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Usefulness of Imaging Techniques in the Diagnosis of Selected Injuries and Lesions of the Canine Tarsus. A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061834. [PMID: 34205353 PMCID: PMC8234438 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tarsal joint lesions are uncommon in dogs but may lead to serious health problems. The most common diseases involving the tarsal joint are osteochondrosis, fractures and injuries of the Achilles tendon. The basis for the diagnosis of lesions in the tarsus is a thorough orthopedic examination, sometimes performed under sedation. Imaging modalities such as radiography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography can facilitate the detection and assessment of lesions in the canine tarsal joint. The aim of this paper is to characterize and compare the usefulness of imaging techniques available in veterinary medicine for the diagnosis and evaluation of lesions and injuries affecting the tarsal joint in dogs. Abstract Tarsus lesions are not common in dogs, but they can cause serious health problem. They can lead to permanent changes in the joint and, in dogs involved in canine sports, to exclusion from training. The most common diseases and injuries involving the tarsal joint are osteochondrosis, fractures and ruptures of the Achilles tendon. These conditions can be diagnosed primarily through accurate orthopedic examination, but even this may be insufficient for performing a proper diagnosis. Imaging modalities such as radiography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography can facilitate the detection and assessment of lesions in the canine tarsal joint. This review paper briefly presents some characteristics of the above-mentioned imaging techniques, offering a comparison of their utility in the diagnosis of lesions and injuries involving the canine tarsus.
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Encinoso M, Orós J, Ramírez G, Jaber JR, Artiles A, Arencibia A. Anatomic Study of the Elbow Joint in a Bengal Tiger ( Panthera tigris tigris) Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Gross Dissections. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E1058. [PMID: 31805734 PMCID: PMC6940883 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of our research was to describe the normal appearance of the bony and soft tissue structures of the elbow joint in a cadaver of a male mature Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) scanned via MRI. Using a 0.2 Tesla magnet, Spin-echo (SE) T1-weighting, and Gradient-echo short tau inversion recovery (GE-STIR), T2-weighting pulse sequences were selected to generate sagittal, transverse, and dorsal planes. In addition, gross dissections of the forelimb and its elbow joint were made. On anatomic dissections, all bony, articular, and muscular structures could be identified. The MRI images allowed us to observe the bony and many soft tissues of the tiger elbow joint. The SE T1-weighted MR images provided good anatomic detail of this joint, whereas the GE-STIR T2-weighted MR pulse sequence was best for synovial cavities. Detailed information is provided that may be used as initial anatomic reference for interpretation of MR images of the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) elbow joint and in the diagnosis of disorders of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Encinoso
- Hospital Veterinario Los Tarahales, Recta de Los Tarahales 15, 35013 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (M.E.); (A.A.)
| | - Jorge Orós
- Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña, Arucas, 35416 Las Palmas, Spain; (J.O.); (J.R.J.)
| | - Gregorio Ramírez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - José Raduan Jaber
- Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña, Arucas, 35416 Las Palmas, Spain; (J.O.); (J.R.J.)
| | - Alejandro Artiles
- Hospital Veterinario Los Tarahales, Recta de Los Tarahales 15, 35013 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (M.E.); (A.A.)
| | - Alberto Arencibia
- Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña, Arucas, 35416 Las Palmas, Spain; (J.O.); (J.R.J.)
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Volk SW, Keith DG, McLear RC, Smith GK, Kapatkin AS. Elbow dysplasia in a Basset Hound. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1632748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryA Basset Hound with elbow dysplasias (ununited anconeal process and elbow incongruity in the left elbow, fragmented medial coronoid process and elbow incongruity in the right elbow) was followed by serial radiography, computer tomographic (CT) scan and arthroscopy at eight,11,13,16 and 19 months of age. Radiographs were insensitive to progressive changes in the elbow dysplastic joints. CT and arthroscopy were both highly sensitive to subtle and severe changes occurring in the elbow joint over the times examined. Further studies evaluating the effect of multiple arthroscopic examinations itself on joints as well as age that CT will be sensitive to the earliest changes in the elbow joint need to be investigated. Hopefully, these studies will help evaluate early surgical interventions and help to eliminate elbow dysplasia in breeding dogs.
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Computerized measurements of radiographic anatomical parameters of the elbow joint in Bernese Mountain Dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 25:250-61. [DOI: 10.3415/vcot-11-06-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryObjective: Comparison of two methods for evaluation of anatomical parameters of elbow joints in Bernese Mountain Dogs.Study design: Radiographic analysis.Animals: Nine hundred and thirty-one radiographs of elbow joints from 305 Bernese Mountain Dogs.Material and methods: The angles OL, PA, RA and UL were measured according to the Mues method and the Radius of the humeral condyle, Opening angle beta, Quotient Q and Ae, Area X, Step 1 and Step 2 according to the Viehmann method. The radiographs were divided according to their angle of flexion into five groups: 0–30°, 31–60°, 61–90°, 91–120° and >120°. The difference and the correlation between measured values and the elbow dysplasia (ED) score was calculated and compared.Results: The average values of angle OL, PA and RA, Area X, Step 1 and Step 2 were significantly different within the different elbow flexion angle groups. The values of Opening angle beta, Quotients Q and Ae as well as Radius of the humeral condyle varied independently from the degree of the elbow flexion on the radiograph. The angles OL, PA and RA and the Radius of the humeral condyle, the Opening angle beta, the Quotients Q and Ae, Step 1 and Step 2 correlated with the ED score.Conclusion: In contrast to the method of Mues, the majority of the measured parameters of the method of Viehmann were not influenced by the degree of flexion of the elbow joint and correlated with the ED score. Clinical relevance: The method of Viehmann warrants consideration for the evaluation of radiographs of elbow joints in the Bernese Mountain Dog for ED.This article is based on a study first reported in S. Stein's doctoral thesis, which was presented on 08.05.2007 and published thereafter in full by Mensch & Buch Verlag. This abridged and translated version is now being published with the kind permission of Mensch & Buch Verlag.
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Franklin SP, Burke EE, Holmes SP. Utility of MRI for Characterizing Articular Cartilage Pathology in Dogs with Medial Coronoid Process Disease. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:25. [PMID: 28286752 PMCID: PMC5323379 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether assessment of morphological MRI sequences or delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) would have strong correlations with arthroscopic assessment of cartilage pathology in dogs with naturally occurring medial compartment pathology of the elbow. METHODS Dogs tentatively diagnosed with medial coronoid disease had evaluation of their affected elbows using radiography, morphological MRI sequences, and dGEMRIC MRI evaluation prior to arthroscopy. Elbow radiographs were graded 0-6 for severity of changes. Cartilage of the medial coronoid process (MCP) and humeral trochlea (HT) were scored on a 0-3 scale using anatomical MRI sequences. The T1 relaxation times for the MCP and trochlea were quantified using dGEMRIC. Cartilage pathology was graded arthroscopically using a modified Outerbridge score (MOS) by a surgeon blinded to MRI assessment. Correlations between radiography and MOS, and between MRI and MOS, were quantified. RESULTS Twenty-six elbows in 14 dogs were evaluated. There were statistically significant (p < 0.05) moderate correlations between radiographic scores and MOS for the MCP (r = 0.71) and HT (0.57). There was a statistically significant moderate correlation between morphological MRI scoring and MOS for the HT (r = 0.54; p < 0.05), but not for the MCP (p > 0.05). There was a weak, but significant correlation, between the dGEMRIC value and MOS of the MCP (r = 0.41; p < 0.05), but no correlation between the dGEMRIC values and MOS for the HT (p > 0.05). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Statistically significant correlations to MOS were identified for both radiography and MRI but neither diagnostic modality provided sufficiently strong correlations to serve as a substitute for arthroscopic evaluation of the articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Franklin
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Emily E Burke
- Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia , Athens, GA , USA
| | - Shannon P Holmes
- Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia , Athens, GA , USA
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Sendyk-Grunkraut A, Martín CM, Souza AN, Patrício GCF, Lorigados CA, Matera JM, Fonseca-Pinto AC. Avaliação morfológica e morfométrica da articulação umerorradioulnar em cães através de exames radiográficos e por tomografia computadorizada. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo apresentar de forma detalhada dados morfológicos e morfométricos da articulação umerorradioulnar de cães de raça definida avaliados por meio de exames físicos, radiográficos e tomográficos. A amostra dessa pesquisa constituiu-se de 44 cotovelos de cães com idades variadas. Para análise de informações obtidas, o coeficiente kappa e de correlação interclasse e associação foram realizados. Constatou-se que o desempenho individual de cada projeção radiográfica teve pobre concordância com o exame tomográfico; não houve concordância entre os observadores para as mensurações do ângulo da incisura ulnar ao exame radiográfico e tomográfico. Porém houve boa/moderada concordância para mensuração da incongruência radioulnar no plano sagital entre os observadores. Concluiu-se que nenhuma das cinco incidências radiográficas foi superior para análise radiográfica, uma vez que cada projeção apresentou melhor identificação de um compartimento do cotovelo. Medidas ao exame tomográfico para incongruência radioulnar não apresentaram reprodutibilidade no plano de reconstrução frontal, entretanto no corte sagital apresentaram boa e moderada concordância entre os observadores e que a mensuração do ângulo da incisura ulnar não apresentou repetibilidade ao exame radiográfico e nem reprodutibilidade ao exame tomográfico. Esses resultados contribuem para melhor utilização de cada exame de acordo com a região a ser avaliada bem como ressaltam a necessidade da somatória de múltiplos exames de imagem para a correta avaliação desta afecção.
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Abstract
MRI has the unique ability to detect abnormal fluid content, and is therefore unparalleled in its role of detection, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment planning and follow-up evaluation of musculoskeletal disease. MRI in companion animals should be considered in the following circumstances: a definitive diagnosis cannot be made on radiographs; a patient is nonresponsive to medical or surgical therapy; prognostic information is desired; assessing surgical margins and traumatic and/or infectious joint and bone disease; ruling out subtle developmental or early aggressive bone lesions. The MRI features of common disorders affecting the shoulder, elbow, stifle, carpal, and tarsal joints are included in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime E Sage
- MRVets, P.C., 14900 Avery Ranch Boulevard C200, #101, Austin, TX 78717, USA.
| | - Patrick Gavin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6610, USA; MRVets, P.C., 109 Raven View Drive, Sagle, ID 83860, USA
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Villamonte-Chevalier AA, Soler M, Sarria R, Agut A, Gielen I, Latorre R. Ultrasonographic and Anatomic Study of the Canine Elbow Joint. Vet Surg 2014; 44:485-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Soler
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - Ricardo Sarria
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathological Anatomy; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - Amalia Agut
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - Ingrid Gielen
- Department of Veterinary Medical; Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics; University of Ghent; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Rafael Latorre
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathological Anatomy; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
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Deruddere KJ, Milne ME, Wilson KM, Snelling SR. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Computed Tomography, and Gross Anatomy of the Canine Tarsus. Vet Surg 2014; 43:912-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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de Bakker E, Gielen I, Kromhout K, van Bree H, Van Ryssen B. Magnetic resonance imaging of primary and concomitant flexor enthesopathy in the canine elbow. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 55:56-62. [PMID: 24033814 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexor enthesopathy is a recently recognized elbow disorder in dogs and considered to be an important differential diagnosis for elbow lameness. Primary and concomitant forms of the disease have been previously described and treatments differ for the two forms. The goal of this prospective study was to compare magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings for dogs with primary flexor enthesopathy (n = 17), concomitant flexor enthesopathy (n = 23), elbow dysplasia alone (n = 13), and normal elbows (n = 7). Each elbow joint underwent MRI using the same low-field scanner. Sequences included transverse and sagittal T1-weighted (before and after IV contrast), transverse and sagittal T2-weighted, and dorsal STIR. For each elbow, MRI lesions were recorded based on a consensus of two observers unaware of group status. Magnetic resonance imaging lesions involving flexor tendons were found in 100% of clinically affected joints with primary flexor enthesopathy and 96% of clinically affected joints with concomitant flexor enthesopathy. Thickened flexor muscles were the most common lesions, followed by hyperintense tendon signal and contrast enhancement. Irregular, thickened medial humeral epicondyle, edema, and calcified body lesions were less frequently observed. Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of flexor enthesopathy were not found in normal joints or those affected by elbow dysplasia alone. No significant differences in frequencies and details of individual MRI characteristics were found between primary and concomitant flexor enthesopathy groups. Findings indicated that MRI is a sensitive technique for detection of flexor enthesopathy lesions in dogs, however, MRI characteristics do not allow differentiation of primary versus concomitant forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien de Bakker
- Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Pujol E, Van Bree H, Cauzinille L, Poncet C, Gielen I, Bouvy B. Anatomic Study of the Canine Stifle Using Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and MRI Arthrography. Vet Surg 2011; 40:395-401. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2011.00823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Baeumlin Y, De Rycke L, Van Caelenberg A, Van Bree H, Gielen I. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Canine Elbow: An Anatomic Study. Vet Surg 2010; 39:566-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2010.00690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Canine elbow dysplasia (CED) is a common developmental disorder of the cubital joint of dogs. CED is comprised of fragmented medial coronoid process (FMCP), ununited anconeal process (UAP), osteochondrosis (OC), and elbow incongruity. Multiple imaging modalities have been used to assess this complex of disorders and the severity of the pathologic changes. Radiography has been used as a surveying tool for assessment of CED for many years. Recently, alternate techniques and modalities have expanded our knowledge of CED and our clinical approach to this disorder. Nuclear medicine has been used to aid in localizing lameness to the elbow joint. Ultrasonography has proven helpful for imaging the soft tissue structures adjacent to the joint as well as superficial bone abnormalities, including visualization of FMCP. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are advanced imaging modalities that allow visualization of the elbow in multiple planes and into three-dimensional reconstructions, thus allowing lesions to be more accurately and comprehensively visualized. Assessment of elbow incongruity in particular has been benefitted by these advanced imaging techniques because of the importance of sagittal and dorsal plane imaging and reconstructions for accurately determining the relationships between radial and ulnar articular surfaces. Comparative studies using multiple techniques and imaging modalities with correlation to reference standards and patient outcomes will be vital to continued progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristi R Cook
- Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Gabriel P, Pfeil A, Ludewig E, Böttcher P, Oechtering G. Magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis: incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle in a German shepherd dog. J Small Anim Pract 2009; 50:92-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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SMITH THOMASJ, FITZPATRICK NOEL, EVANS RICHARDB, PEAD MATHEWJ. Measurement of Ulnar Subtrochlear Sclerosis Using a Percentage Scale in Labrador Retrievers with Minimal Radiographic Signs of Periarticular Osteophytosis. Vet Surg 2009; 38:199-208. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2008.00488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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COOK JAMESL, COOK CRISTIR. Bilateral Shoulder and Elbow Arthroscopy in Dogs with Forelimb Lameness: Diagnostic Findings and Treatment Outcomes. Vet Surg 2009; 38:224-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2008.00490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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HOUSE MARKR, MARINO DOMINICJ, LESSER MARTINL. Effect of Limb Position on Elbow Congruity with CT Evaluation. Vet Surg 2009; 38:154-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2008.00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mai W. Pseudolayering artefact on postcontrast magnetic resonance images of the bladder of 18 dogs and three cats. Vet Rec 2008; 163:117-9. [PMID: 18660521 DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.4.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An artefact was observed on postcontrast magnetic resonance imaging (mri) of the urinary bladder of several small animals; it took the form of a dark layer in the dependent (dorsal) part of the bladder, with a thin hyperintense layer on top of it, and a hypointense signal in the rest of the non-dependent (ventral) part. The mri database was searched for animals with T1-weighted images of the urinary bladder after the injection of gadolinium. Eighteen dogs and three cats were included in the study. The artefact was observed in 16 of the animals on the postcontrast images but not on the T1-weighted and T2-weighted precontrast images. A phantom experiment showed that the signal intensity observed on T1-weighted images decreased rapidly as the concentration of gadolinium increased from 6.25 mmol/l to 25 mmol/l. It is hypothesised that the early excretion of concentrated gadolinium into the bladder causes the pseudolayering artefact observed, which has also been reported in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mai
- Department of Clinical Studies, Section of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6101, USA
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Tromblee TC, Jones JC, Bahr AM, Shires PK, Aref S. Effect of computed tomography display window and image plane on diagnostic certainty for characteristics of dysplastic elbow joints in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:858-71. [PMID: 17669026 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.8.858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the effects of computed tomography (CT) image plane and window settings on diagnostic certainty for CT characteristics associated with dysplastic elbow joints (elbow joint dysplasia) in dogs and to provide optimal display guidelines for these CT characteristics. SAMPLE POPULATION CT images of 50 dysplastic elbow joints from 49 lame dogs and 10 elbow joints from 5 sound dogs. PROCEDURES CT image data were obtained in transverse, sagittal, and dorsal planes. Each plane was examined by use of 3 Hounsfield unit (HU) window settings. Two veterinary radiologists independently evaluated sets of CT images for evidence of 7 CT characteristics. Effect of elbow joint status, image plane, and window settings on diagnostic certainty for these CT characteristics was tested by use of a visual analogue scale. RESULTS Diagnostic certainty for abnormalities of the medial coronoid process (MCP) and radial incisure was highest in the transverse plane, subchondral defects or sclerosis of the trochlea humeri was highest in the dorsal plane, and joint incongruity was highest in the sagittal plane. Certainty for hypoattenuating subchondral defects or fissures was highest at 2,500 or 3,500 HUs, whereas certainty for subchondral sclerosis was highest at 1,500 HUs and lowest at 3,500 HUs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Diagnostic certainty for CT characteristics of elbow joint dysplasia in dogs was affected by image display variables. Diagnostic certainty for altered subchondral bone density was primarily influenced by window settings, whereas structural MCP abnormalities and joint incongruity were influenced most by image plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya C Tromblee
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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Abstract
Fragmented coronoid process in the dog is a common yet frustrating and poorly understood condition. Elbow joint incongruency, which refers to malalignment of the joint surfaces of the elbow, has been proposed as a key factor in the pathogenesis of fragmented coronoid process, and various surgical procedures have been devised to treat the proposed incongruency. However, precise characterisation of incongruency present in cases of fragmented coronoid process has not been reported consistently. In this article, the literature relating to the pathogenesis of fragmented coronoid process, the role of incongruency and its implications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Gemmill
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, 78 Tanworth Lane, Solihull, West Midlands B90 4DF
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Probst A, Modler F, Künzel W, Mlynarik V, Trattnig S. Demonstration of the articular cartilage of the canine ulnar trochlear notch using high-field magnetic resonance imaging. Vet J 2007; 177:63-70. [PMID: 17513147 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The articular cartilage covering the ulnar trochlear notch (UTN) of both elbow joints from 25 adult canine cadavers was demonstrated by the use of high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a fat-suppressed, three-dimensional, spoiled gradient echo sequence. The dogs used for this study were divided into five groups: giant, large, mid-sized, small, and chondrodystrophic breeds. The distribution of articular cartilage of the UTN was assessed on MR images. The joints were then opened, and the distribution of the articular cartilage of the UTN was verified. In 29/50 joints, there was good agreement between gross findings of the distribution of the articular cartilage of the UTN and MRI interpretation. Reasons for the poor results in small and chondrodystrophic breeds were decreased thickness of the articular cartilage, small size of the articular surface and of its structural features, and the frequent inability to visualize the joint space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Probst
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the normal anatomy of the soft tissue stabilizing components of the canine shoulder identified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to evaluate specific acquisition sequences and planes for observing structures of diagnostic interest. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive study. ANIMAL Canine cadavers (n=3). METHODS T1-weighted, proton density fat saturation (PD), and T2(*)-weighted gradient echo (GE) MRI sequences were obtained in the sagittal, transverse, and dorsal planes of the left shoulder of 3 canine cadavers. After imaging, each shoulder was embedded and thin sectioned. The corresponding right shoulder was frozen and thick sectioned. The anatomic structures on the histologic and frozen thick sections were visually correlated with the MR images. RESULTS The sagittal plane provided a longitudinal view of the bicep, infraspinatus, and supraspinatus tendons. The biceps, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis tendons, and the medial and lateral glenohumeral ligaments were identified in the transverse and dorsal planes. The dorsal plane allowed for the bicep tendon to be evaluated transversely as it passed over the humeral head. The GE sequence was more useful in identifying tendons and ligaments. The PD sequence was more helpful in identifying fluid accumulations in the joint and around tendons. CONCLUSIONS The tendinous and ligamentous structures that stabilize the canine shoulder joint can be readily identified with MRI. CLINICAL RELEVANCE MRI has the potential to be a useful tool in the diagnosis of canine soft tissue shoulder injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Schaefer
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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Janach KJ, Breit SM, Künzel WWF. Assessment of the geometry of the cubital (elbow) joint of dogs by use of magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:211-8. [PMID: 16454623 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess joint geometry and highlight potential evidence of physiologic incongruity in cubital (elbow) joints of large, small, and chondrodystrophic breeds of dogs. SAMPLE POPULATION Nonarthritic elbow joints obtained from cadavers of mature dogs of large breeds (n = 19), small breeds (14), or chondrodystrophic breeds (8). PROCEDURE Magnetic resonance imaging was used to quantify interosseous gaps at 6 defined positions and 2 sagittal planes of the humeroantebrachial region by use of a fat-suppressed 3-dimensional gradient-echo sequence. RESULTS Interosseous gaps in the more medially located sagittal plane were significantly narrower at the level of the anconeal process than at any other position of the joint in large-breed dogs, compared with results for small- or chondrodystrophic-breed dogs. In both sagittal planes, the gaps were significantly wider at the center of the ulnar trochlear notch than at any other position. Significant correlation between body weight and width of the interosseous gaps was found only in large-breed dogs and was found in both sagittal planes at the center of the ulnar trochlear notch (r, 0.834 and r, 0.680, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In large-breed dogs, the interosseous gap was especially narrow at the level of the anconeal process and its diametric position. This suggests less ability to compensate intra-articular steps in dogs with short ulna syndrome, which predisposes to failure of the union between the anconeal process and olecranon. Geometric incongruity may be regarded as clinically normal in nonarthritic humeroulnar joints. The degree of geometric incongruity increases with body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina J Janach
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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Gemmill TJ, Hammond G, Mellor D, Sullivan M, Bennett D, Carmichael S. Use of reconstructed computed tomography for the assessment of joint spaces in the canine elbow. J Small Anim Pract 2006; 47:66-74. [PMID: 16438693 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the accuracy of reconstructed computed tomography for imaging canine elbow joint spaces. METHODS Computed tomography scans of eight cadaveric elbows were obtained and reconstructed computed tomography images were formatted in the dorsal and sagittal planes. Humeroradial and humeroulnar joint space measurements were obtained from these images. Intra-observer and inter-observer variations in joint space measurements were assessed, as was the effect of specimen positioning (inter-image variation). After freezing, four elbows were sectioned in the dorsal plane and four in the sagittal plane. In addition to visual comparison of the frozen sections with reconstructed computed tomography images, joint space measurements were obtained from frozen sections and compared with those from reconstructed computed tomography images. Variation was assessed using statistical calculations and graphical techniques. RESULTS Both inter-image and intra-observer analyses revealed good agreement and low variation between data sets. Inter-observer correlation was only moderate, though variation was low. Visually, the reconstructed computed tomography images accurately reflected the frozen section anatomy. Agreement between frozen section and reconstructed computed tomography joint space measurements was good, with minimal variation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate that reconstructed computed tomography is capable of accurately imaging elbow joint spaces and precise joint space measurements can be obtained. Reconstructed computed tomography may be useful for determining joint space measurements and detecting elbow incongruencies in dogs with elbow dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Gemmill
- Division of Companion Animal Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH T
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25
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Kramer A, Holsworth IG, Wisner ER, Kass PH, Schulz KS. Computed Tomographic Evaluation of Canine Radioulnar Incongruence In Vivo. Vet Surg 2006; 35:24-9. [PMID: 16409405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2005.00107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare radioulnar incongruence (RUI) of normal canine elbows and elbows with arthroscopically confirmed medial compartment disease in vivo using systematic computed tomography (CT) measurements. STUDY DESIGN Prospective comparison of RUI measurements in normal and dysplastic canine elbows. SAMPLE POPULATION Right elbows of 25 medium-large breed, adult dogs with medial compartment disease and 9 medium-large breed, adult dogs with no elbow disease. METHODS Transverse CT images of proximal radioulnar articulation were reformatted to dorsal and sagittal planes. RUI in 3 locations of the forelimb's medial coronoid was measured. Arthroscopy confirmed diagnosis of medial compartment disease in the diseased group. RUI measurements of the diseased and normal elbows were compared. RESULTS Cumulative statistical analysis of RUI in all planes revealed no significant difference between the normal and abnormal elbows (P = .61). The abnormal elbows had negative mean RUI at the mid (P = .56) and cranial (P = .24) coronoid regions that were not significantly different from normal elbows and mean positive RUI at the base coronoid that was significantly greater than in normal elbows (P = .00082). CONCLUSION Canine elbows with established medial compartment disease do not have significant RUI at the medial coronoid region at the time of diagnosis when compared with normal elbows. CLINICAL RELEVANCE If RUI is a significant factor in the pathophysiology of medial compartment elbow disease in the dog, it does not appear to be present at the time of diagnosis of disease. Ulnar or radial osteotomies do not appear to be indicated for restoration of normal radioulnar articular surface alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Kramer
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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26
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Holsworth IG, Wisner ER, Scherrer WE, Filipowitz D, Kass PH, Pooya H, Larson RF, Schulz KS. Accuracy of Computerized Tomographic Evaluation of Canine Radio-Ulnar Incongruence In Vitro. Vet Surg 2005; 34:108-13. [PMID: 15860100 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2005.00018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the accuracy of linear measurements obtained from computer tomography (CT) images of staged radio-ulnar incongruence in a canine cadaver forelimb model. STUDY DESIGN CT evaluation of induced progressive radio-ulnar incongruence in canine cadaveric forelimbs. SAMPLE POPULATION Eight cadaveric canine left forelimbs. PROCEDURE A type 2 external skeletal fixator (ESF) with linear motors was attached to the radius in 8 cadaveric left canine forelimbs. Contiguous incremental and helical CT images of the proximal radio-ulnar articulation were acquired in the transverse, sagittal and dorsal planes. The radius was shortened by 1, 2, and 4 mm increments and scanning protocols were repeated at each increment. Digital caliper and CT image analysis measured the progressive change in distance between 2 marking spheres and the epiphyseal bone surfaces of the radio-ulnar articulation. Statistical analysis of measurements from incremental and helical CT acquisitions, and direct and reformatted images were compared with inter-sphere distance using Pearson product moment correlation coefficients. RESULTS The reformatted incremental acquisition series at the mid-coronoid in the oblique plane had the highest correlation coefficient (r-value) at 0.908. The mid-coronoid in the dorsal plane had the second highest r-value (0.856). The coronoid incisure in the sagittal plane had an r-value of 0.826. The reformatted incremental acquisition series at the coronoid incisure in the oblique plane had the lowest r-value, 0.592. CONCLUSION Measurement of radioulnar incongruence may be best performed using reformatted incremental acquisition CT in the mid-coronoid region in an oblique plane. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Use of the technique reported in this study may enable determination of the association, if any, between radioulnar incongruence and developmental diseases of the canine elbow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Holsworth
- JD Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, the Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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27
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Gold GE, Reeder SB, Beaulieu CF. Advanced MR imaging of the shoulder: dedicated cartilage techniques. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2004; 12:143-59, vii. [PMID: 15066598 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2004.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Garry E Gold
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive SO-68B, Stanford, CA 94305-5105, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of articular cartilage is important in evaluation of new surgical and pharmacologic treatments for cartilage damage. Many techniques exist for MR imaging of articular cartilage. Standard techniques for morphologic imaging of cartilage include fast spin-echo and spoiled gradient-echo imaging. These methods provide high-resolution morphologic images of cartilage but are time-consuming in the clinical setting. New methods for faster or higher-resolution morphologic imaging include techniques based on steady-state free precession imaging. These fast techniques will allow detailed evaluation of cartilage in the routine clinical setting. There are also several MR imaging methods that may provide information about the structure and physiology of cartilage. Physiologic imaging may allow detailed evaluation of the glycosaminoglycan matrix or collagen network of articular cartilage and may be the most sensitive method for detection of early changes. With the development of new therapies for osteoarthritis and cartilage injury, MR imaging of articular cartilage is of increasing clinical importance. MR imaging will play an important role in evaluation of the effectiveness of these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry E Gold
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Packard EE Bldg, Rm 222, Stanford, CA 94305-9510, USA.
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McGibbon CA, Bencardino J, Palmer WE. Subchondral bone and cartilage thickness from MRI: effects of chemical-shift artifact. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2003; 16:1-9. [PMID: 12695880 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-003-0001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the modality of choice for visualizing and quantifying articular cartilage thickness. However, difficulties persist in MRI of subchondral bone using spoiled gradient-echo (SPGR) and other gradient-echo sequences, primarily due to the effects of chemical-shift artifact. Fat suppression techniques are often used to reduce these artifacts, but they prevent measurement of bone thickness. In this report, we assess the magnitude of chemical-shift effects (phase-cancellation and misregistration artifacts) on subchondral bone and cartilage thickness measurements in human femoral heads using a variety of pulse sequence parameters. Phase-cancellation effects were quantified by comparing measurements from in-phase images (TE=13.5 ms) to out-of-phase images (TE=15.8 ms). We also tested the assumption of the optimal in-phase TE by comparing thickness measures at small variations on TE (13.0, 13.5 and 14.0 ms). Misregistration effects were quantified by comparing measurements from water+fat images (water-only+fat-only images) to the measurements from in-phase (TE=13.5) images. A correction algorithm was developed and applied to the in-phase measurements and then compared to measurements from water+fat images. We also compared thickness measurements at different image resolutions. Results showed that both phase-cancellation artifact and misregistration artifact were significant for bone thickness measurement, but not for cartilage thickness measurement. Using an in-phase TE and correction algorithm for misregistration artifact, the errors in bone thickness relative to water+fat images were non-significant. This information may be useful for developing pulse sequences for optimal imaging of both cartilage and subchondral bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris A McGibbon
- Department of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Ruth Sleeper Hall 010, 40 Parkman St, Boston, MA, 02114 USA.
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Arencibia A, Vazquez JM, Ramirez JA, Ramirez G, Vilar JM, Rivero MA, Alayon S, Gil F. Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal equine brain. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2001; 42:405-9. [PMID: 11678560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to define the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging appearance of the brain and associated structures of the equine head. MR images were acquired in oblique dorsal (T2-weighted), sagittal (T1-weighted), and transverse planes (T2-weighted), using a magnet of 1.5 Tesla and a human body coil. Relevant anatomic structures were identified and labeled at each level. The resulting images provided excellent anatomic detail of the cranioencephalic structures. Annotated MR images from this study are intended as a reference for clinical imaging studies of the equine head, specially in the diagnosis of brain diseases in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arencibia
- Department of Morphology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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31
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Abstract
Forelimb lameness is a common problem in young dogs and can be caused by a wide variety of problems. Accurate and comprehensive diagnosis and treatment must be provided for these patients. Differential diagnoses for forelimb lameness in the young patient fall into the categories of congenital abnormalities; developmental disorders; trauma; and infectious, nutritional, metabolic, and neoplastic causes. The etiopathogeneses of many of these disorders are still unknown, and treatment options and prognoses vary tremendously. Until definitive causes are determined, it is the responsibility of veterinarians to address the factors that contribute to the development and progression of these disorders. These areas primarily involve weight and nutritional management as well as breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Cook
- Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
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Abstract
The demand for advanced diagnostic imaging procedures such as nuclear scintigraphy, ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging has increased dramatically over the past 10 years. Veterinarians, seeking to improve their diagnostic capabilities and clients willing to pursue "best medicine" have driven this demand, resulting in installation of advanced imaging facilities at most academic and private referral practices. Knowledge of potential benefits of various modalities will allow the veterinarian to optimize his or her use of diagnostic imaging in his or her own practice or in a referral practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Hoskinson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are noninvasive methods of imaging the canine cubital joint. CT images are typically acquired using contiguous 1-mm slices, a bone reconstruction algorithm, and a field of view large enough to scan both elbows simultaneously. CT provides a detailed assessment of the medial coronoid process (MCP), radial incisure, anconeal process, and trochlear notch of the ulna; the humeral condyle; joint congruity; and osteoarthrosis. With MRI, use of a surface coil and 3D Fourier transformation gradient echo fast imaging sequences allow contiguous thin slices to be obtained. Both imaging techniques appear to be highly effective in the evaluation of elbow dysplasia, particularly for the detection of MCP fragmentation, although MRI is superior to CT for identifying nonmineralized cartilaginous fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Reichle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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