| | - Quanhui Peng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education; Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an China
| | - Bai Xue
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education; Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an China
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education; Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an China
| | - Guozhong Dong
- Institute of Southwest University; Animal Science and Technology; Chongqing China
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17
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Zou T, Mao X, Yu B, He J, Zheng P, Yu J, Chen D. Effects of dietary energy density and apparent ileal digestible lysine:digestible energy ratio on growth performance, meat quality, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) gene expression of muscle and adipose tissues in Landrace×Rongchang crossbred pigs. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Effects of Dietary Low Level of Threonine and Lysine on the Accumulation of Intramuscular Fat in Porcine Muscle. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 76:2347-50. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Zhang HB, Wang ZS, Peng QH, Tan C, Zou HW. Effects of different levels of protein supplementary diet on gene expressions related to intramuscular deposition in early-weaned yaks. Anim Sci J 2014; 85:411-9. [PMID: 24450936 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to estimate different levels of protein supplementary diet on gene expressions related to intramuscular deposition in early-weaned yaks. Results showed that supplementary dietary protein significantly increased final weight, average daily gain (ADG), intramuscular fat (IMF), serum free fatty acid (FFA), total triglycerides, total cholesterol (Ch), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) content. There was a quadratic response of ADG, IMF, FFA, Ch, HDL and LDL to dietary crude protein (CP) level. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) enzyme activities were significantly increased by supplementary dietary CP, while hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) activities were significantly decreased. LPL, ACC and FAS enzyme activities showed quadratic increase as dietary CP increased. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), LPL, FAS, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), ACC, stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) and heart fatty-acid binding protein (H-FABP) gene expression were significantly increased by supplementary dietary CP, while HSL and CPT-1 gene expression were significantly decreased. PPARγ, LPL, SREBP-1, ACC and H-FABP gene expression showed quadratic increase as dietary CP increased. These results indicated that supplementary dietary protein increased IMF accumulation mainly to increased intramuscular lipogenic gene expression and decreased lipolytic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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20
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Tous N, Lizardo R, Vilà B, Gispert M, Font-I-Furnols M, Esteve-Garcia E. Effect of reducing dietary protein and lysine on growth performance, carcass characteristics, intramuscular fat, and fatty acid profile of finishing barrows. J Anim Sci 2013; 92:129-40. [PMID: 24352966 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-6222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular fat is an important quality trait in pork. Lysine and protein have been reported to influence this trait, but most studies have modified both factors simultaneously. In this study, the effects of dietary Lys and protein were investigated in finishing pigs to determine if either of the 2 factors alone or in combination influence the deposition of intramuscular fat. One hundred and four barrows (Landrace × Duroc) were fed 1 of 4 experimental diets, including control protein-control Lys (CPCL), control protein-low Lys (CPLL), low protein-control Lys (LPCL), and low protein-low Lys diets (LPLL) with 10 pens per treatment and 2 or 3 pigs per pen. Pigs fed CPLL showed a trend to decrease feed efficiency (P < 0.10) compared with those fed CPCL, but pigs fed LPLL performed similarly to the CPCL pigs, indicating that CP levels can be reduced to 12% for pigs between 62 and 97 kg and to 9.8% afterward without negative effects on performance. In the longissimus thoracis, intramuscular fat increased in pigs fed LPCL or CPLL (P < 0.05) compared with CPCL. In the semimembranosus muscle, intramuscular fat was reduced in pigs fed LPLL compared with those fed CPLL (P < 0.05), and the same trend was observed in the longissimus thoracis (P < 0.10). Dietary protein reduction tended to increase back fat thickness (P < 0.10) and reduced SFA and MUFA (P < 0.05) and PUFA, particularly in subcutaneous fat (P < 0.05), whereas the effect on MUFA in the longissimus thoracis was less pronounced. A reduction of n-3 FA (P < 0.05) and PUFA (P < 0.01) in the semimembranosus muscle and in the liver, respectively, was observed when the level of dietary protein was reduced. These results indicate that the effect of a reduction of dietary protein and Lys on growth and intramuscular fat is not independent, and reduction of protein, while maintaining Lys, may improve meat quality without impairing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tous
- Monogastric Nutrition, IRTA, E-43120, Constantí, Spain
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21
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Maeda K, Yamamoto F, Toyoshi M, Irie M. Effects of dietary lysine/protein ratio and fat levels on growth performance and meat quality of finishing pigs. Anim Sci J 2013; 85:427-34. [PMID: 24261827 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary lysine/protein ratio and fat levels on the growth, carcass characteristics and meat quality of finishing pigs fed feed made from food waste, including noodles and chocolate. Four dietary treatments, 2 levels of lysine/protein ratio (0.035 and 0.046) and 2 levels of fat (3.3% and 6.0%), were adapted to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Each diet for the finishing pigs contained the same levels of adequate crude protein (16%) and lysine (0.58-0.75%), and similar levels of high total digestible nutrients (90.2-92.6%). In total, 32 LWD pigs with an average body weight of 57.2 kg were assigned to 4 dietary groups. The pigs were slaughtered at about 115 kg. Growth performance was not influenced by the dietary treatments. Carcass characteristics were slightly influenced by the dietary fat level. As the dietary lysine/protein ratio decreased, the marbling score of Longissimus dorsi muscle increased and the intramuscular fat (IMF) increased from 6.82% to 9.46%. Marbling score was not significantly influenced by the dietary fat level. These results indicate that IMF increased without adverse effects on growth, carcass characteristics and meat quality, when pigs were fed a diet with low lysine/protein ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Maeda
- Livestock Experiment Station of Wakayama Prefecture, Susami, Japan
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22
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Kim J, Lee KS, Kwon DH, Bong JJ, Jeong JY, Nam YS, Lee MS, Liu X, Baik M. Severe dietary lysine restriction affects growth and body composition and hepatic gene expression for nitrogen metabolism in growing rats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 98:149-57. [PMID: 23441935 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dietary lysine restriction may differentially affect body growth and lipid and nitrogen metabolism, depending on the degree of lysine restriction. This study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary lysine restriction on growth and lipid and nitrogen metabolism with two different degree of lysine restriction. Isocaloric amino acid-defined diets containing 1.4% lysine (adequate), 0.70% lysine (50% moderate lysine restriction) and 0.35% lysine (75% severe lysine restriction) were fed from the age of 52 to 77 days for 25 days in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The 75% severe lysine restriction increased (p < 0.05) food intake, but retarded (p < 0.05) growth, increased (p < 0.05) liver and muscle lipid contents and abdominal fat accumulation, increased (p < 0.05) blood urea nitrogen levels and mRNA levels of the serine-synthesizing 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase gene, but decreased (p < 0.05) urea cycle arginase gene mRNA levels. In contrast, the 50% lysine restriction did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect body growth and lipid and nitrogen metabolism. Our results demonstrate that severe 75% lysine restriction has detrimental effects on body growth and deregulate lipid and nitrogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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23
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Katsumata M, Kyoya T, Ishida A, Ohtsuka M, Nakashima K. Dose-dependent response of intramuscular fat accumulation in longissimus dorsi muscle of finishing pigs to dietary lysine levels. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang J, Zhao S, Song X, Pan H, Li W, Zhang Y, Gao S, Chen D. Low protein diet up-regulate intramuscular lipogenic gene expression and down-regulate lipolytic gene expression in growth–finishing pigs. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Katsumata M. Promotion of intramuscular fat accumulation in porcine muscle by nutritional regulation. Anim Sci J 2011; 82:17-25. [PMID: 21269355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, pork with marbling has received attention as good quality pork and scientists are required to develop methods to produce pork with reasonable amounts of intramuscular fat (IMF). The aim of this review is to describe studies relevant to promotion of IMF accumulation in porcine muscle by nutritional regulation. The main focus is on effect of dietary lysine levels. First, we found dietary low lysine up-regulated glucose transporter protein 4 messenger (m)RNA expression in Longissimus dorsi (L. dorsi) and Rhomboideus muscles. In addition, the proportion of oxidative fiber of both muscles was also enhanced by dietary low lysine. Because it has been observed that higher oxidative capacity is associated with higher IMF content, we hypothesized that dietary low lysine would promote IMF accumulation. Further, higher mRNA abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, a master regulator of adipogenesis, in both muscles induced by dietary low lysine, supported this hypothesis. Indeed, IMF content of L. dorsi muscle of finishing pigs given a low lysine diet for 2 months until reaching the market weight was twice that of pigs given a control diet. Possible underlying mechanisms of IMF accumulation in porcine muscle and future perspectives are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Katsumata
- National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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KYOYA T, ISHIDA A, NAKASHIMA K, NAKAJIMA I, TOYODA A, NAKAMURA Y, KATSUMATA M. The effects of concentrations of lysine in media on differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Anim Sci J 2011; 82:565-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2011.00882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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KATSUMATA M, MATSUMOTO M, KOBAYASHI SI, KAJI Y. Reduced dietary lysine enhances proportion of oxidative fibers in porcine skeletal muscle. Anim Sci J 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2008.00536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Enhancement of Intramuscular Fat Content in Longissimus Dorsi Muscle of Finishing Pigs Fed a Low Lysine Diet Including Bread Crumbs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.5938/youton.44.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fattenning Experiment of Finishing Pigs using Fermented Liquid Feed from Expired Foods of Convenience Stores as Main Ingredients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.2508/chikusan.78.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Effect of Energy and Protein Restriction during Nursing Period on Intramuscular Fat Accumulation in Finishing Pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.2508/chikusan.78.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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