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Albano-Gaglio M, Zomeño C, Tejeda JF, Brun A, Gispert M, Marcos B, Font-I-Furnols M. Pork belly quality variation and its association with fatness level. Meat Sci 2024; 213:109482. [PMID: 38471359 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Belly is a very popular pork cut composed of different layers of fat and muscle tissue. This work aims to investigate the effect of belly fatness on the morphological, mechanical (firmness) and compositional characteristics of fresh pork bellies and the distribution of the fat within the belly slice. A total of 182 bellies, selected to ensure variability of fatness, sexes and genotypes, were scanned by computed tomography (CT) to determine the fat content which, together with the genotype, led to the formation of 5 classes: F1 class below 26%, F2 class from 26% to 33.9%, and F3 class above 33.9% of fat content from common commercial crossbred pigs; F4 class with an average fatness of 47.3% from pure Duroc pigs; and last, F5 class with 62.6% average fat content from Iberian×Duroc pigs. The distribution of the fat in the central belly slice obtained by CT revealed important differences by region although the fat content was proportional to the overall fatness of the belly. Both belly weight and belly firmness increased with higher fatness. In bellies from common commercial pigs, an increase of SFA and MUFA and a decrease of PUFA as fatness increased was observed. This study highlights variations in belly characteristics among different fat classes, indicating considerable differences in the quality of bellies currently available in the market. This may influence producers and consumers acceptability such that fat content could be considered as a quality criterion to pre-classify bellies and better match the raw product with its final destination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Albano-Gaglio
- IRTA-Food Quality and Technology, Finca Camps i Armet, 17121 Monells, Spain
| | - C Zomeño
- IRTA-Food Quality and Technology, Finca Camps i Armet, 17121 Monells, Spain
| | - J F Tejeda
- UEX- Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Av. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - A Brun
- IRTA-Food Quality and Technology, Finca Camps i Armet, 17121 Monells, Spain
| | - M Gispert
- IRTA-Food Quality and Technology, Finca Camps i Armet, 17121 Monells, Spain
| | - B Marcos
- IRTA-Food Quality and Technology, Finca Camps i Armet, 17121 Monells, Spain
| | - M Font-I-Furnols
- IRTA-Food Quality and Technology, Finca Camps i Armet, 17121 Monells, Spain.
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2
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Font-I-Furnols M, García-Gudiño J, Izquierdo M, Brun A, Gispert M, Blanco-Penedo I, Hernández-García FI. Non-destructive evaluation of carcass and ham traits and meat quality assessment applied to early and late immunocastrated Iberian pigs. Animal 2021; 15:100189. [PMID: 33637441 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Castration is a common practice in Iberian pigs due to their advanced age and high weight at slaughter. Immunocastration (IC) is an alternative to surgical castration that influences carcass and cut fatness. These traits need to be evaluated in vivo and postmortem. The aims of the present work were (a) to determine the relationship between ham composition measured with computed tomography (CT) and in vivo ultrasound (US) and carcass fat thickness measurements, (b) to apply these technologies to early (EIP) and late (LIP) immunocastrated Iberian pigs in order to evaluate carcass fatness and ham tissue composition and (c) to assess meat quality on these animals and to find the relationships between meat quality traits (namely, intramuscular fat (IMF)) and fat depot thicknesses. For this purpose, 20 purebred Iberian pigs were immunocastrated with three doses of Improvac ®, at either 4.5, 5.5 and 9 or 11, 12 and 14 months of age (EIP or LIP; respectively; n = 10 each) and slaughtered at 17 months of age. Fat depots were evaluated in vivo by US, in carcass with a ruler and in hams by CT. Carcass and cut yields, loin meat quality and loin acceptability by consumers were determined. Also, IMF was determined in the loin and three muscles of the ham. Carcass weight was 14.9 kg heavier in EIP vs LIP, and loin backfat thickness (US- and ruler-measured) was also greater in EIP. Similarly, CT-evaluated ham bone and fat contents were greater and smaller for EIP vs LIP, respectively. Loin and ham IMF were also greater in EIP, but the other meat quality parameters were similar. The acceptability of meat by consumers was high and it did not differ between IC protocols. Correlations between several fat depots measured with the different technologies were high. In conclusion, all these technologies allowed fat depot measurements, which were highly correlated despite being obtained at different anatomical locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Font-I-Furnols
- Food Quality and Technology Program, IRTA, Finca Camps i Armet, 17121 Monells, Spain
| | - J García-Gudiño
- Animal Welfare Program, IRTA, Veïnat de Sies, 17121 Monells, Spain
| | - M Izquierdo
- Animal Production, CICYTEX, Finca La Orden, 06187 Guadajira, Spain
| | - A Brun
- Food Quality and Technology Program, IRTA, Finca Camps i Armet, 17121 Monells, Spain
| | - M Gispert
- Food Quality and Technology Program, IRTA, Finca Camps i Armet, 17121 Monells, Spain
| | - I Blanco-Penedo
- Animal Welfare Program, IRTA, Veïnat de Sies, 17121 Monells, Spain
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3
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Font-i-Furnols M, Luo X, Brun A, Lizardo R, Esteve-Garcia E, Soler J, Gispert M. Computed tomography evaluation of gilt growth performance and carcass quality under feeding restrictions and compensatory growth effects on the sensory quality of pork. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Emran M, Hamad G, Gispert M, Rashad M, Abd-Elhamid A. Temperature effects on vitamin B12 adsorption in different agropedological soils in Egypt. Agrochimica 2020:269-282. [DOI: 10.12871/00021857202035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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5
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Martinez-Macipe M, Rodríguez P, Izquierdo M, Gispert M, Manteca X, Mainau E, Hernández F, Claret A, Guerrero L, Dalmau A. Comparison of meat quality parameters in surgical castrated versus vaccinated against gonadotrophin-releasing factor male and female Iberian pigs reared in free-ranging conditions. Meat Sci 2016; 111:116-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Dalmau A, Velarde A, Rodríguez P, Pedernera C, Llonch P, Fàbrega E, Casal N, Mainau E, Gispert M, King V, Slootmans N, Thomas A, Mombarg M. Use of an anti-GnRF vaccine to suppress estrus in crossbred Iberian female pigs. Theriogenology 2015; 84:342-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Carabús A, Sainz RD, Oltjen JW, Gispert M, Font-i-Furnols M. Predicting fat, lean and the weights of primal cuts for growing pigs of different genotypes and sexes using computed tomography. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:1388-97. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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8
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Carabús A, Gispert M, Brun A, Rodríguez P, Font-i-Furnols M. In vivo computed tomography evaluation of the composition of the carcass and main cuts of growing pigs of three commercial crossbreeds. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Tous N, Lizardo R, Theil P, Vilà B, Gispert M, Font-i-Furnols M, Esteve-Garcia E. Effect of vitamin A depletion on fat deposition in finishing pigs, intramuscular fat content and gene expression in the longissimus muscle. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Tous N, Lizardo R, Vilà B, Gispert M, Font-I-Furnols M, Esteve-Garcia E. Effect of reducing dietary protein and lysine on growth performance, carcass characteristics, intramuscular fat, and fatty acid profile of finishing barrows. J Anim Sci 2013; 92:129-40. [PMID: 24352966 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-6222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular fat is an important quality trait in pork. Lysine and protein have been reported to influence this trait, but most studies have modified both factors simultaneously. In this study, the effects of dietary Lys and protein were investigated in finishing pigs to determine if either of the 2 factors alone or in combination influence the deposition of intramuscular fat. One hundred and four barrows (Landrace × Duroc) were fed 1 of 4 experimental diets, including control protein-control Lys (CPCL), control protein-low Lys (CPLL), low protein-control Lys (LPCL), and low protein-low Lys diets (LPLL) with 10 pens per treatment and 2 or 3 pigs per pen. Pigs fed CPLL showed a trend to decrease feed efficiency (P < 0.10) compared with those fed CPCL, but pigs fed LPLL performed similarly to the CPCL pigs, indicating that CP levels can be reduced to 12% for pigs between 62 and 97 kg and to 9.8% afterward without negative effects on performance. In the longissimus thoracis, intramuscular fat increased in pigs fed LPCL or CPLL (P < 0.05) compared with CPCL. In the semimembranosus muscle, intramuscular fat was reduced in pigs fed LPLL compared with those fed CPLL (P < 0.05), and the same trend was observed in the longissimus thoracis (P < 0.10). Dietary protein reduction tended to increase back fat thickness (P < 0.10) and reduced SFA and MUFA (P < 0.05) and PUFA, particularly in subcutaneous fat (P < 0.05), whereas the effect on MUFA in the longissimus thoracis was less pronounced. A reduction of n-3 FA (P < 0.05) and PUFA (P < 0.01) in the semimembranosus muscle and in the liver, respectively, was observed when the level of dietary protein was reduced. These results indicate that the effect of a reduction of dietary protein and Lys on growth and intramuscular fat is not independent, and reduction of protein, while maintaining Lys, may improve meat quality without impairing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tous
- Monogastric Nutrition, IRTA, E-43120, Constantí, Spain
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11
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Gonzalez J, Jaume J, Fàbrega E, Gispert M, Gil M, Oliver A, Llonch P, Guàrdia M, Realini C, Arnau J, Tibau J. Majorcan Black Pig as a traditional pork production system: Improvements in slaughterhouse procedures and elaboration of pork carpaccio as an alternative product. Meat Sci 2013; 95:727-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Guàrdia MD, Estany J, Álvarez-Rodríguez J, Manteca X, Tor M, Oliver MA, Gispert M, Diestre A. A field assessment of the effect of pre-slaughter conditions and genetic-stress susceptibility on blood welfare indicators in pigs. Anim Welf 2012. [DOI: 10.7120/09627286.21.4.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Weiler U, Font I Furnols M, Fischer K, Kemmer H, Oliver MA, Gispert M, Dobrowolski A, Claus R. Influence of differences in sensitivity of Spanish and German consumers to perceive androstenone on the acceptance of boar meat differing in skatole and androstenone concentrations. Meat Sci 2012; 54:297-304. [PMID: 22060699 DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(99)00106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/1998] [Revised: 03/05/1999] [Accepted: 04/01/1999] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of German (n=472) and Spanish (n=480) consumers of the European boar taint study to boar meat were evaluated according to their androstenone sensitivity. Consumers were checked with pure substance for their androstenone sensitivity. Eighteen per cent of the German and 31% of the Spanish participants were highly sensitive to androstenone, with a significantly higher proportion of women. For insensitive/mildly sensitive consumers, skatole level was the main determinant for the rating of flavour and odour of pork. For highly sensitive consumers, androstenone significantly influenced the rating of odour (Spain and Germany) and flavour (Germany) and is the predominant problem for that group, due to the high percentage of carcasses with high androstenone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Weiler
- Fachgebiet Tierhaltung und Leistungsphysiologie (470), Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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14
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Matthews KR, Homer DB, Punter P, Béague MP, Gispert M, Kempster AJ, Agerhem H, Claudi-Magnussen C, Fischer K, Siret F, Leask H, Font I Furnols M, Bonneau M. An international study on the importance of androstenone and skatole for boar taint: III. Consumer survey in seven European countries. Meat Sci 2012; 54:271-83. [PMID: 22060697 DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(99)00104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/1998] [Revised: 03/05/1999] [Accepted: 08/08/1999] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There has long been debate over the relative importance for consumer acceptability of androstenone and skatole. The objective of this study was to investigate consumer reaction to pig meat of varying levels of androstenone and skatole in seven member states of the European Union. Over 4000 entire male pigs (and 233 gilts as a control) were produced in six European countries, and a sub-sample of 420 were selected to represent a range of androstenone and skatole levels. Loin samples from these pigs were distributed to the seven participating countries. Samples were prepared and cooked according to standardised procedures in each of the countries and presented to pork consumers. Each consumer rated samples from five pigs for liking of flavour and liking of odour. Although there were significant differences between country panels in their liking of meat from entire males generally, there was a greater degree of dislike as both androstenone and skatole increased. This reaction was stronger for skatole than androstenone and consumers reacted more negatively in terms of odour than flavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Matthews
- Meat and Livestock Commission, PO Box 44, Winterhill House, Snowdon Drive, Milton Keynes MK6 1AX, UK
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15
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Plastow GS, Carrión D, Gil M, García-Regueiro JA, I Furnols MF, Gispert M, Oliver MA, Velarde A, Guàrdia MD, Hortós M, Rius MA, Sárraga C, Díaz I, Valero A, Sosnicki A, Klont R, Dornan S, Wilkinson JM, Evans G, Sargent C, Davey G, Connolly D, Houeix B, Maltin CM, Hayes HE, Anandavijayan V, Foury A, Geverink N, Cairns M, Tilley RE, Mormède P, Blott SC. Quality pork genes and meat production. Meat Sci 2012; 70:409-21. [PMID: 22063741 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2004.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2004] [Revised: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Functional genomics, including analysis of the transcriptome and proteome, provides new opportunities for understanding the molecular processes in muscle and how these influence its conversion to meat. The Quality Pork Genes project was established to identify genes associated with variation in different aspects of raw material (muscle) quality and to then develop genetic tools that could be utilized to improve this quality. DNA polymorphisms identified in the porcine PRKAG3 and CAST genes illustrate the impact that such tools can have in improving meat quality. The resources developed in Quality Pork Genes provide the basis for identifying more of these tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Plastow
- Sygen International, 2 Kingston Business Park, Kingston Bagpuize, Oxfordshire OX13 5FE, UK
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16
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Emran M, Gispert M, Pardini G. Patterns of soil organic carbon, glomalin and structural stability in abandoned Mediterranean terraced lands. European Journal of Soil Science 2012; 63:637-649. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2012.01493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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17
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Panella-Riera N, Gispert M, Gil M, Soler J, Tibau J, Oliver M, A.Velarde, Fàbrega E. Effect of feed deprivation and lairage time on carcass and meat quality traits on pigs under minimal stressful conditions. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Font-i-Furnols M, Gispert M, Soler J, Diaz M, Garcia-Regueiro J, Diaz I, Pearce M. Effect of vaccination against gonadotrophin-releasing factor on growth performance, carcass, meat and fat quality of male Duroc pigs for dry-cured ham production. Meat Sci 2012; 91:148-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Fàbrega E, Gispert M, Tibau J, Hortós M, Oliver M, Furnols MFI. Effect of housing system, slaughter weight and slaughter strategy on carcass and meat quality, sex organ development and androstenone and skatole levels in Duroc finished entire male pigs. Meat Sci 2011; 89:434-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Mas G, Llavall M, Coll D, Roca R, Díaz I, Oliver MA, Gispert M, Realini CE. Effect of an elevated monounsaturated fat diet on pork carcass and meat quality traits and tissue fatty acid composition from York-crossed barrows and gilts. Meat Sci 2011; 89:419-25. [PMID: 21632183 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-seven York-crossed barrows and gilts were fed either a grain and soy diet (CONTROL with 28% C18:1) or a similar diet enriched with oleic acid (HO with 43% C18:1, Greedy-Grass OLIVA®). There were no interactions between dietary treatment and gender and there were no differences in intramuscular and subcutaneous fatty acid composition between sexes (P>0.05). Similar primal cut yields, composition of major primal cuts, and carcass and meat quality characteristics were found for HO and CONTROL fed pigs. Apart from a few significant but small differences for some fatty acids, intramuscular fatty acid composition was similar for both dietary treatments. Subcutaneous fat from HO fed pigs had a 6.9% increase in total monounsaturated fatty acids and a 9.3% reduction in total polyunsaturated fatty acids (P<0.05) compared with CONTROL fed animals, without adversely affecting carcass quality and producing suitable hams for processing by the meat industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mas
- UPB España, SA, Crta Viver Km 6,3, Viver i Serrateix, Barcelona 08673, Spain
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21
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Realini C, Duran-Montgé P, Lizardo R, Gispert M, Oliver M, Esteve-Garcia E. Effect of source of dietary fat on pig performance, carcass characteristics and carcass fat content, distribution and fatty acid composition. Meat Sci 2010; 85:606-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Fàbrega E, Velarde A, Cros J, Gispert M, Suárez P, Tibau J, Soler J. Effect of vaccination against gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, using Improvac®, on growth performance, body composition, behaviour and acute phase proteins. Livest Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Guàrdia MD, Estany J, Balasch S, Oliver MA, Gispert M, Diestre A. Risk assessment of DFD meat due to pre-slaughter conditions in pigs. Meat Sci 2010; 70:709-716. [PMID: 20416842 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Revised: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A polychotomous logistic regression model was used to identify and assess the risk factors for pork becoming dark, firm and dry meat (DFD). A total of 116 deliveries, comprising 3075 commercial pigs delivered from different farms to five commercial Spanish pig abattoirs were surveyed. The DFD condition was described as an ordinal response variable (normal, moderate and serious) based on measurements of pH(24) in the Semimembranosus muscle. The abattoir, the floor of the lorry, the season, the gender, and the stocking density during transportation influenced the risk of DFD, as well as on-farm fasting time, lairage time and estimated carcass lean content. No effect of the RYR1 gene in the risk of DFD was found. Abattoirs should be especially careful with females slaughtered in winter, where the risk of serious DFD is 4.6% higher than with males slaughtered in summer. The risk of DFD increased with high stocking density and lairage time, and with on-farm fasting times longer than 22h. Our results revealed that lowering the stocking density from 0.37 to 0.50m(2) per 100kg pig during transport would increase the risk of DFD pork by 11%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Guàrdia
- IRTA, Centre de Tecnologia de la Carn, Granja Camps i Armet, 17121 Monells, Spain
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24
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Marguí E, Jurado A, Hidalgo M, Pardini G, Gispert M, Queralt I. Application of small-spot energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence instrumentation in phytoremediation activities around metal mines. Appl Spectrosc 2009; 63:1396-1402. [PMID: 20030986 DOI: 10.1366/000370209790109021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In view of the considerable number of analyses necessary in phytoremediation and plant biology studies, it is important that the analytical procedures used for elemental determination in plant tissues should be fast and cheap, with simple sample preparation, and of adequate accuracy and precision. The aim of the present work was focused on the possibilities and drawbacks of a low-cost benchtop energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) instrument to be used as an analytical technique for studying the potential use of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) for the phytoremediation of an abandoned Pb/Zn mining area. The simplicity and the ability to operate at room temperature and open air conditions provides a flexible setup for the rapid analysis of vegetation material without complicated previous sample pretreatments. With the help of different collimator caps, a modest lateral resolution (from 200 mum to 1 mm) was achieved and it was thought to be small enough to study the accumulation of Pb and Zn and its distribution between parts of the vegetation specimens (roots, stems, and leaves); the limits of detection achieved (0.6 ng for Zn and 3.0 ng for Pb) proved to be suitable for the intended purpose. Therefore, obtained data revealed that EDXRF spectrometry could be a useful tool to better understand the metal uptake, translocation, and tolerance mechanisms in vegetation species related to biomonitoring and phytoremediation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Marguí
- Laboratory of X-Ray Analytical Applications, Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera, CSIC, Solé Sabarís s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Font I Furnols M, González J, Gispert M, Oliver MA, Hortós M, Pérez J, Suárez P, Guerrero L. Sensory characterization of meat from pigs vaccinated against gonadotropin releasing factor compared to meat from surgically castrated, entire male and female pigs. Meat Sci 2009; 83:438-42. [PMID: 20416689 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Boar taint is a sensory defect mainly due to androstenone and skatole. The most common method to control boar taint is surgical castration at an early age. Vaccination against gonadotropin releasing factor (also known as immunocastration) is an alternative to surgical castration to reduce androstenone content. In this experiment, loins from 24 female (FE), 24 entire male (EM), 24 vaccinated males (IM) and 23 surgically castrated males (CM) were evaluated by eight trained panellists in 24 sessions. Loins were cooked in an oven at 180°C for 10min. Furthermore loins were evaluated by consumers and its androstenone and skatole content were also chemically determined. Meat from EM had higher androstenone and skatole odour and flavour than meat from FE, IM and CM and lower sweetness odour scores. High correlations were found between androstenone and skatole levels assessed by trained panelists, chemical analysis and consumers' acceptability. Moreover meat from EM is mainly related to androstenone and skatole attributes.
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Guàrdia MD, Estany J, Balasch S, Oliver MA, Gispert M, Diestre A. Risk assessment of skin damage due to pre-slaughter conditions and RYR1 gene in pigs. Meat Sci 2008; 81:745-51. [PMID: 20416560 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A polychotomous logistic regression was used to assess the risk factors for skin damage prior to slaughter. A total of 116 deliveries (15,695 pigs) from commercial farms to five Spanish pig abattoirs were surveyed. The skin damage condition was described as an ordinal response (1: no damage; 2: very slight damage; and 3: slight or more damage). The abattoir by the season (p<0.01), the floor surface of the lorry (p=0.02), and the mixing of unfamiliar pigs at loading (p=0.01) influenced the occurrence of skin blemishes. Skin damage increased with on-farm fasting time (p<0.01), loading time (p<0.01), lairage time (p<0.01), as well as with carcass weight (p<0.01). In winter transports the risk of skin damage decreased (p<0.01) at higher space allowance in the lorry. The risk of developing PSE and DFD pork increased with the skin damage score (p<0.01). The nn genotype for the RYR1 gene was less prone to skin damage but at the same time it is more sensitive to skin damage in relation to PSE risk. It is concluded that the skin damage score can be used as a rapid indicator of animal welfare and pork quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Guàrdia
- IRTA, Tecnologia dels Aliments, Finca Camps i Armet, 17121 Monells, Spain
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27
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Panella-Riera N, Dalmau A, Fàbrega E, Font i Furnols M, Gispert M, Tibau J, Soler J, Velarde A, Oliver M, Gil M. Effect of supplementation with MgCO3 and l-Tryptophan on the welfare and on the carcass and meat quality of two halothane pig genotypes (NN and nn). Livest Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Font I Furnols M, Gispert M, Guerrero L, Velarde A, Tibau J, Soler J, Hortós M, García-Regueiro JA, Pérez J, Suárez P, Oliver MA. Consumers' sensory acceptability of pork from immunocastrated male pigs. Meat Sci 2008; 80:1013-8. [PMID: 22063830 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Boar taint is the off-odour or off flavour of cooked pork. Currently, the most common method of controlling boar taint is surgical castration. However, immunocastration has been used in some parts of the world as an alternative to surgical castration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensory acceptability of meat from immunocastrated pigs (IM) compared with meat from females (FE), surgically castrated (CM) and entire males (EM). Twenty animals of each type were evaluated by 201 consumers in 20 sessions. Longissimus thoracis muscle of the different animals was cooked in an oven at 180°C for 10min. Consumers scored the odour and the flavour of the meat in a 9-point category scale without an intermediate level. There were no significant differences in consumer's evaluation of meat from IM, CM, and FE. In contrast, EM meat presented a higher percentage of dissatisfied scores and was significantly (P<0.05) less accepted than meat from CM, IM and FE. Consumers' acceptability of EM meat was always lower, independently of its androstenone levels. However meat with low levels of androstenone was more accepted that meat with medium or high levels of this substance. It can be concluded that immunocastration produced pork that was accepted by the consumers, and was indistinguishable from pork from CM or FE.
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Gispert M, Font I Furnols M, Gil M, Velarde A, Diestre A, Carrión D, Sosnicki AA, Plastow GS. Relationships between carcass quality parameters and genetic types. Meat Sci 2007; 77:397-404. [PMID: 22061793 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It is important for the meat industry, including pig farmers and breeding companies, to know the composition of the carcass including the proportions of the different commercial cuts when making decisions on the type of pigs to be produced and marketed. Carcass composition is influenced significantly by the genotype of the animals. The aim of this work was to characterise carcasses from five different pig genotypes, by means of the quantification and comparison of their physical composition. Carcasses from 500 gilts from five different genetic types were studied. These lines were based on the following breeds: Large White, Landrace, Duroc, Piétrain and a Meishan synthetic population developed from a cross with a Large White based line. Measurements were taken in the carcasses directly with a ruler and with the Fat-O-Meat'er. The carcasses were cut following the European reference method and the four main joints were dissected. Carcasses from the Piétrain based line, which was halothane negative, presented the highest killing-out (83.34%) and were the shortest (81.81cm). The Piétrain based line was also the leanest and the Meishan based line the fattest. The highest proportion of ham (270.9g/kg) and the lowest proportion of belly (97.97g/kg) were found in the Piétrain line. The proportion of lean in all of the dissected cuts was higher in carcasses from this line while the Meishan line presented the highest proportions of intermuscular fat in all of the pieces. Carcasses came from the Piétrain line received the highest conformation scores and they were leaner and with better ham yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gispert
- IRTA, Finca Camps i Armet, 17121 Monells, Spain
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30
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Geverink NA, Foury A, Plastow GS, Gil M, Gispert M, Hortós M, Font i Furnols M, Gort G, Moisan MP, Mormède P. Cortisol-binding globulin and meat quality in five European lines of pigs1. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:204-11. [PMID: 16361508 DOI: 10.2527/2006.841204x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene (Cbg) encoding cortisol-binding globulin (CBG) has been proposed as a candidate gene to explain genetic variation in cortisol secretion and carcass composition in pigs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between CBG and pork quality in 5 European breeding lines, Piétrain, Large White (LW), and Landrace purebred lines, a Duroc synthetic line, and a Meishan (MS) x LW advanced intercross. Cortisol-binding globulin maximum binding capacity (CBG-Bmax) was twice as high (P < 0.05) in MS x LW pigs compared with the other lines. There was no (P > or = 0.364) association between CBG-Bmax and carcass quality traits in Piétrain gilts, but CBG-Bmax was associated with increased loin yields in LW (P = 0.010) and Landrace (P = 0.103) gilts, decreased ham yields (P = 0.082) in Duroc gilts, and increased fat depth (P = 0.064) and leaf fat (P = 0.001) in MS x LW gilts. There was no association between CBG-Bmax and pork quality traits in Piétrain (P > or = 0.269) and Duroc (P > or = 0.114) gilts. Conversely, CBG-Bmax was associated with lighter (higher L* values; P < 0.05) pork in Land-race gilts, as well as lower (P < or = 0.055) ultimate pH in the LM and semimembranosus, and a tendency for lower (P = 0.095) L* values of pork from LW gilts. Within MS x LW pigs, CBG-Bmax was associated with increased drip loss (P = 0.001) and decreased i.m. fat in the semimembranosus (P = 0.005). Because drip loss is an economically important pork quality trait, results of this study could be used in the selection of improved water-holding capacity of pork from synthetic lines involving the MS breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Geverink
- Laboratoire de Neurogénétique et Stress, INRA Institut François Magendie, 33077 Bordeaux cedex, France
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Kravchenko IK, Semenov VM, Kuznetsova TV, Bykova SA, Dulov LE, Pardini G, Gispert M, Boeckx P, Van Cleemput O, Gal'chenko VF. [Physicochemical and biological factors affecting atmospheric methane oxidation in gray forest soils]. Mikrobiologiia 2005; 74:255-60. [PMID: 15938403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The decline of methane oxidizing activities in gray forest soil upon its conversion into arable land was shown to be caused by major changes in biotic and physicochemical properties of soil. Using the method of immune serums, methane-oxidizing bacteria were detected in both forest and agricultural soils, but their populations differed significantly in both abundance and composition. In the forest soil, the number of methanotrophs was an order of magnitude higher than in arable soil, amounting to 3.5 x 10(8) and 0.24 x 10(8) cells/g soil, respectively. All methane-oxidizing bacteria identified in the forest soil belonged to the genus Methylocystis, and 94% of these were represented by a single species, M. parvus. The arable soil was dominated by type I methanotrophs (Methylobacter and Methylomonas, 67.6%), occurring along with bacteria of the genus Methylocystis. In addition, arable soil is characterized by a low content of microbial biomass, lower porosity and water permeability of soil aggregates, and the predominance of nitrogen mineralization processes over those of nitrogen immobilization. These factors can also contribute to lower rates of methane oxidation in arable soil as compared to forest soil.
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Guàrdia M, Estany J, Balasch S, Oliver M, Gispert M, Diestre A. Risk assessment of PSE condition due to pre-slaughter conditions and RYR1 gene in pigs. Meat Sci 2004; 67:471-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2003.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2003] [Revised: 10/10/2003] [Accepted: 11/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Semenov VM, Kravchenko IK, Kuznetsova TV, Semenova NA, Bykova SA, Dulov LE, Gal'chenko VF, Pardini G, Gispert M, Boeckx P, Van Cleemput O. Seasonal Dynamics of Atmospheric Methane Oxidation in Gray Forest Soils. Microbiology (Reading) 2004. [DOI: 10.1023/b:mici.0000032249.72956.9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Semenov VM, Kravchenko IK, Kuznetsova TV, Semenova NA, Bykova SA, Dulov LE, Gal'chenko VF, Pardini G, Gispert M, Boeckx P, Van Cleemput O. [Seasonal dynamics of atmospheric methane oxidation in gray forest soils]. Mikrobiologiia 2004; 73:423-9. [PMID: 15315238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal fluctuations in the methane flow in the soil-atmosphere system were determined for gray forest soils of Central Russia. Consumption of atmospheric methane was found to exceed methane emission in gray forest soils under forest and in agrocenosis. The average annual rates of atmospheric methane consumption by the soil under forest and in agrocenosis were 0.026 and 0.008 mg CH4-C/(m2 h), respectively. The annual rate of atmospheric methane oxidation in the gray forest soils of Moscow oblast was estimated to be 0.68 kton. Seasonal fluctuations in the methane oxidation activity were due to changes in the hydrothermal conditions and in the reserves of readily decomposable organic matter and mineral nitrogen, as well as to changes in the activity of methane oxidizers.
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Fàbrega E, Manteca X, Font J, Gispert M, Carrión D, Velarde A, Ruiz-de-la-Torre JL, Diestre A. A comparison of halothane homozygous negative and positive pietrain sire lines in relation to carcass and meat quality, and welfare traits. Meat Sci 2004; 66:777-87. [PMID: 22061008 DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(03)00128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2002] [Accepted: 05/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Fàbrega
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Centre de Tecnologia de la Carn, Granja Camps i Armet, 17121 Monells, Girona, Spain
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36
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Serra X, Gil M, Gispert M, Guerrero L, Oliver M, Sañudo C, Campo M, Panea B, Olleta J, Quintanilla R, Piedrafita J. Characterisation of young bulls of the Bruna dels Pirineus cattle breed (selected from old Brown Swiss) in relation to carcass, meat quality and biochemical traits. Meat Sci 2004; 66:425-36. [DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(03)00131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2002] [Revised: 05/13/2003] [Accepted: 05/30/2003] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Font i Furnols M, Gispert M, Diestre A, Oliver M. Acceptability of boar meat by consumers depending on their age, gender, culinary habits, and sensitivity and appreciation of androstenone odour. Meat Sci 2003; 64:433-40. [DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(02)00212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2001] [Revised: 07/28/2002] [Accepted: 07/31/2002] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Fàbrega E, Manteca X, Font J, Gispert M, Carrión D, Velarde A, Ruiz-de-la-Torre J, Diestre A. Effects of halothane gene and pre-slaughter treatment on meat quality and welfare from two pig crosses. Meat Sci 2002; 62:463-72. [DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(02)00040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2001] [Revised: 01/14/2002] [Accepted: 01/14/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
48 pregnant adolescents who applied for therapeutic abortions (TAs) were compared with 55 adolescents who planned to have their babies (Terms) and 67 adolescents who were not pregnant (Controls) on the California Psychological Inventory (CPI). All the subjects were single, black, and ages 15-16. CPI results point to psychological differences with the Controls being most socialized, followed by the TAs, and then the Terms. Term girls seem to be experiencing a void and appear to be trying to fill it by assuming an adult role and having a baby; the TAs do not seem to have these same needs. In addition, those girls who became pregnant and described the relationship with the putative father as casual, appear on the CPI to have more daily problems, lack socialization, be less clear thinking, and have poor self-control. Pregnant girls who have good communication with their mothers showed no differences on the CPI from girls with poor communication with their mothers.
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Velarde A, Gispert M, Faucitano L, Alonso P, Manteca X, Diestre A. Effects of the stunning procedure and the halothane genotype on meat quality and incidence of haemorrhages in pigs. Meat Sci 2001; 58:313-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(01)00035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2000] [Revised: 01/02/2001] [Accepted: 01/04/2001] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Ruiz-de-la-Torre JL, Velarde A, Diestre A, Gispert M, Hall SJ, Broom DM, Manteca X. Effects of vehicle movements during transport on the stress responses and meat quality of sheep. Vet Rec 2001; 148:227-9. [PMID: 11289548 DOI: 10.1136/vr.148.8.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Two groups of 26 lambs were transported for 15 hours either on smooth highways or on rougher secondary roads. Nine of the animals in each group were monitored for heart rate and the plasma levels of cortisol, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, before the journey began, after four, eight and 12 hours and at slaughter. The pH of the meat was measured 45 minutes and 24 hours postmortem and its colour was assessed 24 hours postmortem. The lambs transported on smooth roads had a lower heart rate and lower plasma cortisol concentrations after eight and 12 hours than the lambs transported on rougher roads. Twenty-four hours after slaughter the pH of the meat of the lambs transported on smooth roads was lower than that of the lambs transported on rougher roads.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ruiz-de-la-Torre
- Department of Biologia Cellular, Fisciologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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42
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43
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Gispert M, Faucitano L, Oliver M, Guàrdia M, Coll C, Siggens K, Harvey K, Diestre A. A survey of pre-slaughter conditions, halothane gene frequency, and carcass and meat quality in five Spanish pig commercial abattoirs. Meat Sci 2000; 55:97-106. [DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(99)00130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/1999] [Revised: 06/01/1999] [Accepted: 09/16/1999] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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44
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Bonneau M, Walstra P, Claudi-Magnussen C, Kempster A, Tornberg E, Fischer K, Diestre A, Siret F, Chevillon P, Claus R, Dijksterhuis G, Punter P, Matthews K, Agerhem H, Béague M, Oliver M, Gispert M, Weiler U, von Seth G, Leask H, Font i Furnols M, Homer D, Cook G. An international study on the importance of androstenone and skatole for boar taint: IV. Simulation studies on consumer dissatisfaction with entire male pork and the effect of sorting carcasses on the slaughter line, main conclusions and recommendations. Meat Sci 2000; 54:285-95. [DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(99)00105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/1998] [Revised: 03/05/1999] [Accepted: 04/30/1999] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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45
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Abstract
Two pig abattoirs (A and B) equipped with an automated head-only and head-to-chest electrical stunning system, and two (C and D) equipped with a manual carbon dioxide stunning system, were evaluated to compare the effectiveness of stunning in a total of 10,454 pigs slaughtered under commercial conditions. In the abattoirs with the electrical stunning system, the percentage of animals that responded to a nose prick was significantly lower (P<0.05) in abattoir B, where a higher current intensity was used (P<0.05), than in abattoir A. No righting reflex was observed in the electrically stunned pigs. In the abattoirs with the carbon dioxide stunning system, the percentage of animals that responded to a nose prick and showed a righting reflex was significantly lower (P<0.05) in abattoir C, where the duration of the carbon dioxide cycle was longer and the interval between discharge from the system to sticking was shorter (P<0.05), than in D. Comparing the electrical and carbon dioxide stunning systems, the pigs stunned with carbon dioxide were significantly more responsive to a nose prick (P<0.05) and 25 per cent of them showed a righting reflex. Under the conditions of the study the fully automated head-only stunning with additional chest electrodes appeared to be more effective and less susceptible to incorrect handling than the manual carbon dioxide stunning system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Velarde
- Centre de Tecnologia de la Carn, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Monells, Girona, Spain
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46
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Espinós JJ, Rodríguez-Espinosa J, Senosiain R, Aura M, Vanrell C, Gispert M, Vega C, Calaf J. The role of matching menstrual data with hormonal measurements in evaluating effectiveness of postcoital contraception. Contraception 1999; 60:243-7. [PMID: 10640171 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-7824(99)00090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of postcoital contraception can only be estimated. The most commonly used method of calculation compares the expected pregnancy rate in the exposed population to the resultant pregnancies after treatment. Estimation of the fertile period and the day of ovulation are critical to calculate the expected pregnancies. The aim of this study was to improve the accuracy of calculations by evaluating the hormonal status on the day of contraceptive treatment. A total of 483 consecutive women requesting postcoital contraception was included in a prospective observational trial. A blood sample was obtained at the moment of consultation to measure serum luteinizing hormone, estradiol, and progesterone concentrations. An ethinylestradiol-levonorgestrel combination (100 micrograms/500 mg for two doses, 12 h apart) was then prescribed. The fertile period was estimated according to previous hormonal studies in the normal cycling population. Of 483 women, 64 (13.25%) women were excluded because they presented irregular menstrual cycles and 37 (7.6%) women were lost to follow-up. Two pregnancies occurred in the remaining 382 women. Following Wilcox's and Trussell's methods, 21.1 and 17.75 pregnancies should be expected, yielding an overall treatment effectiveness of 90.52% (95% confidence interval [CI] 62.58%-97.6%) and 88.73% (95% CI 55.93%-97.12%), respectively. Hormonal data were available in 356 women; 303 of whom presented with regular cycles. Hormonal information in this group restricted the number of exposed cases to 88 women. Of the women included in Trussell's method of analysis, only 51 (51.5%; p < 0.05) were at risk using hormonal data. Fifty-six percent (95% CI 34.9%-75.6%) of women with luteinizing hormone levels > 20 IU/L were not between days-1 and +1 of the cycle. Hormonal studies suggest that methods based on pregnancy risk calculated by cycle day do not faithfully reflect the real exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Espinós
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universitat Autonoma, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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Oliver M, Gispert M, Tibau J, Diestre A. The measurement of light scattering and electrical conductivity for the prediction of PSE pig meat at various times post mortem. Meat Sci 1991; 29:141-51. [DOI: 10.1016/0309-1740(91)90061-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/1990] [Revised: 03/29/1990] [Accepted: 04/17/1990] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gispert M, Davis MS, Marsh L, Wheeler K. Predictive factors in repeated suicide attempts by adolescents. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1987; 38:390-3. [PMID: 3570186 DOI: 10.1176/ps.38.4.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A significant number of adolescents treated for attempted suicide have made previous attempts and will make subsequent attempts. These youths have a high risk of actually committing suicide. To find predictive factors of suicide risk, the authors compared 43 adolescent patients who had attempted suicide once with 38 who reported multiple attempts. The repeaters were less successful in school, displayed more hostility, reported more dysphoria, and had undergone more long-term stress. The authors believe assessing suicide risk requires evaluating the repeater's internal state of rage and dysphoria; they recommend that future studies look closely at these internal states as well as at external factors.
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Abstract
The authors compared a group of 58 adolescent girls who had been pregnant once during a two-year period with an age-matched group of 58 girls who had become pregnant at least twice during the same period. They found that the girls' attitudes toward contraception did not predict contraceptive use. Regular use of contraception was associated with a positive relationship between the girls and their mothers and with the presence of the girls' fathers in the home. The authors suggest that parental support of contraception plays a more important role in preventing repeat pregnancies than does the adolescents' reported attitudes toward contraception.
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Abstract
One hundred twenty-five pregnant adolescents 16 years of age or younger and their parents were studied prior to abortion and were compared with 72 nulligravid control subjects. The control group reported less incidence of sexual intercourse and more causal heterosexual relationships of shorter durations. A significantly larger percentage of the abortion group approved of premarital sexual intercourse "when the couple is going steady." Sixty-eight per cent of the adolescents who were seeking abortions had never used a contraceptive. Abortion "on demand" was favored by the majority of the abortion group, whereas the control group favored "abortion under special circumstances." Neither were the pregnant teenagers' parents aware of nor had they discussed their daughter's sexual activities, much less contraception. Prevention of unwanted pregnancies in early adolescence should encompass an educational effort on the part of the health professions, involving both the adolescents and their parents.
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