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Timko K. Approach to Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:287-306. [PMID: 38789349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the horse encompasses a group of infiltrative gastrointestinal disorders resulting in malabsorption, maldigestion, weight loss, colic, and sometimes diarrhea. The type of IBD can be classified as granulomatous, lymphocytic-plasmacytic, or eosinophilic enterocolitis. The diagnosis of IBD in equids is based on consistent clinical signs and clinicopathologic findings in conjunction with confirmatory histopathology from a gastrointestinal biopsy. Treatment usually consists of a combination of immunosuppressive medications, anthelmintics, and dietary modifications. The prognosis of IBD in horses is variable and dependent on the horse's response to treatment; however, horses can show improvement or resolution of clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Timko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43201, USA.
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Haardt H, Romero AE, Boysen SR, Tan JY. Comparison of transrectal and transabdominal transducers for use in fast localized abdominal sonography of horses presenting with colic. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1307938. [PMID: 38239746 PMCID: PMC10794600 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1307938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Abdominal ultrasonography is valuable in the diagnosis of equine colic. Fast localized abdominal sonography of horses (FLASH) enables practitioners with limited experience to perform ultrasonography in emergency settings. However, many practitioners only possess rectal format linear array transducers (RFLT). The hypotheses are: (a) A low frequency curvilinear transducer (LFCT) and RFLT will detect free abdominal fluid and abnormal small intestinal loops with similar frequency during FLASH, and (b) there will be a difference between the transducers for detection of gastric abnormalities and nephrosplenic entrapment. The objective is to compare transcutaneous abdominal ultrasonographic detection of abnormalities in horses presenting with colic using a LFCT and RFLT. Twenty-four horses requiring FLASH for investigation of colic were enrolled. Horses that were too painful to undergo transcutaneous abdominal ultrasonographic examination were excluded. A single investigator performed FLASH on all horses using a RFLT, while one of three other clinicians simultaneously performed FLASH using a LFCT. Comparison of abnormal findings between the two transducers was performed using Chi square, Fisher's exact or Wilcoxon tests. The incidence of identification of abnormal findings was similar between the two transducers for all comparisons except the visibility of the left kidney and stomach (kidney LFCT 81.25% vs. RFLT 22.92%, stomach LFCT 87.5% vs. RFLT 62.5%). While there are limitations to using a RFLT to identify nephrosplenic entrapment of the colon and detection of the stomach, it reliably detects other common abnormalities, including peritoneal effusion, lesions of the small intestine, and changes to the wall of the large colon and cecum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Haardt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Alfredo E. Romero
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Søren R. Boysen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jean-Yin Tan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Daniel J, Arnold C, Winter K, Scharner D. [Ultrasonographic findings of the stomach in warmblood horses at different filling states]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2023; 51:296-304. [PMID: 37956672 DOI: 10.1055/a-2177-9036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
SUBJECT AND AIM The aim of the study was to clarify to what extent the sonographic representation of the stomach changes depending on its filling state. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a prospective controlled study, warmblood horses presented for gastroscopy were assessed sonographically. The examinations took place when the horses were fed normally (measurement 1), after 12 hours of food deprivation (measurement 2), after insufflation of air during gastroscopy (measurement 3) and after removal of air from the stomach at the end of the gastroscopy (measurement 4). The following objective parameters were recorded: Number of intercostal spaces (craniocaudal extension) and determination in which intercostal spaces the stomach could be visualized sonographically, maximum dorsal extension of the stomach, distance between skin and stomach wall. RESULTS The median number of intercostal spaces in which the stomach could be visualized sonographically was 7.5 (IQR 3.75), 1.0 (IQR 1.0), 7.0 (IQR 2.0) and 2.0 (IQR 1.0) for measurements 1, 2, 3 (n=32) and 4 (n=15), respectively. The differences were significant between measurements 1 and 2 and between measurements 2 and 3. There was no significant difference between measurements 1 and 3. After 12 hours of food deprivation, the stomach size measured by the number of intercostal spaces visualizing the stomach was reduced by 75%. The maximum dorsal expansion of the stomach for measurements 1, 2, 3 (n=32) and 4 (n=15) was a median of 38 cm (IQR 15.25), 13 cm (IQR 6.75), 43 cm (IQR 7.00) and 21 cm (IQR 8.00), respectively. The differences were significant between measurements 1 and 2 and between 2 and 3. Concerning the distance between skin and stomach wall, the following medians were determined for measurements 1, 2, 3 (n=32) and 4 (n=15): 5.8 cm (IQR 2.27), 4.05 cm (IQR 3.05), 4.8 cm (IQR 1.48) and 5.9 cm (IQR 2.90). The only statistically significant difference was observed between measurements 1 and 3. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The sonographic appearance of the stomach changes according to the state of filling. Parameters that are readily determined sonographically are the craniocaudal and maximum dorsal extension as well as the distance between the skin and the stomach wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Daniel
- Klinik für Pferde, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| | - Corinna Arnold
- Klinik für Pferde, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| | - Karsten Winter
- Institut für Anatomie, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| | - Doreen Scharner
- Klinik für Pferde, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
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Haugaard SL, McGovern KF, Tallon R, Gough R, Watrobska N. Ultrasonographic Assessment of Small Intestinal Motility Following Hyoscine Butylbromide Administration in Horses: A Pilot Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 128:104878. [PMID: 37399909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Horses commonly receive hyoscine butylbromide (HB) prior to hospital admission for colic. This could alter the appearance of the small intestine (SI) on ultrasound scan and affect clinical decision making. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of HB on ultrasonographically assessed SI motility and heart rate. Six horses hospitalised for medical colic with no significant abnormalities on baseline abdominal ultrasound examination were included. Ultrasound was performed in three locations (right inguinal, left inguinal and hepatoduodenal window) before and at 1, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after intravenous injection of 0.3 mg/kg HB. Three blinded reviewers assessed SI motility using a subjective grading scale from 1 to 4, one being normal motility and four being no motility. Moderate interindividual and interobserver variability was observed, but none of the included horses developed dilated turgid loops of SI. Hyoscine butylbromide did not significantly reduce SI motility grade in any location (P = .60 left inguinal, P = .16 right inguinal, P = .09 duodenum). Heart rate (mean ± SD) was 33 ± 3 prior to HB injection and peaked at 71.3 ± 9 one-minute postinjection. Heart rate was significantly increased until 45 minutes (48 ± 9) after HB administration (P = .04). The appearance of dilated turgid SI loops common with strangulating intestinal lesions did not appear to develop following HB administration. Hyoscine butylbromide administered shortly before abdominal ultrasound examination would not be expected to affect clinical decision making in horses without small intestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rose Tallon
- Donnington Grove Veterinary Group, Newbury, Berkshire, UK
| | - Rachel Gough
- Donnington Grove Veterinary Group, Newbury, Berkshire, UK
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Talbot SE, Tallon R, Dunkel B. Clinical presentation and outcome of gastric impactions with or without concurrent intestinal lesions in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1544-1551. [PMID: 37403262 PMCID: PMC10365056 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric impactions (GI) have been identified as primary lesions (lone GI; LGI) or associated with other intestinal lesions (concurrent GI; CGI). Anecdotally, CGI resolve more rapidly with a better prognosis than LGI. OBJECTIVES To determine clinical, laboratory, and ultrasonographic findings, and short- and long-term survival in horses with GI. We hypothesized that LGI carries a worse prognosis than CGI. ANIMALS Seventy-one horses from 2 referral hospitals (2007-2022). METHODS Retrospective cohort study. Gastric impactions were defined as feed extending to the margo plicatus after ≥24 hours of fasting. Clinical, diagnostic and outcome findings were compared between LGI and CGI. Long-term survival was determined by a questionnaire. RESULTS Twenty-seven horses had LGI, 44 had CGI. Large intestinal lesions (32/44) were more common than small intestinal lesions (12/44). Concurrent gastric impactions resolved more slowly than LGI (LGI median 2 days, range 0-8; CGI median 4 days, range 1-10; P = .003). Short- (LGI 63%, 17/27; CGI 59%, 26/44; P = .75) and long-term survival (LGI 3.5 ± 1.9 years; CGI 2.3 ± 2.3 years; P = .42) were not significantly different. However, Lone gastric impactions were more likely to experience gastric rupture (LGI 29.6%, 8/27; CGI 11.4%, 5/44; P = .05). Lone gastric impactions were 8.7 times more likely to require dietary changes (LGI 72.7%, 8/11; CGI 25%, 4/16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-49.22; P = .01). Gastric impactions recurred in 21.7% (LGI, 6/20; CGI, 4/26; P = .23) of affected horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Lone gastric impactions and CGI present similarly with a comparable prognosis, but LGI are more likely to rupture. Long-term dietary changes are often necessary for horses with LGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E. Talbot
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
| | | | - Bettina Dunkel
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
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6
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de Solis CN, Coleman M. Abdominal Sonographic Evaluation: In the Field, at the Hospital, and After Surgery. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023:S0749-0739(23)00018-4. [PMID: 37169618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal sonography is currently a routine procedure in the evaluation of colic in the horse. This imaging technique is used in both the assessment of the horse presented in the emergency setting with acute colic and the assessment of the horse presented for chronic or recurrent colic in the nonemergency setting. Sonography for colic evaluation is used by specialists in different disciplines and by general practitioners in the ambulatory and hospital settings. In this review, we will focus on indications and clinical interpretation of findings as well as recent developments in abdominal sonography.
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7
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Epstein KL, Hall MD. Effect of Nasogastric Tube Placement, Manipulation, and Fluid Administration on Transcutaneous Ultrasound Visualization and Assessment of Stomach Position in Healthy Unfed and Fed Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233433. [PMID: 36496953 PMCID: PMC9739480 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the effects of feeding and nasogastric tube placement and manipulation on gastric ultrasound is limited. Given the variability in duration since feeding and the ubiquitous use of nasogastric tubes in horses with colic, the interpretation of gastric ultrasound in horses with colic requires an understanding of these effects. Cranial to caudal and dorsal to ventral ultrasonographic dimensions of the stomach were obtained in 10 unfed horses and five fed horses, before and after nasogastric tube placement, after checking for reflux and after administration of 6 L of water in unfed horses. Fed horses' stomachs were larger in both cranial to caudal and dorsal to ventral dimension than unfed horses. Nasogastric intubation and the administration of water increased ultrasonographic gastric dimensions in fed and unfed horses. Checking for reflux did not consistently decrease ultrasonographic gastric dimension in fed or unfed horses. Fluid was consistently identified in the stomach with ultrasound after 6 L of water. Increases in gastric ultrasound dimensions found in horses that have been recently fed and/or had a nasogastric tube placed can occur without pathologic gastric distension related to colic and should be interpreted in this context. In contrast, the identification of fluid in the stomach on ultrasound occurs consistently with fluid administration and may be more useful than standard ultrasound parameters of gastric dimensions to identify horses with colic likely to have significant gastric reflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Lyn Epstein
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
- Correspondence:
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Diana A, Freccero F, Giancola F, Linta N, Pietra M, Luca V, Salamanca G, Cipone M, Chiocchetti R. Ex vivo ultrasonographic and histological morphometry of small intestinal wall layers in horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:353-363. [PMID: 35171532 PMCID: PMC9306625 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonographic morphometry of wall layers is commonly used in veterinary patients with suspected small intestinal disease, however published studies comparing this method with histopathology in horses are limited. This prospective, methods comparison study compared the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of small intestinal wall layers using ex vivo high‐frequency ultrasound versus histopathology in a sample of 16 horses. Transverse section images of duodenum, distal jejunum, and ileum were acquired with a high‐frequency linear transducer (7–15 MHz). Transverse histological cryosections were obtained at the same level. Appearance and measurements of the intestinal wall layers were assessed on the ultrasonographic and histological images. High‐frequency scanning with the probe in close contact with the serosal surface of the equine intestinal wall allowed a clear and detailed definition of wall layers. A hyperechoic line was consistently detected within the tunica muscularis in all the intestinal tracts, corresponding histologically to the interface between its longitudinal and circular muscle layers. The overall trend of the values for wall layers thickness was comparable between ex vivo ultrasonography and histology. However, a poor agreement was found between the two methods for all layers. The ultrasonographic measurements were thicker compared to histological measurements, with the exception of the total wall and the muscular layer thicknesses. These layers were thinner on ultrasonography in the duodenum and in all the intestinal segments, respectively. Findings from the current study can be used as background for future ultrasonographic investigations of small intestinal diseases in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Diana
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Francesca Freccero
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Fiorella Giancola
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Nikolina Linta
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Valeria Luca
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Giulia Salamanca
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Mario Cipone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiocchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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9
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Haardt H, Romero AE, Boysen SR, Lohnherr A, Tan JY. Incidence of superficial abdominal organ identification is similar using high-frequency linear (transrectal) and low-frequency curvilinear (abdominal) transducers in clinically healthy horses: A pilot study. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:345-352. [PMID: 35048458 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal organ displacement is a potentially life-threatening condition in horses. Primary care veterinarians commonly make referral decisions based on a combination of clinical and ultrasonographic findings. However, published studies describing the effects of transducer on identifying abdominal organ locations in horses are currently lacking. The objective of this prospective, methods comparison, pilot study was to compare organ identification using a high-frequency linear (transrectal) transducer and a low-frequency curvilinear (abdominal) transducer for transcutaneous abdominal ultrasonography of healthy horses. Twelve clinically normal adult horses owned by the University of Calgary were enrolled in the study. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed by four practitioners, each randomly assigned to an alternating rotation of transrectal or abdominal transducer and left or right side of a horse. Using a Chi square test or Fisher's exact test, the frequency of identification for each organ was compared between both transducers. There was no significant difference in organ identification on the right side of the abdomen. On the left side, the stomach, liver, and kidney were less likely to be detected with the transrectal transducer. Compared with a low-frequency abdominal transducer, a high-frequency linear transrectal transducer delivers images that allow for organ identification in transcutaneous ultrasonography of the equine abdomen except for the left kidney, left liver, and stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Haardt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N1N4, Canada.,Moore Equine Veterinary Centre, 260048A Writing Creek Crescent, Rocky View County, Alberta, T4A0M9, Canada.,Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - Alfredo E Romero
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Søren R Boysen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Anika Lohnherr
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N1N4, Canada.,Moore Equine Veterinary Centre, 260048A Writing Creek Crescent, Rocky View County, Alberta, T4A0M9, Canada
| | - Jean-Yin Tan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N1N4, Canada
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10
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Bevevino KE, Edwards JF, Cohen ND, de Solis CN. Ex vivo comparison of ultrasonographic intestinal wall layering with histology in horses: A feasibilty study. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 62:316-330. [PMID: 33368831 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonography is increasingly being used as a clinical and research method for evaluating the gastrointestinal tract in horses, however published studies comparing ultrasonographic and histologic characteristics of equine intestinal wall layers are currently lacking. Objectives of this prospective, observational, methods comparison, case series study were to compare the layering pattern and thickness of the intestinal wall layers determined using ex vivo and in vivo ultrasonography with those determined using histology. For the ex vivo study, twelve horses were euthanized for reasons unrelated to gastrointestinal disease, and samples of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, right dorsal colon, and small colon were collected and imaged sonographically ex vivo in an isotonic bath within 1 hour of euthanasia. For the in vivo study, ultrasonography was performed in four clinical cases, and findings were compared with histopathology. A 5-layer pattern of alternating echogenicity was observed in 70 of 72 ex vivo samples. Agreement between histologic and sonographic measurements was deemed good for all segments except the ileum. Formalin fixation did not alter the sonographic appearance or wall measurements. Findings from the four clinical cases illustrated the feasibility of also obtaining ultrasonographic images with sufficient sonographic detail in vivo to recognize wall layering and obtain comparable results to pathologic lesions. Findings from the current study can serve as background for future studies comparing ultrasonographic characteristics of the intestinal wall in horses with different gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari E Bevevino
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - John F Edwards
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Noah D Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Cristobal Navas de Solis
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
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11
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Lawson AL, Sherlock CE, Mair TS. Equine duodenal motility, assessed by ultrasonography, as a predictor of reflux and survival following colic surgery. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T. S. Mair
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic Maidstone Kent UK
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12
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Gomaa NA, Ibrahim HM, Ishii M, Nassif MN, El-khodery SA. Dose-dependent effects of mosapride citrate on duodenal and cecal motility in donkeys (Equus asinus). Int J Vet Sci Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa A. Gomaa
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Hussam M.M. Ibrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mitsuo Ishii
- Large Animal Medicine Research Unit, Research Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Nishi, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Medhat N. Nassif
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Sabry A. El-khodery
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, 13662Tripoli, Libya
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13
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Tessier C, Pitaud JP, Thorin C, Touzot-Jourde G. Systemic morphine administration causes gastric distention and hyperphagia in healthy horses. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:653-657. [PMID: 30835841 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no data investigating the effect of systemic morphine on the size of the stomach or the food consumption in horses. OBJECTIVES To evaluate gastrointestinal side effects of morphine administered systemically in healthy horses by the means of clinical and ultrasonographic evaluations. STUDY DESIGN In vivo experiment. METHODS On day 1 of the experiment, six healthy French Trotter mares were evaluated clinically and an abdominal ultrasonography was performed three times 4 h apart to record the size of the stomach, the number of contractions per minute of the duodenum, jejunum, caecum, left and right ventral colons. On Day 2, morphine was administered three times 4 h apart at the dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.v. and the same ultrasonographic examinations performed. On Day 3, only clinical and ultrasonographic examinations were performed as on Day 1. Amounts of hay and water ingested, frequency and weight of faeces were recorded throughout the study. RESULTS Number of contractions of the duodenum, caecum, left and right ventral colons were significantly decreased after morphine administration. Size of the stomach was increased significantly with a cumulative effect of repeated doses of morphine. Hay (+0.4 kg/h, P<0.001) and water (+1.1 L/h, P<0.001) consumption were significantly increased. MAIN LIMITATIONS The study was performed in healthy horses. CONCLUSIONS Systemic morphine administration causes gastrointestinal depression, gastric distention and hyperphagia in horses. Clinical and ultrasonographical examinations are valuable tools to identify side effects of morphine administration in horses. Further studies are needed to assess side effects and monitoring in clinically painful cases. Horses receiving systemic morphine administration should be closely monitored for signs of gastric distention and, specifically, the amount of food given while receiving treatment should be controlled to avoid complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tessier
- ONIRIS-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Equine Hospital, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - J-P Pitaud
- Clinique Vétérinaire des Faluns, Saint Grégoire, France
| | - C Thorin
- Department of Animal Physiopathology and Physiology, ONIRIS-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - G Touzot-Jourde
- Department of Anesthesia and Analgesia, ONIRIS-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Nantes Cedex, France
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14
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Salciccia A, Gougnard A, Grulke S, de la Rebière de Pouyade G, Libertiaux V, Busoni V, Sandersen C, Serteyn D. Gastrointestinal effects of general anaesthesia in horses undergoing non abdominal surgery: focus on the clinical parameters and ultrasonographic images. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:123-128. [PMID: 30884328 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ultrasonographic images of the gastrointestinal tract in horses can be influenced by fasting and sedation but the proper effect of general anaesthesia (GA) on them has not been determined yet. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of GA on ultrasonographic images of the gastrointestinal tract in horses and to compare these effects with a clinical evaluation. Twenty horses undergoing non-abdominal surgeries were evaluated by ultrasonography before and 4 times within 24 h after GA. Each ultrasonographic exam focused on the stomach, the duodenum and on 5 locations on the jejunum. The four-quadrant auscultation and the postoperative faecal output were also recorded. Pre and post anaesthetic values were compared using linear mixed effects models. None of the horses presented colic signs or reduced faecal output. During the first 2 post anaesthetic evaluations, the gut sounds were significantly decreased and, when taking all jejunal locations together, the jejunal diameter and visualisation frequency significantly increased. No intestinal loop appeared thickened and most of their diameters remained within the normal range. Our results suggest that the effects of GA on the ultrasonographic images of the small intestine are mild and of short duration and can therefore be differentiated from a pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Salciccia
- Equine Clinic, Department of Companion Animals and Equids, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B 41, Avenue de Cureghem, 5D, Quartier Vallée 2, 4000 Liège, Belgium; FARAH, Research Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Liège, Belgium.
| | - Alexandra Gougnard
- Equine Clinic, Department of Companion Animals and Equids, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B 41, Avenue de Cureghem, 5D, Quartier Vallée 2, 4000 Liège, Belgium; FARAH, Research Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Liège, Belgium
| | - Sigrid Grulke
- Equine Clinic, Department of Companion Animals and Equids, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B 41, Avenue de Cureghem, 5D, Quartier Vallée 2, 4000 Liège, Belgium; FARAH, Research Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Liège, Belgium
| | - Geoffroy de la Rebière de Pouyade
- Equine Clinic, Department of Companion Animals and Equids, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B 41, Avenue de Cureghem, 5D, Quartier Vallée 2, 4000 Liège, Belgium; FARAH, Research Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincent Libertiaux
- Equine Clinic, Department of Companion Animals and Equids, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B 41, Avenue de Cureghem, 5D, Quartier Vallée 2, 4000 Liège, Belgium; FARAH, Research Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Liège, Belgium
| | - Valeria Busoni
- Equine Clinic, Department of Companion Animals and Equids, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B 41, Avenue de Cureghem, 5D, Quartier Vallée 2, 4000 Liège, Belgium; FARAH, Research Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Liège, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Sandersen
- Equine Clinic, Department of Companion Animals and Equids, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B 41, Avenue de Cureghem, 5D, Quartier Vallée 2, 4000 Liège, Belgium; FARAH, Research Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Liège, Belgium
| | - Didier Serteyn
- Equine Clinic, Department of Companion Animals and Equids, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B 41, Avenue de Cureghem, 5D, Quartier Vallée 2, 4000 Liège, Belgium; FARAH, Research Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Liège, Belgium
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15
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Biscoe EW, Whitcomb MB, Vaughan B, Dechant JE, Magdesian KG. Clinical features and outcome in horses with severe large intestinal thickening diagnosed with transabdominal ultrasonography: 25 cases (2003–2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 253:108-116. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.1.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Cribb NC, Arroyo LG. Techniques and Accuracy of Abdominal Ultrasound in Gastrointestinal Diseases of Horses and Foals. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2018; 34:25-38. [PMID: 29402481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic ultrasonography has been used as a test to determine the presence or absence of gastrointestinal disease in horses and foals. General techniques and anatomic landmarks are reviewed. Many clinical reports that have included diagnostic ultrasound as part of their diagnostic process and accuracy studies are necessary to determine the usefulness of diagnostic ultrasound in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola C Cribb
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Luis G Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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17
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Right dorsal colon ultrasonography in normal adult ponies and miniature horses. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186825. [PMID: 29065146 PMCID: PMC5655355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the normal location, wall thickness and motility of the right dorsal colon in adult ponies and miniature horses. The abdominal ultrasonography examination was performed in a study group consisting of 23 ponies and miniature horses and in a control group comprising ten Thoroughbred horses. The procedure was performed in unsedated standing animals. The location and the thickness of the right dorsal colonic wall was examined on the right side of the abdomen between the 10th and the 14th intercostal space. The contractility was recorded in the 12th intercostal space. A comparative analysis between the study group and control group was carried out using the Student’s t-test. Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient was used to calculate the correlation between the thickness of the colonic wall as well as the number of peristaltic movements and age, wither height and body mass of the animals. The right dorsal colon was identified in all the horses in the 12th intercostal space. In all the intercostal spaces the mean ± standard deviation (SD) wall thickness of the right dorsal colon was 0.27 ± 0.03 cm in the horses from the study group and 0.37 ± 0.03 cm in the control horses. The mean number of peristaltic contractions was 4.05 ± 1.07 per minute in the animals from the study group and 1.7 ± 0.46 contractions per minute in the control group. The values of the ultrasonographic wall thickness and peristaltic motility in small breed horses in the present study were different from the values obtained for large breed horses. The study also found that the right dorsal colon in small breed horses is physiologically located in the 12th intercostal space. This suggests that different reference values should be used in small horse breeds when performing an ultrasound examination.
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18
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Mirle E, Wogatzki A, Kunzmann R, Schoenfelder AM, Litzke LF. Correlation between capillary oxygen saturation and small intestinal wall thickness in the equine colic patient. Vet Rec Open 2017; 4:e000197. [PMID: 28761667 PMCID: PMC5520023 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2016-000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The surgical evaluation of haemorrhagic infarcted intestine and the decision for or against bowel resection require a lot of experience and are subjective. The aim of this prospective, clinical study was to examine the correlation between oxygen saturation and small intestinal wall (IW) thickness, using two objective methods. In 22 colicky horses, the blood flow, oxygen saturation and relative amount of haemoglobin were measured intraoperatively via laser Doppler and white light spectroscopy (O2C, oxygen to see, LEA Medizintechnik) at six measuring points (MPs) in small and large intestines. Furthermore, the IW thickness was measured ultrasonographically. Nine of 22 horses had an increased small IW thickness greater than 4 mm (Freeman 2002, Scharner and others 2002, le Jeune and Whitcomb 2014) at measuring point 1 (MP1) (strangulated segment), four horses had a thickened bowel wall at measuring point 3 (MP3) (poststenotic) and one at measuring point 2 (MP2). The oxygen saturation was 0 at MP1 in six horses, at MP3 in two horses and at MP2 (prestenotic) in one. Oxygen saturation and small IW thickness were independent of each other at MP1 and MP2. At MP3, the two parameters were negatively correlated. In summary, it is not possible to draw conclusions about oxygen saturation based on IW thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Mirle
- Department for Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Anna Wogatzki
- Department for Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Robert Kunzmann
- Department for Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Axel M Schoenfelder
- Department for Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Lutz F Litzke
- Department for Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
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19
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Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7167529 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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20
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Coleridge M, McMaster M, Albanese V, Munsterman A. Case Report: Recurrence of a Gastrosplenic Ligament Entrapment. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Ceriotti S, Zucca E, Stancari G, Conturba B, Stucchi L, Ferro E, Hilal Arslan H, Ferrucci F. Sensitivity and Specificity of Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Small Intestine Wall Thickness in the Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Horses: a Retrospective Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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McGovern KF, Suthers JM, James FM, O'Meara BJ, Parker RA, Foote AK, Bladon BM. Gastric impaction associated with displacement and volvulus of the large colon in seven mature horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J. M. Suthers
- B and W Equine Hospital; Breadstone; Berkeley Gloucestershire UK
| | - F. M. James
- Donnington Grove Veterinary Group; Newbury Berkshire UK
| | - B. J. O'Meara
- Bryan O'Meara Veterinary Consultancy; Hungerford Berkshire UK
| | | | - A. K. Foote
- Beaufort Cottage Laboratories; Newmarket Suffolk UK
| | - B. M. Bladon
- Donnington Grove Veterinary Group; Newbury Berkshire UK
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23
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Abraham M, Reef VB, Sweeney RW, Navas de Solís C. Gastrointestinal ultrasonography of normal Standardbred neonates and frequency of asymptomatic intussusceptions. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1580-6. [PMID: 25103616 PMCID: PMC4895563 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ultrasonographic appearance of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of equine neonates has not been completely described. Objectives To describe (1) sonographic characteristics of the GI segments in normal nonsedated equine neonates, (2) intra‐ and interobserver variation in wall thickness, and (3) the sonographic appearance of asymptomatic intussusceptions, and (4) to compare age and sonographic findings of foals with and without asymptomatic intussusceptions. Animals Eighteen healthy Standardbred foals ≤5 days of age. Methods Prospective, cross‐sectional blinded study. Gastrointestinal sonograms were performed stall‐side. Intraobserver variability in wall thickness measurements was determined by calculating the coefficient of variation (CV). The Bland–Altman method was used to assess interobserver bias. Student's t‐test and Fisher's exact test were used to test the association among presence of intussusceptions, age, and selected sonographic findings. Results The reference ranges (95% predictive interval) for wall thickness were 1.6–3.6 mm for the stomach, 1.9–3.2 mm for the duodenum, 1.9–3.1 mm for the jejunum, 1.3–2.2 mm for the colon, and 0.8–2.7 mm for the cecum. Intraobserver wall thickness CV ranged from 8 to 21% for the 2 observers for 5 gastrointestinal segments. The interobserver bias for wall thickness measurements was not significant except for the stomach (0.14 mm, P < .05) and duodenum (0.29 mm, P < .05). Diagnostic images of mural blood flow could not be obtained. Asymptomatic intussusceptions were found in 10/18 neonates. Associations between sonographic variables or age and the presence of intussusceptions were not found. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Sonographic characteristics of the GI tract of normal Standardbred neonates can be useful in evaluating ill foals. Asymptomatic small intestinal intussusceptions occur in normal Standardbred neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abraham
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA
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24
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Williams S, Cooper J, Freeman S. Evaluation of normal findings using a detailed and focused technique for transcutaneous abdominal ultrasonography in the horse. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10 Suppl 1:S5. [PMID: 25238559 PMCID: PMC4122957 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-s1-s5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ultrasonography is an important diagnostic tool in the investigation of abdominal disease in the horse. Several factors may affect the ability to image different structures within the abdomen. The aim of the study was to describe the repeatability of identification of abdominal structures in normal horses using a detailed ultrasonographic examination technique and using a focused, limited preparation technique. Methods A detailed abdominal ultrasound examination was performed in five normal horses, repeated on five occasions (total of 25 examinations). The abdomen was divided into ten different imaging sites, and structures identified in each site were recorded. Five imaging sites were then selected for a single focused ultrasound examination in 20 normal horses. Limited patient preparation was performed. Structures were recorded as ‘identified’ if ultrasonographic features could be distinguished. The location of organs and their frequency of identification were recorded. Data from both phases were analysed to determine repeatability of identification of structures in each examination (irrespective of imaging site), and for each imaging site. Results Caecum, colon, spleen, liver and right kidney were repeatably identified using the detailed technique, and had defined locations. Large colon and right kidney were identified in 100% of examinations with both techniques. Liver, spleen, caecum, duodenum and other small intestine were identified more frequently with the detailed examination. Small intestine was most frequently identified in the ventral abdomen, its identification varied markedly within and between horses, and required repeated examinations in some horses. Left kidney could not be identified in every horse using either technique. Sacculated colon was identified in all ventral sites, and was infrequently identified in dorsal sites. Conclusions Caecum, sacculated large intestine, spleen, liver and right kidney were consistently identified with both techniques. There were some normal variations which should be considered when interpreting ultrasonographic findings in clinical cases: left kidney was not always identified, sacculated colon was occasionally identified in dorsal flank sites. Multiple imaging sites and repeated examinations may be required to identify small intestine. A focused examination identified most key structures, but has some limitations compared to a detailed examination.
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Abstract
Abdominal ultrasound is an invaluable aid in the evaluation of the colic patient but can be heavily influenced by patient preparation, individual horse-to-horse variation, availability of ultrasound transducers, technique, experience level of the examiner, and complexity of the abdominal disorder. This article describes ultrasonographic anatomy of the normal equine abdomen and technique for examination of the equine colic patient. Common abnormalities of the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and peritoneal cavity are described along with other abnormalities that may be discovered with abdominal ultrasonography of the colic patient, such as masses, urolithiasis, cholelithiasis, and thoracic or cardiac lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah le Jeune
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Mary Beth Whitcomb
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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26
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Bird AR, Knowles EJ, Sherlock CE, Pearson GR, Mair TS. The clinical and pathological features of gastric impaction in twelve horses. Equine Vet J 2012:105-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Bird
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic; Mereworth; UK
| | | | | | - G. R. Pearson
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; UK
| | - T. S. Mair
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic; Mereworth; UK
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BECCATI F, PEPE M, GIALLETTI R, CERCONE M, BAZZICA C, NANNARONE S. Is there a statistical correlation between ultrasonographic findings and definitive diagnosis in horses with acute abdominal pain? Equine Vet J 2011:98-105. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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BITHELL SONIA, HABERSHON-BUTCHER JOCELYNL, BOWEN IMARK, HALLOWELL GAYLED. REPEATABILITY AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF TRANSABDOMINAL ULTRASONOGRAPHIC INTESTINAL WALL THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS IN THOROUGHBRED HORSES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 51:647-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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29
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KIHURANI DAVIDOG, CARSTENS ANN, SAULEZ MONTAGUEN, DONNELLAN CYNTHIAMB. TRANSCUTANEOUS ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE AIR-FILLED EQUINE STOMACH AND DUODENUM FOLLOWING GASTROSCOPY. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2009; 50:429-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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30
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EPSTEIN KIRA, SHORT DIANA, PARENTE ERIC, REEF VIRGINIA, SOUTHWOOD LOUISE. SERIAL GASTROINTESTINAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY FOLLOWING EXPLORATORY CELIOTOMY IN NORMAL ADULT PONIES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2008; 49:584-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2008.00426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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