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Agata A, Ohtsuka S, Noji R, Gotoh H, Ono K, Nomura T. A Neanderthal/Denisovan GLI3 variant contributes to anatomical variations in mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1247361. [PMID: 38020913 PMCID: PMC10651735 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1247361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in genomic structures underlie phenotypic diversification in organisms. Amino acid-changing mutations affect pleiotropic functions of proteins, although little is known about how mutated proteins are adapted in existing developmental programs. Here we investigate the biological effects of a variant of the GLI3 transcription factor (GLI3R1537C) carried in Neanderthals and Denisovans, which are extinct hominins close to modern humans. R1537C does not compromise protein stability or GLI3 activator-dependent transcriptional activities. In contrast, R1537C affects the regulation of downstream target genes associated with developmental processes. Furthermore, genome-edited mice carrying the Neanderthal/Denisovan GLI3 mutation exhibited various alterations in skeletal morphology. Our data suggest that an extinct hominin-type GLI3 contributes to species-specific anatomical variations, which were tolerated by relaxed constraint in developmental programs during human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ako Agata
- Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohtsuka
- Laboratories for Experimental Animals, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryota Noji
- Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Gotoh
- Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ono
- Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nomura
- Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
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2
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Chiang C, Yang H, Zhu L, Chen C, Chen C, Zuo Y, Zheng D. The Epigenetic Regulation of Nonhistone Proteins by SETD7: New Targets in Cancer. Front Genet 2022; 13:918509. [PMID: 35812730 PMCID: PMC9256981 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.918509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are essential mechanism by which to ensure cell homeostasis. One such modification is lysine methylation of nonhistone proteins by SETD7, a mono-methyltransferase containing SET domains. SETD7 methylates over 30 proteins and is thus involved in various classical pathways. As such, SETD7 has been implicated in both the basic functions of normal tissues but also in several pathologies, such as cancers. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of SETD7 substrates, especially transcriptional-related proteins and enzymes, and their putative roles upon SETD7-mediated methylation. We focus on the role of SETD7 in cancers, and speculate on the possible points of intervention and areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyao Chiang
- Southern University of Science and Technology, Yantian Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University International Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Heng Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University International Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lizhi Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University International Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunlan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University International Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University International Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - You Zuo
- Southern University of Science and Technology, Yantian Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: You Zuo, ; Duo Zheng,
| | - Duo Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University International Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: You Zuo, ; Duo Zheng,
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Barratt KS, Drover KA, Thomas ZM, Arkell RM. Patterning of the antero-ventral mammalian brain: Lessons from holoprosencephaly comparative biology in man and mouse. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1552. [PMID: 35137563 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adult form and function are dependent upon the activity of specialized signaling centers that act early in development at the embryonic midline. These centers instruct the surrounding cells to adopt a positional fate and to form the patterned structures of the phylotypic embryo. Abnormalities in these processes have devastating consequences for the individual, as exemplified by holoprosencephaly in which anterior midline development fails, leading to structural defects of the brain and/or face. In the 25 years since the first association between human holoprosencephaly and the sonic hedgehog gene, a combination of human and animal genetic studies have enhanced our understanding of the genetic and embryonic causation of this congenital defect. Comparative biology has extended the holoprosencephaly network via the inclusion of gene mutations from multiple signaling pathways known to be required for anterior midline formation. It has also clarified aspects of holoprosencephaly causation, showing that it arises when a deleterious variant is present within a permissive genome, and that environmental factors, as well as embryonic stochasticity, influence the phenotypic outcome of the variant. More than two decades of research can now be distilled into a framework of embryonic and genetic causation. This framework means we are poised to move beyond our current understanding of variants in signaling pathway molecules. The challenges now at the forefront of holoprosencephaly research include deciphering how the mutation of genes involved in basic cell processes can also cause holoprosencephaly, determining the important constituents of the holoprosencephaly permissive genome, and identifying environmental compounds that promote holoprosencephaly. This article is categorized under: Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Congenital Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Congenital Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Environmental Factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen S Barratt
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Kyle A Drover
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Zoe M Thomas
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ruth M Arkell
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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4
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Andreu-Cervera A, Catala M, Schneider-Maunoury S. Cilia, ciliopathies and hedgehog-related forebrain developmental disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 150:105236. [PMID: 33383187 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the forebrain critically depends on the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, as illustrated in humans by the frequent perturbation of this pathway in holoprosencephaly, a condition defined as a defect in the formation of midline structures of the forebrain and face. The Shh pathway requires functional primary cilia, microtubule-based organelles present on virtually every cell and acting as cellular antennae to receive and transduce diverse chemical, mechanical or light signals. The dysfunction of cilia in humans leads to inherited diseases called ciliopathies, which often affect many organs and show diverse manifestations including forebrain malformations for the most severe forms. The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with a framework to understand the developmental origin of the forebrain defects observed in severe ciliopathies with respect to perturbations of the Shh pathway. We propose that many of these defects can be interpreted as an imbalance in the ratio of activator to repressor forms of the Gli transcription factors, which are effectors of the Shh pathway. We also discuss the complexity of ciliopathies and their relationships with forebrain disorders such as holoprosencephaly or malformations of cortical development, and emphasize the need for a closer examination of forebrain defects in ciliopathies, not only through the lens of animal models but also taking advantage of the increasing potential of the research on human tissues and organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Andreu-Cervera
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7622, Institut national pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine - Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement (IBPS-LBD), 9 Quai Saint-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France; Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández - CSIC, Campus de San Juan; Avda. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Martin Catala
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7622, Institut national pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine - Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement (IBPS-LBD), 9 Quai Saint-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7622, Institut national pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine - Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement (IBPS-LBD), 9 Quai Saint-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
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5
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Cao R, Liu S, Chai W, Shen P. Polydactyly Patient Carried a Mutation of PTCH1 Which Has Been Identified in Nevoid Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:1754-1759. [PMID: 32716646 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.5236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydactyly frequently exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance, which is characterized by supernumerary fingers or toes. The growth of the limb was controlled by three signaling pathways in three-dimensional axis. Sonic Hedgehog signaling, which controls the anterior to posterior (radial to ulnar) orientation has been suspected to be a main cause for polydactyly. To determine the pathogenesis of the patients with polydactyly, we recruited a polydactyly family with two patients. Taking advantage of next-generation sequencing technology, we applied whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing to the proband and her daughter. The analysis of the whole-exome sequencing showed a heterozygous missense mutation c.3617G>A (p.R1206H) in the PTCH1 gene. The results of Sanger sequencing also verified this mutation. Our research discovered a candidate gene of polydactyly-PTCH1. We are the first to point out the relationship between polydactyly and PTCH1 mutation in human. As the PTCH1 gene mutations have been identified in nevoid basal cell nevus syndrome (NBCCS), and polydactyly is one phenotype of NBCCS, it may provide a new clue to the study of the genotype-phenotype correlations between the PTCH1 gene mutations and NBCCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Sijie Liu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Weiran Chai
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Pinquan Shen
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Chen X, Yuan L, Xu H, Hu P, Yang Y, Guo Y, Guo Z, Deng H. Novel GLI3 Mutations in Chinese Patients with Non-syndromic Post-axial Polydactyly. Curr Mol Med 2020; 19:228-235. [PMID: 30848202 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190308110122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polydactyly, characterized by supernumerary digits in the upper or lower extremities, is the most common congenital digital abnormalities. It derives from the defective patterning of anteroposterior axis of the developing limb, with various etiology and clinical heterogeneity. The patients with post-axial polydactyly type A (PAPA) have the typical symptom of a well-formed supernumerary digit outside the fifth digit. OBJECTIVE The aim of present study was to identify the causative mutations of two unrelated Han Chinese patients with non-syndromic PAPA. METHODS Two unrelated Han Chinese patients and 100 ethnicity-matched, unrelated normal controls were recruited for this study. BGISEQ-500 exome sequencing was performed in the two patients, followed by validation in the patients and 100 controls by using Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Two mutations in the GLI family zinc finger 3 gene (GLI3), including a frameshift mutation c.3437_3453delTCGAGCAGCCCTGCCCC (p.L1146RfsX95) and a nonsense mutation c.3997C>T (p.Q1333X), were identified in two patients but were absent in the 100 healthy controls. CONCLUSION The two GLI3 mutations, p.L1146RfsX95 and p.Q1333X, may account for non-syndromic PAPA in the two patients, respectively. The findings of this study may expand the mutational spectrum of GLI3-PAPA and provide novel insights into the genetic basis of polydactyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - L Yuan
- Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - H Xu
- Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - P Hu
- Department of Radiology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Y Guo
- Department of Medical Information, Information Security and Big Data Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Z Guo
- Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - H Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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7
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Umair M, Wasif N, Albalawi AM, Ramzan K, Alfadhel M, Ahmad W, Basit S. Exome sequencing revealed a novel loss-of-function variant in the GLI3 transcriptional activator 2 domain underlies nonsyndromic postaxial polydactyly. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00627. [PMID: 31115189 PMCID: PMC6625144 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Polydactyly is a common genetic limb deformity characterized by the presence of extra fingers or toes. This anomaly may occur in isolation (nonsyndromic) or as part of a syndrome. The disease is broadly divided into preaxial polydactyly (PPD; duplication of thumb), mesoaxial polydactyly (complex polydactyly), and postaxial polydactyly (PAP: duplication of the fifth finger). The extra digits may be present in one or both the limbs. Heterozygous variants in the GLI3, ZRS/SHH, and PITX1 have been associated with autosomal dominant polydactyly, while homozygous variants in the ZNF141, IQCE, GLI1, and FAM92A have been associated with autosomal recessive polydactyly. Pathogenic mutations in the GLI3 gene (glioma‐associated oncogene family zinc finger 3) have been associated with both nonsyndromic and syndromic polydactyly. Methods Here, we report an extended five generation kindred having 12 affected individuals exhibiting nonsyndromic postaxial polydactyly type A condition. Whole‐exome sequencing followed by variant prioritization, bioinformatic studies, Sanger validation, and segregation analysis was performed. Results Using exome sequencing in the three affected individuals, we identified a novel heterozygous frameshift variant (c.3567_3568insG; p.Ala1190Glyfs*57) in the transcriptional activator (TA2) domain of the GLI3 encoding gene. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, the present study reports on the first familial case of nonsyndromic postaxial polydactyly due to the GLI3 variant in Pakistani population. Our study also demonstrated the important role of GLI3 in causing nonsyndromic postaxial polydactyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveed Wasif
- Institut für Human Genetik, Ulm Universität, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alia M Albalawi
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khushnooda Ramzan
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital (KASCH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sulman Basit
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
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Li J, Cui Y, Xu J, Wang Q, Yang X, Li Y, Zhang X, Qiu M, Zhang Z, Zhang Z. Suppressor of Fused restraint of Hedgehog activity level is critical for osteogenic proliferation and differentiation during calvarial bone development. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15814-15825. [PMID: 28794157 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.777532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling plays crucial roles in the development of calvarial bone, relying on the activation of Gli transcription factors. However, the molecular mechanism of the role of regulated Gli protein level in osteogenic specification of mesenchyme still remains elusive. Here, we show by conditionally inactivating Suppressor of Fused (Sufu), a critical repressor of Hedgehog signaling, in Wnt1-Cre-mediated cranial neural crest (CNC) or Dermo1-Cre-mediated mesodermal lineages that Sufu restraint of Hedgehog activity level is critical for differentiation of preosteogenic mesenchyme. Ablation of Sufu results in failure of calvarial bone formation, including CNC-derived bones and mesoderm-derived bones, depending on the Cre line being used. Although mesenchymal cells populate to frontonasal destinations, where they are then condensed, Sufu deletion significantly inhibits the proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells, and these cells no longer differentiate into osteoblasts. We show that there is suppression of Runx2 and Osterix, the osteogenic regulators, in calvarial mesenchyme in the Sufu mutant. We show that down-regulation of several genes upstream to Runx2 and Osterix is manifested within the calvarial primordia, including Bmp2 and its downstream genes Msx1/2 and Dlx5 By contrast, we find that Gli1, the Hedgehog activity readout gene, is excessively activated in mesenchyme. Deletion of Sufu in CNC leads to a discernible decrease in the repressive Gli3 form and an increase in the full-length Gli2. Finally, we demonstrate that simultaneous deletion of Gli2 and Sufu in CNC completely restores calvarial bone formation, suggesting that a sustained level of Hedgehog activity is critical in specification of the osteogenic mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Li
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Ying Cui
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Jie Xu
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Qihui Wang
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Xueqin Yang
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Yan Li
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Ze Zhang
- the Department of Ophthamology, Tulane Medical Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Zunyi Zhang
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
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Emechebe U, Kumar P P, Rozenberg JM, Moore B, Firment A, Mirshahi T, Moon AM. T-box3 is a ciliary protein and regulates stability of the Gli3 transcription factor to control digit number. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27046536 PMCID: PMC4829432 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Crucial roles for T-box3 in development are evident by severe limb malformations and other birth defects caused by T-box3 mutations in humans. Mechanisms whereby T-box3 regulates limb development are poorly understood. We discovered requirements for T-box at multiple stages of mouse limb development and distinct molecular functions in different tissue compartments. Early loss of T-box3 disrupts limb initiation, causing limb defects that phenocopy Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) mutants. Later ablation of T-box3 in posterior limb mesenchyme causes digit loss. In contrast, loss of anterior T-box3 results in preaxial polydactyly, as seen with dysfunction of primary cilia or Gli3-repressor. Remarkably, T-box3 is present in primary cilia where it colocalizes with Gli3. T-box3 interacts with Kif7 and is required for normal stoichiometry and function of a Kif7/Sufu complex that regulates Gli3 stability and processing. Thus, T-box3 controls digit number upstream of Shh-dependent (posterior mesenchyme) and Shh-independent, cilium-based (anterior mesenchyme) Hedgehog pathway function. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07897.001 Mutations in the gene that encodes a protein called T-box3 cause serious birth defects, including deformities of the hands and feet, via poorly understood mechanisms. Several other proteins are also important for ensuring that limbs develop correctly. These include the Sonic Hedgehog protein, which controls a signaling pathway that determines whether a protein called Gli3 is converted into its “repressor” form. The hair-like structures called primary cilia that sit on the surface of animal cells also contain Gli3, and processes within these structures control the production of the Gli3-repressor. Emechebe, Kumar et al. have now studied genetically engineered mice in which the production of the T-box3 protein was stopped at different stages of mouse development. This revealed that turning off T-box3 production early in development causes many parts of the limb not to form. This type of defect appears to be the same as that seen in mice that lack the Sonic Hedgehog protein. If the production of T-box3 is turned off later in mouse development in the rear portion of the developing limb, the limb starts to develop but doesn’t develop enough rear toes. When T-box3 production is turned off in the front portion of the developing limbs, mice are born with too many front toes. This latter problem mimics the effects seen in mice that are unable to produce Gli3-repressor or that have defective primary cilia. Further investigation unexpectedly revealed that T-box3 is found in primary cilia and localizes to the same regions of the cilia as the Gli3-repressor. Furthermore, T-box3 also interacts with a protein complex that controls the stability of Gli3 and processes it into the Gli3-repressor form. In the future, it will be important to determine how T-box3 controls the stability of Gli3 and whether that process occurs in the primary cilia or in other parts of the cell where T-box3 and Gli3 coexist, such as the nucleus. This could help us understand how T-box3 and Sonic Hedgehog signaling contribute to other aspects of development and to certain types of cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07897.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchenna Emechebe
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Pavan Kumar P
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, United States
| | | | - Bryn Moore
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, United States
| | - Ashley Firment
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, United States
| | - Tooraj Mirshahi
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, United States
| | - Anne M Moon
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States.,Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, United States.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
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10
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Abstract
Polydactyly is one of the most common inherited limb abnormalities, characterised by supernumerary fingers or toes. It results from disturbances in the normal programme of the anterior-posterior axis of the developing limb, with diverse aetiology and variable inter- and intra-familial clinical features. Polydactyly can occur as an isolated disorder (non-syndromic polydactyly) or as a part of an anomaly syndrome (syndromic polydactyly). On the basis of the anatomic location of the duplicated digits, non-syndromic polydactyly is divided into three kinds, including preaxial polydactyly, axial polydactyly and postaxial polydactyly. Non-syndromic polydactyly frequently exhibits an autosomal dominant inheritance with variable penetrance. To date, in human, at least ten loci and four disease-causing genes, including the GLI3 gene, the ZNF141 gene, the MIPOL1 gene and the PITX1 gene, have been identified. In this paper, we review clinical features of non-syndromic polydactyly and summarise the recent progress in the molecular genetics, including loci and genes that are responsible for the disorder, the signalling pathways that these genetic factors are involved in, as well as animal models of the disorder. These progresses will improve our understanding of the complex disorder and have implications on genetic counselling such as prenatal diagnosis.
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GLI3 Links Environmental Arsenic Exposure and Human Fetal Growth. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:536-43. [PMID: 26288817 PMCID: PMC4535308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although considerable evidence suggests that in utero arsenic exposure affects children's health, these data are mainly from areas of the world where groundwater arsenic levels far exceed the World Health Organization limit of 10 μg/L. We, and others, have found that more common levels of in utero arsenic exposure may also impact children's health. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. To address this issue, we analyzed the expression of key developmental genes in fetal placenta in a birth cohort of women using unregulated water supplies in a US region with elevated groundwater arsenic. We identified several genes whose expression associated with maternal arsenic exposure in a fetal sex-specific manner. In particular, expression of the HEDGEHOG pathway component, GLI3, in female placentae was both negatively associated with arsenic exposure and positively associated with infant birth weight. This suggests that modulation of GLI3 in the fetal placenta, and perhaps in other fetal tissues, contributes to arsenic's detrimental effects on fetal growth. We showed previously that arsenic-exposed NIH3T3 cells have reduced GLI3 repressor protein. Together, these studies identify GLI3 as a key signaling node that is affected by arsenic, mediating a subset of its effects on developmental signaling and fetal health. In utero arsenic exposure associates with the expression of several key developmental genes in the fetal placenta. There is extensive sexual dimorphism in the associations between placental gene expression and in utero arsenic exposure. GLI3 expression in the female fetal placenta associates with arsenic exposure and may mediate its effects on fetal growth.
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Edwards TJ, Sherr EH, Barkovich AJ, Richards LJ. Clinical, genetic and imaging findings identify new causes for corpus callosum development syndromes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:1579-613. [PMID: 24477430 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The corpus callosum is the largest fibre tract in the brain, connecting the two cerebral hemispheres, and thereby facilitating the integration of motor and sensory information from the two sides of the body as well as influencing higher cognition associated with executive function, social interaction and language. Agenesis of the corpus callosum is a common brain malformation that can occur either in isolation or in association with congenital syndromes. Understanding the causes of this condition will help improve our knowledge of the critical brain developmental mechanisms required for wiring the brain and provide potential avenues for therapies for callosal agenesis or related neurodevelopmental disorders. Improved genetic studies combined with mouse models and neuroimaging have rapidly expanded the diverse collection of copy number variations and single gene mutations associated with callosal agenesis. At the same time, advances in our understanding of the developmental mechanisms involved in corpus callosum formation have provided insights into the possible causes of these disorders. This review provides the first comprehensive classification of the clinical and genetic features of syndromes associated with callosal agenesis, and provides a genetic and developmental framework for the interpretation of future research that will guide the next advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Edwards
- 1 Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia2 Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, The University of California and the Benioff Children's Hospital, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Elliott H Sherr
- 3 Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, The University of California Children's Hospital, CA 94143, USA
| | - A James Barkovich
- 3 Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, The University of California Children's Hospital, CA 94143, USA4 Departments of Paediatrics and Neurosurgery, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, The University of California San Francisco and The Benioff Children's Hospital, CA 94143-0628 USA
| | - Linda J Richards
- 1 Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia5 School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
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Liu H, Han D, Wong S, Nan X, Zhao H, Feng H. rs929387 of GLI3 is involved in tooth agenesis in Chinese Han population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80860. [PMID: 24278334 PMCID: PMC3835326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth agenesis is one of the most common anomalies of human dentition. Recent studies suggest that a number of genes are related to both syndromic and non-syndromic forms of hypodontia. In a previous study, we observed that polymorphism in rs929387 of GLI3 might be associated with hypodontia in the Chinese Han population based on a limited population. To further confirm this observation, in this study, we employed 89 individuals diagnosed with sporadic non-syndromic oligodontia (40 males and 49 females) to investigate the relationship between polymorphism in rs929387 of GLI3 and tooth agenesis. These individuals were analyzed with 273 subjects (125 males and 148 females) diagnosed with non-syndromic hypodontia and 200 healthy control subjects (100 males and 100 females). DNA was obtained from whole blood or saliva samples and genotyping was performed by a Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) method. Significant differences were observed in the allele and genotype frequencies of rs929387 of GLI3. Distributions of genotypes TT, TC and CC of rs929387 polymorphism were significantly different between the case group and the control group (P = 0.013) and C allelic frequency was higher in case group [P = 0.002, OR = 1.690, 95% CI (1.200-2.379)]. Additionally, our analysis shows that this difference is more pronounced when compared between the male case group and the male control group. The function study suggests that variation in GLI3 caused by rs929387 leads to a decrease in its transcriptional activity. These data demonstrated an association between rs929387 of GLI3 and non-syndromic tooth agenesis in Chinese Han individuals. This information may provide further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of tooth agenesis. Furthermore, GLI3 can be regarded as a marker gene for the risk of tooth agenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochen Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Singwai Wong
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Nan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongshan Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HF); (HZ)
| | - Hailan Feng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HF); (HZ)
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Abstract
Anorectal malformations (ARMs) represent a complex group of congenital anomalies resulting from abnormal development of the hindgut, allantois and Mullerian duct resulting in complete or partial urorectal septal malformations. There is a wide variety of phenotypic expression, ranging from mild anorectal to very complex severe ARM with >75 % having other associated malformations. 50 % of cases are syndromic although many may have other associated anomalies. This suggests a genetic link but the genetics of ARM are highly complex with a number of candidate genes being identified. Many can be classified as "field defects" as a result of a complex set of genetic interactions. Patients with associated malformations can be classified into those with multiple congenital anomalies (non-syndromic), those with chromosomal abnormalities and those with non-chromosomal syndromic associations, also, those with non-chromosomal syndromes and the influence of environmental factors (e.g. drugs in pregnancy). Although much is not known about the aetiology of ARM, the weight of evidence points to genetic factors as major causes for the condition. In this review, we look at the chromosomal and genetic associations and their underlying signalling pathways, to obtain a better understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in developing ARM. The spectrum of ARM phenotypic expression probably results from involvement and crosstalk between a number of critical signalling systems involved in development of this region. As a result, it may be expressed as a "field developmental defect" with many associated abnormalities. The role of environmental factors in the development of ARM is probably less.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam W Moore
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
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Pan A, Chang L, Nguyen A, James AW. A review of hedgehog signaling in cranial bone development. Front Physiol 2013; 4:61. [PMID: 23565096 PMCID: PMC3613593 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During craniofacial development, the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway is essential for mesodermal tissue patterning and differentiation. The HH family consists of three protein ligands: Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Indian Hedgehog (IHH), and Desert Hedgehog (DHH), of which two are expressed in the craniofacial complex (IHH and SHH). Dysregulations in HH signaling are well documented to result in a wide range of craniofacial abnormalities, including holoprosencephaly (HPE), hypotelorism, and cleft lip/palate. Furthermore, mutations in HH effectors, co-receptors, and ciliary proteins result in skeletal and craniofacial deformities. Cranial suture morphogenesis is a delicate developmental process that requires control of cell commitment, proliferation and differentiation. This review focuses on both what is known and what remains unknown regarding HH signaling in cranial suture morphogenesis and intramembranous ossification. As demonstrated from murine studies, expression of both SHH and IHH is critical to the formation and fusion of the cranial sutures and calvarial ossification. SHH expression has been observed in the cranial suture mesenchyme and its precise function is not fully defined, although some postulate SHH to delay cranial suture fusion. IHH expression is mainly found on the osteogenic fronts of the calvarial bones, and functions to induce cell proliferation and differentiation. Unfortunately, neonatal lethality of IHH deficient mice precludes a detailed examination of their postnatal calvarial phenotype. In summary, a number of basic questions are yet to be answered regarding domains of expression, developmental role, and functional overlap of HH morphogens in the calvaria. Nevertheless, SHH and IHH ligands are integral to cranial suture development and regulation of calvarial ossification. When HH signaling goes awry, the resultant suite of morphologic abnormalities highlights the important roles of HH signaling in cranial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Pan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Anderson E, Peluso S, Lettice LA, Hill RE. Human limb abnormalities caused by disruption of hedgehog signaling. Trends Genet 2012; 28:364-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Zuniga A, Zeller R, Probst S. The molecular basis of human congenital limb malformations. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 1:803-22. [PMID: 23799625 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses predominantly on the human congenital malformations caused by alterations affecting the morphoregulatory gene networks that control early limb bud patterning and outgrowth. Limb defects are among the most frequent congenital malformations in humans that are caused by genetic mutations or teratogenic effects resulting either in abnormal, loss of, or additional skeletal elements. Spontaneous and engineered mouse models have been used to identify and study the molecular alterations and disrupted gene networks that underlie human congenital limb malformations. More recently, mouse genetics has begun to reveal the alterations that affect the often-large cis-regulatory landscapes that control gene expression in limb buds and cause devastating effects on limb bud development. These findings have paved the way to identifying mutations in cis-regulatory regions as causal to an increasing number of congenital limb malformations in humans. In these cases, no mutations in the coding region of a presumed candidate were previously detected. This review highlights how the current understanding of the molecular gene networks and interactions that control mouse limb bud development provides insight into the etiology of human congenital limb malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Zuniga
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Jordan D, Hindocha S, Dhital M, Saleh M, Khan W. The epidemiology, genetics and future management of syndactyly. Open Orthop J 2012; 6:14-27. [PMID: 22448207 PMCID: PMC3308320 DOI: 10.2174/1874325001206010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndactyly is a condition well documented in current literature due to it being the most common congenital hand defect, with a large aesthetic and functional significance.There are currently nine types of phenotypically diverse non-syndromic syndactyly, an increase since the original classification by Temtamy and McKusick(1978). Non-syndromic syndactyly is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, although the more severe presenting types and sub types appear to have autosomal recessive and in some cases X-linked hereditary.Gene research has found that these phenotypes appear to not only be one gene specific, although having individual localised loci, but dependant on a wide range of genes and subsequent signalling pathways involved in limb formation. The principal genes so far defined to be involved in congenital syndactyly concern mainly the Zone of Polarizing Activity and Shh pathway.Research into the individual phenotypes appears to complicate classification as new genes are found both linked, and not linked, to each malformation. Consequently anatomical, phenotypical and genotypical classifications can be used, but are variable in significance, depending on the audience.Currently, management is surgical, with a technique unchanged for several decades, although future development will hopefully bring alternatives in both earlier diagnosis and gene manipulation for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jordan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Countess of Chester Hospital, Liverpool Road Chester, CH21UL, UK
| | - S Hindocha
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Countess of Chester Hospital, Liverpool Road Chester, CH21UL, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Whiston Hospital, Warrington Road, L35 5DR, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Dhital
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - M Saleh
- Ain Shams University, Khalifa El-Maamon St, Abbasiya Sq, Cairo. 11566, Egypt
| | - W Khan
- University College London Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
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Nagaoka R, Okuhara S, Sato Y, Amagasa T, Iseki S. Effects of embryonic hypoxia on lip formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 94:215-22. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Meekins J, Butler M, Skinner M, Shippy R, Greene C, Ning Y. Microarray analysis of an unbalanced t(4;13) translocation narrows down the trisomy 13 associated polydactyly to a 7 Mb region. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:2906-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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