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Gu S, Yu J, Du L, Zhang D, Zhao L, Xie J. Characterization, Semirational Design for pH Robustness, and the Application in Bioactive Peptide Production of a X-Prolyl Dipeptidyl Aminopeptidase from Lactococcus lactis MY-3. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7279-7290. [PMID: 38519413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
PepXLcMY-3, an X-prolyl dipeptidyl aminopeptidase derived from Lactobacillus lactis MY-3, was screened and recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli. The enzyme could exhibit about 40% activity within the pH range of 6.0-10. To further improve the pH robustness, site E396 located in the active pocket was discovered through alanine scanning. The mutant E396I displayed both developed activity and kcat/Km. The optimal pH of E396I shifted from 6.0 to 10 compared to WT, with the relative activity within the pH range of 6.0-10 significantly increased. The site K648 was then proposed by semirational design. The activity of mutant E396I/K648D reached 4.03 U/mg. The optimal pH was restored to 6.0, and the pH stability was further improved. E396I/K648D could totally hydrolyze β-casomorphin 7 within 30 min. The hydrolysate showed 64.5% inhibition on angiotensin I converting enzyme, which was more efficient than those produced by E396I and WT, 23.2 and 44.7%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengdi Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Supervision and Inspection on Food Products and Cosmetics Quality, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
| | - Lei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Daihui Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jingli Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing (SCICB), Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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Characterization of the recombinant PepX peptidase from Lactobacillus fermentum and its effect on gliadin protein hydrolysis in vitro. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Strategic Preparations of DPP-IV Inhibitory Peptides from Val-Pro-Xaa and Ile-Pro-Xaa Peptide Mixtures. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Nandan A, Nampoothiri KM. Therapeutic and biotechnological applications of substrate specific microbial aminopeptidases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5243-5257. [PMID: 32342144 PMCID: PMC7186005 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aminopeptidases (EC 3.4.11.) belongs to exoprotease family, which can catalyze the cleavage of peptide bond which connects the N-terminal amino acid to the penultimate residue in a protein. Aminopeptidases catalyze the process of removal of the N-terminal amino acids of target substrates by sequential cleavage of one amino acid residue at a time. Microbial aminopeptidase are of great acceptance as industrial enzymes with varying applications in food and pharma industry since these enzymes possess unique characteristics than aminopeptidases from other sources. This review describes the various applications of microbial aminopeptidases in different industrial sectors. These enzymes are widely used in food industry as a debittering agent as well as in the preparation of protein hydrolysates. In baking, brewing, and cheese making aminopeptidases are extensively used for removing the bitterness of peptides. The inhibitors of these enzymes are found great clinical applications against various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and viral infections. Aminopeptidases are widely used for the synthesis of biopeptides and amino acids, and found to be efficient than chemical synthesis. These enzymes are capable of hydrolyzing organophosphate compounds, thus having biological as well as environmental significance.Key Points • Cleaves the amino-terminal amino acid residues from proteins and peptides. • Microbial aminopeptidase are of great acceptance as both therapeutic and industrial enzyme. • Review describes the potential applications of microbial aminopeptidases. |
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Nandan
- Department of Zoology, Kannur University, Mananthavady Campus, Wayanad, Kerala, India
| | - Kesavan Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Microbial processing Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 019, India.
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Ojennus DD, Bratt NJ, Jones KL, Juers DH. Structural characterization of a prolyl aminodipeptidase (PepX) from Lactobacillus helveticus. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2019; 75:625-633. [PMID: 31584010 PMCID: PMC6777133 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x19011774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolyl aminodipeptidase (PepX) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds from the N-terminus of substrates when the penultimate amino-acid residue is a proline. Prolyl peptidases are of particular interest owing to their ability to hydrolyze food allergens that contain a high percentage of proline residues. PepX from Lactobacillus helveticus was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as an N-terminally His-tagged recombinant construct and was crystallized by hanging-drop vapor diffusion in a phosphate buffer using PEG 3350 as a precipitant. The structure was determined at 2.0 Å resolution by molecular replacement using the structure of PepX from Lactococcus lactis (PDB entry 1lns) as the starting model. Notable differences between the L. helveticus PepX structure and PDB entry 1lns include a cysteine instead of a phenylalanine at the substrate-binding site in the position which confers exopeptidase activity and the presence of a calcium ion coordinated by a calcium-binding motif with the consensus sequence DX(DN)XDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Dahlke Ojennus
- Department of Chemistry, Whitworth University, 300 West Hawthorne Road, Spokane, WA 99251, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Bratt
- Department of Chemistry, Whitworth University, 300 West Hawthorne Road, Spokane, WA 99251, USA
| | - Kent L. Jones
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Whitworth University, 300 West Hawthorne Road, Spokane, WA 99251, USA
| | - Douglas H. Juers
- Department of Physics and Program in Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla Walla, WA 99632, USA
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Yost S, Duran-Pinedo AE. The contribution of Tannerella forsythia dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV in the breakdown of collagen. Mol Oral Microbiol 2018; 33:407-419. [PMID: 30171738 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized a serine protease from Tannerella forsythia that degrades gelatin, type I, and III collagen. Tannerella forsythia is associated with periodontitis progression and severity. The primary goal of this research was to understand the mechanisms by which T. forsythia contributes to periodontitis progression. One of our previous metatranscriptomic analysis revealed that during periodontitis progression T. forsythia highly expressed the bfor_1659 ORF. The N-terminal end is homologous to dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DPP IV). DPP IV is a serine protease that cleaves X-Pro or X-Ala dipeptide from the N-terminal end of proteins. Collagen type I is rich in X-Pro and X-Ala sequences, and it is the primary constituent of the periodontium. This work assessed the collagenolytic and gelatinolytic properties of BFOR_1659. To that end, the complete BFOR_1659 and its domains were purified as His-tagged recombinant proteins, and their collagenolytic activity was tested on collagen-like substrates, collagen type I and III combined, and on the extracellular matrix (ECM) formed on human gingival fibroblasts culture HGF-1. BFOR_1659 was only found in T. forsythia supernatants, highlighting its potential role on the pathogenicity of T. forsythia. We also found that BFOR_1659 efficiently degrades all tested substrates but the individual domains were inactive. Given that BFOR_1659 is highly expressed in the periodontal pocket, its clinical relevance is suggested to periodontitis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yost
- Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Olivares M, Schüppel V, Hassan AM, Beaumont M, Neyrinck AM, Bindels LB, Benítez-Páez A, Sanz Y, Haller D, Holzer P, Delzenne NM. The Potential Role of the Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4-Like Activity From the Gut Microbiota on the Host Health. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1900. [PMID: 30186247 PMCID: PMC6113382 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) activity influences metabolic, behavioral and intestinal disorders through the cleavage of key hormones and peptides. Some studies describe the existence of human DPP-4 homologs in commensal bacteria, for instance in Prevotella or Lactobacillus. However, the role of the gut microbiota as a source of DPP-4-like activity has never been investigated. Through the comparison of the DPP-4 activity in the cecal content of germ-free mice (GFM) and gnotobiotic mice colonized with the gut microbiota of a healthy subject, we bring the proof of concept that a significant DPP-4-like activity occurs in the microbiota. By analyzing the existing literature, we propose that DPP-4-like activity encoded by the intestinal microbiome could constitute a novel mechanism to modulate protein digestion as well as host metabolism and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Olivares
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valentina Schüppel
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Ahmed M Hassan
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Pharmacology Section, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Beaumont
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey M Neyrinck
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure B Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alfonso Benítez-Páez
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Dirk Haller
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Peter Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Pharmacology Section, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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De A, Lupidi G, Petrelli D, Vitali LA. Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of Xaa-Pro dipeptidyl-peptidase from Streptococcus mutans and its inhibition by anti-human DPP IV drugs. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw066. [PMID: 27010012 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans harbours an intracellular, human DPP IV-analogous enzyme Xaa-Pro dipeptidyl-peptidase (EC 3.4.14.11). According to previous reports, an extracellular isozyme in S. gordonii and S. suis has been associated with virulence. Speculating that even an intracellular form may aid in virulence of S. mutans, we have tried to purify, characterize and evaluate enzyme inhibition by specific inhibitors. The native enzyme was partially purified by ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Owing to low yield, the enzyme was overexpressed in Lactococcus lactis and purified by affinity chromatography. The recombinant enzyme (rSm-XPDAP) had a specific activity of 1070 U mg(-1), while the Vmax and Km were 7 μM min(-1) and 89 ± 7 μM (n = 3), respectively. The serine protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride and a DPP IV-specific inhibitor diprotin A proved to be active against rSm-XPDAP. As a novel approach, the evaluation of the effect of anti-human DPP IV (AHD) drugs on rSm-XPDAP activity found saxagliptin to be effective to some extent (Ki = 129 ± 16 μM), which may lead to the synthesis and development of a new class of antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan De
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Giulio Lupidi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Dezemona Petrelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Luca A Vitali
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Sánchez-Mundo M, Bautista-Muñoz C, Jaramillo-Flores M. Characterization of protease activities in a crude extract of germinated cacao. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2015.1023359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Vermout S, Baldo A, Tabart J, Losson B, Mignon B. Secreted dipeptidyl peptidases as potential virulence factors for Microsporum canis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 54:299-308. [PMID: 19049642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2008.00479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytoses caused by Microsporum canis are frequently encountered in cats and dogs; they are highly contagious and readily transmissible to humans. In this study, two single genes, respectively coding for dipeptidyl peptidases IV and V (DppIV and DppV), were isolated and characterized. Both proteins share homology with serine proteases of the S9 family, some of which display properties compatible with implication in pathogenic processes. Both genes are expressed in vivo in experimentally infected guinea-pigs and in naturally infected cats, and when the fungus is grown on extracellular matrix proteins as the sole nitrogen and carbon source. DppIV and V were produced as active recombinant proteases in the yeast Pichia pastoris; the apparent molecular weight of rDppV is 83 kDa, whereas rDppIV appears as a doublet of 95 and 98 kDa. Like other members of its enzymatic subfamily, rDppIV has an unusual ability to cleave Pro-X bonds. This activity does not enhance the solubilization of keratin by fungal secreted endoproteases, and the protease probably acts solely on small soluble peptides. RDppV showed no ability to induce delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin reactions in guinea-pigs, despite the known immunogenic properties of homologous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Vermout
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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