1
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Lanza L, Rabe von Pappenheim F, Bjarnesen D, Leogrande C, Paul A, Krug L, Tittmann K, Müller M. Identification and Characterization of Thiamine Diphosphate-Dependent Lyases with an Unusual CDG Motif. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404045. [PMID: 38874074 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-binding motif, characterized by the canonical GDG(X)24-27N sequence, is highly conserved among ThDP-dependent enzymes. We investigated a ThDP-dependent lyase (JanthE from Janthinobacterium sp. HH01) with an unusual cysteine (C458) replacing the first glycine of this motif. JanthE exhibits a high substrate promiscuity and accepts long aliphatic α-keto acids as donors. Sterically hindered aromatic aldehydes or non-activated ketones are acceptor substrates, giving access to a variety of secondary and tertiary alcohols as carboligation products. The crystal structure solved at a resolution of 1.9 Å reveals that C458 is not primarily involved in cofactor binding as previously thought for the canonical glycine. Instead, it coordinates methionine 406, thus ensuring the integrity of the active site and the enzyme activity. In addition, we have determined the long-sought genuine tetrahedral intermediates formed with pyruvate and 2-oxobutyrate in the pre-decarboxylation states and deciphered the atomic details for their stabilization in the active site. Collectively, we unravel an unexpected role for the first residue of the ThDP-binding motif and unlock a family of lyases that can perform valuable carboligation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Lanza
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Fabian Rabe von Pappenheim
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Bjarnesen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Camilla Leogrande
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Paul
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Leonhard Krug
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Kai Tittmann
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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2
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Ju Z, Li Z, Li M, Xu S, Kaliaperumal K, Chen FE. A Chemo-Enzymatic Approach for Preparing Efinaconazole with High Optical Yield. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14803-14808. [PMID: 37792295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present a novel and ecofriendly biocatalytic approach for synthesizing efinaconazole (7), a clinically used antifungal agent. This method involves utilizing benzaldehyde lyase (BAL) to catalyze the crucial benzoin condensation step in the ketone precursor. Treating 2,4-difluorobenzaldehyde with BAL in the presence of thiamin-diphosphate (ThDP) and Mg2+ resulted in the formation of α-hydroxy ketone which then underwent the preparation of 7. This innovative approach not only provides a greener alternative but also offers significant advantages over the traditional chemical process. Through our efforts and development work, we have established efficient and scalable procedures that enable the production of 7 in a moderate 38% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiran Ju
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhiyun Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Menglan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Saili Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | | | - Fen-Er Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
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3
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Ju Z, Xu J, Li Z, Fang J, Li M, Howell DC, Chen FE. Benzaldehyde lyase-catalyzed enantioselective C–C bond formation and cleavage: A review. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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4
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Peng M, Siebert DL, Engqvist MKM, Niemeyer CM, Rabe KS. Modeling-Assisted Design of Thermostable Benzaldehyde Lyases from Rhodococcus erythropolis for Continuous Production of α-Hydroxy Ketones. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100468. [PMID: 34558792 PMCID: PMC9293332 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Enantiopure α-hydroxy ketones are important building blocks of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), which can be produced by thiamine-diphosphate-dependent lyases, such as benzaldehyde lyase. Here we report the discovery of a novel thermostable benzaldehyde lyase from Rhodococcus erythropolis R138 (ReBAL). While the overall sequence identity to the only experimentally confirmed benzaldehyde lyase from Pseudomonas fluorescens Biovar I (PfBAL) was only 65 %, comparison of a structural model of ReBAL with the crystal structure of PfBAL revealed only four divergent amino acids in the substrate binding cavity. Based on rational design, we generated two ReBAL variants, which were characterized along with the wild-type enzyme in terms of their substrate spectrum, thermostability and biocatalytic performance in the presence of different co-solvents. We found that the new enzyme variants have a significantly higher thermostability (up to 22 °C increase in T50 ) and a different co-solvent-dependent activity. Using the most stable variant immobilized in packed-bed reactors via the SpyCatcher/SpyTag system, (R)-benzoin was synthesized from benzaldehyde over a period of seven days with a stable space-time-yield of 9.3 mmol ⋅ L-1 ⋅ d-1 . Our work expands the important class of benzaldehyde lyases and therefore contributes to the development of continuous biocatalytic processes for the production of α-hydroxy ketones and APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Peng
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Dominik L. Siebert
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Martin K. M. Engqvist
- Chalmers University of TechnologyDepartment of Biology and Biological EngineeringDivision of Systems and Synthetic BiologyKemivägen 10412 96GothenburgSweden
| | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Kersten S. Rabe
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
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5
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Sun Z, Zhao Q, Haag R, Wu C. Responsive Emulsions for Sequential Multienzyme Cascades. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8410-8414. [PMID: 33480131 PMCID: PMC8048562 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multienzyme cascade biocatalysis is an efficient synthetic process, avoiding the isolation/purification of intermediates and shifting the reaction equilibrium to the product side.. However, multienzyme systems are often limited by their incompatibility and cross-reactivity. Herein, we report a multi-responsive emulsion to proceed multienzyme reactions sequentially for high reactivity. The emulsion is achieved using a CO2 , pH, and thermo-responsive block copolymer as a stabilizer, allowing the on-demand control of emulsion morphology and phase composition. Applying this system to a three-step cascade reaction enables the individual optimal condition for each enzyme, and a high overall conversion (ca. 97 % of the calculated limit) is thereby obtained. Moreover, the multi-responsiveness of the emulsion allows the facile and separate yielding/recycling of products, polymers and active enzymes. Besides, the system could be scaled up with a good yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Sun
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Southern DenmarkCampusvej 555230OdenseDenmark
| | - Qingcai Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Changzhu Wu
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Southern DenmarkCampusvej 555230OdenseDenmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced StudyUniversity of Southern DenmarkCampusvej 555230OdenseDenmark
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6
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Sun Z, Zhao Q, Haag R, Wu C. Responsive Emulsions for Sequential Multienzyme Cascades. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Sun
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Qingcai Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Takustr. 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Takustr. 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Changzhu Wu
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
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7
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Seo PW, Jo HJ, Hwang IY, Jeong HY, Kim JH, Kim JW, Lee EY, Park JB, Kim JS. Understanding the molecular properties of the E1 subunit (SucA) of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex from Vibrio vulnificus for the enantioselective ligation of acetaldehydes into (R)-acetoin. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01566c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective ligation of acetaldehydes into (R)-acetoin by SucA from Vibrio vulnificus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil-Won Seo
- Department of Chemistry
- Chonnam National University
- Gwangju 61186
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Jo
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul 03760
- Republic of Korea
| | - In Yeub Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Kyung Hee University
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Yeon Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul 03760
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hong Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Chonnam National University
- Gwangju 61186
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Chonnam National University
- Gwangju 61186
- Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Kyung Hee University
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Byung Park
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul 03760
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Chonnam National University
- Gwangju 61186
- Republic of Korea
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8
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Ellis GA, Klein WP, Lasarte-Aragonés G, Thakur M, Walper SA, Medintz IL. Artificial Multienzyme Scaffolds: Pursuing in Vitro Substrate Channeling with an Overview of Current Progress. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Ellis
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - William P. Klein
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- National Research Council, Washington, D.C. 20001, United States
| | - Guillermo Lasarte-Aragonés
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Meghna Thakur
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Scott A. Walper
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
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9
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Planas F, McLeish MJ, Himo F. Computational characterization of enzyme-bound thiamin diphosphate reveals a surprisingly stable tricyclic state: implications for catalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:145-159. [PMID: 30745990 PMCID: PMC6350894 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiamin diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzymes constitute a large class of enzymes that catalyze a diverse range of reactions. Many are involved in stereospecific carbon–carbon bond formation and, consequently, have found increasing interest and utility as chiral catalysts in various biocatalytic applications. All ThDP-catalyzed reactions require the reaction of the ThDP ylide (the activated state of the cofactor) with the substrate. Given that the cofactor can adopt up to seven states on an enzyme, identifying the factors affecting the stability of the pre-reactant states is important for the overall understanding of the kinetics and mechanism of the individual reactions. In this paper we use density functional theory calculations to systematically study the different cofactor states in terms of energies and geometries. Benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFDC), which is a well characterized chiral catalyst, serves as the prototypical ThDP-dependent enzyme. A model of the active site was constructed on the basis of available crystal structures, and the cofactor states were characterized in the presence of three different ligands (crystallographic water, benzoylformate as substrate, and (R)-mandelate as inhibitor). Overall, the calculations reveal that the relative stabilities of the cofactor states are greatly affected by the presence and identity of the bound ligands. A surprising finding is that benzoylformate binding, while favoring ylide formation, provided even greater stabilization to a catalytically inactive tricyclic state. Conversely, the inhibitor binding greatly destabilized the ylide formation. Together, these observations have significant implications for the reaction kinetics of the ThDP-dependent enzymes, and, potentially, for the use of unnatural substrates in such reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Planas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael J McLeish
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis IN 46202, USA
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Jäger VD, Lamm R, Kloß R, Kaganovitch E, Grünberger A, Pohl M, Büchs J, Jaeger KE, Krauss U. A Synthetic Reaction Cascade Implemented by Colocalization of Two Proteins within Catalytically Active Inclusion Bodies. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2282-2295. [PMID: 30053372 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In nature, enzymatic reaction cascades, i.e., realized in metabolic networks, operate with unprecedented efficacy, with the reactions often being spatially and temporally orchestrated. The principle of "learning from nature" has in recent years inspired the setup of synthetic reaction cascades combining biocatalytic reaction steps to artificial cascades. Hereby, the spatial organization of multiple enzymes, e.g., by coimmobilization, remains a challenging task, as currently no generic principles are available that work for every enzyme. We here present a tunable, genetically programmed coimmobilization strategy that relies on the fusion of a coiled-coil domain as aggregation inducing-tag, resulting in the formation of catalytically active inclusion body coimmobilizates (Co-CatIBs). Coexpression and coimmobilization was proven using two fluorescent proteins, and the strategy was subsequently extended to two enzymes, which enabled the realization of an integrated enzymatic two-step cascade for the production of (1 R,2 R)-1-phenylpropane-1,2-diol (PPD), a precursor of the calicum channel blocker diltiazem. In particular, the easy production and preparation of Co-CatIBs, readily yielding a biologically produced enzyme immobilizate renders the here presented strategy an interesting alternative to existing cascade immobilization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera D. Jäger
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSc), Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Robin Lamm
- AVT-Chair for Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSc), Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ramona Kloß
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSc), Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Eugen Kaganovitch
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexander Grünberger
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Multiscale Bioengineering group, Bielefeld University, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Martina Pohl
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSc), Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT-Chair for Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSc), Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSc), Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Krauss
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSc), Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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11
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Regio- and Stereoselective Aliphatic-Aromatic Cross-Benzoin Reaction: Enzymatic Divergent Catalysis. Chemistry 2016; 22:13999-14005. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Schmidt NG, Eger E, Kroutil W. Building Bridges: Biocatalytic C-C-Bond Formation toward Multifunctional Products. ACS Catal 2016; 6:4286-4311. [PMID: 27398261 PMCID: PMC4936090 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-carbon bond formation is the key reaction for organic synthesis to construct the carbon framework of organic molecules. The review gives a selection of biocatalytic C-C-bond-forming reactions which have been investigated during the last 5 years and which have already been proven to be applicable for organic synthesis. In most cases, the reactions lead to products functionalized at the site of C-C-bond formation (e.g., α-hydroxy ketones, aminoalcohols, diols, 1,4-diketones, etc.) or allow to decorate aromatic and heteroaromatic molecules. Furthermore, examples for cyclization of (non)natural precursors leading to saturated carbocycles are given as well as the stereoselective cyclopropanation of olefins affording cyclopropanes. Although many tools are already available, recent research also makes it clear that nature provides an even broader set of enzymes to perform specific C-C coupling reactions. The possibilities are without limit; however, a big library of variants for different types of reactions is required to have the specific enzyme for a desired specific (stereoselective) reaction at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G. Schmidt
- ACIB
GmbH c/o, Department of Chemistry, University
of Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Eger
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- ACIB
GmbH c/o, Department of Chemistry, University
of Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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13
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Computational protein design enables a novel one-carbon assimilation pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:3704-9. [PMID: 25775555 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500545112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a computationally designed enzyme, formolase (FLS), which catalyzes the carboligation of three one-carbon formaldehyde molecules into one three-carbon dihydroxyacetone molecule. The existence of FLS enables the design of a new carbon fixation pathway, the formolase pathway, consisting of a small number of thermodynamically favorable chemical transformations that convert formate into a three-carbon sugar in central metabolism. The formolase pathway is predicted to use carbon more efficiently and with less backward flux than any naturally occurring one-carbon assimilation pathway. When supplemented with enzymes carrying out the other steps in the pathway, FLS converts formate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and other central metabolites in vitro. These results demonstrate how modern protein engineering and design tools can facilitate the construction of a completely new biosynthetic pathway.
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14
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Berheide M, Kara S, Liese A. Reversibility of asymmetric catalyzed C–C bond formation by benzoylformate decarboxylase. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cy00171k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFD) fromPseudomonas putidacatalyzed the formation of 2-hydroxy-1-phenylpropanone (2-HPP), a 2-hydroxy ketone, from the kinetic resolution ofrac-benzoin in the presence of acetaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Berheide
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis
- Hamburg University of Technology
- Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Selin Kara
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis
- Hamburg University of Technology
- Hamburg
- Germany
- Institute of Microbiology
| | - Andreas Liese
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis
- Hamburg University of Technology
- Hamburg
- Germany
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15
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Jordan F, Nemeria NS. Progress in the experimental observation of thiamin diphosphate-bound intermediates on enzymes and mechanistic information derived from these observations. Bioorg Chem 2014; 57:251-262. [PMID: 25228115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thiamin diphosphate (ThDP), the vitamin B1 coenzyme is an excellent representative of coenzymes, which carry out electrophilic catalysis by forming a covalent complex with their substrates. The function of ThDP is to greatly increase the acidity of two carbon acids by stabilizing their conjugate bases, the ylide/carbene/C2-carbanion of the thiazolium ring and the C2α-carbanion/enamine, once the substrate binds to ThDP. In recent years, several ThDP-bound intermediates on such pathways have been characterized by both solution and solid-state methods. Prominent among these advances are X-ray crystallographic results identifying both oxidative and non-oxidative intermediates, rapid chemical quench followed by NMR detection of several intermediates which are stable under acidic conditions, solid-state NMR and circular dichroism detection of the states of ionization and tautomerization of the 4'-aminopyrimidine moiety of ThDP in some of the intermediates. These methods also enabled in some cases determination of the rate-limiting step in the complex series of steps. This review is an update of a review with the same title published by the authors in 2005 in this Journal. Much progress has been made in the intervening decade in the identification of the intermediates and their application to gain additional mechanistic insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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16
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Patel H, Nemeria NS, Andrews FH, McLeish MJ, Jordan F. Identification of charge transfer transitions related to thiamin-bound intermediates on enzymes provides a plethora of signatures useful in mechanistic studies. Biochemistry 2014; 53:2145-52. [PMID: 24628377 PMCID: PMC3985856 DOI: 10.1021/bi4015743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Identification
of enzyme-bound intermediates via their spectroscopic
signatures, which then allows direct monitoring of the kinetic fate
of these intermediates, poses a continuing challenge. As an electrophilic
covalent catalyst, the thiamin diphosphate (ThDP) coenzyme forms a
number of noncovalent and covalent intermediates along its reaction
pathways, and multiple UV–vis and circular dichroism (CD) bands
have been identified at Rutgers pertinent to several among them. These
electronic transitions fall into two classes: those for which the
conjugated system provides a reasonable guide to the observed λmax and others in which there is no corresponding conjugated
system and the observed CD bands are best ascribed to charge transfer
(CT) transitions. Herein is reported the reaction of four ThDP enzymes
with alternate substrates: (a) acetyl pyruvate, its methyl ester,
and fluoropyruvate, these providing the shortest side chains attached
at the thiazolium C2 atom and leading to CT bands with λmax values of >390 nm, not pertinent to any on-pathway conjugated
systems (estimated λmax values of <330 nm), and
(b) (E)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxo-3-butenoic acid
displaying both a conjugated enamine (430 nm) and a CT transition
(480 nm). We suggest that the CT transitions result from an interaction
of the π bond on the ThDP C2 side chain as a donor, and the
positively charged thiazolium ring as an acceptor, and correspond
to covalent ThDP-bound intermediates. Time resolution of these bands
allows the rate constants for individual steps to be determined. These
CD methods can be applied to the entire ThDP superfamily of enzymes
and should find applications with other enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetalben Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey , Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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17
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Patel H, Shim DJ, Farinas ET, Jordan F. Investigation of the donor and acceptor range for chiral carboligation catalyzed by the E1 component of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 98. [PMID: 24277992 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The potential of thiamin diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzymes to catalyze C-C bond forming (carboligase) reactions with high enantiomeric excess has been recognized for many years. Here we report the application of the E1 component of the Escherichia coli 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex in the synthesis of chiral compounds with multiple functional groups in good yield and high enantiomeric excess, by varying both the donor substrate (different 2-oxo acids) and the acceptor substrate (glyoxylate, ethyl glyoxylate and methyl glyoxal). Major findings include the demonstration that the enzyme can accept 2-oxovalerate and 2-oxoisovalerate in addition to its natural substrate 2-oxoglutarate, and that the tested acceptors are also acceptable in the carboligation reaction, thereby very much expanding the repertory of the enzyme in chiral synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetalben Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102
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18
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Purification and covalent immobilization of benzaldehyde lyase with heterofunctional chelate-epoxy modified magnetic nanoparticles and its carboligation reactivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Hailes HC, Rother D, Müller M, Westphal R, Ward JM, Pleiss J, Vogel C, Pohl M. Engineering stereoselectivity of ThDP-dependent enzymes. FEBS J 2013; 280:6374-94. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen C. Hailes
- Department of Chemistry; Christopher Ingold Laboratories; University College London; UK
| | - Dörte Rother
- IBG-1: Biotechnology; Forschungszentrum Jülich Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Freiburg; Germany
| | | | - John M. Ward
- Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; UK
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Germany
| | - Constantin Vogel
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Germany
| | - Martina Pohl
- IBG-1: Biotechnology; Forschungszentrum Jülich Germany
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20
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Andrews FH, McLeish MJ. Using site-saturation mutagenesis to explore mechanism and substrate specificity in thiamin diphosphate-dependent enzymes. FEBS J 2013; 280:6395-411. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Forest H. Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; IN USA
| | - Michael J. McLeish
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; IN USA
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21
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Andrews FH, Tom AR, Gunderman PR, Novak WRP, McLeish MJ. A Bulky Hydrophobic Residue Is Not Required To Maintain the V-Conformation of Enzyme-Bound Thiamin Diphosphate. Biochemistry 2013; 52:3028-30. [DOI: 10.1021/bi400368j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Forest H. Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Alan R. Tom
- Department of Chemistry, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana 47933, United
States
| | - Peter R. Gunderman
- Department of Chemistry, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana 47933, United
States
| | - Walter R. P. Novak
- Department of Chemistry, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana 47933, United
States
| | - Michael J. McLeish
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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22
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Chang CM, Huang YW, Shih CH, Hwang JK. On the relationship between the sequence conservation and the packing density profiles of the protein complexes. Proteins 2013; 81:1192-9. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.24268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Min Chang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology; National Chiao Tung University; HsinChu 30050; Taiwan; Republic of China
| | - Yu-Wen Huang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology; National Chiao Tung University; HsinChu 30050; Taiwan; Republic of China
| | - Chien-Hua Shih
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology; National Chiao Tung University; HsinChu 30050; Taiwan; Republic of China
| | - Jenn-Kang Hwang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology; National Chiao Tung University; HsinChu 30050; Taiwan; Republic of China
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23
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Carboligation reactivity of benzaldehyde lyase (BAL, EC 4.1.2.38) covalently attached to magnetic nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Li T, Huo L, Pulley C, Liu A. Decarboxylation mechanisms in biological system. Bioorg Chem 2012; 43:2-14. [PMID: 22534166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the mechanisms propelling cofactor-independent, organic cofactor-dependent and metal-dependent decarboxylase chemistry. Decarboxylation, the removal of carbon dioxide from organic acids, is a fundamentally important reaction in biology. Numerous decarboxylase enzymes serve as key components of aerobic and anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid conversion. In the past decade, our knowledge of the mechanisms enabling these crucial decarboxylase reactions has continued to expand and inspire. This review focuses on the organic cofactors biotin, flavin, NAD, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, pyruvoyl, and thiamin pyrophosphate as catalytic centers. Significant attention is also placed on the metal-dependent decarboxylase mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfeng Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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25
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Steinbach A, Fraas S, Harder J, Warkentin E, Kroneck PMH, Ermler U. Crystal structure of a ring-cleaving cyclohexane-1,2-dione hydrolase, a novel member of the thiamine diphosphate enzyme family. FEBS J 2012; 279:1209-19. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Balakrishnan A, Gao Y, Moorjani P, Nemeria NS, Tittmann K, Jordan F. Bifunctionality of the thiamin diphosphate cofactor: assignment of tautomeric/ionization states of the 4'-aminopyrimidine ring when various intermediates occupy the active sites during the catalysis of yeast pyruvate decarboxylase. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:3873-85. [PMID: 22300533 PMCID: PMC3295232 DOI: 10.1021/ja211139c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thiamin diphosphate (ThDP) dependent enzymes perform crucial C-C bond forming and breaking reactions in sugar and amino acid metabolism and in biosynthetic pathways via a sequence of ThDP-bound covalent intermediates. A member of this superfamily, yeast pyruvate decarboxylase (YPDC) carries out the nonoxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and is mechanistically a simpler ThDP enzyme. YPDC variants created by substitution at the active center (D28A, E51X, and E477Q) and on the substrate activation pathway (E91D and C221E) display varying activity, suggesting that they stabilize different covalent intermediates. To test the role of both rings of ThDP in YPDC catalysis (the 4'-aminopyrimidine as acid-base, and thiazolium as electrophilic covalent catalyst), we applied a combination of steady state and time-resolved circular dichroism experiments (assessing the state of ionization and tautomerization of enzyme-bound ThDP-related intermediates), and chemical quench of enzymatic reaction mixtures followed by NMR characterization of the ThDP-bound intermediates released from YPDC (assessing occupancy of active centers by these intermediates and rate-limiting steps). Results suggest the following: (1) Pyruvate and analogs induce active site asymmetry in YPDC and variants. (2) The rare 1',4'-iminopyrimidine ThDP tautomer participates in formation of ThDP-bound intermediates. (3) Propionylphosphinate also binds at the regulatory site and its binding is reflected by catalytic events at the active site 20 Å away. (4) YPDC stabilizes an electrostatic model for the 4'-aminopyrimidinium ionization state, an important contribution of the protein to catalysis. The combination of tools used provides time-resolved details about individual events during ThDP catalysis; the methods are transferable to other ThDP superfamily members.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuhong Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Prerna Moorjani
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | | | - Kai Tittmann
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute & Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frank Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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27
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Gedi V, Yoon MY. Bacterial acetohydroxyacid synthase and its inhibitors - a summary of their structure, biological activity and current status. FEBS J 2012; 279:946-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Natalia D, Greiner L, Leitner W, Ansorge-Schumacher MB. Stability, activity, and selectivity of benzaldehyde lyase in supercritical fluids. J Supercrit Fluids 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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29
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Rother neé Gocke D, Kolter G, Gerhards T, Berthold CL, Gauchenova E, Knoll M, Pleiss J, Müller M, Schneider G, Pohl M. S-Selective Mixed Carboligation by Structure-Based Design of the Pyruvate Decarboxylase from Acetobacter pasteurianus. ChemCatChem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Vyazmensky M, Steinmetz A, Meyer D, Golbik R, Barak Z, Tittmann K, Chipman DM. Significant Catalytic Roles for Glu47 and Gln 110 in All Four of the C−C Bond-Making and -Breaking Steps of the Reactions of Acetohydroxyacid Synthase II. Biochemistry 2011; 50:3250-60. [DOI: 10.1021/bi102051h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vyazmensky
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Life Sciences, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Andrea Steinmetz
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute and Göttingen Centre for Molecular Biosciences, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Department of Bioanalytics, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Danilo Meyer
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute and Göttingen Centre for Molecular Biosciences, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Department of Bioanalytics, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ralph Golbik
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ze'ev Barak
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Life Sciences, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Kai Tittmann
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute and Göttingen Centre for Molecular Biosciences, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Department of Bioanalytics, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - David M. Chipman
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Life Sciences, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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31
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Brovetto M, Gamenara D, Méndez PS, Seoane GA. C-C bond-forming lyases in organic synthesis. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4346-403. [PMID: 21417217 DOI: 10.1021/cr100299p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Brovetto
- Grupo de Fisicoquímica Orgánica y Bioprocesos, Departamento de Química Orgánica, DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Gral. Flores 2124, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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32
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Shortridge MD, Triplet T, Revesz P, Griep MA, Powers R. Bacterial protein structures reveal phylum dependent divergence. Comput Biol Chem 2011; 35:24-33. [PMID: 21315656 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Protein sequence space is vast compared to protein fold space. This raises important questions about how structures adapt to evolutionary changes in protein sequences. A growing trend is to regard protein fold space as a continuum rather than a series of discrete structures. From this perspective, homologous protein structures within the same functional classification should reveal a constant rate of structural drift relative to sequence changes. The clusters of orthologous groups (COG) classification system was used to annotate homologous bacterial protein structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The structures and sequences of proteins within each COG were compared against each other to establish their relatedness. As expected, the analysis demonstrates a sharp structural divergence between the bacterial phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Additionally, each COG had a distinct sequence/structure relationship, indicating that different evolutionary pressures affect the degree of structural divergence. However, our analysis also shows the relative drift rate between sequence identity and structure divergence remains constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Shortridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 68588-0304, United States
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33
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Topal KG, Atilgan C, Demir AS, Aviyente V. Understanding the mode of action of ThDP in benzoylformate decarboxylase. Biopolymers 2009; 93:32-46. [PMID: 19688812 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of all elementary steps involved in the catalytic cycle of benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFD, E.C. 4.1.1.7) to generate the acyloin linkage is investigated by extensive molecular dynamics simulations. Models involving different charge states of amino acids and/or mutants of critical residues were constructed to understand the involvement of the catalytically active residues and the reactivity differences between different substrates in this reaction. Our calculations confirm that H70, S26, and H281 are catalytically active amino acids. H281 functions as a base to accept H(donor) in the first nucleophilic attack and as an acid in the second, to donate the proton back to O(acceptor). S26 assists H281 in deprotonation of the donor aldehyde and protonation of the acceptor aldehyde. In both the first and second nucleophilic attacks, H70 interacts with O(aldehyde) and aligns it toward the nucleophilic center. H70 has been found to have an electrostatic effect on the approaching aldehyde whose absence would block the initiation of the reaction. The reactivity difference between benzaldehyde (BA) and acetaldehyde (AA) is mainly explained by the steric interactions of the acceptor aldehyde with the surrounding amino acids in the active center of the enzyme.
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34
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Müller M, Gocke D, Pohl M. Thiamin diphosphate in biological chemistry: exploitation of diverse thiamin diphosphate-dependent enzymes for asymmetric chemoenzymatic synthesis. FEBS J 2009; 276:2894-904. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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35
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Schmidt T, Zavrel M, Spieß A, Ansorge-Schumacher M. Biochemical peculiarities of benzaldehyde lyase from Pseudomonas fluorescens Biovar I in the dependency on pH and cosolvent concentration. Bioorg Chem 2009; 37:84-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Brandt GS, Kneen MM, Chakraborty S, Baykal AT, Nemeria N, Yep A, Ruby DI, Petsko GA, Kenyon GL, McLeish MJ, Jordan F, Ringe D. Snapshot of a reaction intermediate: analysis of benzoylformate decarboxylase in complex with a benzoylphosphonate inhibitor. Biochemistry 2009; 48:3247-57. [PMID: 19320438 DOI: 10.1021/bi801950k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFDC) is a thiamin diphosphate- (ThDP-) dependent enzyme acting on aromatic substrates. In addition to its metabolic role in the mandelate pathway, BFDC shows broad substrate specificity coupled with tight stereo control in the carbon-carbon bond-forming reverse reaction, making it a useful biocatalyst for the production of chiral alpha-hydroxy ketones. The reaction of methyl benzoylphosphonate (MBP), an analogue of the natural substrate benzoylformate, with BFDC results in the formation of a stable analogue (C2alpha-phosphonomandelyl-ThDP) of the covalent ThDP-substrate adduct C2alpha-mandelyl-ThDP. Formation of the stable adduct is confirmed both by formation of a circular dichroism band characteristic of the 1',4'-iminopyrimidine tautomeric form of ThDP (commonly observed when ThDP forms tetrahedral complexes with its substrates) and by high-resolution mass spectrometry of the reaction mixture. In addition, the structure of BFDC with the MBP inhibitor was solved by X-ray crystallography to a spatial resolution of 1.37 A (PDB ID 3FSJ). The electron density clearly shows formation of a tetrahedral adduct between the C2 atom of ThDP and the carbonyl carbon atom of the MBP. This adduct resembles the intermediate from the penultimate step of the carboligation reaction between benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde. The combination of real-time kinetic information via stopped-flow circular dichroism with steady-state data from equilibrium circular dichroism measurements and X-ray crystallography reveals details of the first step of the reaction catalyzed by BFDC. The MBP-ThDP adduct on BFDC is compared to the recently solved structure of the same adduct on benzaldehyde lyase, another ThDP-dependent enzyme capable of catalyzing aldehyde condensation with high stereospecificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Brandt
- Department of Chemistry, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
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37
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Nemeria NS, Chakraborty S, Balakrishnan A, Jordan F. Reaction mechanisms of thiamin diphosphate enzymes: defining states of ionization and tautomerization of the cofactor at individual steps. FEBS J 2009; 276:2432-46. [PMID: 19476485 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.06964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We summarize the currently available information regarding the state of ionization and tautomerization of the 4'-aminopyrimidine ring of the thiamine diphosphate on enzymes requiring this coenzyme. This coenzyme forms a series of covalent intermediates with its substrates as an electrophilic catalyst, and the coenzyme itself also carries out intramolecular proton transfers, which is virtually unprecedented in coenzyme chemistry. An understanding of the state of ionization and tautomerization of the 4'-aminopyrimidine ring in each of these intermediates provides important details about proton movements during catalysis. CD spectroscopy, both steady-state and time-resolved, has proved crucial for obtaining this information because no other experimental method has provided such atomic detail so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Nemeria
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.
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38
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Mikolajek RJ, Spiess AC, Pohl M, Büchs J. Propioin synthesis using thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzymes. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:132-8. [PMID: 19224568 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Benzaldehyde lyase (BAL, EC 4.1.2.38) from Pseudomonas fluorescens and benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFD, EC 4.1.1.7) from Pseudomonas putida are thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzymes. These enzymes share a common tetrameric structure and catalyze various C--C-bond forming and breaking reactions. Here we describe a detailed study of the asymmetric synthesis of propioin from propanal catalyzed by BAL or BFD in aqueous solution in a batch reactor. Both enzymes are deactivated in the presence of high concentration of propanal. Compared to BAL, BFD is more stable under reaction conditions as well as during storage. The kinetic studies showed a typical Michaelis-Menten kinetic for BAL with a maximal specific reaction rate of 26.2 U/mg and an unusually high K(M) of 415 mM, whereas the v/[S]-plot for BFD is almost linear in the concentration range (100-1500 mM) investigated. Both enzymes produce propioin with opposite enantiomeric excess: BAL produced the (S)-propioin (ee of 35%), whereas BFD yielded the (R)-enantiomer (ee of 67%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud J Mikolajek
- Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, Aachen 52056, Germany.
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39
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Specificity and reactivity in menaquinone biosynthesis: the structure of Escherichia coli MenD (2-succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase). J Mol Biol 2008; 384:1353-68. [PMID: 18983854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) and metal-ion-dependent enzyme 2-succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase, or MenD, catalyze the Stetter-like conjugate addition of alpha-ketoglutarate with isochorismate to release 2-succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate and carbon dioxide. This reaction represents the first committed step for biosynthesis of menaquinone, or vitamin K2, a key cofactor for electron transport in bacteria and a metabolite for posttranslational modification of proteins in mammals. The medium-resolution structure of MenD from Escherichia coli (EcMenD) in complex with its cofactor and Mn2+ has been determined in two related hexagonal crystal forms. The subunit displays the typical three-domain structure observed for ThDP-dependent enzymes in which two of the domains bind and force the cofactor into a configuration that supports formation of a reactive ylide. The structures reveal a stable dimer-of-dimers association in agreement with gel filtration and analytical ultracentrifugation studies and confirm the classification of MenD in the pyruvate oxidase family of ThDP-dependent enzymes. The active site, created by contributions from a pair of subunits, is highly basic with a pronounced hydrophobic patch. These features, formed by highly conserved amino acids, match well to the chemical properties of the substrates. A model of the covalent intermediate formed after reaction with the first substrate alpha-ketoglutarate and with the second substrate isochorismate positioned to accept nucleophilic attack has been prepared. This, in addition to structural and sequence comparisons with putative MenD orthologues, provides insight into the specificity and reactivity of MenD and allows a two-stage reaction mechanism to be proposed.
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40
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Zavrel M, Schmidt T, Michalik C, Ansorge-Schumacher M, Marquardt W, Büchs J, Spiess AC. Mechanistic kinetic model for symmetric carboligations using benzaldehyde lyase. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:27-38. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.21867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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41
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Brandt GS, Nemeria N, Chakraborty S, McLeish MJ, Yep A, Kenyon GL, Petsko GA, Jordan F, Ringe D. Probing the active center of benzaldehyde lyase with substitutions and the pseudosubstrate analogue benzoylphosphonic acid methyl ester. Biochemistry 2008; 47:7734-43. [PMID: 18570438 DOI: 10.1021/bi8004413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Benzaldehyde lyase (BAL) catalyzes the reversible cleavage of ( R)-benzoin to benzaldehyde utilizing thiamin diphosphate and Mg (2+) as cofactors. The enzyme is important for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of a wide range of compounds via its carboligation reaction mechanism. In addition to its principal functions, BAL can slowly decarboxylate aromatic amino acids such as benzoylformic acid. It is also intriguing mechanistically due to the paucity of acid-base residues at the active center that can participate in proton transfer steps thought to be necessary for these types of reactions. Here methyl benzoylphosphonate, an excellent electrostatic analogue of benzoylformic acid, is used to probe the mechanism of benzaldehyde lyase. The structure of benzaldehyde lyase in its covalent complex with methyl benzoylphosphonate was determined to 2.49 A (Protein Data Bank entry 3D7K ) and represents the first structure of this enzyme with a compound bound in the active site. No large structural reorganization was detected compared to the complex of the enzyme with thiamin diphosphate. The configuration of the predecarboxylation thiamin-bound intermediate was clarified by the structure. Both spectroscopic and X-ray structural studies are consistent with inhibition resulting from the binding of MBP to the thiamin diphosphate in the active centers. We also delineated the role of His29 (the sole potential acid-base catalyst in the active site other than the highly conserved Glu50) and Trp163 in cofactor activation and catalysis by benzaldehyde lyase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Brandt
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
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42
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Kluger R, Tittmann K. Thiamin diphosphate catalysis: enzymic and nonenzymic covalent intermediates. Chem Rev 2008; 108:1797-833. [PMID: 18491870 DOI: 10.1021/cr068444m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Kluger
- Davenport Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada.
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43
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Chakraborty S, Nemeria N, Yep A, McLeish MJ, Kenyon GL, Jordan F. Mechanism of benzaldehyde lyase studied via thiamin diphosphate-bound intermediates and kinetic isotope effects. Biochemistry 2008; 47:3800-9. [PMID: 18314961 DOI: 10.1021/bi702302u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Direct spectroscopic observation of thiamin diphosphate-bound intermediates was achieved on the enzyme benzaldehyde lyase, which carries out reversible and highly enantiospecific conversion of ( R)-benzoin to benzaldehyde. The key enamine intermediate could be observed at lambda max 393 nm in the benzoin breakdown direction and in the decarboxylase reaction starting with benzoylformate. With benzaldehyde as substrate, no intermediates could be detected, only formation of benzoin at 314 nm. To probe the rate-limiting step in the direction of ( R)-benzoin synthesis, the (1)H/ (2)H kinetic isotope effect was determined for benzaldehyde labeled at the aldehyde position and found to be small (1.14 +/- 0.03), indicating that ionization of the C2alphaH from C2alpha-hydroxybenzylthiamin diphosphate is not rate limiting. Use of the alternate substrates benzoylformic and phenylpyruvic acids (motivated by the observation that while a carboligase, benzaldehyde lyase could also catalyze the slow decarboxylation of 2-oxo acids) enabled the observation of the substrate-thiamin covalent intermediate via the 1',4'-iminopyrimidine tautomer, characteristic of all intermediates with a tetrahedral C2 substituent on ThDP. The reaction of benzaldehyde lyase with the chromophoric substrate analogue ( E)-2-oxo-4(pyridin-3-yl)-3-butenoic acid and its decarboxylated product ( E)-3-(pyridine-3-yl)acrylaldehyde enabled the detection of covalent adducts with both. Neither adduct underwent further reaction. An important finding of the studies is that all thiamin-related intermediates are in a chiral environment on benzaldehyde lyase as reflected by their circular dichroism signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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44
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Gocke D, Walter L, Gauchenova E, Kolter G, Knoll M, Berthold CL, Schneider G, Pleiss J, Müller M, Pohl M. Rational Protein Design of ThDP-Dependent Enzymes—Engineering Stereoselectivity. Chembiochem 2008; 9:406-12. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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Kaplun A, Binshtein E, Vyazmensky M, Steinmetz A, Barak Z, Chipman DM, Tittmann K, Shaanan B. Glyoxylate carboligase lacks the canonical active site glutamate of thiamine-dependent enzymes. Nat Chem Biol 2008; 4:113-8. [PMID: 18176558 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thiamine diphosphate (ThDP), a derivative of vitamin B1, is an enzymatic cofactor whose special chemical properties allow it to play critical mechanistic roles in a number of essential metabolic enzymes. It has been assumed that all ThDP-dependent enzymes exploit a polar interaction between a strictly conserved glutamate and the N1' of the ThDP moiety. The crystal structure of glyoxylate carboligase challenges this paradigm by revealing that valine replaces the conserved glutamate. Through kinetic, spectroscopic and site-directed mutagenesis studies, we show that although this extreme change lowers the rate of the initial step of the enzymatic reaction, it ensures efficient progress through subsequent steps. Glyoxylate carboligase thus provides a unique illustration of the fine tuning between catalytic stages imposed during evolution on enzymes catalyzing multistep processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kaplun
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 1 Ben-Gurion Avenue, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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46
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de María PD, Stillger T, Pohl M, Kiesel M, Liese A, Gröger H, Trauthwein H. Enantioselective CC Bond Ligation Using RecombinantEscherichia coli-Whole-Cell Biocatalysts. Adv Synth Catal 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200700230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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47
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Juan ECM, Hoque MM, Hossain MT, Yamamoto T, Imamura S, Suzuki K, Sekiguchi T, Takénaka A. The structures of pyruvate oxidase from Aerococcus viridans with cofactors and with a reaction intermediate reveal the flexibility of the active-site tunnel for catalysis. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2007; 63:900-7. [PMID: 18007037 PMCID: PMC2339753 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309107041012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of pyruvate oxidase from Aerococcus viridans (AvPOX) complexed with flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), with FAD and thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) and with FAD and the 2-acetyl-ThDP intermediate (AcThDP) have been determined at 1.6, 1.8 and 1.9 A resolution, respectively. Each subunit of the homotetrameric AvPOX enzyme consists of three domains, as observed in other ThDP-dependent enzymes. FAD is bound within one subunit in the elongated conformation and with the flavin moiety being planar in the oxidized form, while ThDP is bound in a conserved V-conformation at the subunit-subunit interface. The structures reveal flexible regions in the active-site tunnel which may undergo conformational changes to allow the entrance of the substrates and the exit of the reaction products. Of particular interest is the role of Lys478, the side chain of which may be bent or extended depending on the stage of catalysis. The structures also provide insight into the routes for electron transfer to FAD and the involvement of active-site residues in the catalysis of pyruvate to its products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Czarina Magat Juan
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Md Mominul Hoque
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Md Tofazzal Hossain
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | | | | | - Kaoru Suzuki
- College of Science and Engineering, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki 970-8551, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sekiguchi
- College of Science and Engineering, Iwaki Meisei University, Iwaki 970-8551, Japan
| | - Akio Takénaka
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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48
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Nemeria N, Korotchkina L, McLeish MJ, Kenyon GL, Patel MS, Jordan F. Elucidation of the chemistry of enzyme-bound thiamin diphosphate prior to substrate binding: defining internal equilibria among tautomeric and ionization states. Biochemistry 2007; 46:10739-44. [PMID: 17715948 DOI: 10.1021/bi700838q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Both solution and crystallographic studies suggest that the 4'-aminopyrimidine ring of the thiamin diphosphate coenzyme participates in catalysis, likely as an intramolecular general acid-base catalyst via the unusual 1',4'-iminopyrimidine tautomer. It is indeed uncommon for a coenzyme to be identified in its rare tautomeric form on its reaction pathways, yet this has been possible with thiamin diphosphate, in some cases even in the absence of substrate [Nemeria, N., Chakraborty, S., Baykal, A., Korotchkina, L., Patel, M. S., and Jordan, F. (2007) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 78-82.]. The ability to detect both the aminopyrimidine and iminopyrimidine tautomeric forms of thiamin diphosphate on enzymes has enabled us to assign the predominant tautomeric form present in individual intermediates on the pathway. Herein, we report the pH dependence of these tautomeric forms providing the first data for the internal thermodynamic equilibria on thiamin diphosphate enzymes for the various ionization and tautomeric forms of this coenzyme on four enzymes: benzaldehyde lyase, benzoylformate decarboxylase, pyruvate oxidase, and the E1 component of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex. Evidence is provided for an important function of the enzyme environment in altering both the ionization and tautomeric equilibria on the coenzyme even prior to addition of substrate. The pKa for the 4'-aminopyrimidinium moiety coincides with the pH for optimum activity thereby ensuring that all ionization states and tautomeric states are accessible during the catalytic cycle. The dramatic influence of the protein on the internal equilibria also points to conditions under which the long-elusive ylide intermediate could be stabilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nemeria
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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49
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Maraite A, Schmidt T, Ansörge-Schumacher MB, Brzozowski AM, Grogan G. Structure of the ThDP-dependent enzyme benzaldehyde lyase refined to 1.65 A resolution. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2007; 63:546-8. [PMID: 17620706 PMCID: PMC2335142 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309107028576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Benzaldehyde lyase (BAL; EC 4.1.2.38) is a thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) dependent enzyme that catalyses the enantioselective carboligation of two molecules of benzaldehyde to form (R)-benzoin. BAL has hence aroused interest for its potential in the industrial synthesis of optically active benzoins and derivatives. The structure of BAL was previously solved to a resolution of 2.6 A using MAD experiments on a selenomethionine derivative [Mosbacher et al. (2005), FEBS J. 272, 6067-6076]. In this communication of parallel studies, BAL was crystallized in an alternative space group (P2(1)2(1)2(1)) and its structure refined to a resolution of 1.65 A, allowing detailed observation of the water structure, active-site interactions with ThDP and also the electron density for the co-solvent 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol (MPD) at hydrophobic patches of the enzyme surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Maraite
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marion B. Ansörge-Schumacher
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Marek Brzozowski
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5YW, England
| | - Gideon Grogan
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5YW, England
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50
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Mikolajek R, Spiess AC, Pohl M, Lamare S, Büchs J. An Activity, Stability and Selectivity Comparison of Propioin Synthesis by Thiamine Diphosphate-Dependent Enzymes in a Solid/Gas Bioreactor. Chembiochem 2007; 8:1063-70. [PMID: 17497614 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic carboligation in a solid/gas bioreactor represents a new challenge in biotechnology. In this paper, the continuous gas-phase production of propioin from two propanal molecules by using thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzymes was studied. Two enzymes were used, namely benzaldehyde lyase (BAL) from Pseudomonas fluorescens and benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFD) from Pseudomonas putida. The enzymes are homologous and catalyze carboligase and carbolyase reactions in which no external cofactor regeneration is needed. The influence of water and substrate activity on the initial reaction rate and biocatalyst stability was investigated. An increase in water activity raised the initial reaction rates to the maximal values of 250 and 80 U g(-1) for BAL and BFD, respectively. The half-life showed the same trend with maximal values of 50 and 78 min for BAL and BFD, respectively. The increase in the half-life by increasing water activity was unexpected. It was also observed that BFD is more stable than BAL in the presence of the substrate propanal. Both enzymes showed substrate inhibition in the kinetic studies, and BAL was also deactivated during the reaction. Unexpectedly, the stereoselectivity of both enzymes (ee of 19 % for BAL and racemic mixture for BFD) was significantly impaired in the gas phase compared to the liquid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Mikolajek
- Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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