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He W, Sun P, Zhao Y, Pu Q, Yang H, Hao N, Li Y. Source toxicity characteristics of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffin in multi-environmental media: Product source toxicity, molecular source toxicity and food chain migration control through silica methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162861. [PMID: 36931521 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Short and medium-chain chlorinated paraffin (SCCP/MCCP) have been widely studied because of their extensive environmental hazards. In this study, product source toxicity, molecular source toxicity and food chain migration of SCCP and MCCP in multi-environmental media were comprehensively considered. The additive combination of SCCP and MCCP in the air, water and soil environment was adjusted, and PVC, PU and rubber products with the lowest source toxicity were screened. The source toxicity of SCCP and MCCP in the water environment was inhibited by design of the feed additive addition scheme (highest inhibition was 16.29 %), and the source toxicity of SCCP and MCCP in the soil environment was affected by different field management measures (highest inhibition was 38.22 %). A forage fertilizer addition plan, a cattle feed addition plan and a special population healthy complementary food regulation plan were developed to prevent the migration step by step and absorption of SCCP and MCCP in the terrestrial food chain. In addition, by means of density functional theory and analysis of key amino acid residues, the mechanism of toxicity difference between SCCP and MCCP was analyzed from the level of chemical interaction, and rationality of the inhibition scheme designed in this study was verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peixuan Sun
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Qikun Pu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ning Hao
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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Taşbozan O, Erbaş C, Bayır M, Özdemir E, Arslan G, Bayır A. Fatty acid-binding protein genes in gilthead seabream: molecular cloning and nutritional regulation under low water temperatures. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:816-828. [PMID: 36647813 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The molecular characteristics and tissue disruption of 10 fatty acid-binding protein (fabp) genes in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) were investigated, and their expression levels were found in the fish fed diets with different vegetable oil (VO) sources, which may explore the potential function of fabp genes in S. aurata. For this purpose, the open reading frames of fabp genes involved in the transport and ß-oxidation of fatty acids (FA) were molecularly cloned and characterized. S. aurata was then exposed to a two-staged feeding trial (the grow-out period following a wash-out period) at low water temperatures. In the grow-out period, the fish were fed diets containing 50% and 100% ratios of various VOs for 60 days, and in the wash-out period, the fish were fed a diet containing 100% fish oil (FO) for 30 days. It has been determined that (a) S. aurata and vertebrate fabp/FABP genes are orthologues; (b) spatio-temporal differences in tissue-specific patterns of fabp genes differ importantly; for instance, the difference between the highest and lowest values reaches 13 × 105 -fold in the fabp10a; and (c) VO-based diets upregulated fabp transcript levels in the liver and muscle with some exceptions, such as liver fabp11a and muscle fabp7a. Gene expressions of only the hepatic fabp7b and fabp10a genes were diminished at the end of the wash-out period. In this study, the authors provide further evidence that dietary FAs affect fabp mRNA expressions in S. aurata. This might be useful in the nutritional control of fabp genes to maintain lipid homeostasis in marine fish fed VO-based diets at low water temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oğuz Taşbozan
- Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Aquaculture, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Celal Erbaş
- Yumurtalık Vocational School, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Bayır
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Erdal Özdemir
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Arslan
- Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Fisheries and Fish Processing Technology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Bayır
- Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Aquaculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Ghaddar B, Gence L, Veeren B, Bringart M, Bascands JL, Meilhac O, Diotel N. Aqueous Extract of Psiloxylon mauritianum, Rich in Gallic Acid, Prevents Obesity and Associated Deleterious Effects in Zebrafish. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071309. [PMID: 35883799 PMCID: PMC9312056 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions, and its prevalence tripled worldwide between 1975 and 2016, especially in Reunion Island, a French overseas region. Psiloxylon mauritianum, an endemic medicinal plant from Reunion Island registered in the French pharmacopeia, has recently gained interest in combating metabolic disorders because of its traditional lipid-lowering and “anti-diabetic” use. However, scientific data are lacking regarding its toxicity and its real benefits on metabolic diseases. In this study, we aim to determine the toxicity of an aqueous extract of P. mauritianum on zebrafish eleutheroembryos following the OECD toxicity assay (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, guidelines 36). After defining a non-toxic dose, we determined by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) that this extract is rich in gallic acid but contains also caffeoylquinic acid, kaempferol and quercetin, as well as their respective derivatives. We also showed that the non-toxic dose exhibits lipid-lowering effects in a high-fat-diet zebrafish larvae model. In a next step, we demonstrated its preventive effects on body weight gain, hyperglycemia and liver steatosis in a diet-induced obesity model (DIO) performed in adults. It also limited the deleterious effects of overfeeding on the central nervous system (i.e., cerebral oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier breakdown, neuro-inflammation and blunted neurogenesis). Interestingly, adult DIO fish treated with P. mauritianum display normal feeding behavior but higher feces production. This indicates that the “anti-weight-gain” effect is probably due to the action of P. mauritianum on the intestinal lipid absorption and/or on the microbiota, leading to the increase in feces production. Therefore, in our experimental conditions, the aqueous extract of P. mauritianum exhibited “anti-weight-gain” properties, which prevented the development of obesity and its deleterious effects at the peripheral and central levels. These effects should be further investigated in preclinical models of obese/diabetic mice, as well as the impact of P. mauritianum on the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batoul Ghaddar
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France; (B.G.); (L.G.); (B.V.); (M.B.); (J.-L.B.); (O.M.)
| | - Laura Gence
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France; (B.G.); (L.G.); (B.V.); (M.B.); (J.-L.B.); (O.M.)
| | - Bryan Veeren
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France; (B.G.); (L.G.); (B.V.); (M.B.); (J.-L.B.); (O.M.)
| | - Matthieu Bringart
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France; (B.G.); (L.G.); (B.V.); (M.B.); (J.-L.B.); (O.M.)
| | - Jean-Loup Bascands
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France; (B.G.); (L.G.); (B.V.); (M.B.); (J.-L.B.); (O.M.)
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France; (B.G.); (L.G.); (B.V.); (M.B.); (J.-L.B.); (O.M.)
- CHU de La Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Nicolas Diotel
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France; (B.G.); (L.G.); (B.V.); (M.B.); (J.-L.B.); (O.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Zhao F, Zhang M, Guo M, Duan M, Zheng J, Chen X, Liu Y, Qiu L. Effects of sublethal concentration of metamifop on hepatic lipid metabolism in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 238:105938. [PMID: 34416465 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metamifop (MET) is an effective herbicide that has been extensively used in paddy fields. Previous research demonstrated that MET was highly toxic to zebrafish embryos, and this threat has caused great concern; moreover, 0.40 mg/L MET elevated the hepatosomatic index (HSI) in adult zebrafish without lethal effect after 21 d of exposure. In this study, we further determined the detailed impacts of MET on adult zebrafish at sublethal concentrations (0.025, 0.10 and 0.40 mg/L). We found that 0.40 mg/L MET caused liver injury by increasing the activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in plasma, the content of interleukin-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and mRNA expression level of genes associated with inflammatory response in liver of adult zebrafish. The hepatic triglyceride (TG), free fatty acid and fatty acid synthase levels were significantly elevated in 0.40 mg/L MET-treated group (1.55-, 2.20- and 2.30-fold, respectively), and the transcript of lipid accumulation-related genes (fabp10, fas, acc, chrebp, dagt2 and agpat4) were upregulated. Meanwhile, the total cholesterol content was decreased by 0.48-fold, bile acid level was increased by 2.44-fold, and levels of cholesterol metabolism-related genes (apoa-1a, hmgcra, cyp51, dhcr7 and cyp7a1) were increased, suggesting cholesterol metabolism disorder occurred in zebrafish. Furthermore, analysis of lipidomics revealed that 0.40 mg/L MET significantly increased the abundance of 91 lipids, which mainly belonged to TG lipid class and were enriched in pathways of glycerolipid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, etc. These results suggested that MET exposure at sublethal concentrations would induce hepatic inflammation and lipid metabolism disorders in adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengna Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengyu Guo
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Manman Duan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junyue Zheng
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangguang Chen
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yinchi Liu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lihong Qiu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Nuclear Organization during Hepatogenesis in Zebrafish Requires Uhrf1. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071081. [PMID: 34356097 PMCID: PMC8304062 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of cellular fate during development is initiated and maintained by well-coordinated patterns of gene expression that are dictated by the epigenetic landscape and genome organization in the nucleus. While the epigenetic marks that mediate developmental gene expression patterns during organogenesis have been well studied, less is known about how epigenetic marks influence nuclear organization during development. This study examines the relationship between nuclear structure, chromatin accessibility, DNA methylation, and gene expression during hepatic outgrowth in zebrafish larvae. We investigate the relationship between these features using mutants that lack DNA methylation. Hepatocyte nuclear morphology was established coincident with hepatocyte differentiation at 80 h post-fertilization (hpf), and nuclear shape and size continued to change until the conclusion of outgrowth and morphogenesis at 120 hpf. Integrating ATAC-Seq analysis with DNA methylation profiling of zebrafish livers at 120 hpf showed that closed and highly methylated chromatin occupies most transposable elements and that open chromatin correlated with gene expression. DNA hypomethylation, due to mutation of genes encoding ubiquitin-like, containing PHD and RING Finger Domains 1 (uhrf1) and DNA methyltransferase (dnmt1), did not block hepatocyte differentiation, but had dramatic effects on nuclear organization. Hepatocytes in uhrf1 mutants have large, deformed nuclei with multiple nucleoli, downregulation of nucleolar genes, and a complete lack of the nuclear lamina. Loss of lamin B2 staining was phenocopied by dnmt1 mutation. Together, these data show that hepatocyte nuclear morphogenesis coincides with organ morphogenesis and outgrowth, and that DNA methylation directs chromatin organization, and, in turn, hepatocyte nuclear shape and size during liver development.
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Falfushynska H, Horyn O, Osypenko I, Rzymski P, Wejnerowski Ł, Dziuba MK, Sokolova IM. Multibiomarker-based assessment of toxicity of central European strains of filamentous cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon gracile and Raphidiopsis raciborskii to zebrafish Danio rerio. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 194:116923. [PMID: 33631698 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The global increase in cyanobacterial blooms poses environmental and health threats. Selected cyanobacterial strains reveal toxicities despite a lack of synthesis of known toxic metabolites, and the mechanisms of these toxicities are not well understood. Here we investigated the toxicity of non-cylindrospermopsin and non-microcystin producing Aphanizomenon gracile and Raphidiopsis raciborskii of Central European origin to zebrafish exposed for 14 days to their extracts. Toxicological screening revealed the presence of anabaenopeptins and a lack of anatoxin-a, ß-methylamino-L-alanine or saxitoxins in examined extracts. The responses were compared to 20 μg L-1 of common cyanobacterial toxins cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and microcystin-LR (MC-LR). The expression of the marker genes involved in apoptosis (caspase 3a and 3b, Bcl-2, BAX, p53, MAPK, Nrf2), DNA damage detection and repair (GADD45, RAD51, JUN, XPC), detoxification (CYP1A, CYP26, EPHX1), lipid metabolism (PPARa, FABP1, PLA2), phosphorylation/dephosphorylation (PPP6C, PPM1) and cytoskeleton (actin, tubulin) were examined using targeted transcriptomics. Cellular stress and toxicity biomarkers (oxidative injury, antioxidant enzymes, thiol pool status, and lactate dehydrogenase activity) were measured in the liver, and acetylcholinesterase activity was determined as an index of neurotoxicity in the brain. The extracts of three cyanobacterial strains that produce no known cyanotoxins caused marked toxicity in D. rerio, and the biomarker profiles indicate different toxic mechanisms between the bioactive compounds extracted from these strains and the purified cyanotoxins. All studied cyanobacterial extracts and purified cyanotoxins induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity, downregulated Nrf2 and CYP26B1, disrupted phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes and actin/tubulin cytoskeleton and upregulated apoptotic activity in the liver. The tested strains and purified toxins displayed distinctively different effects on lipid metabolism. Unlike CYN and MC-LR, the Central European strain of A. gracile and R. raciborskii did not reveal a genotoxic potential. These findings help to further understand the ecotoxicological consequences of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Falfushynska
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine; Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Oksana Horyn
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Inna Osypenko
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Integrated Science Association (ISA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Wejnerowski
- Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin K Dziuba
- Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Maritime Systems, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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Meng H, Shang Y, Cheng Y, Wang K, Yu J, Cao P, Fan S, Li Y, Cui J. Knockout of zebrafish colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor by CRISPR/Cas9 affects metabolism and locomotion capacity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 551:93-99. [PMID: 33725575 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is a tyrosine kinase receptor and a key regulator of proliferation, differentiation, migration, and colonization in macrophage lineage cells. CSF1R was found to be involved in the pathogenesis of immune disorders, hematopoietic diseases, tissue damage, tumor growth and metastasis, and so on. Hence, understanding the role of CSF1R is important. CSF1R is highly conserved among vertebrates. In zebrafish, it is encoded by the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor a (csf1ra) gene. In this study, a csf1ra-/- zebrafish mutant line was generated using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology. csf1ra-/- larvae lacked the yellow cast on their heads and over their flanks, while adult mutants had poorly formed stripes. RNA-sequence analysis revealed that genes related to bile acid secretion, fat digestion and absorption, and pancreatic secretion were differentially expressed in csf1ra-/- mutants, which led to fatty changes in the liver. In addition, genes related to locomotion were also significantly changed, with the more active movement observed in csf1ra-/- larvae. Our study demonstrated that csf1ra participates in the metabolic process and behavior. This study provides new insights into csf1ra function during zebrafish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Meng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Department of Pathology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yue Shang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Yajia Cheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Department of Pathology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Department of Pathology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Department of Pathology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Peipei Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Department of Pathology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Saijun Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Yuhao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Department of Pathology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Jianlin Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Department of Pathology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Khazaee M, Guardian MGE, Aga DS, Ng CA. Impacts of Sex and Exposure Duration on Gene Expression in Zebrafish Following Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:437-449. [PMID: 31652359 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a member of the anthropogenic class of perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) and one of the most frequently detected PFAAs in water, humans, mammals, and fish around the world. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a small freshwater fish considered an appropriate vertebrate model for investigating the toxicity of compounds. Previous investigations showed tissue-specific bioaccumulation and alterations in the expression of fatty acid-binding proteins (fabps) in male and female zebrafish, potentially due to interactions between PFAA and fatty acid transporters. In addition, a number of neurological impacts have been reported as a result of human and animal exposure to PFAAs. Therefore, the present comprehensive study was designed to investigate whether PFOS exposure affects the expression of genes associated with fatty acid metabolism (fabp1a, fabp2, and fabp10a) in zebrafish liver, intestine, heart, and ovary and genes involved in the nervous system (acetylcholinesterase, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, choline acetyltransferase, histone deacetylase 6, and nerve growth factor) in brain and muscle. The results indicate alterations in expression of genes associated with fatty acid metabolism and neural function that vary with both exposure concentration and sex. In addition, our findings highlight that expression of these genes differs according to exposure duration. The present results extend the knowledge base on PFOS effects to other tissues less often studied than the liver. The findings of the present investigation provide a basis for future studies on the potential risks of PFOS as one of the most abundant PFAAs in the environment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:437-449. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoochehr Khazaee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary Grace E Guardian
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Diana S Aga
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Carla A Ng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Vacca F, Barca A, Gomes AS, Mazzei A, Piccinni B, Cinquetti R, Del Vecchio G, Romano A, Rønnestad I, Bossi E, Verri T. The peptide transporter 1a of the zebrafish Danio rerio, an emerging model in nutrigenomics and nutrition research: molecular characterization, functional properties, and expression analysis. GENES AND NUTRITION 2019; 14:33. [PMID: 31890051 PMCID: PMC6923934 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0657-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Peptide transporter 1 (PepT1, alias Slc15a1) mediates the uptake of dietary di/tripeptides in all vertebrates. However, in teleost fish, more than one PepT1-type transporter might function, due to specific whole genome duplication event(s) that occurred during their evolution leading to a more complex paralogue gene repertoire than in higher vertebrates (tetrapods). Results Here, we describe a novel di/tripeptide transporter in the zebrafish (Danio rerio), i.e., the zebrafish peptide transporter 1a (PepT1a; also known as Solute carrier family 15 member a1, Slc15a1a), which is a paralogue (78% similarity, 62% identity at the amino acid level) of the previously described zebrafish peptide transporter 1b (PepT1b, alias PepT1; also known as Solute carrier family 15 member 1b, Slc15a1b). Also, we report a basic analysis of the pept1a (slc15a1a) mRNA expression levels in zebrafish adult tissues/organs and embryonic/early larval developmental stages. As assessed by expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes and two-electrode voltage clamp measurements, zebrafish PepT1a, as PepT1b, is electrogenic, Na+-independent, and pH-dependent and functions as a low-affinity system, with K0.5 values for Gly-Gln at − 60 mV of 6.92 mmol/L at pH 7.6 and 0.24 mmol/L at pH 6.5 and at − 120 mV of 3.61 mmol/L at pH 7.6 and 0.45 mmol/L at pH 6.5. Zebrafish pept1a mRNA is highly expressed in the intestine and ovary of the adult fish, while its expression in early development undergoes a complex trend over time, with pept1a mRNA being detected 1 and 2 days post-fertilization (dpf), possibly due to its occurrence in the RNA maternal pool, decreasing at 3 dpf (~ 0.5-fold) and increasing above the 1–2 dpf levels at 4 to 7 dpf, with a peak (~ 7-fold) at 6 dpf. Conclusions We show that the zebrafish PepT1a-type transporter is functional and co-expressed with pept1b (slc15a1b) in the adult fish intestine. Its expression is also confirmed during the early phases of development when the yolk syncytial layer is present and yolk protein resorption processes are active. While completing the missing information on PepT1-type transporters function in the zebrafish, these results open to future investigations on the similar/differential role(s) of PepT1a/PepT1b in zebrafish and teleost fish physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vacca
- 1Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Amilcare Barca
- 2Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Ana S Gomes
- 3Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Aurora Mazzei
- 2Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Barbara Piccinni
- 2Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.,Present address: Physiopathology of Reproduction and IVF Unit, Nardò Hospital, Nardò Health and Social Care District, Lecce Local Health Agency, I-73048 Nardò, Lecce Italy
| | - Raffaella Cinquetti
- 1Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Del Vecchio
- 2Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandro Romano
- 5Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, I-20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ivar Rønnestad
- 3Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elena Bossi
- 1Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Tiziano Verri
- 2Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
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10
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Wang W, Zhang X, Qin J, Wei P, Jia Y, Wang J, Ru S. Long-term bisphenol S exposure induces fat accumulation in liver of adult male zebrafish (Danio rerio) and slows yolk lipid consumption in F1 offspring. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:500-510. [PMID: 30660906 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS), as a substitute for bisphenol A, was frequently detected in human urine and blood. It has been reported that BPS could disrupt fat metabolism in vivo and vitro although mechanisms remain unclear. Additionally, there is no study that the disruptive effect of BPS on parental fat metabolism indirectly interferes with the lipid metabolism of offspring. Here, after 120-d exposure to 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μg/L BPS, the transcription level of genes involved in lipid metabolism in liver and feeding regulation of brain-gut axis, as well as the hepatic triacylglycerol (TAG) and plasma lipid levels were investigated in both male and female zebrafish. Results showed that in male liver, fatty acid synthesis and degradation were inhibited by reducing transcription levels of srebp1 and pparα, and the synthesis of TAG was significantly increased using fatty acid as a precursor by elevating agpat4 and dgat2 mRNA expression levels. As a consequence, fat accumulation and the increased TAG levels were observed in male liver, and lipid levels were also elevated in male plasma. In female liver, there was no excessive fat accumulation and BPS exposure had a non-monotonic effect on the gene expression of fasn, dagt2, and pparα. Notably, the unexposed offspring showed a large amount of yolk lipid remain at 5 days post fertilization. This study obviously demonstrated that long-term BPS exposure increases the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in male zebrafish and life-cycle exposure hazard on offspring is noteworthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Jingyu Qin
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Penghao Wei
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yi Jia
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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11
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Venkatachalam AB, Fontenot Q, Farrara A, Wright JM. Fatty acid-binding protein genes of the ancient, air-breathing, ray-finned fish, spotted gar ( Lepisosteus oculatus ). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 25:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Al Fayi MS, Gou X, Forootan SS, Al-Jameel W, Bao Z, Rudland PR, Cornford PA, Hussain SA, Ke Y. The increased expression of fatty acid-binding protein 9 in prostate cancer and its prognostic significance. Oncotarget 2018; 7:82783-82797. [PMID: 27779102 PMCID: PMC5347732 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to numerous studies conducted to investigate the crucial role of fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) in prostate cancer, investigations on the possible involvement of other FABPs are rare. Here we first measured the mRNA levels of 10 FABPs in benign and malignant prostate cell lines and identified the differentially expressed FABP6 and FABP9 mRNAs whose levels in all malignant cell lines were higher than those in the benign cells. Thereafter we assessed the expression status of FABP6 and FABP9 in both prostate cell lines and in human tissues. FABP6 protein was overexpressed only in 1 of the 5 malignant cell lines and its immunostaining intensities were not significantly different between benign and malignant prostate tissues. In contrast, FABP9 protein was highly expressed in highly malignant cell lines PC-3 and PC3-M, but its level in the benign PNT-2 and other malignant cell lines was not detectable. When analysed in an archival set of human prostate tissues, immunohistochemical staining intensity for FABP9 was significantly higher in carcinomas than in benign cases and the increase in FABP9 was significantly correlated with reduced patient survival times. Moreover, the increased level of staining for FABP9 was significantly associated with the increased joint Gleason scores (GS) and androgen receptor index (AR). Suppression of FABP9 expression in highly malignant PC3-M cells inhibited their invasive potential. Our results suggest that FABP9 is a valuable prognostic marker to predict the outcomes of prostate cancer patients, perhaps by playing an important role in prostate cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Saad Al Fayi
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool University, the Cancer Research Centre Building, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaojun Gou
- Sichuan Antibiotics Industrial Institute, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiva S Forootan
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool University, the Cancer Research Centre Building, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Waseem Al-Jameel
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool University, the Cancer Research Centre Building, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Zhengzheng Bao
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool University, the Cancer Research Centre Building, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philip R Rudland
- Department of Biochemistry, Liverpool University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philip A Cornford
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool University, the Cancer Research Centre Building, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Syed A Hussain
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool University, the Cancer Research Centre Building, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Youqiang Ke
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool University, the Cancer Research Centre Building, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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13
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Venkatachalam AB, Parmar MB, Wright JM. Evolution of the duplicated intracellular lipid-binding protein genes of teleost fishes. Mol Genet Genomics 2017; 292:699-727. [PMID: 28389698 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-017-1313-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing organismal complexity during the evolution of life has been attributed to the duplication of genes and entire genomes. More recently, theoretical models have been proposed that postulate the fate of duplicated genes, among them the duplication-degeneration-complementation (DDC) model. In the DDC model, the common fate of a duplicated gene is lost from the genome owing to nonfunctionalization. Duplicated genes are retained in the genome either by subfunctionalization, where the functions of the ancestral gene are sub-divided between the sister duplicate genes, or by neofunctionalization, where one of the duplicate genes acquires a new function. Both processes occur either by loss or gain of regulatory elements in the promoters of duplicated genes. Here, we review the genomic organization, evolution, and transcriptional regulation of the multigene family of intracellular lipid-binding protein (iLBP) genes from teleost fishes. Teleost fishes possess many copies of iLBP genes owing to a whole genome duplication (WGD) early in the teleost fish radiation. Moreover, the retention of duplicated iLBP genes is substantially higher than the retention of all other genes duplicated in the teleost genome. The fatty acid-binding protein genes, a subfamily of the iLBP multigene family in zebrafish, are differentially regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms, which may account for the retention of iLBP genes in the zebrafish genome by the process of subfunctionalization of cis-acting regulatory elements in iLBP gene promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda B Venkatachalam
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, PO BOX 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Manoj B Parmar
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, PO BOX 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Wright
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, PO BOX 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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14
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Laprairie RB, Denovan-Wright EM, Wright JM. Divergent evolution of cis-acting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor elements that differentially control the tandemly duplicated fatty acid-binding protein genes, fabp1b.1 and fabp1b.2, in zebrafish. Genome 2016; 59:403-12. [PMID: 27228313 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2016-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene duplication is thought to facilitate increasing complexity in the evolution of life. The fate of most duplicated genes is nonfunctionalization: functional decay resulting from the accumulation of mutations. According to the duplication-degeneration-complementation (DDC) model, duplicated genes are retained by subfunctionalization, where the functions of the ancestral gene are sub-divided between duplicate genes, or by neofunctionalization, where one of the duplicates acquires a new function. Here, we report the differential regulation of the zebrafish tandemly duplicated fatty acid-binding protein genes, fabp1b.1 and fabp1b.2, by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR). fabp1b.1 mRNA levels were induced in tissue explants of liver, but not intestine, by PPAR agonists. fabp1b.1 promoter activity was induced to a greater extent by rosiglitazone (PPARγ-selective agonist) compared to WY 14,643 (PPARα-selective agonist) in HEK293A cells. Mutation of a peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) at -1232 bp in the fabp1b.1 promoter reduced PPAR-dependent activation. fabp1b.2 promoter activity was not affected by PPAR agonists. Differential regulation of the duplicated fabp1b promoters may be the result of PPRE loss in fabp1b.2 during a meiotic crossing-over event. Retention of PPAR inducibility in fabp1b.1 and not fabp1b.2 suggests unique regulation and function of the fabp1b duplicates.
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15
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Crovetto CA, Córdoba OL. Structural and biochemical characterization and evolutionary relationships of the fatty acid-binding protein 10 (Fabp10) of hake (Merluccius hubbsi). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:149-165. [PMID: 26370271 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) from the liver of Argentine hake (Merluccius hubbsi) was isolated and characterized and its expression analyzed. The determination of its partial primary structures (72%) showed that it presents highest identity with Fabp10, commonly termed liver basic-type FABP. The evolutionary tree showed greater relationship between the Fabp10 of hake (Me Fabp10) and the Fabp10 and the Fabp10a of teleost fish. Me Fabp10 had low affinity for palmitic, oleic and palmitoleic acid and high affinity for bilirubin, lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine, all of them important in the metabolic functions of the liver. Me Fabp10 was able to bind only one cis-parinaric acid molecule and was found to be expressed only in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Alejandra Crovetto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, GQBMRNP-CRIDECIT, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, 9000, Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo León Córdoba
- Departamento de Bioquímica, GQBMRNP-CRIDECIT, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, 9000, Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut, Argentina.
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16
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Fraher D, Sanigorski A, Mellett N, Meikle P, Sinclair A, Gibert Y. Zebrafish Embryonic Lipidomic Analysis Reveals that the Yolk Cell Is Metabolically Active in Processing Lipid. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1317-1329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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17
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Bayır M, Bayır A, Wright JM. Divergent spatial regulation of duplicated fatty acid-binding protein (fabp) genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2015; 14:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Thirumaran A, Wright JM. Fatty acid-binding protein (fabp) genes of spotted green pufferfish (Tetraodon nigroviridis): comparative genomics and spatial transcriptional regulation. Genome 2014; 57:289-301. [DOI: 10.1139/gen-2014-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aruloli Thirumaran
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jonathan M. Wright
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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19
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Parmar MB, Wright JM. Comparative genomic organization and tissue-specific transcription of the duplicated fabp7 and fabp10 genes in teleost fishes. Genome 2013; 56:691-701. [DOI: 10.1139/gen-2013-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A whole-genome duplication (WGD) early in the teleost fish lineage makes fish ideal organisms to study the fate of duplicated genes and underlying evolutionary trajectories that have led to the retention of ohnologous gene duplicates in fish genomes. Here, we compare the genomic organization and tissue-specific transcription of the ohnologous fabp7 and fabp10 genes in medaka, three-spined stickleback, and spotted green pufferfish to the well-studied duplicated fabp7 and fabp10 genes of zebrafish. Teleost fabp7 and fabp10 genes contain four exons interrupted by three introns. Polypeptide sequences of Fabp7 and Fabp10 show the highest sequence identity and similarity with their orthologs from vertebrates. Orthology was evident as the ohnologous Fabp7 and Fabp10 polypeptides of teleost fishes each formed distinct clades and clustered together with their orthologs from other vertebrates in a phylogenetic tree. Furthermore, ohnologous teleost fabp7 and fabp10 genes exhibit conserved gene synteny with human FABP7 and chicken FABP10, respectively, which provides compelling evidence that the duplicated fabp7 and fabp10 genes of teleost fishes most likely arose from the well-documented WGD. The tissue-specific distribution of fabp7a, fabp7b, fabp10a, and fabp10b transcripts provides evidence of diverged spatial transcriptional regulation between ohnologous gene duplicates of fabp7 and fabp10 in teleost fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj B. Parmar
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jonathan M. Wright
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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20
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Parmar MB, Shams R, Wright JM. Genomic organization and transcription of the medaka and zebrafish cellular retinol-binding protein (rbp) genes. Mar Genomics 2013; 11:1-10. [PMID: 23632098 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the evolutionary trajectories and the common ancestor of medaka rbp genes by comparing them to the well-studied rbp/RBP genes from zebrafish and other vertebrates. We describe here gene structure, sequence identity, phylogenetic analysis and conserved gene synteny of medaka rbp genes and their putative proteins as well as the tissue-specific distribution of rbp transcripts in adult medaka and zebrafish. Medaka rbp genes consist of four exons separated by three introns that encode putative polypeptides of 134-138 amino acids, a genomic organization characteristic of rbp genes. Medaka Rbp sequences share highest sequence identity and similarity with their orthologs in vertebrates, and form a distinct clade with them in phylogenetic analysis. Conserved gene synteny was evident among medaka, zebrafish and human rbp/RBP genes, which provides compelling evidence that the medaka rbp1, rbp2a, rbp2b, rbp5, rbp7a and rbp7b genes arose from a common ancestor of vertebrates. Moreover, the duplicated rbp2 and rbp7 genes most likely exist owing to a whole-genome duplication (WGD) event specific to the teleost fish lineage. Selection pressure and the nonparametric relative rate test of the medaka and zebrafish duplicated rbp2 and rbp7 genes suggest that these duplicated genes are subjected to purifying selection and one paralog might have evolved at an accelerated rate compared to its sister duplicate since the WGD. The steady-state levels of medaka and zebrafish rbp1, rbp2a, rbp2b and rbp5 transcripts in various tissues suggest that medaka rbp1, rbp2a and rbp2b genes have retained the regulatory elements of an ancestral RBP1 and RBP2 genes, and the medaka rbp5 gene has acquired new function. Furthermore, the tissue-specific regulations of rbp7a and rbp7b genes have diverged markedly in medaka and zebrafish since the teleost-specific WGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj B Parmar
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
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21
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Driessen M, Kienhuis AS, Pennings JLA, Pronk TE, van de Brandhof EJ, Roodbergen M, Spaink HP, van de Water B, van der Ven LTM. Exploring the zebrafish embryo as an alternative model for the evaluation of liver toxicity by histopathology and expression profiling. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:807-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Venkatachalam AB, Sawler DL, Wright JM. Tissue-specific transcriptional modulation of fatty acid-binding protein genes, fabp2, fabp3 and fabp6, by fatty acids and the peroxisome proliferator, clofibrate, in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Gene 2013; 520:14-21. [PMID: 23466978 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
All fabp genes, except fabp2, fabp3 and fabp6, exist as duplicates in the zebrafish genome owing to a whole genome duplication event ~230-400 million years ago. Transcription of some duplicated fabp genes is modulated by fatty acids (FAs) and/or clofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist. We had also shown previously that the steady-state level of acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (acox1) mRNA, a marker of PPARα activation, was elevated in liver, intestine, heart and muscle of fish fed clofibrate demonstrating that zebrafish, unlike some fishes, is responsive to this drug. acox1 transcripts were not induced in the brain of fish fed clofibrate, which suggests this drug may not cross the blood brain barrier. Here, we investigated the effect of dietary FAs and clofibrate on the transcription of single copy fabp genes, fabp2, fabp3 and fabp6, in five tissues of inbred zebrafish. The steady-state level of fabp2 transcripts increased in intestine, while fabp3 mRNA increased in liver of fish fed diets differing in FA content. In fish fed clofibrate, fabp3 mRNA in intestine, and fabp6 mRNA in intestine and heart, were elevated. Based on these findings, modulation of fabp2, fabp3 and fabp6 transcription by FAs and/or clofibrate in zebrafish implicates control of these genes by PPAR interaction with peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPRE) most likely in fabp promoters. Moreover, transcriptional induction of these fabp genes by dietary FAs and/or clofibrate is over-ridden by a tissue-specific mechanism(s), e.g., transcriptional activator or repressor proteins.
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23
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Parmar MB, Lee JJA, Wright JM. Duplicated crabp1 and crabp2 genes in medaka (Oryzias latipes): gene structure, phylogenetic relationship and tissue-specific distribution of transcripts. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 165:10-8. [PMID: 23458901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the genomic organization of duplicated cellular retinoic acid-binding protein genes, crabp1 and crabp2, in medaka (Japanese ricefish; Oryzias latipes), the phylogenetic relationship of medaka Crabp1a, Crabp1b, Crabp2a and Crabp2b with other Crabp/CRABP sequences from teleosts/tetrapods, and the tissue-specific distribution of crabp1a, crabp1b, crabp2a, and crabp2b transcripts in adult medaka. The duplicated medaka crabp1 and crabp2 genes contain four exons separated by three introns, which encode polypeptides of 137 and 142 amino acids, respectively. Sequence alignment revealed that medaka Crabp sequences share highest sequence identity and similarity with their orthologs from vertebrates. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the orthology of the medaka Crabps as they form a distinct clade with their orthologous polypeptides from vertebrates. Conserved gene synteny was evident between the duplicated crabp1 and crabp2 genes from medaka, and CRABP1 and CRABP2 genes from human, which provides compelling evidence that the identified duplicated crabp1 and crabp2 genes from medaka most likely arose owing to teleost-specific whole-genome duplication. The tissue-specific distribution of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and medaka crabp1a, crabp1b, crabp2a, and crabp2b gene transcripts suggests acquisition of new function by these genes in medaka, which may explain potential evolutionary processes that led to the retention of sister duplicates of crabp1 and crabp2 genes in the medaka genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj B Parmar
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
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25
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Parmar MB, Wright JM. Comparative evolutionary genomics of medaka and three-spined stickleback fabp2a and fabp2b genes with fabp2 of zebrafish. Genome 2013; 56:27-37. [PMID: 23379336 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2012-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe the evolutionary relationship of the duplicated intestinal fatty acid binding protein genes fabp2a and fabp2b from medaka and three-spined stickleback by comparing them to the well-studied fabp2 gene from zebrafish. The duplicated fabp2 genes from medaka and three-spined stickleback consist of four exons separated by three introns, which code for a polypeptide of 132 amino acids. Fabp2a and Fabp2b of medaka and three-spined stickleback share highest sequence identity with zebrafish Fabp2. All Fabp2/FABP2 sequences from vertebrates form a distinct clade in a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree with a robust 100% bootstrap value, which indicates that the medaka and three-spined stickleback fabp2a and fabp2b are orthologs of zebrafish fabp2. The syntenic genes of fabp2a and fabp2b from medaka and three-spined stickleback were shown to be conserved with the syntenic genes of fabp2/FABP2 from zebrafish and human, evidence that the duplicated fabp2 genes from medaka and three-spined stickleback most likely arose from the teleost-specific whole-genome duplication. The tissue-specific distribution of medaka and three-spined stickleback fabp2a and fabp2b transcripts, and zebrafish fabp2 transcripts, assayed by RT-qPCR suggests the acquisition of new function(s) by the medaka fabp2a, and the distinct evolution of fabp2b compared with fabp2a in the medaka and three-spined stickleback genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj B Parmar
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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26
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Comparative genomics and evolutionary diversification of the duplicated fabp6a and fabp6b genes in medaka and three-spined stickleback. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2012; 7:311-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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27
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Lai YY, Lubieniecki KP, Koop BF, Davidson WS. Characterization of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) brain-type fatty acid binding protein (fabp7) genes reveals the fates of teleost fabp7 genes following whole genome duplications. Gene 2012; 504:253-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Venkatachalam AB, Lall SP, Denovan-Wright EM, Wright JM. Tissue-specific differential induction of duplicated fatty acid-binding protein genes by the peroxisome proliferator, clofibrate, in zebrafish (Danio rerio). BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:112. [PMID: 22776158 PMCID: PMC3483278 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Force, Lynch and Conery proposed the duplication-degeneration-complementation (DDC) model in which partitioning of ancestral functions (subfunctionalization) and acquisition of novel functions (neofunctionalization) were the two primary mechanisms for the retention of duplicated genes. The DDC model was tested by analyzing the transcriptional induction of the duplicated fatty acid-binding protein (fabp) genes by clofibrate in zebrafish. Clofibrate is a specific ligand of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR); it activates PPAR which then binds to a peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) to induce the transcriptional initiation of genes primarily involved in lipid homeostasis. Zebrafish was chosen as our model organism as it has many duplicated genes owing to a whole genome duplication (WGD) event that occurred ~230-400 million years ago in the teleost fish lineage. We assayed the steady-state levels of fabp mRNA and heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) transcripts in liver, intestine, muscle, brain and heart for four sets of duplicated fabp genes, fabp1a/fabp1b.1/fabp1b.2, fabp7a/fabp7b, fabp10a/fabp10b and fabp11a/fabp11b in zebrafish fed different concentrations of clofibrate. Result Electron microscopy showed an increase in the number of peroxisomes and mitochondria in liver and heart, respectively, in zebrafish fed clofibrate. Clofibrate also increased the steady-state level of acox1 mRNA and hnRNA transcripts in different tissues, a gene with a functional PPRE. These results demonstrate that zebrafish is responsive to clofibrate, unlike some other fishes. The levels of fabp mRNA and hnRNA transcripts for the four sets of duplicated fabp genes was determined by reverse transcription, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The level of hnRNA coded by a gene is an indirect estimate of the rate of transcriptional initiation of that gene. Clofibrate increased the steady-state level of fabp mRNAs and hnRNAs for both the duplicated copies of fabp1a/fabp1b.1, and fabp7a/fabp7b, but in different tissues. Clofibrate also increased the steady-state level of fabp10a and fabp11a mRNAs and hnRNAs in liver, but not for fabp10b and fabp11b. Conclusion Some duplicated fabp genes have, most likely, retained PPREs, but induction by clofibrate is over-ridden by an, as yet, unknown tissue-specific mechanism(s). Regardless of the tissue-specific mechanism(s), transcriptional control of duplicated zebrafish fabp genes by clofibrate has markedly diverged since the WGD event.
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Parmar MB, Venkatachalam AB, Wright JM. The evolutionary relationship of the transcriptionally active fabp11a (intronless) and fabp11b genes of medaka with fabp11 genes of other teleost fishes. FEBS J 2012; 279:2310-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Lashin SA, Suslov VV, Matushkin YG. Theories of biological evolution from the viewpoint of the modern systemic biology. RUSS J GENET+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795412030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Qi ZH, Liu YF, Wang WN, Xin Y, Xie FX, Wang AL. Fatty acid binding protein 10 in the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides): characterization and regulation under pH and temperature stress. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 155:447-55. [PMID: 22182678 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated and characterized a fatty acid binding protein from the liver of the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Amino acid sequence similarity of the Ec-FABP (E. coioides-FABP) was highest to FABP10s isolated from the livers of catfish, chicken, salamander and iguana. The open-reading frame of the Ec-FABP codes for a protein of 14.0 kDa with a calculated isoelectric point of 8.5. We first expressed a FABP10 protein from orange-spotted grouper (E. coioides) in Pichia pastoris, and then characterized the antioxidative potential of our recombinant Ec-FABP by DCF fluorescence assay. RT-PCR assays showed that endogenous Ec-FABP mRNA is most strongly expressed in liver with the most abundance and intestine. Change in the groupers' blood cells respiratory burst activity was examined during and after exposure to the pH and temperature stress using flow cytometry. Further analysis of Ec-FABP gene expression in liver tissue by quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that Ec-FABP transcript levels increased when the fish were exposed to both pH and temperature stress, but the time when its mRNA expression level peaked differed under these stresses. Western blot analyses confirmed that the Ec-FABP protein was strongly expressed in the liver after exposure to the pH and temperature stress. These results suggest that Ec-FABP expression is stimulated by pH and temperature stress and that it may play important roles in general adaptive and antioxidant responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-hua Qi
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
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Nakajima H, Nakajima-Takagi Y, Tsujita T, Akiyama SI, Wakasa T, Mukaigasa K, Kaneko H, Tamaru Y, Yamamoto M, Kobayashi M. Tissue-restricted expression of Nrf2 and its target genes in zebrafish with gene-specific variations in the induction profiles. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26884. [PMID: 22046393 PMCID: PMC3201981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Keap1-Nrf2 system serves as a defense mechanism against oxidative stress and electrophilic toxicants by inducing more than one hundred cytoprotective proteins, including antioxidants and phase 2 detoxifying enzymes. Since induction profiles of Nrf2 target genes have been studied exclusively in cultured cells, and not in animal models, their tissue-specificity has not been well characterized. In this paper, we examined and compared the tissue-specific expression of several Nrf2 target genes in zebrafish larvae by whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH). Seven zebrafish genes (gstp1, mgst3b, prdx1, frrs1c, fthl, gclc and hmox1a) suitable for WISH analysis were selected from candidates for Nrf2 targets identified by microarray analysis. Tissue-restricted induction was observed in the nose, gill, and/or liver for all seven genes in response to Nrf2-activating compounds, diethylmaleate (DEM) and sulforaphane. The Nrf2 gene itself was dominantly expressed in these three tissues, implying that tissue-restricted induction of Nrf2 target genes is defined by tissue-specific expression of Nrf2. Interestingly, the induction of frrs1c and gclc in liver and nose, respectively, was quite low and that of hmox1a was restricted in the liver. These results indicate the existence of gene-specific variations in the tissue specificity, which can be controlled by factors other than Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Nakajima
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yaeko Nakajima-Takagi
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Tsujita
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Environmental Response Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Wakasa
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Katsuki Mukaigasa
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kaneko
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamaru
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Environmental Response Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makoto Kobayashi
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Environmental Response Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Gong YN, Li WW, Sun JL, Ren F, He L, Jiang H, Wang Q. Molecular cloning and tissue expression of the fatty acid-binding protein (Es-FABP) gene in female Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). BMC Mol Biol 2010; 11:71. [PMID: 20846381 PMCID: PMC2949604 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-11-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs), small cytosolic proteins that function in the uptake and utilization of fatty acids, have been extensively studied in higher vertebrates while invertebrates have received little attention despite similar nutritional requirements during periods of reproductive activity. Results Therefore, a cDNA encoding Eriocheir sinensis FABP (Es-FABP) was cloned based upon EST analysis of a hepatopancreas cDNA library. The full length cDNA was 750 bp and encoded a 131 aa polypeptide that was highly homologous to related genes reported in shrimp. The 9108 bp Es-FABP gene contained four exons that were interrupted by three introns, a genomic organization common among FABP multigene family members in vertebrates. Gene expression analysis, as determined by RT-PCR, revealed the presence of Es-FABP transcripts in hepatopancreas, hemocytes, ovary, gills, muscle, thoracic ganglia, heart, and intestine, but not stomach or eyestalk. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that Es-FABP expression in ovary, hemocytes, and hepatopancreas was dependent on the status of ovarian development, with peak expression observed in January. Conclusions Evidence provided in the present report supports a role of Es-FABP in lipid transport during the period of rapid ovarian growth in E. sinensis, and indirectly confirms the participation of the hepatopancreas, ovary, and hemocytes in lipid nutrient absorption and utilization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Gong
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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Noël ES, Reis MD, Arain Z, Ober EA. Analysis of the Albumin/alpha-Fetoprotein/Afamin/Group specific component gene family in the context of zebrafish liver differentiation. Gene Expr Patterns 2010; 10:237-43. [PMID: 20471496 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Albumin/alpha-Fetoprotein/Afamin/Group specific component (Alb/Afp/Afm/Gc) multi-gene family perform physiological functions essential for body homeostasis and are among the earliest genes to be expressed in the fetal liver in mammals. A comprehensive search of the zebrafish genome has led to the isolation of a single member of this gene family, exhibiting close homology to group specific component (gc; also described as vitamin D binding protein (dbp)). Our phylogenetic analyses did not uncover albumin in the genome, indicating its likely absence in zebrafish, whereas the absence of afp and afm is in agreement with previous findings that both genes arose at a later stage of vertebrate evolution. gc mRNA expression is initiated weakly around 55 hours post fertilisation (hpf) in the developing liver, and increases until it reaches a continuously high level from about 72 hpf onwards. Investigation of gc mRNA in hdac1 mutants revealed a severe delay of expression, indicating a defect in progression of hepatic differentiation. This provides further evidence for Hdac1 regulating the precise timely execution of hepatic gene expression programmes. Conversely, onset of gc expression was unaltered in cloche mutant embryos, which lack hepatic vasculature, suggesting that this particular step of hepatic differentiation occurs independently from endothelial cells. Our studies identify gc as the likely only member of the Alb/Afp/Afm/Gc gene family in zebrafish, providing important insights into the evolution of this multi-gene family in vertebrates. Furthermore, the identification of gc adds a valuable temporal marker for investigating progressive hepatic differentiation in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Noël
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Division of Developmental Biology, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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Belliveau DJ, Venkatachalam AB, Thisse C, Thisse B, Ma H, Wright JM. The duplicated retinol-binding protein 7 (rbp7) genes are differentially transcribed in embryos and adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Gene Expr Patterns 2010; 10:167-76. [PMID: 20398800 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Genomic and cDNA sequences coding for two cellular retinol-binding proteins (rbp) in zebrafish were retrieved from DNA sequence databases. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these proteins were most similar to mammalian RBP7/Rbp7 proteins. Hence, the genes coding for these proteins were named rbp7a and rbp7b. Using a radiation hybrid panel, rbp7a and rbp7b were mapped to the zebrafish chromosomes 23 and 6, respectively. Conserved gene synteny indicated that these genes most likely arose as a result of a fish-specific whole-genome duplication event that had occurred 230-400 million years ago. Whole-mount in situ hybridization to zebrafish embryos detected rbp7a transcripts from the sphere stage (4h post-fertilization (hpf)) in the forerunner cells and the yolk syncytial layer, as well as in Kuppfer's vesicle and the periderm at 12 hpf. The transcripts of rbp7b were seen primarily in the somite stages (10-24 hpf) of zebrafish embryos, but also in the floor plate and hypochord, and did not overlap with the distribution of rbp7a transcripts in embryos. The hybridization signal for rbp7a and rbp7b transcripts was not detected in embryos after 12 hpf and 24 hpf, respectively. While transcripts for both rbp7a and rbp7b were found in all adult tissues assayed by RT-qPCR, the steady-state level of rbp7a transcripts were significantly higher than that of rbp7b transcripts in gill and ovary, whereas rbp7b transcripts were significantly higher than rbp7a transcripts in muscle and brain. The distribution of rbp7a and rbp7b transcripts in embryos and adult zebrafish indicate that the cis-elements that control the transcriptional regulation of the rbp7a and rbp7b genes have diverged considerably since their duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Belliveau
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1
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Karanth S, Denovan-Wright EM, Thisse C, Thisse B, Wright JM. Tandem duplication of the fabp1b gene and subsequent divergence of the tissue-specific distribution of fabp1b.1 and fabp1b.2 transcripts in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Genome 2010; 52:985-92. [PMID: 19953126 DOI: 10.1139/g09-071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe a fatty acid-binding protein 1 (fabp1b.2) gene and its tissue-specific expression in zebrafish embryos and adults. The 3.5 kb zebrafish fabp1b.2 gene is the paralog of the previously described zebrafish fabp1a and fabp1b genes. Using the LN54 radiation hybrid mapping panel, we assigned the zebrafish fabp1b.2 gene to linkage group 8, the same linkage group to which fabp1b.1 was mapped. fabp1b.1 and fabp1b.2 appear to have arisen by a tandem duplication event. Whole-mount in situ hybridization of a riboprobe to embryos and larvae detected fabp1b.2 transcripts in the diencephalon and as spots in the periphery of the yolk sac. In adult zebrafish, in situ hybridization revealed fabp1b.2 transcripts in the anterior intestine and skin, and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) detected fabp1b.2 transcripts in the intestine, brain, heart, ovary, skin, and eye. By contrast, fabp1b.1 transcripts were detected by RT-PCR in the liver, intestine, heart, testis, ovary, and gills. The tissue-specific distribution of transcripts for the tandemly duplicated fabp1b.1 and fabp1b.2 genes in adult tissues and during development suggests that the duplicated fabp1b genes of zebrafish have acquired additional functions compared with the ancestral fabp1 gene, i.e., by neofunctionalization. Furthermore, these functions were subsequently divided between fabp1b.1 and fabp1b.2 owing to subfunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Karanth
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada
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Relaxin gene family in teleosts: phylogeny, syntenic mapping, selective constraint, and expression analysis. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:293. [PMID: 20015397 PMCID: PMC2805637 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, the relaxin family of signaling molecules has been shown to play diverse roles in mammalian physiology, but little is known about its diversity or physiology in teleosts, an infraclass of the bony fishes comprising ~ 50% of all extant vertebrates. In this paper, 32 relaxin family sequences were obtained by searching genomic and cDNA databases from eight teleost species; phylogenetic, molecular evolutionary, and syntenic data analyses were conducted to understand the relationship and differential patterns of evolution of relaxin family genes in teleosts compared with mammals. Additionally, real-time quantitative PCR was used to confirm and assess the tissues of expression of five relaxin family genes in Danio rerio and in situ hybridization used to assess the site-specific expression of the insulin 3-like gene in D. rerio testis. Results Up to six relaxin family genes were identified in each teleost species. Comparative syntenic mapping revealed that fish possess two paralogous copies of human RLN3, which we call rln3a and rln3b, an orthologue of human RLN2, rln, two paralogous copies of human INSL5, insl5a and insl5b, and an orthologue of human INSL3, insl3. Molecular evolutionary analyses indicated that: rln3a, rln3b and rln are under strong evolutionary constraint, that insl3 has been subject to moderate rates of sequence evolution with two amino acids in insl3/INSL3 showing evidence of positively selection, and that insl5b exhibits a higher rate of sequence evolution than its paralogue insl5a suggesting that it may have been neo-functionalized after the teleost whole genome duplication. Quantitative PCR analyses in D. rerio indicated that rln3a and rln3b are expressed in brain, insl3 is highly expressed in gonads, and that there was low expression of both insl5 genes in adult zebrafish. Finally, in situ hybridization of insl3 in D. rerio testes showed highly specific hybridization to interstitial Leydig cells. Conclusions Contrary to previous studies, we find convincing evidence that teleosts contain orthologues of four relaxin family peptides. Overall our analyses suggest that in teleosts: 1) rln3 exhibits a similar evolution and expression pattern to mammalian RLN3, 2) insl3 has been subject to positive selection like its mammalian counterpart and shows similar tissue-specific expression in Leydig cells, 3) insl5 genes are highly represented and have a relatively high rate of sequence evolution in teleost genomes, but they exhibited only low levels of expression in adult zebrafish, 4) rln is evolving under very different selective constraints from mammalian RLN. The results presented here should facilitate the development of hypothesis-driven experimental work on the specific roles of relaxin family genes in teleosts.
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Genomic organization of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fatty acid binding protein (fabp2) genes reveals independent loss of duplicate loci in teleosts. Mar Genomics 2009; 2:193-200. [PMID: 21798188 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gene and genome duplications are considered to be driving forces of evolution. The relatively recent genome duplication in the common ancestor of salmonids makes this group of fish an excellent system for studying the re-diploidization process and the fates of duplicate genes. We characterized the structure and genome organization of the intestinal fatty acid binding protein (fabp2) genes in Atlantic salmon as a means of understanding the evolutionary fates of members of this protein family in teleosts. A survey of EST databases identified three unique salmonid fabp2 transcripts (fabp2aI, fabp2aII and fabp2b) compared to one transcript in zebrafish. We screened the CHORI-214 Atlantic salmon BAC library and identified BACs containing each of the three fabp2 genes. Physical mapping, genetic mapping and fluorescence in situ hybridization of Atlantic salmon chromosomes revealed that Atlantic salmon fabp2aI, fabp2aII and fabp2b correspond to separate genetic loci that reside on different chromosomes. Comparative genomic analyses indicated that these genes are related to one another by two genome duplications and a gene loss. The first genome duplication occurred in the common ancestor of all teleosts, giving rise to fabp2a and fabp2b, and the second in the common ancestor of salmonids, producing fabp2aI, fabp2aII, fabp2bI and fabp2bII. A subsequent loss of fabp2bI or fabp2bII gave the complement of fabp2 genes seen in Atlantic salmon today. There is also evidence for independent losses of fabp2b genes in zebrafish and tetraodon. Although there is no evidence for partitioning of tissue expression of fabp2 genes (i.e., sub-functionalization) in Atlantic salmon, the pattern of amino acid substitutions in Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout fabp2aI and fabp2aII suggests that neo-functionalization is occurring.
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Venkatachalam AB, Thisse C, Thisse B, Wright JM. Differential tissue-specific distribution of transcripts for the duplicated fatty acid-binding protein 10 (fabp10) genes in embryos, larvae and adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). FEBS J 2009; 276:6787-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Karanth S, Lall SP, Denovan-Wright EM, Wright JM. Differential transcriptional modulation of duplicated fatty acid-binding protein genes by dietary fatty acids in zebrafish (Danio rerio): evidence for subfunctionalization or neofunctionalization of duplicated genes. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:219. [PMID: 19725974 PMCID: PMC2754478 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the Duplication-Degeneration-Complementation (DDC) model, subfunctionalization and neofunctionalization have been proposed as important processes driving the retention of duplicated genes in the genome. These processes are thought to occur by gain or loss of regulatory elements in the promoters of duplicated genes. We tested the DDC model by determining the transcriptional induction of fatty acid-binding proteins (Fabps) genes by dietary fatty acids (FAs) in zebrafish. We chose zebrafish for this study for two reasons: extensive bioinformatics resources are available for zebrafish at zfin.org and zebrafish contains many duplicated genes owing to a whole genome duplication event that occurred early in the ray-finned fish lineage approximately 230-400 million years ago. Adult zebrafish were fed diets containing either fish oil (12% lipid, rich in highly unsaturated fatty acid), sunflower oil (12% lipid, rich in linoleic acid), linseed oil (12% lipid, rich in linolenic acid), or low fat (4% lipid, low fat diet) for 10 weeks. FA profiles and the steady-state levels of fabp mRNA and heterogeneous nuclear RNA in intestine, liver, muscle and brain of zebrafish were determined. Result FA profiles assayed by gas chromatography differed in the intestine, brain, muscle and liver depending on diet. The steady-state level of mRNA for three sets of duplicated genes, fabp1a/fabp1b.1/fabp1b.2, fabp7a/fabp7b, and fabp11a/fabp11b, was determined by reverse transcription, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). In brain, the steady-state level of fabp7b mRNAs was induced in fish fed the linoleic acid-rich diet; in intestine, the transcript level of fabp1b.1 and fabp7b were elevated in fish fed the linolenic acid-rich diet; in liver, the level of fabp7a mRNAs was elevated in fish fed the low fat diet; and in muscle, the level of fabp7a and fabp11a mRNAs were elevated in fish fed the linolenic acid-rich or the low fat diets. In all cases, induction of the steady-state level of fabp mRNAs by dietary FAs correlated with induced levels of hnRNA for a given fabp gene. As such, up-regulation of the steady-state level of fabp mRNAs by FAs occurred at the level of initiation of transcription. None of the sister duplicates of these fabp genes exhibited an increase in their steady-state transcript levels in a specific tissue following feeding zebrafish any of the four experimental diets. Conclusion Differential induction of only one of the sister pair of duplicated fabp genes by FAs provides evidence to support the DDC model for retention of duplicated genes in the zebrafish genome by either subfunctionalization or neofunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Karanth
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J1, Canada.
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Kassahn KS, Dang VT, Wilkins SJ, Perkins AC, Ragan MA. Evolution of gene function and regulatory control after whole-genome duplication: comparative analyses in vertebrates. Genome Res 2009; 19:1404-18. [PMID: 19439512 DOI: 10.1101/gr.086827.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The significance of whole-genome duplications (WGD) for vertebrate evolution remains controversial, in part because the mechanisms by which WGD contributed to functional evolution or speciation are still incompletely characterized. Fish genomes provide an ideal context in which to examine the consequences of WGD, because the teleost lineage experienced an additional WGD soon after divergence from tetrapods and because five teleost genomes are available for comparative analysis. Here we present an integrated approach to characterize these post-duplication genomes based on genome-scale synteny, phylogenetic, temporal, and spatial gene expression and on protein sequence data. A minimum of 3%-4% of protein-coding loci have been retained in two copies in each of the five fish genomes, and many of these duplicates are key developmental genes that function as transcription factors or signaling molecules. Almost all duplicate gene pairs we examined have diverged in spatial and/or temporal expression during embryogenesis. A quarter of duplicate pairs have diverged in function via the acquisition of novel protein domains or via changes in the subcellular localization of their encoded proteins. We compared the spatial expression and protein domain architecture of zebrafish WGD-duplicates to those of their single mouse ortholog and found many examples supporting a model of neofunctionalization. WGD-duplicates have acquired novel protein domains more often than have single-copy genes. Post-WGD changes at the gene regulatory level were more common than changes at the protein level. We conclude that the most significant consequence of WGD for vertebrate evolution has been to enable more-specialized regulatory control of development via the acquisition of novel spatiotemporal expression domains. We find limited evidence that reciprocal gene loss led to reproductive isolation and speciation in this lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin S Kassahn
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and ARC Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, QLD, Australia
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Liu RZ, Li X, Godbout R. A novel fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) gene resulting from tandem gene duplication in mammals: transcription in rat retina and testis. Genomics 2008; 92:436-45. [PMID: 18786628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have identified a new member of the FABP gene family, designated FABP12. FABP12 has the same structure as other FABP genes and resides in a cluster with FABP4/5/8/9 within 300,000 bp chromosomal region. FABP12 orthologs are found in mammals, but not in the zebrafish or chicken genomes. We demonstrate that FABP12 is expressed in rodent retina and testis, as well as in human retinoblastoma cell lines. In situ hybridization of adult rat retinal tissue indicates that FABP12 mRNA is expressed in ganglion and inner nuclear layer cells. Analysis of adult rat testis reveals a pattern of expression that is different from that of the known testis FABP (FABP9) in the testicular germ cells, suggesting distinct roles for these two genes during mammalian spermatogenesis. We propose that FABP12 arose as the result of tandem gene duplication, a mechanism that may have been instrumental to the expansion of the FABP family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Zong Liu
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 1Z2
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Alves-Costa FA, Denovan-Wright EM, Thisse C, Thisse B, Wright JM. Spatio-temporal distribution of fatty acid-binding protein 6 (fabp6) gene transcripts in the developing and adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). FEBS J 2008; 275:3325-34. [PMID: 18492067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We have determined the structure of the fatty acid-binding protein 6 (fabp6) gene and the tissue-specific distribution of its transcripts in embryos, larvae and adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Like most members of the vertebrate FABP multigene family, the zebrafish fabp6 gene contains four exons separated by three introns. The coding region of the gene and expressed sequence tags code for a polypeptide of 131 amino acids (14 kDa, pI 6.59). The putative zebrafish Fabp6 protein shared greatest sequence identity with human FABP6 (55.3%) compared to other orthologous mammalian FABPs and paralogous zebrafish Fabps. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the zebrafish Fabp6 formed a distinct clade with the mammalian FABP6s. The zebrafish fabp6 gene was assigned to linkage group (chromosome) 21 by radiation hybrid mapping. Conserved gene synteny was evident between the zebrafish fabp6 gene on chromosome 21 and the FABP6/Fabp6 genes on human chromosome 5, rat chromosome 10 and mouse chromosome 11. Zebrafish fabp6 transcripts were first detected in the distal region of the intestine of embryos at 72 h postfertilization. This spatial distribution remained constant to 7-day-old larvae, the last stage assayed during larval development. In adult zebrafish, fabp6 transcripts were detected by RT-PCR in RNA extracted from liver, heart, intestine, ovary and kidney (most likely adrenal tissue), but not in RNA from skin, brain, gill, eye or muscle. In situ hybridization of a fabp6 riboprobe to adult zebrafish sections revealed intense hybridization signals in the adrenal homolog of the kidney and the distal region of the intestine, and to a lesser extent in ovary and liver, a transcript distribution that is similar, but not identical, to that seen for the mammalian FABP6/Fabp6 gene.
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Recent papers on zebrafish and other aquarium fish models. Zebrafish 2008; 3:387-98. [PMID: 18377219 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2006.3.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Agulleiro MJ, André M, Morais S, Cerdà J, Babin PJ. High Transcript Level of Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 11 but Not of Very Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Is Correlated to Ovarian Follicle Atresia in a Teleost Fish (Solea senegalensis)1. Biol Reprod 2007; 77:504-16. [PMID: 17554079 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.061598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcripts encoding a fatty acid-binding protein (FABP), Fabp11, and two isoforms of very low-density lipoprotein receptor (Vldlr; vitellogenin receptor) were characterized from the ovary of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Phylogenetic analyses of vertebrate FABPs demonstrated that Senegalese sole Fabp11, as zebrafish (Danio rerio) homologous sequences, is part of a newly defined teleost fish FABP subfamily that is a sister clade of tetrapod FABP4/FABP5/FABP8/FABP9. RT-PCR revealed high levels of vldlr transcript splicing variants in the ovaries and, to a lesser extent, in somatic tissues, whereas fabp11 was highly expressed in the ovaries, liver, and adipose tissue. In situ hybridization analysis showed vldlr and fabp11 mRNAs in previtellogenic oocytes, whereas no hybridization signals were detected in the larger vitellogenic oocytes. Transcript expression of fabp11 was strongly upregulated in somatic cells surrounding atretic follicles. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that ovarian transcript levels of vldlr and fabp11 had a significant positive correlation with the percentage of follicles in previtellogenesis and atresia, respectively. These results suggest that the expression level of vldlr transcripts may be used as a precocious functional marker to quantify the number of oocytes recruited for vitellogenesis and that fabp11 mRNA may be a very useful molecular marker for determining cellular events and environmental factors that regulate follicular atresia in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Agulleiro
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries Center of Aquaculture, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona 43540, Spain
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Liu RZ, Saxena V, Sharma MK, Thisse C, Thisse B, Denovan-Wright EM, Wright JM. The fabp4 gene of zebrafish (Danio rerio)--genomic homology with the mammalian FABP4 and divergence from the zebrafish fabp3 in developmental expression. FEBS J 2007; 274:1621-33. [PMID: 17480210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Teleost fishes differ from mammals in their fat deposition and distribution. The gene for adipocyte-type fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP or FABP4) has not been identified thus far in fishes. We have determined the cDNA sequence and defined the structure of a fatty acid-binding protein gene (designated fabp4) from the zebrafish genome. The polypeptide sequence encoded by zebrafish fabp4 showed highest identity to the H(ad)-FABP or H6-FABP from Antarctic fishes and the putative orthologs from other teleost fishes (83-88%). Phylogenetic analysis clustered the zebrafish FABP4 with all Antarctic fish H6-FABPs and putative FABP4s from other fishes in a single clade, and then with the mammalian FABP4s in an extended clade. Zebrafish fabp4 was assigned to linkage group 19 at a distinct locus from fabp3. A number of closely linked syntenic genes surrounding the zebrafish fabp4 locus were found to be conserved with human FABP4. The zebrafish fabp4 transcripts showed sequential distribution in the developing eye, diencephalon and brain vascular system, from the middle somitogenesis stage to 48 h postfertilization, whereas fabp3 mRNA was located widely in the embryonic and/or larval central nervous system, retina, myotomes, pancreas and liver from middle somitogenesis to 5 days postfertilization. Differentiation in developmental regulation of zebrafish fabp4 and fabp3 gene transcription suggests distinct functions for these two paralogous genes in vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Zong Liu
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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