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Wei Y, Sandhu E, Yang X, Yang J, Ren Y, Gao X. Bidirectional Functional Effects of Staphylococcus on Carcinogenesis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122353. [PMID: 36557606 PMCID: PMC9783839 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As a Gram-positive cocci existing in nature, Staphylococcus has a variety of species, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, etc. Growing evidence reveals that Staphylococcus is closely related to the occurrence and development of various cancers. On the one hand, cancer patients are more likely to suffer from bacterial infection and antibiotic-resistant strain infection compared to healthy controls. On the other hand, there exists an association between staphylococcal infection and carcinogenesis. Staphylococcus often plays a pathogenic role and evades the host immune system through surface adhesion molecules, α-hemolysin, PVL (Panton-Valentine leukocidin), SEs (staphylococcal enterotoxins), SpA (staphylococcal protein A), TSST-1 (Toxic shock syndrom toxin-1) and other factors. Staphylococcal nucleases (SNases) are extracellular nucleases that serve as genomic markers for Staphylococcus aureus. Interestingly, a human homologue of SNases, SND1 (staphylococcal nuclease and Tudor domain-containing 1), has been recognized as an oncoprotein. This review is the first to summarize the reported basic and clinical evidence on staphylococci and neoplasms. Investigations on the correlation between Staphylococcus and the occurrence, development, diagnosis and treatment of breast, skin, oral, colon and other cancers, are made from the perspectives of various virulence factors and SND1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuannan Wei
- Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Esha Sandhu
- Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiangtai Road No. 22, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiangtai Road No. 22, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiangtai Road No. 22, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiangtai Road No. 22, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiangtai Road No. 22, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiangtai Road No. 22, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
- Correspondence: (Y.R.); (X.G.); Tel./Fax: +86-022-83336806 (X.G.)
| | - Xingjie Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiangtai Road No. 22, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiangtai Road No. 22, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiangtai Road No. 22, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
- Correspondence: (Y.R.); (X.G.); Tel./Fax: +86-022-83336806 (X.G.)
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Wu WJ, Huang HY, Hsu WY, Hsu RQ, Chen HM. Efficiency optimisation of proteins on a chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:3897-3904. [PMID: 26266699 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00879d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study elucidates that the protein reorientation on a chip can be changed by an external electric field (EEF) and optimised for achieving strong effective binding between proteins. Protein A and its binding protein immunoglobulin G (IgG) were used as an example, in addition to an anticancer peptide (CB1a) and its antibody (anti-CB1a). The binding forces (BFs) were measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) with EEFs applied at different angles (EEF°). The optimal angle (OA) of the EEF (OAEEF°) corresponding to the maximum binding force (BFmax) was obtained. The results showed that the BFmax values between IgG/Protein A and anti-CB1a/CB1a were 6424.2 ± 195.3 pN (OAEEF° = 45°) and 729.1 ± 33.2 pN (OAEEF° = 22.5°), respectively. Without an EEF, the BF values were only 730.0 ± 113.9 pN and 337.3 ± 35.0 pN, respectively. Based on these observations, we concluded that the efficient optimisation of protein-protein interaction on a chip is essential. This finding is applicable to the industrial fabrication of all protein chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-jen Wu
- National Nano Device Laboratories, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC.
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Miller CS, Corcelli SA. Carbon−Deuterium Vibrational Probes of the Protonation State of Histidine in the Gas-Phase and in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:8565-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1028596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. S. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - S. A. Corcelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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Liu P, Meng X, Qu P, Zhao XS, Wang CC. Subdomain-Specific Collapse of Denatured Staphylococcal Nuclease Revealed by Single Molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Measurements. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:12030-6. [PMID: 19678648 DOI: 10.1021/jp809825x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xianglan Meng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng Qu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Sheng Zhao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chih-chen Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Harms MJ, Castañeda CA, Schlessman JL, Sue GR, Bertrand García-Moreno E. The pK(a) values of acidic and basic residues buried at the same internal location in a protein are governed by different factors. J Mol Biol 2009; 389:34-47. [PMID: 19324049 PMCID: PMC3373015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The pK(a) values of internal ionizable groups are usually very different from the normal pK(a) values of ionizable groups in water. To examine the molecular determinants of pK(a) values of internal groups, we compared the properties of Lys, Asp, and Glu at internal position 38 in staphylococcal nuclease. Lys38 titrates with a normal or elevated pK(a), whereas Asp38 and Glu38 titrate with elevated pK(a) values of 7.0 and 7.2, respectively. In the structure of the L38K variant, the buried amino group of the Lys38 side chain makes an ion pair with Glu122, whereas in the structure of the L38E variant, the buried carboxyl group of Glu38 interacts with two backbone amides and has several nearby carboxyl oxygen atoms. Previously, we showed that the pK(a) of Lys38 is normal owing to structural reorganization and water penetration concomitant with ionization of the Lys side chain. In contrast, the pK(a) values of Asp38 and Glu38 are perturbed significantly owing to an imbalance between favorable polar interactions and unfavorable contributions from dehydration and from Coulomb interactions with surface carboxylic groups. Their ionization is also coupled to subtle structural reorganization. These results illustrate the complex interplay between local polarity, Coulomb interactions, and structural reorganization as determinants of pK(a) values of internal groups in proteins. This study suggests that improvements to computational methods for pK(a) calculations will require explicit treatment of the conformational reorganization that can occur when internal groups ionize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Harms
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore MD, 21218
| | - Carlos A. Castañeda
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore MD, 21218
| | - Jamie L. Schlessman
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore MD, 21218
- Department of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, 572 Holloway Rd. Annapolis, MD 21402
| | - Gloria R. Sue
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore MD, 21218
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Baran KL, Chimenti MS, Schlessman JL, Fitch CA, Herbst KJ, Garcia-Moreno BE. Electrostatic effects in a network of polar and ionizable groups in staphylococcal nuclease. J Mol Biol 2008; 379:1045-62. [PMID: 18499123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
His121 and His124 are embedded in a network of polar and ionizable groups on the surface of staphylococcal nuclease. To examine how membership in a network affects the electrostatic properties of ionizable groups, the tautomeric state and the pK(a) values of these histidines were measured with NMR spectroscopy in the wild-type nuclease and in 13 variants designed to disrupt the network. In the background protein, His121 and His124 titrate with pK(a) values of 5.2 and 5.6, respectively. In the variants, where the network was disrupted, the pK(a) values range from 4.03 to 6.46 for His121, and 5.04 to 5.99 for His124. The largest decrease in a pK(a) was observed when the favorable Coulomb interaction between His121 and Glu75 was eliminated; the largest increase was observed when Tyr91 or Tyr93 was substituted with Ala or Phe. In all variants, the dominant tautomeric state at neutral pH was the N(epsilon2) state. At one level the network behaves as a rigid unit that does not readily reorganize when disrupted: crystal structures of the E75A or E75Q variants show that even when the pivotal Glu75 is removed, the overall configuration of the network was unaffected. On the other hand, a few key hydrogen bonds appear to govern the conformation of the network, and when these bonds are disrupted the network reorganizes. Coulomb interactions within the network report an effective dielectric constant of 20, whereas a dielectric constant of 80 is more consistent with the magnitude of medium to long-range Coulomb interactions in this protein. The data demonstrate that when structures are treated as static, rigid bodies, structure-based pK(a) calculations with continuum electrostatics method are not useful to treat ionizable groups in cases where pK(a) values are governed by short-range polar and Coulomb interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L Baran
- Department of Biophysics, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Chow CY, Wu MC, Fang HJ, Hu CK, Chen HM, Tsong TY. Compact dimension of denatured states of staphylococcal nuclease. Proteins 2008; 72:901-9. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.21985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Su Z, Wu JM, Fang HJ, Tsong TY, Chen HM. Local stability identification and the role of a key aromatic amino acid residue in staphylococcal nuclease refolding. FEBS J 2005; 272:3960-6. [PMID: 16045766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04814.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal nuclease (SNase) is a model protein that contains one domain and no disulfide bonds. Its stability in the native state may be maintained mainly by key amino acids. In this study, two point-mutated proteins each with a single base substitution [alanine for tryptophan (W140A) and alanine for lysine (K133A)] and two truncated fragment proteins (positions 1-139 [SNase(1-139) or W140O] and positions 1-141 [SNase(1-141) or E142O]) were generated. Differential scanning microcalorimetry in thermal denaturation experiments showed that K133A and E142O have nearly unchanged DeltaH(cal) relative to the wild-type, whereas W140A and W140O display zero enthalpy change (DeltaH(cal) approximately 0). Far-UV CD measurements indicate secondary structure in W140A but not W140O, and near-UV CD measurements indicate no tertiary structure in either W140 mutant. These observations indicate an unusually large contribution of W140 to the stability and structural integrity of SNase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengding Su
- Institute of BioAgricultural Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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