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García de los Ríos y Loshuertos Á, Arencibia Espinosa A, Soler Laguía M, Gil Cano F, Martínez Gomariz F, López Fernández A, Ramírez Zarzosa G. A Study of the Head during Prenatal and Perinatal Development of Two Fetuses and One Newborn Striped Dolphin ( Stenella coeruleoalba, Meyen 1833) Using Dissections, Sectional Anatomy, CT, and MRI: Anatomical and Functional Implications in Cetaceans and Terrestrial Mammals. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121139. [PMID: 31847155 PMCID: PMC6941167 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The head region of the dolphin has been studied widely to identify its anatomical structures and to compare it with other marine and terrestrial mammals. In this study, specimens stranded off the Spanish coast were used. Our study analyzes four dolphin heads during fetal and perinatal development. All specimens were scanned using modern imaging techniques to study their internal organs and to preserve the specimens, which are difficult to obtain. Only one fetus was transversely cross-sectioned to help us to identify critical organs. The developmental study shows several anatomical structures that are compared with cetaceans and terrestrial mammals. During development of the oral cavity, it was observed that the rostral maxillary and mandible teeth (incisive area) had not completely erupted, in contrast with the rest of teeth, which have done so. Also, the main chewing muscle (masseter) was not observed. In addition, we describe the absence of major salivary glands during these developmental stages. Furthermore, we explain the characteristics of the orbit and its relation to the eyeball. In addition, the fetal dolphin’s ear is connected with pharynx in a way similar to that in horses. We conclude that these developmental studies will help cetacean conservation. Abstract Our objective was to analyze the main anatomical structures of the dolphin head during its developmental stages. Most dolphin studies use only one fetal specimen due to the difficulty in obtaining these materials. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) of two fetuses (younger and older) and a perinatal specimen cadaver of striped dolphins were scanned. Only the older fetus was frozen and then was transversely cross-sectioned. In addition, gross dissections of the head were made on a perinatal and an adult specimen. In the oral cavity, only the mandible and maxilla teeth have started to erupt, while the most rostral teeth have not yet erupted. No salivary glands and masseter muscle were observed. The melon was well identified in CT/MRI images at early stages of development. CT and MRI images allowed observation of the maxillary sinus. The orbit and eyeball were analyzed and the absence of infraorbital rim together with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone holding periorbit were described. An enlarged auditory tube was identified using anatomical sections, CT, and MRI. We also compare the dolphin head anatomy with some mammals, trying to underline the anatomical and physiological changes and explain them from an ontogenic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Arencibia Espinosa
- Departamento de Morfología. Anatomía y Embriología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña, Arucas, 35416 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Marta Soler Laguía
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Gil Cano
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Martínez Gomariz
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfredo López Fernández
- Departamento de Biología—CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gregorio Ramírez Zarzosa
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-868887546; Fax: +34-868884147
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Thometz NM, Dearolf JL, Dunkin RC, Noren DP, Holt MM, Sims OC, Cathey BC, Williams TM. Comparative physiology of vocal musculature in two odontocetes, the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). J Comp Physiol B 2017; 188:177-193. [PMID: 28569355 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which odontocetes produce sound is unique among mammals. To gain insight into the physiological properties that support sound production in toothed whales, we examined myoglobin content ([Mb]), non-bicarbonate buffering capacity (β), fiber-type profiles, and myosin heavy chain expression of vocal musculature in two odontocetes: the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus; n = 4) and the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena; n = 5). Both species use the same anatomical structures to produce sound, but differ markedly in their vocal repertoires. Tursiops produce both broadband clicks and tonal whistles, while Phocoena only produce higher frequency clicks. Specific muscles examined in this study included: (1) the nasal musculature around the phonic lips on the right (RNM) and left (LNM) sides of the head, (2) the palatopharyngeal sphincter (PPS), which surrounds the larynx and aids in pressurizing cranial air spaces, and (3) the genioglossus complex (GGC), a group of muscles positioned ventrally within the head. Overall, vocal muscles had significantly lower [Mb] and β than locomotor muscles from the same species. The PPS was predominately composed of small diameter slow-twitch fibers. Fiber-type and myosin heavy chain analyses revealed that the GGC was comprised largely of fast-twitch fibers (Tursiops: 88.6%, Phocoena: 79.7%) and had the highest β of all vocal muscles. Notably, there was a significant difference in [Mb] between the RNM and LNM in Tursiops, but not Phocoena. Our results reveal shared physiological characteristics of individual vocal muscles across species that enhance our understanding of key functional roles, as well as species-specific differences which appear to reflect differences in vocal capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Thometz
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton St, San Francisco, CA, 94117, USA. .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Long Marine Laboratory, University of California at Santa Cruz, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Dearolf
- Biology Department, Hendrix College, 1600 Washington Ave., Conway, AR, 72032, USA
| | - Robin C Dunkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Long Marine Laboratory, University of California at Santa Cruz, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Dawn P Noren
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Marla M Holt
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Olivia C Sims
- Biology Department, Hendrix College, 1600 Washington Ave., Conway, AR, 72032, USA
| | - Brandon C Cathey
- Biology Department, Hendrix College, 1600 Washington Ave., Conway, AR, 72032, USA
| | - Terrie M Williams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Long Marine Laboratory, University of California at Santa Cruz, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
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Parolisi R, Peruffo A, Messina S, Panin M, Montelli S, Giurisato M, Cozzi B, Bonfanti L. Forebrain neuroanatomy of the neonatal and juvenile dolphin (T. truncatus and S. coeruloalba). Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:140. [PMID: 26594155 PMCID: PMC4635206 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of dolphin functional neuroanatomy mostly derives from post-mortem studies and non-invasive approaches (i.e., magnetic resonance imaging), due to limitations in experimentation on cetaceans. As a consequence the availability of well-preserved tissues for histology is scarce, and detailed histological analyses are referred mainly to adults. Here we studied the neonatal/juvenile brain in two species of dolphins, the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), with special reference to forebrain regions. We analyzed cell density in subcortical nuclei, white/gray matter ratio, and myelination in selected regions at different anterior–posterior levels of the whole dolphin brain at different ages, to better define forebrain neuroanatomy and the developmental stage of the dolphin brain around birth. The analyses were extended to the periventricular germinal layer and the cerebellum, whose delayed genesis of the granule cell layer is a hallmark of postnatal development in the mammalian nervous system. Our results establish an atlas of the young dolphin forebrain and, on the basis of occurrence/absence of delayed neurogenic layers, confirm the stage of advanced brain maturation in these animals with respect to most terrestrial mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Parolisi
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin Orbassano, Italy ; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin Torino, Italy
| | - Antonella Peruffo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova Legnaro, Italy
| | - Silvia Messina
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin Orbassano, Italy
| | - Mattia Panin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova Legnaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Montelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova Legnaro, Italy
| | - Maristella Giurisato
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova Legnaro, Italy
| | - Bruno Cozzi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova Legnaro, Italy
| | - Luca Bonfanti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin Orbassano, Italy ; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin Torino, Italy
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Ivančić M, Solano M, Smith CR. Computed tomography and cross-sectional anatomy of the thorax of the live bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:901-15. [PMID: 24596254 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary disease is one of the leading causes of cetacean morbidity and mortality in the wild and in managed collections. The purpose of this study was to present the computed tomographic (CT) appearance of the thorax of the live bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) out-of-water and to describe the technical and logistical parameters involved in CT image acquisition in this species. Six thoracic CT evaluations of four conscious adult bottlenose dolphins were performed between April 2007 and May 2012. Animals were trained to slide out of the water onto foam pads and were transported in covered trucks to a human CT facility. Under light sedation, animals were secured in sternal recumbency for acquisition of CT data. Non-contrast helical images were obtained during an end-inspiratory breath hold. Diagnostic, high quality images were obtained in all cases. Respiratory motion was largely insignificant due to the species' apneustic respiratory pattern. CT findings characteristic of this species include the presence of a bronchus trachealis, absence of lung lobation, cranial cervical extension of the lung, lack of conspicuity of intrathoracic lymph nodes, and presence of retia mirabilia. Dorsoventral narrowing of the heart relative to the thorax was seen in all animals and is suspected to be an artifact of gravity loading. Diagnostic thoracic computed tomography of live cetaceans is feasible and likely to prove clinically valuable. A detailed series of cross-sectional reference images is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ivančić
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California
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Alonso-Farré JM, Gonzalo-Orden M, Barreiro-Vázquez JD, Barreiro-Lois A, André M, Morell M, Llarena-Reino M, Monreal-Pawlowsky T, Degollada E. Cross-sectional anatomy, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the head of common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). Anat Histol Embryol 2014; 44:13-21. [PMID: 24527804 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) and low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to scan seven by-caught dolphin cadavers, belonging to two species: four common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) and three striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). CT and MRI were obtained with the animals in ventral recumbency. After the imaging procedures, six dolphins were frozen at -20°C and sliced in the same position they were examined. Not only CT and MRI scans, but also cross sections of the heads were obtained in three body planes: transverse (slices of 1 cm thickness) in three dolphins, sagittal (5 cm thickness) in two dolphins and dorsal (5 cm thickness) in two dolphins. Relevant anatomical structures were identified and labelled on each cross section, obtaining a comprehensive bi-dimensional topographical anatomy guide of the main features of the common and the striped dolphin head. Furthermore, the anatomical cross sections were compared with their corresponding CT and MRI images, allowing an imaging identification of most of the anatomical features. CT scans produced an excellent definition of the bony and air-filled structures, while MRI allowed us to successfully identify most of the soft tissue structures in the dolphin's head. This paper provides a detailed anatomical description of the head structures of common and striped dolphins and compares anatomical cross sections with CT and MRI scans, becoming a reference guide for the interpretation of imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Alonso-Farré
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Parc Zoològic de Barcelona, Parc de la Ciutadella s/n, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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Berquist RM, Gledhill KM, Peterson MW, Doan AH, Baxter GT, Yopak KE, Kang N, Walker HJ, Hastings PA, Frank LR. The Digital Fish Library: using MRI to digitize, database, and document the morphological diversity of fish. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34499. [PMID: 22493695 PMCID: PMC3321017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Museum fish collections possess a wealth of anatomical and morphological data that are essential for documenting and understanding biodiversity. Obtaining access to specimens for research, however, is not always practical and frequently conflicts with the need to maintain the physical integrity of specimens and the collection as a whole. Non-invasive three-dimensional (3D) digital imaging therefore serves a critical role in facilitating the digitization of these specimens for anatomical and morphological analysis as well as facilitating an efficient method for online storage and sharing of this imaging data. Here we describe the development of the Digital Fish Library (DFL, http://www.digitalfishlibrary.org), an online digital archive of high-resolution, high-contrast, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the soft tissue anatomy of an array of fishes preserved in the Marine Vertebrate Collection of Scripps Institution of Oceanography. We have imaged and uploaded MRI data for over 300 marine and freshwater species, developed a data archival and retrieval system with a web-based image analysis and visualization tool, and integrated these into the public DFL website to disseminate data and associated metadata freely over the web. We show that MRI is a rapid and powerful method for accurately depicting the in-situ soft-tissue anatomy of preserved fishes in sufficient detail for large-scale comparative digital morphology. However these 3D volumetric data require a sophisticated computational and archival infrastructure in order to be broadly accessible to researchers and educators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Berquist
- Center for Scientific Computation in Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kristen M. Gledhill
- Center for Scientific Computation in Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Peterson
- Center for Scientific Computation in Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Allyson H. Doan
- Center for Scientific Computation in Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gregory T. Baxter
- Center for Scientific Computation in Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kara E. Yopak
- Center for Scientific Computation in Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ning Kang
- Center for Scientific Computation in Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - H. J. Walker
- Marine Vertebrate Collection and Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Philip A. Hastings
- Marine Vertebrate Collection and Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lawrence R. Frank
- Center for Scientific Computation in Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Banzato T, Russo E, Di Toma A, Palmisano G, Zotti A. Evaluation of radiographic, computed tomographic, and cadaveric anatomy of the head of boa constrictors. Am J Vet Res 2012; 72:1592-9. [PMID: 22126686 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.12.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the radiographic, computed tomographic (CT), and cadaveric anatomy of the head of boa constrictors. ANIMALS 4 Boa constrictor imperator cadavers. PROCEDURES Cadavers weighed 3.4 to 5.6 kg and had a body length ranging from 189 to 221 cm. Radiographic and CT images were obtained with a high-detail screen-film combination, and conventional CT was performed with a slice thickness of 1.5 mm. Radiographic images were obtained in ventrodorsal, dorsoventral, and left and right laterolateral recumbency; CT images were obtained with the animals positioned in ventral recumbency directly laying on a plastic support. At the end of the radiographic and CT imaging session, 2 heads were sectioned following a stratigraphic approach; the other 2, carefully maintained in the same position on the plastic support, were moved into a freezer (-20°C) until completely frozen and then sectioned into 3-mm slices, respecting the imaging protocol. The frozen sections were cleaned and then photographed on each side. Anatomic structures were identified and labeled on gross anatomic images and on the corresponding CT or radiographic image with the aid of available literature. RESULTS Radiographic and CT images provided high detail for visualization of bony structures; soft tissues were not easily identified on radiographic and CT images. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results provide an atlas of stratigraphic and cross-sectional gross anatomy and radiographic and CT anatomy of the heads of boa constrictors that might be useful in the interpretation of any imaging modality in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Banzato
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Radiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Padua, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
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Zotti A, Banzato T, Cozzi B. Cross-sectional anatomy of the rabbit neck and trunk: comparison of computed tomography and cadaver anatomy. Res Vet Sci 2009; 87:171-6. [PMID: 19298990 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Computed tomographic images of the neck, thorax and abdomen in four healthy adult rabbits were obtained with a conventional CT using a slice-thickness of 5mm. CT images were obtained with the animals positioned in sternal recumbency on a removable plastic support directly laying on the CT-table. At the end of the CT session, each rabbit was euthanized and, while carefully maintaining the same position on the plastic support, the animal was moved into a -20 degrees C freezer until completely frozen. Each cadaver was then sectioned at 10mm slices, with the first section starting at the tip of the nose, respecting the imaging protocol. The frozen sections were cleaned and then photographed on each side. Anatomic structures were identified and labeled first on each side of the frozen section and then on the corresponding CT image with the aid of the available literature. Results from our study provide an atlas of normal cross-sectional gross and CT anatomy of the rabbit neck, thorax and abdomen, useful in the interpretation of any cross-sectional imaging modality in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Zotti
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Padua, AGRIPOLIS - 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
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Dennison SE, Schwarz T. Computed tomographic imaging of the normal immature California sea lion head (Zalophus californianus). Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2009; 49:557-63. [PMID: 19051645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2008.00421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Different computed tomography (CT) protocols were tested to optimize imaging of the head of the California sea lion. Transverse mode images were superior to helical mode images. Bone structures were best imaged using 1 mm slice width combined with a high-frequency image reconstruction algorithm and best viewed using a wide window setting. Soft tissue structures were generally difficult to differentiate with the exception of the orbital region, which was best imaged using 2mm slice width combined with a medium-frequency image reconstruction algorithm and best viewed using a narrow window setting. Anatomic features specific to the California sea lion were identified on CT images and were consistent with previously published data. These included absence of the lacrimal bone, nasolacrimal ducts, and paranasal sinuses. Upon qualitative assessment of the orbit and nasal cavity, there was a triangular-shaped interorbital nasal cavity on transverse images, and extensive, highly convoluted ethmoid turbinates. The permanent dental formula was identical to previous reports. In conclusion, we provide a detailed description of the anatomy of the immature California sea lion head and a definition of two imaging protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Dennison
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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