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Genitsch V, Zlobec I, Seiler R, Thalmann GN, Fleischmann A. Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Metastatic Conventional Prostate Cancer Is Significantly Increased in Lymph Node Metastases Compared to the Primary Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1640. [PMID: 28788048 PMCID: PMC5578030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine serum markers released from prostate cancers have been proposed for monitoring disease and predicting survival. However, neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in various tissue compartments of metastatic prostate cancer is poorly described and its correlation with specific tumor features is unclear. NED was determined by Chromogranin A expression on immunostains from a tissue microarray of 119 nodal positive, hormone treatment-naïve prostate cancer patients who underwent radical prostatectomy and extended lymphadenectomy. NED in the primary cancer and in the metastases was correlated with tumor features and survival. The mean percentage of NED cells increased significantly (p < 0.001) from normal prostate glands (0.4%), to primary prostate cancer (1.0%) and nodal metastases (2.6%). In primary tumors and nodal metastases, tumor areas with higher Gleason patterns tended to display a higher NED, although no significance was reached. The same was observed in patients with a larger primary tumor volume and higher total size and number of metastases. NED neither in the primary tumors nor in the metastases predicted outcome significantly. Our data suggest that (a) increasing levels of neuroendocrine serum markers in the course of prostate cancer might primarily derive from a poorly differentiated metastatic tumor component; and (b) NED in conventional hormone-naïve prostate cancers is not significantly linked to adverse tumor features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Genitsch
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland.
| | - Inti Zlobec
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland.
| | - Roland Seiler
- Department of Urology, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland.
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Alberti C. Urology pertinent neuroendocrine tumors: focusing on renal pelvis, bladder, prostate located sympathetic functional paragangliomas. G Chir 2016; 37:55-60. [PMID: 27381689 DOI: 10.11138/gchir/2016.37.2.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Urology pertinent neuroendocrine neoplasias are more and more driving to research attractive contributions mainly as regards the urinary tract paragangliomas, besides the prostate cancer neuroendocrine differentiation. About such visceral sympathetic paragangliomas, a considerable attention is aroused by those concerning the renal pelvis, urinary bladder and, particularly, the prostate gland. Essential catecholamine/adrenergic signal-mediated pathophysiological implications and outlined diagnostic approaches are here taken into consideration. Particularly, to reach an accurate functional diagnostic assessment, both plasma and urine catecholamine level tests are required together with ¹²³I or ¹³¹I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scan while ¹³¹I-, instead of ¹²³I-, labeled MIBG, proving to be also useful to targeted radionuclide therapy of sympathetic paragangliomas. Nevertheless, a thorough diagnostic confirmation should be obtained by a proper histologic/ immunohistochemical study, so that it respectively highlighting the typical "zellballen" cell setting and neuroendocrine tumor cell specific biomarkers such as chromogranin-A, synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase. Open/laparoscopic/robot-assisted surgical procedures are performed under α1 (doxazosin, prazosin) - and β(propranolol)-adrenergic blockade to avoid the risk of an intraoperative adrenergic signal-triggered hypertensive crisis, what moreover may occur also during cystoscopy and biopsy in case of bladder or prostate paraganglioma. Given a conceivable likeness, about some adrenergic-mediated pathophysiological implications, between prostate paraganglioma and prostate cancer neuroendocrine transdifferentiation - although as regards two obviously different diseases - a reliable pathogenetic matter concerning prostate paraganglioma is requiring novel research approaches.
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Yan L, Xing Z, Guo Z, Fang Z, Jiao W, Guo X, Xu Z, Fang Z, Holmberg A, Nilsson S, Liu Z. Somatostatin derivative (smsDX) targets cellular metabolism in prostate cancer cells after androgen deprivation therapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55790. [PMID: 23409045 PMCID: PMC3567093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell metabolism responsive to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) may be involved in the development and progression of prostate cancer and the ultimate failure of androgen-deprivation therapy. To investigate the metabolism regulation effects on androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer, an established LNCaP-s cell model that resembles the clinical scenario of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), was used in this current study. This cell line was cultured from androgen-sensitive LNCaP parental cells, in an androgen-reduced condition, resembling clinical androgen deprivation therapy. To assess the effects of smsDX on the invasiveness of prostate cancer cells we used wound healing assay and Matrigel™ invasion assay. We evaluated differentially expressed proteins of the parental LNCaP cells and LNCaP-s cells after ADT by means of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric analysis. The covered area in the wound and the number of cells invading through a Matrigel chamber were significantly smaller for cells treated with smsDX than they were for control cells treated with vehicle. 56 proteins were found differentially expressed in LNCaP-s cells compared to LNCaP cells, majority of them were down-regulated after ADT treatment. 104 proteins of LNCaP cells and 86 in LNCaP-s cells, separately, were found differentially expressed after treatment with smsDX, When we explored these protein functions within the website UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, surprisingly, most of the proteins were found to be involved in the cellular metabolism and mitochondrial function regulation. LNCaP-s as potential metastatic androgen-independent cancer cells, its metabolism and mitochondrial functions could be altered by a new somatostatin derivative smsDX, the smsDX regulatory effects on metabolism in LNCaP-s deliver more therapeutic information with the treatment of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaoquan Xing
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaoxin Guo
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiqing Fang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Jiao
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Aging and Health Center, School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhonghua Xu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenghui Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Anders Holmberg
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Nilsson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhaoxu Liu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Aging and Health Center, School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Matei DV, Renne G, Pimentel M, Sandri MT, Zorzino L, Botteri E, De Cicco C, Musi G, Brescia A, Mazzoleni F, Tringali V, Detti S, de Cobelli O. Neuroendocrine differentiation in castration-resistant prostate cancer: a systematic diagnostic attempt. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2012; 10:164-73. [PMID: 22401754 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing the neuroendocrine (NE) pattern in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) may prove useful in selecting potential responders to target therapies such as somatostatin analogues. The aim of this study was to define a panel of markers or examinations appropriate to characterize NE differentiation (NED). METHODS Forty-seven patients with CRPC underwent a systematic diagnostic attempt to characterize the NE phenotype using a plasma blood test for chromogranin A (CgA) and immunohistochemical staining of needle biopsy-obtained specimens (CgA, somatostatin receptor 2 [SSTR2], Ki-67, and androgen receptors). In a subgroup of 26 patients, somatostatin receptor scintigraphy using (111)In-DTPA-d-Phe octreotide (octreotide scintigraphy; Octreoscan, Covidien, Hazelwood, MO) was also performed. RESULTS NED was found in 85.1% of patients (if serum CgA, tissular CgA, and tissular SSTR2 were considered separately: 54%, 67%, and 58%, respectively). Only 15% of the 26-patient subgroup had an abnormal octreotide scintigraphy result. Although p-CgA and t-CgA were associated with more aggressive disease with a worse prognosis, patients with positive tissular SSTR2 staining had longer overall survival (OS). CONCLUSION This systematic approach to explore the NED in a quite homogeneous group of patients with CRPC seems reproducible and appropriate. Further investigations are required to validate this panel and better characterize potential responders to targeted therapy.
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Hasskarl J, Kaufmann M, Schmid HA. Somatostatin receptors in non-neuroendocrine malignancies: the potential role of somatostatin analogs in solid tumors. Future Oncol 2011; 7:895-913. [PMID: 21732759 DOI: 10.2217/fon.11.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptors (sstrs) are G-protein-coupled receptors that mediate various physiological effects when activated by the neuropeptide somatostatin or its synthetic analogs. In addition to the well-documented antisecretory effects of sstr2-preferential somatostatin analogs octreotide and lanreotide, ligand binding to sstr initiates an inhibitory action on tumor growth. This effect may result from both indirect actions (suppression of growth factors and growth-promoting hormones [e.g., GH/IGF-1 axis] and inhibition of angiogenesis) and direct actions (activation of antigrowth activities [e.g., apoptosis]). As solid tumor cells express multiple sstrs, there is a rationale to evaluate the potential antitumor effects of pasireotide (SOM230), a multireceptor-targeted somatostatin analog with high binding affinity for sstr1–3 and sstr5. Pasireotide reduces systemic IGF-1 levels more potently than currently available somatostatin analogs and has been well tolerated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Kaufmann
- Novartis Pharma AG, Forum 1, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Herbert A Schmid
- Novartis Pharma AG, Forum 1, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Fléchon A, Pouessel D, Ferlay C, Perol D, Beuzeboc P, Gravis G, Joly F, Oudard S, Deplanque G, Zanetta S, Fargeot P, Priou F, Droz JP, Culine S. Phase II study of carboplatin and etoposide in patients with anaplastic progressive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with or without neuroendocrine differentiation: results of the French Genito-Urinary Tumor Group (GETUG) P01 trial. Ann Oncol 2011; 22:2476-2481. [PMID: 21436186 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the evolution of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), patients present visceral metastases with or without neuroendocrine differentiation in 20% of cases. PATIENTS AND METHODS We assessed the efficacy and toxicity of a platinum-based chemotherapy regimen in mCRPC patients with either neuroendocrine differentiation defined by high serum levels of chromogranin A (CgA) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) or visceral metastases. Patients received the combination of carboplatin and etoposide every 3 weeks. Efficacy end points included prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and neuroendocrine marker response, objective response and toxicity. RESULTS Of the 60 patients included from April 2005 to January 2008, 78.6% had bone metastases, 46.4% had lymph node involvement and 57.1% had liver and/or lung localizations. The objective response rate was 8.9% in the 46 patients with measurable disease. A neuroendocrine response was observed in 31% of cases for NSE and 7% for CgA. The PSA response rate was 8%. The most common grade 3-4 treatment-related toxic effects were neutropenia (65.5%), thrombocytopenia (32.7%) and anemia (27.3%). There was 7.2% febrile neutropenia, with one toxicity-related death. The median follow-up was 9.3 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2-27.1] and the median overall survival 9.6 months (95% CI 8.7-12.7). CONCLUSION The benefit-risk ratio of this regimen seems unfavorable due to poor response and high toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fléchon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon.
| | - D Pouessel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Val d'Aurelle, Montpellier
| | - C Ferlay
- Department of Biostatistic, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon
| | - D Perol
- Department of Biostatistic, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon
| | - P Beuzeboc
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris
| | - G Gravis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille
| | - F Joly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre François Baclesse, Caen
| | - S Oudard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris
| | - G Deplanque
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondation Hôpital Saint Joseph, Paris
| | - S Zanetta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre G.F. Leclerc, Dijon
| | - P Fargeot
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre G.F. Leclerc, Dijon
| | - F Priou
- Department of Medical Oncology, CHD Les Oudairies, La Roche Sur Yon
| | - J P Droz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon
| | - S Culine
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
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McMahon GT, Blake MA, Wu CL. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 1-2010. A 75-year-old man with hypertension, hyperglycemia, and edema. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:156-66. [PMID: 20071706 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc0905546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham T McMahon
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, USA
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8
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Nemoto K, Tomita Y. Neuroendocrine differentiation of localized prostate cancer during endocrine therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 41:558-60. [PMID: 17853028 DOI: 10.1080/00365590701365404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A 74-year-old male was treated with endocrine therapy for localized prostate cancer. After 25 months he complained of a swollen neck, and was diagnosed with prostate cancer with lymph node metastasis of neuroendocrine differentiation. Neuroendocrine differentiation without elevation of conventional tumor markers is rare during the initial recurrent course of localized prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Nemoto
- Department of Urology, National Hakodate Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
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9
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Belloli S, Jachetti E, Moresco RM, Picchio M, Lecchi M, Valtorta S, Freschi M, Hess Michelini R, Bellone M, Fazio F. Characterization of preclinical models of prostate cancer using PET-based molecular imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36:1245-55. [PMID: 19280188 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-009-1091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice spontaneously develop hormone-dependent and hormone-independent prostate cancer (PC) that potentially resembles the human pathological condition. The aim of the study was to validate PET imaging as a reliable tool for in vivo assessment of disease biology and progression in TRAMP mice using radioligands routinely applied in clinical practice: [(18)F]FDG and [(11)C]choline. METHODS Six TRAMP mice were longitudinally evaluated starting at week 11 of age to visualize PC development and progression. The time frame and imaging pattern of PC lesions were subsequently confirmed on an additional group of five mice. RESULTS PET and [(18)F]FDG allowed detection of PC lesions starting from 23 weeks of age. [(11)C]Choline was clearly taken up only by TRAMP mice carrying neuroendocrine lesions, as revealed by post-mortem histological evaluation. CONCLUSION PET-based molecular imaging represents a state-of-the-art tool for the in vivo monitoring and metabolic characterization of PC development, progression and differentiation in the TRAMP model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Belloli
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Scientific Institute H San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
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10
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Alwani RA, Neggers SJCMM, van der Klift M, Baggen MGA, van Leenders GJLH, van Aken MO, van der Lely AJ, de Herder WW, Feelders RA. Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic ACTH production by (neuroendocrine) prostate carcinoma. Pituitary 2009; 12:280-3. [PMID: 18322802 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-008-0100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ectopic adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion accounts for less than 10% of all causes of endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS) and is usually associated with neuroendocrine tumors and small cell carcinoma of the lung. We report the case of a 62-year-old man with CS due to ectopic ACTH production by small cell carcinoma of the prostate. He presented with severe hypercortisolism and associated symptoms. Plasma neuron specific enolase (NSE) was grossly elevated. Despite performing a laparoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy, the patient died as a result of sepsis with multi-organ failure. Post-mortem immunohistochemical staining of prostate tumor tissue showed ACTH expression. ACTH staining was also performed in four additional patients with small cell carcinoma of the urinary tract without CS. None of these additional cases showed a positive staining for ACTH. Although a rare cause of ectopic ACTH production, neuroendocrine prostate carcinoma should be considered in male patients with Cushing's syndrome, in particular in those with an occult source of ACTH overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Alwani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Section, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Valdespino V, Tsagozis P, Pisa P. Current perspectives in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Med Oncol 2008; 24:273-86. [PMID: 17873302 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-007-0017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) continues to be an important world health problem for men. Patients with locally confined PC are treated with either radiotherapy or surgery. However, treatment of more advanced stages of the disease is problematic. Initially, androgen deprivation offers a period of clinical stability, which is however invariably followed by progression to non-responsiveness to hormonal manipulation. Current management of patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) displays modest response rates and achieves only short-term benefit. Recently, knowledge in the complex pathophysiology of advanced PC has led to the identification of mechanisms and target molecules permitting the introduction of new therapies. Consequently, many investigational treatments are ongoing for AIPC in Phase-II and Phase-III trials aiming at the combination of chemotherapeutic regimens along with immunotherapy targeting PC-associated antigens. Other attractive options are gene therapy, as well as the targeting of survival signaling, differentiation, and apoptosis of the malignant PC cells. Further treatment modalities are directed against the tumor microenvironment, bone metastasis, or both. Collectively, the aforementioned efforts introduce a new era in the management of advanced PC. Novel pharmaceutical compounds and innovative approaches, integrated into the concept of individualized therapy will hopefully, during the next decade, improve the outcome and survival for hundreds of thousands of men worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Valdespino
- Department of Surgery, UMAE de Oncologia del CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico, Mexico
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Salido M, Gonzalez JL, Vilches J. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential is inhibited by bombesin in etoposide-induced apoptosis in PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:1292-9. [PMID: 17431107 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine secretory products and their interactions with epithelial prostate cells are currently under investigation in order to understand their significance in the pathogenesis, prognosis, and therapy of prostate carcinoma. These neuropeptides have the potential to disrupt the balance between cell death and cell growth in the tumor. Our research was based on the role of bombesin in modulating the mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta psi(m)) in cell death induced by etoposide on PC-3 cells. Cells were cultured and stained with 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1). At low membrane potentials, JC-1 produces a green fluorescence, and at high membrane potentials, it forms "J aggregates" with red fluorescence. Cells were examined in a confocal microscope. For quantitative analyses, regions of interest were selected. The size, number of pixels, and ratios between fluorescence intensity in the red and green channels in each region of interest were calculated. The loss of Delta psi(m) in etoposide-treated PC-3 cells was prevented by bombesin. The quantitative analysis of JC-1-stained cells revealed a significant decrease in the red (high Delta psi(m)) to green (low Delta psi(m)) ratio in etoposide-treated cells when compared with control cells, which was restored in the presence of bombesin (P < 0.00001). The interaction between treatments and area (P = 0.0002) was highly significant, and confirms that PC-3 cells keep their apoptosis machinery, showing an apoptotic volume decrease in response to etoposide. The protection by bombesin occurs by inhibition of apoptosis and maintenance of mitochondrial integrity. New therapeutic protocols and trials need to be developed to test drugs acting through the neutralization of antiapoptotic intracellular pathways mediated by neuroendocrine hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Salido
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain.
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Ingelmo I, Gómez V, Martín R, Codesal J, Rodríguez R, Pozuelo JM, Santamaría L. Effect of Prolactin and Bromocriptine on the Population of Prostate Neuroendocrine Cells from Intact and Cyproterone Acetate-Treated Rats: Stereological and Immunohistochemical Study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2007; 290:855-61. [PMID: 17541972 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This work deals with the quantification of serotonin-immunoreactive prostate neuroendocrine cells (NECs) in rats exposed to prolactin in normal, cyproterone acetate-exposed, and bromocriptine-exposed animals to establish the possible influence of prolactin with or without androgenic blockade on this cell population. Thirty male peripubertal Sprague-Dawley rats were grouped as controls (CT) and those treated with cyproterone acetate (CA), cyproterone acetate plus prolactin, cyproterone acetate plus bromocriptine, prolactin (PL), and bromocriptine (BC). The volume of ductal epithelium (Vep) and total number (NSER) of the NECs serotonin-immunoreactive were measured. NECs were detected in the periurethral ducts. Compared to CT, Vep was increased in PL and BC and NSER was decreased in CA and increased in the prolactin or bromocriptine groups. The androgenic blockade decreases NSER in rat prostate; PL induces in normal and cyproterone acetate-treated rats the increase of NSER; and BC exerts a local effect over the prostate similar to that described for PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildefonso Ingelmo
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital Ramon and Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Nelson EC, Cambio AJ, Yang JC, Ok JH, Lara PN, Evans CP. Clinical implications of neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2006; 10:6-14. [PMID: 17075603 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The cellular signaling pathways of the prostate play a central role in the induction, maintenance, and progression of prostate cancer (CaP). Neuroendocrine (NE) cells demonstrate attributes that suggest they are an integral part of these signaling cascades. We summarize what is known regarding NE cells in CaP focusing on NE cellular transdifferentiation. This significant event in CaP progression appears to be accelerated by androgen deprivation (AD) treatment. We examine biochemical pathways that may impact NE differentiation in a chronological manner focusing on AD therapy (ADT) as a central event in inducing androgen-independent CaP. Our analysis is limited to the common adenocarcinoma pattern of CaP and excludes small-cell and carcinoid prostatic variants. In conclusion, we speculate on the future of treatment and research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Nelson
- Department of Urology, Davis Medical Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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