1
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Mur PE, Appleby R, Phillips KL, Singh A, Monteith G, Gilmour LJ, Keenihan E, Daniaux L, Linden AZ. Radiographic findings in dogs with 360 degrees gastric dilatation and volvulus. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024. [PMID: 39388661 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) is a life-threatening emergency that requires urgent intervention. Radiographic features associated with 360-GDV in dogs have not been investigated. The aim of this retrospective observational study is to describe radiographic features and clinical variables in dogs affected with 360-GDV and to report agreement rates between different radiologists. We also report the sensitivity and specificity of radiographs to diagnose 360-GDV in dogs. Confirmed 360-GDV cases were retrieved, and the radiographic findings were compared with dogs presenting with gastric dilatation (GD) and 180-GDV. Images were reviewed and graded by three blinded board-certified radiologists. A total of 16 dogs with confirmed 360-GDV were identified. The median age was 10 years old (2-13 years). The sensitivity for detection of 360-GDV ranged between 43.7% and 50%, and the specificity between 84.6% and 92.1%. Interobserver agreement on final diagnosis was substantial (Kappa = 0.623; 0.487-0.760, 95% CI). The highest agreement rate was in cases of 180-GDV (87%), followed by the GD cases (72%) and 360-GDV (46%). Severe esophageal distension and absence of small intestinal dilation were the only radiographic features specifically associated with 360-GDV. A similar pyloric position was found between GD and 360-GDV. Additional radiographic variables that could help differentiate GD from 360-GDV include the degree of gastric distension and the peritoneal serosal contrast. Two cases with 360-GDV were misdiagnosed by the three radiologists as GD. In conclusion, radiographically, 360-GDV cases can reassemble GD and vice versa. Radiologists and clinicians should be aware of the low sensitivity of radiographs for the detection of 360-GDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Espinosa Mur
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Canada
| | - Ryan Appleby
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Canada
| | - Kathryn L Phillips
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ameet Singh
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Monteith
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Canada
| | - Lindsey J Gilmour
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Erin Keenihan
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, USA
| | | | - Alex Zur Linden
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Canada
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2
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Jones N, Humm K, Dirrig H, Espinoza MBG, Yankin I, Birkbeck R, Cole L. Clinical features and outcome of dogs and cats with gastrointestinal pneumatosis: 30 cases (2010-2021). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2024; 34:487-496. [PMID: 39185778 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the presentation, etiology, and outcome of dogs and cats diagnosed with gastrointestinal pneumatosis (GP). DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Three referral institutions. ANIMALS Twenty-six dogs and 4 cats. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The most common sites of GP were the stomach (n = 19), followed by the colon (n = 8) and small intestine (n = 2). One case had pneumatosis of both the stomach and the colon. GP was most commonly associated with gastrointestinal disease in dogs (18/26 [69%]) and cats (3/4 [75%]), with common diagnoses including gastric dilatation and volvulus (n = 5), acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (n = 4), and gastrointestinal ulceration (n = 4). Of the 4 cases of gastrointestinal ulceration, 3 were dogs with a history of glucocorticosteroid or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration and vomiting and diarrhea. Six of 30 cases (20%), all of which were dogs, were determined to have a surgical indication for exploratory celiotomy, although not solely on the basis of diagnosis of GP. Five cases underwent exploratory celiotomy, of which 1 (20%) survived to hospital discharge. Of the medically managed cases, 13 of 24 (54%) survived to hospital discharge. Overall, 14 of 30 cases (47%) survived to hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS GP is an uncommon diagnostic imaging finding that is associated with a variety of disease processes. Its development is often related to primary gastrointestinal diseases. In the absence of other surgical disease, exploratory celiotomy based solely on the diagnosis of GP is unlikely to be indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Jones
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Karen Humm
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Helen Dirrig
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Melissa Beth Glenn Espinoza
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Igor Yankin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | - Laura Cole
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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3
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Orts‐Porcar M, Ororbia A, Fina C, Herrería‐Bustillo VJ, Gómez‐Martín N, Barreiro‐Vázquez JD, González‐Rellán S, Anselmi C. Oesophageal pneumatosis: computed tomographic characteristics in three dogs (2018–2021). Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:2382-2389. [DOI: 10.1002/vms3.957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Noemi Gómez‐Martín
- Hospital Veterinario Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Comunidad Valenciana Spain
| | - José Daniel Barreiro‐Vázquez
- Hospital Veterinario Universitario Rof Codina Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Lugo Galicia Spain
| | - Sonia González‐Rellán
- Departamento de Anatomía Produción Animal e Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Lugo Galicia Spain
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4
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Fulton E, Hammond G, Marchesi F, Hernández Pérez M, Ridyard AE. Feline Emphysematous Gastritis in a Cat with Pancreatitis and Secondary Hepatic Lipidosis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2022; 58:207-212. [PMID: 35793486 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 7 yr old female neutered domestic shorthair was presented with a 2 mo history of lethargy and hyporexia progressing to anorexia. Initial diagnostics indicated pancreatitis with secondary hepatic lipidosis. Supportive care, including the placement of an esophageal feeding tube, was initiated. The feeding tube was removed traumatically by the cat and thus replaced. The cat acutely deteriorated while hospitalized, developing marked hypersalivation and an obtunded mentation. Radiographs were taken to confirm placement of the feeding tube in case tube dislodgement was contributing to the hypersalivation; results confirmed appropriate positioning and gastric pneumatosis. Despite intensified medical management, the patient suffered cardiopulmonary arrest 7 days after hospital admission. Post-mortem examination confirmed necrotizing gastritis with emphysema alongside segmental mucosal necrosis in the jejunum, focal pancreatic necrosis, and diffuse hepatic lipidosis. Gas in the gastric wall is a rare finding in veterinary medicine and can arise due to gastric pneumatosis or emphysematous gastritis; there are scant reports of either in feline medicine. This report documents a case of emphysematous gastritis in a cat with concurrent pancreatitis and hepatic lipidosis. The cat developed emphysematous gastritis without undergoing gastrointestinal surgery which is currently the only reported feline predis-posing factor for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Fulton
- From the University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
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5
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Weston PJ, Maddox TW, Hõim SE, Griffin S, Mesquita L. Diagnostic utility of abdominal ultrasound for detecting non-perforated gastroduodenal ulcers in dogs. Vet Rec 2021; 190:e199. [PMID: 33899941 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal ultrasound is frequently used to detect non-perforated gastroduodenal ulcers in dogs. Studies assessing the diagnostic utility of abdominal ultrasound for the detection of non-perforated gastroduodenal ulcers have yielded mixed results. No studies to date have investigated the effects of patient bodyweight, breed, sex, age, ulcer aetiology (neoplastic or inflammatory) or location on the diagnostic accuracy of abdominal ultrasound. METHODS Retrospective, multicentre study to evaluate the diagnostic utility of abdominal ultrasonography for the diagnosis of non-perforated gastroduodenal ulceration in dogs. RESULTS Sixty-one dogs met the inclusion criteria. Ulcers were detected during ultrasound examination in 18 of 61 dogs, yielding a sensitivity of 29.5% (95% confidence interval 18.8%-42.7%). Ulcers in the pyloric region were detected more frequently than those in the duodenum; however, location was not significantly associated with the ability of ultrasound to detect lesions (p = 0.41). No associations were identified between the ability of ultrasound to detect an ulcer and patient bodyweight (p = 0.45), breed (p = 0.98), sex (p = 0.90), age (p = 0.94), and neoplastic versus inflammatory nature of ulcerative lesions (p = 0.93). CONCLUSION The diagnostic utility of ultrasound as the sole modality for the detection of non-perforated gastroduodenal mucosal ulceration is poor. The authors therefore recommend the use of additional modalities when ulcerative lesions are suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas W Maddox
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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6
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Barge P, Fina CJ, Mortier JR, Jones ID. CT findings in five dogs with surgically confirmed colonic torsion. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 61:190-196. [PMID: 31837190 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonic torsion is a life-threatening condition that results in colonic ischemia, necrosis, perforation, sepsis, and eventual death. The aim of this multicenter, retrospective case series study was to describe the CT findings in dogs with surgically confirmed colonic torsion. Medical records were searched for dogs with surgically confirmed colonic torsion following abdominal CT. Five dogs met the inclusion criteria. Three had a history of chronic intermittent diarrhea prior to presentation. Two dogs presented with acute vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain and one dog presented with acute vomiting and lethargy. Computed tomographic findings in all dogs with surgically confirmed colonic torsion include: "whirl sign," displacement and distension of the cecum and colon, focal narrowing of the colon, and distension of the mesenteric vasculature in all dogs (5/5); streaky peritoneal fat and peritoneal effusion (4/5), pneumatosis coli (2/5), small intestinal distension (2/5), portal vein thrombosis (1/5), and reduced colonic wall contrast enhancement (1/5). In all dogs (5/5), the torsion site was the descending colon and demonstrated an anticlockwise rotation. At surgery, three of the five dogs had a partial colonic torsion with hyperemia at the site of obstruction and two of the five dogs had a complete torsion with marked necrosis of the colonic wall. Displacement of the colon and cecum, segmental distension and focal narrowing of the colon, the presence of a "whirl sign" and distension of the mesenteric vasculature are CT findings highly suggestive of colonic torsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Barge
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Caroline J Fina
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Jeremy R Mortier
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, VetCT Consultants in Telemedicine, St Johns Innovation Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian D Jones
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, UK
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7
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Thierry F, Ferreira MF, Paterson GK, Liuti T, Del‐Pozo J. Response to the letter to the editor “Pneumoperitoneum should be investigated”. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:754. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marisa F. Ferreira
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin InstituteThe University of Edinburgh Roslin UK
| | - Gavin K. Paterson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin InstituteThe University of Edinburgh Roslin UK
| | - Tiziana Liuti
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin InstituteThe University of Edinburgh Roslin UK
| | - Jorge Del‐Pozo
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin InstituteThe University of Edinburgh Roslin UK
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8
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Thierry F, Ferreira MF, Paterson GK, Liuti T, Del-Pozo J. Canine and feline emphysematous gastritis may be differentiated from gastric emphysema based on clinical and imaging characteristics: Five cases. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 60:136-144. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Thierry
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
| | - Marisa F. Ferreira
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
| | - Gavin K. Paterson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
| | - Tiziana Liuti
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
| | - Jorge Del-Pozo
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
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9
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Assessment of the Prevalence of Gastric “Gravel Sign” in Dogs with Acute Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2018-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Radiological examination of gastric “gravel sign” was retrospectively conducted in 60 dogs presented with acute gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) syndrome. Other radiographic findings including loss of peritoneal serosal detail, presence of radiopaque foreign bodies, gastric pneumatosis, splenomegaly, and megaesophagus, were also examined in these patients. “Gravel sign” was detected on the pre-operative radiographs of 17 dogs with acute GDV (28.3%), suggesting that these patients could be suffering from chronic partial gastric obstruction before examination. German Shepherd dogs were significantly over-represented in this group (10/17, 58.8%). Dogs with acute GDV showing “gravel sign” should be carefully investigated for the presence of underlying gastrointestinal processes that might be associated with chronic partial obstruction.
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10
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Abstract
CASE SUMMARY A 9-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat was presented with a 2 day history of anorexia and vomiting. A minimum database, including a complete blood count, serum biochemistry profile and urinalysis were unremarkable apart from a toxic neutrophilic left shift and borderline proteinuria. Abdominal ultrasound revealed intramural gas entrapment with thinning of the gastric wall, a hypoechoic pancreas, peritoneal fluid and a small volume of peritoneal gas along with a hyperechoic mesentery. CT was performed and demonstrated gas within the gastric submucosa and gas in the peritoneal cavity. Generalised gastric erythema was present at surgery and histopathology of excised abnormal areas reported gastric erosion with no obvious causative agents; however, pretreatment with dexamethasone may have been a contributing factor. Culture from biopsied gastric tissue was sterile. Clinical signs resolved after partial gastrectomy and medical management. RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION Feline gastric pneumatosis is a rare clinical finding. Imaging is essential for diagnosis and to decide on the appropriate treatment; this is often medical but in cases where there is suspicion or evidence of gastric perforation, surgery is indicated. To our knowledge, this is the first case of feline gastric pneumatosis secondary to gastric ulceration, diagnosed via CT and where dexamethasone may have been a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Livia Benigni
- London Veterinary Specialists, London, UK
- Amwell Veterinary Practice, London, UK
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11
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Walczak R, Paek M, Suran J, Amory JT, Specchi S, Sanchez M. Radiography and ultrasonography of pneumatosis intestinalis in a cat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 61:E26-E30. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raelyn Walczak
- Department of RadiologyGulf Coast Veterinary Specialists Houston TX 77027
| | - Matthew Paek
- Department of RadiologySynergy Veterinary Imaging Partners Rockville MD 21029
| | - Jantra Suran
- Section of RadiologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Joseph T. Amory
- Department of RadiologyIDEXX Telemedicine Consultants Clackamas OR 97015
| | - Swan Specchi
- Department of Clinical SciencesIstituto Veterinario di Novara Strada Provinciale 9 Granozzo con Monticello Italy
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12
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Hutchinson KM, Tart K, Anderson KL, Powell LL. Pneumatosis of the intestines, colon and liver in a young cat. Vet Med Sci 2018; 4:150-158. [PMID: 29851314 PMCID: PMC5980187 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To describe a case of naturally occurring pneumatosis intestinalis, pneumatosis coli and emphysematous hepatitis in a cat. A 9-month-old, indoors-only, female spayed, domestic medium hair cat presented for vomiting, open-mouth breathing and acute collapse. The initial physical examination identified moderate to severe hypothermia [35°C (95°F)], obtunded mentation, weak femoral pulses, tachycardia (heart rate 240 beats per min), pale pink mucous membranes and significant splenomegaly on abdominal palpation. Immediate diagnostics performed [packed cell volume and total solids (PCV, TS), venous blood gas and electrolytes] revealed severe anaemia (PCV 12%), hypoproteinaemia (TS = 2.2 g/dl), and severe metabolic acidosis (pH 6.956). Additional diagnostics performed included Feline Leukaemia Virus and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus testing (FeLV/FIV), complete blood count (CBC) with pathology review, serum biochemistry profile, prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT), urinalysis, and abdominal radiographs. Abdominal radiographs were consistent with gas within hepatic and splenic veins and parenchyma, small intestinal walls and colonic wall. Due to the guarded prognosis, euthanasia was elected. Necropsy was performed and the most significant gross and histopathological findings included intra-luminal and intra-mural intestinal haemorrhage and vascular congestion with mild neutrophilic hepatitis, and marked hepatic periportal emphysema. Clostridium perfrigens and Escherichia coli were cultured from the bowel wall; no bacterial growth from the liver or spleen was identified. This case report describes idiopathic emphysematous hepatitis, with concurrent emphysema of the spleen and intestinal wall and intestinal haemorrhage. To the authors' knowledge, this type of pathology in a feline patient has not been previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M. Hutchinson
- The University of MinnesotaVeterinary Medical Center Emergency ServiceSaint PaulMinnesota
| | - Kelly Tart
- The University of MinnesotaVeterinary Medical Center Emergency ServiceSaint PaulMinnesota
| | - Kari L. Anderson
- The University of MinnesotaVeterinary Medical Center Emergency ServiceSaint PaulMinnesota
| | - Lisa L. Powell
- The University of MinnesotaVeterinary Medical Center Emergency ServiceSaint PaulMinnesota
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13
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Burn J, Rousset N, Henderson DW, Legge C, Uzal FA. Emphysematous gastritis associated with
Clostridium perfringens
type A in a cat. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Burn
- Department of Internal MedicineWestern Veterinary Specialist and Emergency CentreCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Nicolas Rousset
- Department of Internal MedicineWestern Veterinary Specialist and Emergency CentreCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Debra W Henderson
- Department of Internal MedicineWestern Veterinary Specialist and Emergency CentreCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Carolyn Legge
- Department of PathologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- School of Veterinary MedicineCalifornia Animal Health and Food Safety LaboratoryUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
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14
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Hedgespeth BA, Pérez ML. What Is Your Diagnosis? Gastrointestinal pneumatosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017. [PMID: 28621604 DOI: 10.2460/javma.251.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Hostnik ET, Hecht S. What is your diagnosis? Paralytic ileus in a beaver. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 246:185-7. [PMID: 25554931 DOI: 10.2460/javma.246.2.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Hostnik
- VCA South Shore Animal Hospital, 595 Columbian St, South Weymouth, MA 02190
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16
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Sharp CR, Rozanski EA. Cardiovascular and systemic effects of gastric dilatation and volvulus in dogs. Top Companion Anim Med 2014; 29:67-70. [PMID: 25496923 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) is a common emergency condition in large and giant breed dogs that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Dogs with GDV classically fulfill the criteria for the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and can go on to develop multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Previously reported organ dysfunctions in dogs with GDV include cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, coagulation and renal dysfunction. Cardiovascular manifestations of GDV include shock, cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial dysfunction. Respiratory dysfunction is also multifactorial, with contributory factors including decreased respiratory excursion due to gastric dilatation, decreased pulmonary perfusion and aspiration pneumonia. Gastrointestinal dysfunction includes gastric necrosis and post-operative gastrointestinal upset such as regurgitation, vomiting, and ileus. Coagulation dysfunction is another common feature of MODS in dogs with GDV. Disseminated intravascular coagulation can occur, putting them at risk of complications associated with thrombosis in the early hypercoagulable state and hemorrhage in the subsequent hypocoagulable state. Acute kidney injury, acid-base and electrolyte disturbances are also reported in dogs with GDV. Understanding the potential for systemic effects of GDV allows the clinician to monitor patients astutely and detect such complications early, facilitating early intervention to maximize the chance of successful management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire R Sharp
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Rozanski
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
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17
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LANG LINDAG, GREATTING HILLARYH, SPAULDING KATHYA. IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-GASTRIC PNEUMATOSIS IN A CAT. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 52:658-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- LINDA G. LANG
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Texas A & M University College of Veterinary Medicine 442 University Drive College Station; TX; 77845
| | - HILLARY H. GREATTING
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Texas A & M University College of Veterinary Medicine 442 University Drive College Station; TX; 77845
| | - KATHY A. SPAULDING
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Texas A & M University College of Veterinary Medicine 442 University Drive College Station; TX 77845
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18
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Mitchell EB, Hawkins MG, Gaffney PM, MacLeod AG. Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus in a Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010; 46:174-80. [DOI: 10.5326/0460174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 3-year-old, intact female guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) was presented for anorexia and abdominal distention of 24 hours’ duration. Radiographs revealed a severely distended stomach, suggestive of severe gastric dilatation or gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV). Exploratory surgery was recommended, but the owners elected euthanasia. On necropsy, the guinea pig was found to have GDV. No underlying conditions were identified that could have predisposed this guinea pig to the development of GDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B. Mitchell
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Mitchell, MacLeod) the Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Hawkins); and the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (Gaffney); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
- From the
| | - Michelle G. Hawkins
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Mitchell, MacLeod) the Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Hawkins); and the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (Gaffney); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
- From the
| | - Patricia M. Gaffney
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Mitchell, MacLeod) the Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Hawkins); and the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (Gaffney); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
- From the
| | - Alexander G. MacLeod
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Mitchell, MacLeod) the Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Hawkins); and the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (Gaffney); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
- From the
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19
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Mackenzie G, Barnhart M, Kennedy S, DeHoff W, Schertel E. A Retrospective Study of Factors Influencing Survival Following Surgery for Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus Syndrome in 306 Dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010; 46:97-102. [DOI: 10.5326/0460097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) is a life-threatening condition in dogs that has been associated with high mortality rates in previous studies. Factors were evaluated in this study for their influence on overall and postoperative mortality in 306 confirmed cases of GDV between 2000 and 2004. The overall mortality rate was 10%, and the postoperative mortality rate was 6.1%. The factor that was associated with a significant increase in overall mortality was the presence of preoperative cardiac arrhythmias. Factors that were associated with a significant increase in postoperative mortality were postoperative cardiac arrhythmias, splenectomy, or splenectomy with partial gastric resection. The factor that was associated with a significant decrease in the overall mortality rate was time from presentation to surgery. This study documents that certain factors continue to affect the overall and postoperative mortality rates associated with GDV, but these mortality rates have decreased compared to previously reported rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Mackenzie
- Department of Surgery, Medvet, Inc., Medical Center for Pets, 300 East Wilson Bridge Road, Worthington, Ohio 43085
- From the
| | - Mathew Barnhart
- Department of Surgery, Medvet, Inc., Medical Center for Pets, 300 East Wilson Bridge Road, Worthington, Ohio 43085
- From the
| | - Shawn Kennedy
- Department of Surgery, Medvet, Inc., Medical Center for Pets, 300 East Wilson Bridge Road, Worthington, Ohio 43085
- From the
| | - William DeHoff
- Department of Surgery, Medvet, Inc., Medical Center for Pets, 300 East Wilson Bridge Road, Worthington, Ohio 43085
- From the
| | - Eric Schertel
- Department of Surgery, Medvet, Inc., Medical Center for Pets, 300 East Wilson Bridge Road, Worthington, Ohio 43085
- From the
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Abstract
A 17-year-old, castrated male Maltese was presented with chronic polyphagia and a 2-week history of tenesmus, diarrhea, hematochezia, weight loss, and ribbon-like feces. Pneumatosis coli was diagnosed by abdominal radiography. Concurrent hyperadrenocorticism was suspected. The clinical signs of colorectal disease resolved within 2 days of initiating a lowresidue diet and oral metronidazole. Pneumatosis coli should be considered as a differential diagnosis for colorectal disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Russell
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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