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Wong ELY, Liao JM, Etherton-Beer C, Baldassar L, Cheung G, Dale CM, Flo E, Husebø BS, Lay-Yee R, Millard A, Peri KA, Thokala P, Wong CH, Chau PYK, Chan CY, Chung RYN, Yeoh EK. Scoping Review: Intergenerational Resource Transfer and Possible Enabling Factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217868. [PMID: 33121044 PMCID: PMC7662476 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We explore the intergenerational pattern of resource transfer and possible associated factors. A scoping review was conducted of quantitative, peer-reviewed, English-language studies related to intergenerational transfer or interaction. We searched AgeLine, PsycINFO, Social Work Abstracts, and Sociological Abstracts for articles published between Jane 2008 and December 2018. Seventy-five studies from 25 countries met the inclusion criteria. The scoping review categorised resource transfers into three types: financial, instrumental, and emotional support. Using an intergenerational solidarity framework, factors associated with intergenerational transfer were placed in four categories: (1) demographic factors (e.g., age, gender, marital status, education, and ethno-cultural background); (2) needs and opportunities factors, including health, financial resources, and employment status; (3) family structures, namely, family composition, family relationship, and earlier family events; and (4) cultural-contextual structures, including state policies and social norms. Those factors were connected to the direction of resource transfer between generations. Downward transfers from senior to junior generations occur more frequently than upward transfers in many developed countries. Women dominate instrumental transfers, perhaps influenced by traditional gender roles. Overall, the pattern of resource transfer between generations is shown, and the impact of social norms and social policy on intergenerational transfers is highlighted. Policymakers should recognise the complicated interplay of each factor with different cultural contexts. The findings could inform policies that strengthen intergenerational solidarity and support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Lai-Yi Wong
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.M.L.); (P.Y.-K.C.); (C.Y.C.); (R.Y.-N.C.); (E.-K.Y.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jennifer Mengwei Liao
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.M.L.); (P.Y.-K.C.); (C.Y.C.); (R.Y.-N.C.); (E.-K.Y.)
| | - Christopher Etherton-Beer
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Loretta Baldassar
- School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Business, Law and Education, The University of Western, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (L.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Gary Cheung
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
| | - Claire Margaret Dale
- Retirement Policy and Research Centre, Faculty of Business and Economics, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
| | - Elisabeth Flo
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, The University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Bettina Sandgathe Husebø
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, The University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Roy Lay-Yee
- Centre for Methods & Policy Application in the Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
| | - Adele Millard
- School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Business, Law and Education, The University of Western, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (L.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Kathy Ann Peri
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
| | - Praveen Thokala
- Health Economics and Decision Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK;
| | - Chek-hooi Wong
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore;
| | - Patsy Yuen-Kwan Chau
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.M.L.); (P.Y.-K.C.); (C.Y.C.); (R.Y.-N.C.); (E.-K.Y.)
| | - Crystal Ying Chan
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.M.L.); (P.Y.-K.C.); (C.Y.C.); (R.Y.-N.C.); (E.-K.Y.)
| | - Roger Yat-Nork Chung
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.M.L.); (P.Y.-K.C.); (C.Y.C.); (R.Y.-N.C.); (E.-K.Y.)
| | - Eng-Kiong Yeoh
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.M.L.); (P.Y.-K.C.); (C.Y.C.); (R.Y.-N.C.); (E.-K.Y.)
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Bekhet AK, Zauszniewski JA. Individual characteristics and relocation factors affecting adjustment among relocated American and Egyptian older adults. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2014; 35:80-7. [PMID: 24502465 DOI: 10.3109/01612840.2013.842620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, the population of elders is increasing significantly. Relocation can be a positive or a negative experience, depending on many factors, including culture. The purpose of this study is to compare individual characteristics (age, gender, marital status, education, perceived health status, activities of daily living), relocation factors (movement preparation, time passed since relocation, closeness of prior home to the present, and whether relocation was from home or another facility), and adjustment in relocated American and Egyptian elders. This secondary analysis study merged data from two cross-sectional descriptive studies of a 104 elders relocated to retirement communities in Northeast Ohio and 94 elders relocated to retirement communities in Alexandria, Egypt. Our findings indicated that American elders have greater independence in daily activities (t (161.23) = -3.03, p = .003); better perceived health (χ(2)[3, N = 198] = 53.21, p < .001), better education (χ(2)[1, N = 198] = 47.28, p < .001), better preparation before the move (χ(2)[1, N = 198] = 40.58, p < .001), and better relocation adjustment (t (196) = 9.42, p < .001) than relocated Egyptian elders. Our results indicate that culture should be taken into account when caring for older adults who relocate to retirement communities. Additionally, interventions, such as counseling, and preparation before relocation are needed to help elders adjust to relocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir K Bekhet
- Marquette University, College of Nursing , Milwaukee, Wisconsin , USA
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Cunningham SA, Yount KM, Engelman M, Agree E. Returns on Lifetime Investments in Children in Egypt. Demography 2012; 50:699-724. [DOI: 10.1007/s13524-012-0147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Parental expectations about the companionship and assistance they will receive in later life from their children are key considerations in family formation decisions. We explore patterns of parents’ investment and the support and contact they receive from adult children in Egypt, where fertility is falling and sources of support at all life stages are in flux. Using data from a survey of older adults in Ismailia governorate, we consider parents’ past investments in childbearing, child survival, and children’s education and marriage, as well as recent assistance to adult children via housing, care for grandchildren, gifts, and money. The returns from children considered include economic assistance, instrumental support, and visits. Most parental investments are associated with frequent visits from children. The assistance children provide to parents is gendered: sons tend to provide economic transfers, whereas daughters tend to provide instrumental help. A greater number of surviving children is most strongly associated with parents’ receipt of multiple types of later-life returns. Investments in children’s education and marriage are not associated with assistance, but recent assistance to children—especially economic transfers and provision of housing—is associated with receiving instrumental assistance from adult children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig A. Cunningham
- Hubert Department of Global Health and Department of Sociology, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Room 7045, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Yount
- Hubert Department of Global Health and Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michal Engelman
- Department of Sociology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily Agree
- Department of Sociology and Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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