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Golenkina EA, Viryasova GM, Galkina SI, Iakushkina IV, Gaponova TV, Romanova YM, Sud’ina GF. ATP and Formyl Peptides Facilitate Chemoattractant Leukotriene-B4 Synthesis and Drive Calcium Fluxes, Which May Contribute to Neutrophil Swarming at Sites of Cell Damage and Pathogens Invasion. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1184. [PMID: 38927391 PMCID: PMC11201259 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate that human neutrophil interaction with the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium fuels leukotriene B4 synthesis induced by the chemoattractant fMLP. In this work, we found that extracellular ATP (eATP), the amount of which increases sharply during tissue damage, can effectively regulate fMLP-induced leukotriene B4 synthesis. The vector of influence strongly depends on the particular stage of sequential stimulation of neutrophils by bacteria and on the stage at which fMLP purinergic signaling occurs. Activation of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), key enzyme of leukotriene biosynthesis, depends on an increase in the cytosolic concentration of Ca2+. We demonstrate that eATP treatment prior to fMLP, by markedly reducing the amplitude of the fMLP-induced Ca2+ transient jump, inhibits leukotriene synthesis. At the same time, when added with or shortly after fMLP, eATP effectively potentiates arachidonic acid metabolism, including by Ca2+ fluxes stimulation. Flufenamic acid, glibenclamide, and calmodulin antagonist R24571, all of which block calcium signaling in different ways, all suppressed 5-LOX product synthesis in our experimental model, indicating the dominance of calcium-mediated mechanisms in eATP regulatory potential. Investigation into the adhesive properties of neutrophils revealed the formation of cell clusters when adding fMLP to neutrophils exposed to the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. eATP added simultaneously with fMLP supported neutrophil polarization and clustering. A cell-derived chemoattractant such as leukotriene B4 plays a crucial role in the recruitment of additional neutrophils to the foci of tissue damage or pathogen invasion, and eATP, through the dynamics of changes in [Ca2+]i, plays an important decisive role in fMLP-induced leukotrienes synthesis during neutrophil interactions with the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Golenkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (S.I.G.); (I.V.I.)
| | - Galina M. Viryasova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (S.I.G.); (I.V.I.)
| | - Svetlana I. Galkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (S.I.G.); (I.V.I.)
| | - Iuliia V. Iakushkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (S.I.G.); (I.V.I.)
| | - Tatjana V. Gaponova
- National Research Center for Hematology, Russia Federation Ministry of Public Health, 125167 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Yulia M. Romanova
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Gamaleya National Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Galina F. Sud’ina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (S.I.G.); (I.V.I.)
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Golenkina EA, Viryasova GM, Galkina SI, Kondratenko ND, Gaponova TV, Romanova YM, Lyamzaev KG, Chernyak BV, Sud’ina GF. Redox processes are major regulators of leukotriene synthesis in neutrophils exposed to bacteria Salmonella typhimurium; the way to manipulate neutrophil swarming. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1295150. [PMID: 38384456 PMCID: PMC10880102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1295150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play a primary role in protecting our body from pathogens. When confronted with invading bacteria, neutrophils begin to produce leukotriene B4, a potent chemoattractant that, in cooperation with the primary bacterial chemoattractant fMLP, stimulates the formation of swarms of neutrophils surrounding pathogens. Here we describe a complex redox regulation that either stimulates or inhibits fMLP-induced leukotriene synthesis in an experimental model of neutrophils interacting with Salmonella typhimurium. The scavenging of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species by mitochondria-targeted antioxidants MitoQ and SkQ1, as well as inhibition of their production by mitochondrial inhibitors, inhibit the synthesis of leukotrienes regardless of the cessation of oxidative phosphorylation. On the contrary, antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and sodium hydrosulfide promoting reductive shift in the reversible thiol-disulfide system stimulate the synthesis of leukotrienes. Diamide that oxidizes glutathione at high concentrations inhibits leukotriene synthesis, and the glutathione precursor S-adenosyl-L-methionine prevents this inhibition. Diamide-dependent inhibition is also prevented by diphenyleneiodonium, presumably through inhibition of NADPH oxidase and NADPH accumulation. Thus, during bacterial infection, maintaining the reduced state of glutathione in neutrophils plays a decisive role in the synthesis of leukotriene B4. Suppression of excess leukotriene synthesis is an effective strategy for treating various inflammatory pathologies. Our data suggest that the use of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants may be promising for this purpose, whereas known thiol-based antioxidants, such as N-acetylcysteine, may dangerously stimulate leukotriene synthesis by neutrophils during severe pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Golenkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina M. Viryasova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana I. Galkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia D. Kondratenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatjana V. Gaponova
- National Research Center for Hematology, Russia Federation Ministry of Public Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia M. Romanova
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Gamaleya National Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin G. Lyamzaev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- The “Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris V. Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina F. Sud’ina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Liu Y, Xiao H, Wang Z, Pan Q, Zhao X, Lu B. Interactions between dietary cholesterol and intestinal flora and their effects on host health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37947307 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2276883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between dietary cholesterol and intestinal microbiota strongly affect host health. In recent years, relevant studies have greatly advanced this field and need to be summarized to deepen the understanding of dietary cholesterol-intestinal microbiota interactions and their effects on host health. This review covers the most recent frontiers on the effects of dietary cholesterol on the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites, the metabolism of cholesterol by the intestinal microbiota, and the effects of the interactions on host health. Several animal-feeding studies reported that dietary cholesterol altered different intestinal microbiota in the body, while mainly causing alterations in intestinal microbial metabolites such as bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, and tryptophan derivatives. Alterations in these metabolites may be a novel mechanism mediating cholesterol-related diseases. The cholesterol microbial metabolite, coprostanol, has a low absorption rate and is excreted in the feces. Thus, microbial conversion of cholesterol-to-coprostanol may be an important way of cholesterol-lowering by the organism. Cholesterol-3-sulfate is a recently discovered microbial metabolite of cholesterol, mainly metabolized by Bacteroides containing the Bt_0416 gene. Its effects on host health have been preliminarily characterized and are mainly related to immune modulation and repair of the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Zhangtie Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qiannan Pan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Baiyi Lu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
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Wang SS, Xu X, Lu AX, Li WH, Liu JX, Liu C, Yan CH. Amelioration of cholesterol sulfate for lead-induced CTX cell apoptosis based on BDNF signaling pathway mediated cholesterol metabolism. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 248:114307. [PMID: 36423370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb), as a deleterious heavy metal, ubiquitously exists in environment and industry, which engenders multi-organ disfunction, especially the brain of infants who are vulnerable to attack from lead-induced neurotoxicity. Although cholesterol sulfate (CS) is crucial constituent of cell membranes and precursor of neurosteroids, which maintains the function and survival of neurons, the role of CS in lead-induced neurological damage still remains incomplete. In this work, Rat Brain Astrocytes cell line (CTX cells) was applied into exploration that protective effects of CS on CTX cell apoptosis induced by lead via the regulation of BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway mediated cholesterol metabolism. We found that CTX cells exposed to lead manifested apparent cytotoxicity, where the viability of CTX cells was significantly suppressed, accompanied with the elevation of apoptosis, in response to a trend towards increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and pro-apoptotic protein Cleaved-caspase3, synchronized with the decline in anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Moreover, accumulation of lead in CTX cells showed a dose-dependent increase, and meanwhile, decrements in cholesterol content occurred along with increase in lead exposure, in which expressions of cholesterol metabolism related proteins and transcriptions of its genes (SREBP2, LDLR, and HMGCR) were diminished. Furthermore, BDNF signaling pathway was obviously blocked after lead exposure, down-regulating expressions of proteins BDNF and TrkB. However, pretreatment with CS detoxified the negative impacts of lead-invoked CTX cell damage, acting as an effective remedy for apoptosis, imbalance of cholesterol metabolism and inhibition of BDNF signaling pathway. In addition, the relationship between BDNF signaling pathway and cholesterol metabolism was further verified, in which cholesterol metabolism related proteins and genes were promoted significantly after the activation of BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway using 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), thereby detoxifying lead-induced CTX cell injury. However, the pretreatment of TrkB inhibitor ANA-12 offset the promotion of 7,8-DHF and ultimately inhibit cholesterol metabolism. Overall, our study demonstrated that CS could initiate the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway, regulating the cholesterol metabolism against CTX cell apoptosis invoked by lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Su Wang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Xu
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - An-Xin Lu
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wan-He Li
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Xia Liu
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Liu
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chong-Huai Yan
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Sud’ina GF, Golenkina EA, Prikhodko AS, Kondratenko ND, Gaponova TV, Chernyak BV. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 inhibits leukotriene synthesis in human neutrophils. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1023517. [PMID: 36506526 PMCID: PMC9729262 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1023517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes are among the most potent mediators of inflammation, and inhibition of their biosynthesis, is becoming increasingly important in the treatment of many pathologies. In this work, we demonstrated that preincubation of human neutrophils with the mitochondria targeted antioxidant SkQ1 (100 nM) strongly inhibits leukotriene synthesis induced by three different stimuli: the Ca2+ ionophore A23187, the chemotactic formyl-peptide fMLP in combination with cytocholasin B, and opsonized zymosan. The SkQ1 analogue lacking the antioxidant quinone moiety (C12TPP) was ineffective, suggesting that mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for activating of leukotriene synthesis in human neutrophils. The uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation FCCP also inhibits leukotriene synthesis, indicating that a high membrane potential is a prerequisite for stimulating leukotriene synthesis in neutrophils. Our data show that activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 and ERK1/2, which is important for leukotriene synthesis in neutrophils is a target for SkQ1: 1) the selective p38 inhibitor SB203580 inhibited fMLP-induced leukotriene synthesis, while the ERK1/2 activation inhibitor U0126 suppressed leukotriene synthesis induced by any of the three stimuli; 2) SkQ1 effectively prevents p38 and ERK1/2 activation (accumulation of phosphorylated forms) induced by all three stimuli. This is the first study pointing to the involvement of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in the activation of leukotriene synthesis in human neutrophils. The use of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants can be considered as a promising strategy for inhibiting leukotriene synthesis and treating various inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina F. Sud’ina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia,*Correspondence: Galina F. Sud’ina, ; Boris V. Chernyak,
| | - Ekaterina A. Golenkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia S. Prikhodko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia D. Kondratenko
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatjana V. Gaponova
- National Research Center for Hematology, Russia Federation Ministry of Public Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris V. Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia,*Correspondence: Galina F. Sud’ina, ; Boris V. Chernyak,
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Zhang X, Deng D, Cui D, Liu Y, He S, Zhang H, Xie Y, Yu X, Yang S, Chen Y, Su Z. Cholesterol Sulfate Exerts Protective Effect on Pancreatic β-Cells by Regulating β-Cell Mass and Insulin Secretion. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:840406. [PMID: 35308228 PMCID: PMC8930834 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.840406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rational: Cholesterol sulfate (CS) is the most abundant known sterol sulfate in human plasma, and it plays a significant role in the control of metabolism and inflammatory response, which contribute to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction and the resultant development of diabetes. However, the role of CS in β-cells and its effect on the development of diabetes remain unknown. Here, we determined the physiological function of CS in pancreatic β-cell homeostasis. Materials and Methods: Blood CS levels in streptozotocin (STZ)- or high-fat diet-induced diabetic mice and patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes were determined by LC-MS/MS. The impact of CS on β-cell mass and insulin secretion was investigated in vitro in isolated mouse islets and the β-cell line INS-1 and in vivo in STZ-induced diabetic mice. The molecular mechanism of CS was explored by viability assay, EdU incorporation analysis, flow cytometry, intracellular Ca2+ influx analysis, mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular ROS assays, and metabolism assay kits. Results: Plasma CS levels in mice and humans were significantly elevated under diabetic conditions. CS attenuated diabetes in a low-dose STZ-induced mouse model. Mechanistically, CS promoted β-cell proliferation and protected β-cells against apoptosis under stressful conditions, which in turn preserved β-cell mass. In addition, CS supported glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2) expression and mitochondrial integrity, which then resulted in a less reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and an increase in ATP production, thereby enabling insulin secretion machinery in the islets to function adequately. Conclusion: This study revealed a novel dual role of CS in integrating β-cell survival and cell function, suggesting that CS might offer a physiologic approach to preserve β-cells and protect against the development of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Zhang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Deng
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daxin Cui
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Liu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan He
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaorui Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial Peoples Hospital Jinniu Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqian Yu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yulong Chen
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiguang Su
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiguang Su,
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Golenkina EA, Galkina SI, Pletjushkina O, Chernyak B, Gaponova TV, Romanova YM, Sud'ina GF. Gram-Negative Bacteria Salmonella typhimurium Boost Leukotriene Synthesis Induced by Chemoattractant fMLP to Stimulate Neutrophil Swarming. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:814113. [PMID: 35058789 PMCID: PMC8764451 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.814113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene synthesis in neutrophils is critical for host survival during infection. In particular, leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a powerful neutrophil chemoattractant that plays a crucial role in neutrophil swarming. In this work, we demonstrated that preincubation of human neutrophils with Salmonella typhimurium strongly stimulated LTB4 production induced by the bacterial chemoattractant, peptide N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-l-phenylalanine (fMLP), while the reverse sequence of additions was ineffective. Preincubation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide or yeast polysaccharide zymosan particles gives weaker effect on fMLP-induced LTB4 production. Activation of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), a key enzyme in leukotrienes biosynthesis, depends on rise of cytosolic concentration of Ca2+ and on translocation of the enzyme to the nuclear membrane. Both processes were stimulated by S. typhimurium. With an increase in the bacteria:neutrophil ratio, the transformation of LTB4 to ω-OH-LTB4 was suppressed, which further supported increased concentration of LTB4. These data indicate that in neutrophils gathered around bacterial clusters, LTB4 production is stimulated and at the same time its transformation is suppressed, which promotes neutrophil swarming and elimination of pathogens simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Golenkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana I Galkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Pletjushkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatjana V Gaponova
- National Research Center for Hematology, Russia Federation Ministry of Public Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia M Romanova
- Gamaleya National Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina F Sud'ina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Synthetic Hexanucleotides as a Tool to Overcome Excessive Neutrophil Activation Caused by CpG-Containing Oligonucleotides. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050530. [PMID: 33924760 PMCID: PMC8146577 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mimicking bacterial DNA, synthetic CpG-containing oligodeoxyribonucleotides (CpG-ODNs) have a powerful immunomodulatory potential. Their practical application is mainly associated with the production of vaccines, where they are used as adjuvants, as well as in local antimicrobial therapy. CpG-ODNs act on a wide variety of immune cells, including neutrophilic granulocytes. On the one hand, the stimulatory effect provides both the direct implementation of their antimicrobial and fungicidal mechanisms, and an avalanche-like strengthening of the immune signal due to interaction with other participants in the immune process. On the other hand, hyperactivation of neutrophilic granulocytes can have negative consequences. In particular, the formation of unreasonably high amounts of reactive oxygen species leads to tissue damages and, as a consequence, a spontaneous aggravation and prolongation of the inflammatory process. Under physiological conditions, a large number of DNA fragments are present in inflammation foci: both of microbial and self-tissue origin. We investigated effects of several short modified hexanucleotides on the main indicators of neutrophil activation, as well as their influence on the immunomodulatory activity of known synthetic CpG-ODNs. The results obtained show that short oligonucleotides partially inhibit the prooxidant effect of synthetic CpG-ODNs without significantly affecting the ability of the latter to overcome bacteria-induced pro-survival effects on neutrophilic granulocytes.
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9
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Viryasova GM, Golenkina EA, Hianik T, Soshnikova NV, Dolinnaya NG, Gaponova TV, Romanova YM, Sud’ina GF. Magic Peptide: Unique Properties of the LRR11 Peptide in the Activation of Leukotriene Synthesis in Human Neutrophils. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052671. [PMID: 33800897 PMCID: PMC7961786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil-mediated innate host defense mechanisms include pathogen elimination through bacterial phagocytosis, which activates the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) product synthesis. Here, we studied the effect of synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs), which mimic the receptor-recognized sites of bacterial (CpG-ODNs) and genomic (G-rich ODNs) DNAs released from the inflammatory area, on the neutrophil functions after cell stimulation with Salmonella typhimurium. A possible mechanism for ODN recognition by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and RAGE receptor has been proposed. We found for the first time that the combination of the magic peptide LRR11 from the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) of TLR9 with the CpG-ODNs modulates the uptake and signaling from ODNs, in particular, dramatically stimulates 5-LOX pathway. Using thickness shear mode acoustic method, we confirmed the specific binding of CpG-ODNs, but not G-rich ODN, to LRR11. The RAGE receptor has been shown to play an important role in promoting ODN uptake. Thus, FPS-ZM1, a high-affinity RAGE inhibitor, suppresses the synthesis of 5-LOX products and reduces the uptake of ODNs by neutrophils; the inhibitor effect being abolished by the addition of LRR11. The results obtained revealed that the studied peptide-ODN complexes possess high biological activity and can be promising for the development of effective vaccine adjuvants and antimicrobial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina M. Viryasova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (G.M.V.); (E.A.G.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Golenkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (G.M.V.); (E.A.G.)
| | - Tibor Hianik
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina F1, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Nataliya V. Soshnikova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Department of Eukaryotic Transcription Factors, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 34/5, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nina G. Dolinnaya
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Tatjana V. Gaponova
- National Research Center for Hematology, Russia Federation Ministry of Public Health, 125167 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Yulia M. Romanova
- Gamaleya National Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Galina F. Sud’ina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (G.M.V.); (E.A.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-495-939-3174
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10
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Sanchez LD, Pontini L, Marinozzi M, Sanchez-Aranguren LC, Reis A, Dias IHK. Cholesterol and oxysterol sulfates: Pathophysiological roles and analytical challenges. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3327-3341. [PMID: 32762060 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol and oxysterol sulfates are important regulators of lipid metabolism, inflammation, cell apoptosis, and cell survival. Among the sulfate-based lipids, cholesterol sulfate (CS) is the most studied lipid both quantitatively and functionally. Despite the importance, very few studies have analysed and linked the actions of oxysterol sulfates to their physiological and pathophysiological roles. Overexpression of sulfotransferases confirmed the formation of a range of oxysterol sulfates and their antagonistic effects on liver X receptors (LXRs) prompting further investigations how are the changes to oxysterol/oxysterol sulfate homeostasis can contribute to LXR activity in the physiological milieu. Here, we aim to bring together for novel roles of oxysterol sulfates, the available techniques and the challenges associated with their analysis. Understanding the oxysterol/oxysterol sulfate levels and their pathophysiological mechanisms could lead to new therapeutic targets for metabolic diseases. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorenzo Pontini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maura Marinozzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Ana Reis
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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11
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Golenkina EA, Viryasova GM, Dolinnaya NG, Bannikova VA, Gaponova TV, Romanova YM, Sud’ina GF. The Potential of Telomeric G-quadruplexes Containing Modified Oligoguanosine Overhangs in Activation of Bacterial Phagocytosis and Leukotriene Synthesis in Human Neutrophils. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E249. [PMID: 32041263 PMCID: PMC7072695 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neutrophils are the first line of defense against bacterial and viral infections. They eliminate pathogens through phagocytosis, which activate the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathway resulting in synthesis of leukotrienes. Using HPLC analysis, flow cytometry, and other biochemical methods, we studied the effect of synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) able to fold into G-quadruplex structures on the main functions of neutrophils. Designed ODNs contained four human telomere TTAGGG repeats (G4) including those with phosphorothioate oligoguanosines attached to the end(s) of G-quadruplex core. Just modified analogues of G4 was shown to more actively than parent ODN penetrate into cells, improve phagocytosis of Salmonella typhimurium bacteria, affect 5-LOX activation, the cytosol calcium ion level, and the oxidative status of neutrophils. As evident from CD and UV spectroscopy data, the presence of oligoguanosines flanking G4 sequence leads to dramatic changes in G-quadruplex topology. While G4 folds into a single antiparallel structure, two main folded forms have been identified in solutions of modified ODNs: antiparallel and dominant, more stable parallel. Thus, both the secondary structure of ODNs and their ability to penetrate into the cytoplasm of cells are important for the activation of neutrophil cellular effects. Our results offer new clues for understanding the role of G-quadruplex ligands in regulation of integral cellular processes and for creating the antimicrobial agents of a new generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Golenkina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow 119234, Russia; (E.A.G.); (G.M.V.)
| | - Galina M. Viryasova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow 119234, Russia; (E.A.G.); (G.M.V.)
| | - Nina G. Dolinnaya
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Moscow 119234, Russia; (N.G.D.); (V.A.B.)
| | - Valeria A. Bannikova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Moscow 119234, Russia; (N.G.D.); (V.A.B.)
| | - Tatjana V. Gaponova
- National Research Center for Hematology, Russia Federation Ministry of Public Health, Moscow 125167, Russia;
| | - Yulia M. Romanova
- Gamaleya National Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia;
| | - Galina F. Sud’ina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow 119234, Russia; (E.A.G.); (G.M.V.)
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12
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Viryasova GM, Tatarskiy VV, Sheynov AA, Tatarskiy EV, Sud'ina GF, Georgieva SG, Soshnikova NV. PBAF lacking PHD domains maintains transcription in human neutrophils. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118525. [PMID: 31398409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The myeloid precursor cell differentiation requires an extensive chromatin remodeling. We show that the level of the PBAF chromatin remodeling complex decreases following the start of differentiation of myeloid precursors, becoming very low in the terminally differentiated peripheral blood (PB) neutrophils where it co-localizes with Pol II on the transcriptionally active chromatin. Previously, we have shown that the PHF10 subunit of the PBAF signature module has four isoforms, two of them (PHF10-P) contain a tandem of C-terminal PHD domains. We found that out of four PHF10 isoforms present in the myeloid precursor cells, only the PHF10-Ss isoform lacking PHD domains, is actively expressed in the PB neutrophils. In particular, the longest of the PHF10 isoforms (PHF10-Pl), which is essential for proliferation, completely disappears in PB neutrophils. In addition, in the myeloid precursors, promoters of neutrophil-specific genes are associated with the PHD-containing isoforms, together with PBAF and Pol II, when these genes are inactive and only during their activation stage. However, at the later stages of differentiation, when neutrophil-specific genes are actively transcribed, PHF10-P isoforms on their promoters are replaced by the PHF10-S isoforms. Evidently, PHD domains of PHF10 are essential for active chromatin remodeling during transcription activation, but are dispensable for the constantly transcribed genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina M Viryasova
- Department of Eukaryotic Transcription Factors, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 34/5, Moscow 119334, Russia; The A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, 1, Building 40, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Victor V Tatarskiy
- Department of Molecular Oncobiology, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 34/5, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Andrey A Sheynov
- Department of Eukaryotic Transcription Factors, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 34/5, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Eugene V Tatarskiy
- Department of Eukaryotic Transcription Factors, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 34/5, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Galina F Sud'ina
- The A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, 1, Building 40, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Sofia G Georgieva
- Department of Eukaryotic Transcription Factors, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 34/5, Moscow 119334, Russia.
| | - Nataliya V Soshnikova
- Department of Eukaryotic Transcription Factors, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 34/5, Moscow 119334, Russia.
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13
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Viryasova G, Golenkina E, Tatarskii V, Galkin I, Sud’ina G, Soshnikova N. An optimized permeabilization step for flow cytometry analysis of nuclear proteins in myeloid differentiation of blood cells into neutrophils. MethodsX 2019; 6:360-367. [PMID: 30859071 PMCID: PMC6396090 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) or neutrophils play an important role in the innate immune response. Working with human neutrophils is challenging because these cells are sensitive to changes in the surrounding media and quickly become apoptotic. Meanwhile the experiments with mature neutrophils may be very important for studies of blood function. In this paper we propose an improved technique of flow cytometry nuclear protein analysis with double antibody labeling, which allows direct comparison of protein quantity (overlay histograms) in the primary cells (neutrophils) and progenitor cell lines (line HL-60), to study differentiation process and for other research purposes. We suggest improved technique to analyze and compare nuclear proteins levels in the myeloid differentiation model system (HL-60 cell line) and / or primary human neutrophils. This method was justified with measurement of GFI1 protein expression level, as well-known transcription factor, typical and essential for mature neutrophils. The key protocol features are as follows: •Suggested protocol allows simply, direct and correct visual comparison of flow cytometry data in overlay diagrams for myeloid blood cells on various stages of differentiation.•70% ethanol permeabilization of neutrophils and HL-60 cells results in lower background fluorescence and better peak resolution than MeOH and Saponin permeabilization.•Non-specific antibody binding in neutrophils can be efficiently blocked by using 1% BSA and non-immune goat serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.M. Viryasova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
- The A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E.A. Golenkina
- The A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - V.V. Tatarskii
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - I.I. Galkin
- The A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - G.F. Sud’ina
- The A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - N.V. Soshnikova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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14
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Sakurai T, Uruno T, Sugiura Y, Tatsuguchi T, Yamamura K, Ushijima M, Hattori Y, Kukimoto-Niino M, Mishima-Tsumagari C, Watanabe M, Suematsu M, Fukui Y. Cholesterol sulfate is a DOCK2 inhibitor that mediates tissue-specific immune evasion in the eye. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/541/eaao4874. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao4874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Silva AR, Pacheco P, Vieira-de-Abreu A, Maya-Monteiro CM, D'Alegria B, Magalhães KG, de Assis EF, Bandeira-Melo C, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Bozza PT. Lipid bodies in oxidized LDL-induced foam cells are leukotriene-synthesizing organelles: a MCP-1/CCL2 regulated phenomenon. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:1066-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Zagryagskaya AN, Aleksandrov DA, Pushkareva MA, Galkina SI, Grishina ZV, Sud'ina GF. Biosynthesis of leukotriene B4 in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: regulation by cholesterol and other lipids. J Immunotoxicol 2009; 5:347-52. [PMID: 19404868 DOI: 10.1080/15476910802482888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is one of the most potent chemotactic compounds produced in macrophages and neutrophils. LTB4 is a product of arachidonic acid oxygenation by 5-lipoxygenase pathway. We present here the data on regulation of LT synthesis in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by cholesterol, cholesterol sulfate and cholesterol phosphate. The addition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with lipid vesicles containing phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol (70:30) showed that omitting cholesterol abolished the effect of LPS on LT synthesis. We show here the capacity of cholesterol sulfate, the most abundant sulfated sterol in human blood, to suppress LT production in human neutrophils and to neutralize the effect of P. aeruginosa LPS on LT synthesis. We suggest that sulfated lipids serve as specific endogenous regulators of LT synthesis in neutrophils, and anti-inflammatory therapy may be based on modification of cholesterol level and its conversion to anionic derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Zagryagskaya
- Chemical Faculty and A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Tachi M, Iwamori M. Mass spectrometric characterization of cholesterol esters and wax esters in epidermis of fetal, adult and keloidal human skin. Exp Dermatol 2007; 17:318-23. [PMID: 17979971 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) with chemical ionization was found to be a useful tool for characterizing epidermal cholesterol esters (CE) and wax esters (WE), and was applied to analyse them in the epidermis of fetal, adult and keloidal human skin. Increases in the concentrations of CE and WE had occurred by 20 weeks of gestation in association with increasing concentrations of ceramides and cholesterol sulphate. Although adult epidermis contained them in similar concentrations at 25-28 weeks of gestation (13-14% of the total less polar lipids), the molecular species were shown to differ between fetal and adult epidermis by MS. Cholesterol oleate comprised 45% of the total molecular species in adult CE, whereas saturated fatty acids with chain lengths of 15-19 were abundant in fetal CE. Also, unsaturated and shorter chain WE were abundant in adult epidermis in comparison with that in the fetal epidermis, the total chain lengths of fetal and adult WE being 34-42 with a mean chain length of 38.6, and 27-41 with a mean chain length of 34.0, respectively, and the unsaturated molecules in fetal and adult WE amounting to 29% and 45%, respectively. Also, CE and WE in the epidermis of keloidal skin were reduced to 67% and 20% of the levels in normal skin, respectively. Thus, epidermal CE and WE were shown to carry eligible structures for construction of the hydrophobic barrier at the skin and amniotic fluid interface as well as that at the skin and air interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tachi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
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18
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Rådmark O, Werz O, Steinhilber D, Samuelsson B. 5-Lipoxygenase: regulation of expression and enzyme activity. Trends Biochem Sci 2007; 32:332-41. [PMID: 17576065 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the first two steps in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, a group of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid. Leukotriene antagonists are used in the treatment of asthma, and the potential role of leukotrienes in atherosclerosis, another chronic inflammatory disease, has recently received considerable attention. In addition, some possible effects of 5-LO metabolites in tumorigenesis have emerged. Thus, knowledge of the biochemistry of this enzyme has potential implications for the treatment of various diseases. Recent advances have expanded our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the expression and control of 5-LO activity. With regard to the control of enzyme activity, many of these findings focus on the N-terminal domain of 5-LO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Rådmark
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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19
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Aleksandrov DA, Sud’ina GF. Suppression of 5-lipoxygenase activity by anionic cholesterol derivatives. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750807020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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