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Peng C, Cheng Y, Ma M, Chen Q, Duan Y, Liu S, Cheng H, Yang H, Huang J, Bu W, Shi C, Wu X, Chen J, Zheng R, Liu Z, Ji Z, Wang J, Huang X, Wang P, Sha W, Ge B, Wang L. Mycobacterium tuberculosis suppresses host antimicrobial peptides by dehydrogenating L-alanine. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4216. [PMID: 38760394 PMCID: PMC11101664 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48588-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), ancient scavengers of bacteria, are very poorly induced in macrophages infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we report that L-alanine interacts with PRSS1 and unfreezes the inhibitory effect of PRSS1 on the activation of NF-κB pathway to induce the expression of AMPs, but mycobacterial alanine dehydrogenase (Ald) Rv2780 hydrolyzes L-alanine and reduces the level of L-alanine in macrophages, thereby suppressing the expression of AMPs to facilitate survival of mycobacteria. Mechanistically, PRSS1 associates with TAK1 and disruptes the formation of TAK1/TAB1 complex to inhibit TAK1-mediated activation of NF-κB pathway, but interaction of L-alanine with PRSS1, disables PRSS1-mediated impairment on TAK1/TAB1 complex formation, thereby triggering the activation of NF-κB pathway to induce expression of AMPs. Moreover, deletion of antimicrobial peptide gene β-defensin 4 (Defb4) impairs the virulence by Rv2780 during infection in mice. Both L-alanine and the Rv2780 inhibitor, GWP-042, exhibits excellent inhibitory activity against M. tuberculosis infection in vivo. Our findings identify a previously unrecognized mechanism that M. tuberculosis uses its own alanine dehydrogenase to suppress host immunity, and provide insights relevant to the development of effective immunomodulators that target M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanna Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingtong Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiu Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjia Duan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingping Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyi Bu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyue Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxia Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruijuan Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Ji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochen Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Shanghai Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sha
- Shanghai Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Morales Granda NC, Toldi V, Miczi M, Lassoued M, Szabó A. Inhibition of mouse trypsin isoforms by SPINK1 and effect of human pancreatitis-associated mutations. Pancreatology 2023:S1424-3903(23)00137-0. [PMID: 37149461 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2023.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) is a trypsin-selective inhibitor protein secreted by the exocrine pancreas. Loss-of-function SPINK1 mutations predispose to chronic pancreatitis through either reduced expression, secretion, or impaired trypsin inhibition. In this study, we aimed to characterize the inhibitory activity of mouse SPINK1 against cationic (T7) and anionic (T8, T9, T20) mouse trypsin isoforms. Kinetic measurements with a peptide substrate, and digestion experiments with β-casein indicated that the catalytic activity of all mouse trypsins is comparable. Human SPINK1 and its mouse ortholog inhibited mouse trypsins with comparable efficiency (KD range 0.7-2.2 pM), with the sole exception of T7 trypsin, which was inhibited less effectively by the human inhibitor (KD 21.9 pM). Characterization of four chronic pancreatitis-associated human SPINK1 mutations in the context of the mouse inhibitor revealed that the reactive-loop mutations R42N (human K41N) and I43M (human I42M) impaired SPINK1 binding to trypsin (KD 60 nM and 47.5 pM, respectively), whereas mutations D35S (human N34S) and A56S (human P55S) had no impact on trypsin inhibition. Our results confirmed that high-affinity trypsin inhibition by SPINK1 is conserved in the mouse, and the functional consequences of human pancreatitis-associated SPINK1 mutations can be replicated in the mouse inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly C Morales Granda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Doctoral School of Molecular, Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Vanda Toldi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Márió Miczi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Meriam Lassoued
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - András Szabó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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3
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Pesei ZG, Jancsó Z, Demcsák A, Németh BC, Vajda S, Sahin-Tóth M. Preclinical testing of dabigatran in trypsin-dependent pancreatitis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:161145. [PMID: 36136430 PMCID: PMC9675574 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatitis, the inflammatory disorder of the pancreas, has no specific therapy. Genetic, biochemical, and animal model studies revealed that trypsin plays a central role in the onset and progression of pancreatitis. Here, we performed biochemical and preclinical mouse experiments to offer proof of concept that orally administered dabigatran etexilate can inhibit pancreatic trypsins and shows therapeutic efficacy in trypsin-dependent pancreatitis. We found that dabigatran competitively inhibited all human and mouse trypsin isoforms (Ki range 10-79 nM) and dabigatran plasma concentrations in mice given oral dabigatran etexilate well exceeded the Ki of trypsin inhibition. In the T7K24R trypsinogen mutant mouse model, a single oral gavage of dabigatran etexilate was effective against cerulein-induced progressive pancreatitis, with a high degree of histological normalization. In contrast, spontaneous pancreatitis in T7D23A mice, which carry a more aggressive trypsinogen mutation, was not ameliorated by dabigatran etexilate, given either as daily gavages or by mixing it with solid chow. Taken together, our observations showed that benzamidine derivatives such as dabigatran are potent trypsin inhibitors and show therapeutic activity against trypsin-dependent pancreatitis in T7K24R mice. Lack of efficacy in T7D23A mice is probably related to the more severe pathology and insufficient drug concentrations in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Gabriella Pesei
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zsanett Jancsó
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexandra Demcsák
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Balázs Csaba Németh
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sandor Vajda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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4
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Chronic Pancreatitis: The True Pathogenic Culprit within the SPINK1 N34S-Containing Haplotype Is No Longer at Large. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111683. [PMID: 34828289 PMCID: PMC8619230 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A diverse range of loss-of-function variants in the SPINK1 gene (encoding pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor) has been identified in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP). The haplotype harboring the SPINK1 c.101A>G (p.Asn34Ser or N34S) variant (rs17107315:T>C) is one of the most important heritable risk factors for CP as a consequence of its relatively high prevalence worldwide (population allele frequency ≈ 1%) and its considerable effect size (odds ratio ≈ 11). The causal variant responsible for this haplotype has been intensively investigated over the past two decades. The different hypotheses tested addressed whether the N34S missense variant has a direct impact on enzyme structure and function, whether c.101A>G could affect pre-mRNA splicing or mRNA stability, and whether another variant in linkage disequilibrium with c.101A>G might be responsible for the observed association with CP. Having reviewed the currently available genetic and experimental data, we conclude that c.-4141G>T (rs142703147:C>A), which disrupts a PTF1L-binding site within an evolutionarily conserved HNF1A-PTF1L cis-regulatory module located ∼4 kb upstream of the SPINK1 promoter, can be designated as the causal variant beyond reasonable doubt. This case illustrates the difficulties inherent in determining the identity of the causal variant underlying an initially identified disease association.
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5
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Kulke M, Nagel F, Schulig L, Geist N, Gabor M, Mayerle J, M Lerch M, Link A, Delcea M. A Hypothesized Mechanism for Chronic Pancreatitis Caused by the N34S Mutation of Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal-Type 1 Based on Conformational Studies. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:2111-2119. [PMID: 34054303 PMCID: PMC8157096 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s304787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although strongly related, the pathophysiological effect of the N34S mutation in the serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) in chronic pancreatitis is still unknown. In this study, we investigate the conformational space of the human cationic trypsin-serine protease inhibitor complex. Methods Simulations with molecular dynamics, replica exchange, and transition pathway methods are used. Results Two main binding states of the inhibitor to the complex were found, which explicitly relate the influence of the mutation site to conformational changes in the active site of trypsin. Conclusion Based on our result, a hypothesis is formulated that explains the development of chronic pancreatitis through accelerated digestion of the mutant by trypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kulke
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Felix Nagel
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lukas Schulig
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Norman Geist
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcel Gabor
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine II, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine a, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Link
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mihaela Delcea
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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6
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Biochemical characterization of zebrafish Prss59.1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 560:32-36. [PMID: 33965786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Eleven genes, including prss59.1, were selected as candidate ovulation-inducing genes on the basis of microarray analysis and RNA sequencing in our previous study. To address the role of prss59.1, the prss59.1 gene knock-out zebrafish strain is currently being established by genome editing. In this study, for further phenotypic analysis of prss59.1, biochemical characterization of Prss59.1 was conducted using recombinant protein. A C-terminal histidine-tagged version of zebrafish Prss 59.1 was constructed. Although E. coli-produced recombinant Prss59.1 showed almost no activity, peptidase activities appeared after denaturation and renaturation. Zebrafish Prss59.1 showed the highest activity against Lys-MCA. The optimal temperature and pH of the activity toward Lys-MCA were 37 °C and pH 8.0, respectively. The Km value was 0.17 mM. Thus, zebrafish Prss59.1 possesses the closed character of trypsin, as expected from the DNA sequence.
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7
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Szabó A, Toldi V, Gazda LD, Demcsák A, Tőzsér J, Sahin-Tóth M. Defective binding of SPINK1 variants is an uncommon mechanism for impaired trypsin inhibition in chronic pancreatitis. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100343. [PMID: 33515547 PMCID: PMC7949130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) protects the pancreas from intrapancreatic trypsin activation that can lead to pancreatitis. Loss-of-function genetic variants of SPINK1 increase the risk for chronic pancreatitis, often by diminishing inhibitor expression or secretion. Variants that are secreted normally have been presumed to be pathogenic because of defective trypsin inhibition, but evidence has been lacking. Here, we report quantitative studies on the inhibition of human trypsins by wildtype SPINK1 and seven secreted missense variants. We found that tyrosine sulfation of human trypsins weakens binding of SPINK1 because of altered interactions with Tyr43 in the SPINK1 reactive loop. Using authentic sulfated human trypsins, we provide conclusive evidence that SPINK1 variants N34S, N37S, R65Q, and Q68R have unimpaired inhibitory activity, whereas variant P55S exhibits a small and clinically insignificant binding defect. In contrast, rare variants K41N and I42M that affect the reactive-site peptide bond of SPINK1 decrease inhibitor binding by 20,000- to 30,000-fold and three- to sevenfold, respectively. Taken together, the observations indicate that defective trypsin inhibition by SPINK1 variants is an uncommon mechanism in chronic pancreatitis. The results also strengthen the notion that a decline in inhibitor levels explains pancreatitis risk associated with the large majority of SPINK1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Szabó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Center for Exocrine Disorders, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Vanda Toldi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Doctoral School of Molecular, Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lívia Diána Gazda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Doctoral School of Molecular, Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Demcsák
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - József Tőzsér
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- Center for Exocrine Disorders, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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8
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Toldi V, Szabó A, Sahin-Tóth M. Inactivation of mesotrypsin by chymotrypsin C prevents trypsin inhibitor degradation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3447-3455. [PMID: 32014997 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesotrypsin is an unusual human trypsin isoform with inhibitor resistance and the ability to degrade trypsin inhibitors. Degradation of the protective serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) by mesotrypsin in the pancreas may contribute to the pathogenesis of pancreatitis. Here we tested the hypothesis that the regulatory digestive protease chymotrypsin C (CTRC) mitigates the harmful effects of mesotrypsin by cleaving the autolysis loop. As human trypsins are post-translationally sulfated in the autolysis loop, we also assessed the effect of this modification. We found that mesotrypsin cleaved in the autolysis loop by CTRC exhibited catalytic impairment on short peptides due to a 10-fold increase in Km , it digested β-casein poorly and bound soybean trypsin inhibitor with 10-fold decreased affinity. Importantly, CTRC-cleaved mesotrypsin degraded SPINK1 with markedly reduced efficiency. Sulfation increased mesotrypsin activity but accelerated CTRC-mediated cleavage of the autolysis loop and did not protect against the detrimental effect of CTRC cleavage. The observations indicate that CTRC-mediated cleavage of the autolysis loop in mesotrypsin decreases protease activity and thereby protects the pancreas against unwanted SPINK1 degradation. The findings expand the role of CTRC as a key defense mechanism against pancreatitis through regulation of intrapancreatic trypsin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Toldi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - András Szabó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Center for Exocrine Disorders, Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118.
| | - Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Center for Exocrine Disorders, Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118; Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095.
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9
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Abstract
The domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) recently emerged as a novel model for human pancreatic diseases. To investigate whether the ferret would be appropriate to study hereditary pancreatitis associated with increased trypsinogen autoactivation, we purified and cloned the trypsinogen isoforms from the ferret pancreas and studied their functional properties. We found two highly expressed isoforms, anionic and cationic trypsinogen. When compared to human cationic trypsinogen (PRSS1), ferret anionic trypsinogen autoactivated only in the presence of high calcium concentrations but not in millimolar calcium, which prevails in the secretory pathway. Ferret cationic trypsinogen was completely defective in autoactivation under all conditions tested. However, both isoforms were readily activated by enteropeptidase and cathepsin B. We conclude that ferret trypsinogens do not autoactivate as their human paralogs and cannot be used to model the effects of trypsinogen mutations associated with human hereditary pancreatitis. Intra-pancreatic trypsinogen activation by cathepsin B can occur in ferrets, which might trigger pancreatitis even in the absence of trypsinogen autoactivation.
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10
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Chen G, Zhang Y, Trinidad JC, Dann C. Distinguishing Sulfotyrosine Containing Peptides from their Phosphotyrosine Counterparts Using Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:455-462. [PMID: 29313205 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sulfotyrosine and phosphotyrosine are two post-translational modifications present in higher eukaryotes. A simple and direct mass spectrometry method to distinguish between these modifications is crucial to advance our understanding of the sulfoproteome. While sulfation and phosphorylation are nominally isobaric, the accurate mass of the sulfuryl moiety is 9.6 mDa less than the phosphoryl moiety. Based on this difference, we have used an Orbitrap Fusion Lumos mass spectrometer to characterize, resolve, and distinguish between sulfotyrosine and phosphotyrosine modifications using a set of model peptides. Multiple fragmentation techniques, namely HCD, CID, ETD, ETciD, and EThcD, have been used to compare the different fragmentation behaviors between peptides modified with these species. Sulfotyrosine undergoes neutral loss using HCD and CID, but the sulfuryl moiety is largely stable under ETD. In contrast, phosphotyrosine is stable during fragmentation using all these methods. This differential stability provides a mechanism to distinguish sulfopeptides from phosphopeptides. Based on the rigorous characterization presented herein, this work serves as a model for accurate identification of phosphotyrosine and, more challenging, sulfotyrosine, in complex proteomic samples. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Yixiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jonathan C Trinidad
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Charles Dann
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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11
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Jancsó Z, Sahin-Tóth M. Tighter Control by Chymotrypsin C (CTRC) Explains Lack of Association between Human Anionic Trypsinogen and Hereditary Pancreatitis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12897-905. [PMID: 27129265 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.725374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The human pancreas expresses two major trypsinogen isoforms, cationic trypsinogen (PRSS1) and anionic trypsinogen (PRSS2). Mutations in PRSS1 cause hereditary pancreatitis by altering cleavage of regulatory nick sites by chymotrypsin C (CTRC) resulting in reduced trypsinogen degradation and increased autoactivation. Despite 90% identity with PRSS1 and a strong propensity for autoactivation, mutations in PRSS2 are not found in hereditary pancreatitis suggesting that activation of this isoform is more tightly regulated. Here, we demonstrated that CTRC promoted degradation and thereby markedly suppressed autoactivation of human anionic trypsinogen more effectively than previously observed with cationic trypsinogen. Increased sensitivity of anionic trypsinogen to CTRC-mediated degradation was due to an additional cleavage site at Leu-148 in the autolysis loop and the lack of the conserved Cys-139-Cys-206 disulfide bond. Significant stabilization of anionic trypsinogen against degradation was achieved by simultaneous mutations of CTRC cleavage sites Leu-81 and Leu-148, autolytic cleavage site Arg-122, and restoration of the missing disulfide bridge. This stands in stark contrast to cationic trypsinogen where single mutations of either Leu-81 or Arg-122 resulted in almost complete resistance to CTRC-mediated degradation. Finally, processing of the trypsinogen activation peptide at Phe-18 by CTRC inhibited autoactivation of anionic trypsinogen, although cationic trypsinogen was strongly stimulated. Taken together, the observations indicate that human anionic trypsinogen is controlled by CTRC in a manner that individual natural mutations are unlikely to increase stability enough to promote intra-pancreatic activation. This unique biochemical property of anionic trypsinogen explains the lack of association of PRSS2 mutations with hereditary pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsanett Jancsó
- From the Center for Exocrine Disorders, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- From the Center for Exocrine Disorders, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Kanan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City Oklahoma
| | - Muayyad R. Al Ubaidi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City Oklahoma
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13
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Protein surface charge of trypsinogen changes its activation pattern. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:109. [PMID: 25543846 PMCID: PMC4299543 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-014-0109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trypsinogen is the inactive precursor of trypsin, a serine protease that cleaves proteins and peptides after arginine and lysine residues. In this study, human trypsinogen was used as a model protein to study the influence of electrostatic forces on protein–protein interactions. Trypsinogen is active only after its eight-amino-acid-long activation peptide has been cleaved off by another protease, enteropeptidase. Trypsinogen can also be autoactivated without the involvement of enteropeptidase. This autoactivation process can occur if a trypsinogen molecule is activated by another trypsin molecule and therefore is based on a protein–protein interaction. Results Based on a rational protein design based on autoactivation-defective guinea pig trypsinogen, several amino acid residues, all located far away from the active site, were changed to modify the surface charge of human trypsinogen. The influence of the surface charge on the activation pattern of trypsinogen was investigated. The autoactivation properties of mutant trypsinogen were characterized in comparison to the recombinant wild-type enzyme. Surface-charged trypsinogen showed practically no autoactivation compared to the wild-type but could still be activated by enteropeptidase to the fully active trypsin. The kinetic parameters of surface-charged trypsinogen were comparable to the recombinant wild-type enzyme. Conclusion The variant with a modified surface charge compared to the wild-type enzyme showed a complete different activation pattern. Our study provides an example how directed modification of the protein surface charge can be utilized for the regulation of functional protein–protein interactions, as shown here for human trypsinogen. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-014-0109-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Systematic analysis of the in situ crosstalk of tyrosine modifications reveals no additional natural selection on multiply modified residues. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7331. [PMID: 25476580 PMCID: PMC4256647 DOI: 10.1038/srep07331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that different post-translational modifications (PTMs) synergistically orchestrate specific biological processes by crosstalks. However, the preference of the crosstalk among different PTMs and the evolutionary constraint on the PTM crosstalk need further dissections. In this study, the in situ crosstalk at the same positions among three tyrosine PTMs including sulfation, nitration and phosphorylation were systematically analyzed. The experimentally identified sulfation, nitration and phosphorylation sites were collected and integrated with reliable predictions to perform large-scale analyses of in situ crosstalks. From the results, we observed that the in situ crosstalk between sulfation and nitration is significantly under-represented, whereas both sulfation and nitration prefer to co-occupy with phosphorylation at same tyrosines. Further analyses suggested that sulfation and nitration preferentially co-occur with phosphorylation at specific positions in proteins, and participate in distinct biological processes and functions. More interestingly, the long-term evolutionary analysis indicated that multi-PTM targeting tyrosines didn't show any higher conservation than singly modified ones. Also, the analysis of human genetic variations demonstrated that there is no additional functional constraint on inherited disease, cancer or rare mutations of multiply modified tyrosines. Taken together, our systematic analyses provided a better understanding of the in situ crosstalk among PTMs.
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Szabó A, Salameh MA, Ludwig M, Radisky ES, Sahin-Tóth M. Tyrosine sulfation of human trypsin steers S2' subsite selectivity towards basic amino acids. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102063. [PMID: 25010489 PMCID: PMC4092071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cationic and anionic trypsins are sulfated on Tyr154, a residue which helps to shape the prime side substrate-binding subsites. Here, we used phage display technology to assess the significance of tyrosine sulfation for the specificity of human trypsins. The prime side residues P1′–P4′ in the binding loop of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) were fully randomized and tight binding inhibitor phages were selected against non-sulfated and sulfated human cationic trypsin. The selection pattern for the two targets differed mostly at the P2′ position, where variants selected against non-sulfated trypsin contained primarily aliphatic residues (Leu, Ile, Met), while variants selected against sulfated trypsin were enriched also for Arg. BPTI variants carrying Arg, Lys, Ile, Leu or Ala at the P2′ position of the binding loop were purified and equilibrium dissociation constants were determined against non-sulfated and sulfated cationic and anionic human trypsins. BPTI variants harboring apolar residues at P2′ exhibited 3–12-fold lower affinity to sulfated trypsin relative to the non-sulfated enzyme, whereas BPTI variants containing basic residues at P2′ had comparable affinity to both trypsin forms. Taken together, the observations demonstrate that the tyrosyl sulfate in human trypsins interacts with the P2′ position of the substrate-like inhibitor and this modification increases P2′ selectivity towards basic side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Szabó
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Moh’d A. Salameh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Maren Ludwig
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Pediatric Nutritional Medicine & EKFZ, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Evette S. Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Bunkenborg J, Espadas G, Molina H. Cutting Edge Proteomics: Benchmarking of Six Commercial Trypsins. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:3631-41. [DOI: 10.1021/pr4001465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Bunkenborg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, DK-2650 Hvidovre,
Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Molina
- Center for Genomic Regulation, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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Itkonen O. Human trypsinogens in the pancreas and in cancer. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2010; 70:136-43. [PMID: 20163205 DOI: 10.3109/00365511003615317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study led to the development of monoclonal antibodies and time-resolved immunofluorometric methods recognizing human trypsinogen-1 and -2, respectively. Using these methods in normal sera the concentration of trypsinogen-1 was found to be higher than that of trypsinogen-2. However, in acute pancreatitis the concentration of serum trypsinogen-2 was 50-fold higher than in controls, whereas the difference in trypsinogen-1 concentration was only 15-fold. Serum samples from patients who had undergone pancreatoduodenectomy contained trypsinogen-2, while trypsinogen-1 was detected in only one of nine samples. Furthermore, in human ovarian cyst fluids tumor-associated trypsinogen-2 (TAT-2) is the predominant isoenzyme and in mucinous cyst fluids the levels of TAT-2 were associated with malignancy. These results suggest that (i) trypsinogen-2 could be used as a diagnostic marker for acute pancreatitis, (ii) its expression is not restricted to the pancreas, and (iii) TAT could be involved in ovarian tumor dissemination and breakage of tissue barriers. In ion exchange chromatography, isoelectric variants of the trypsinogen isoenzymes were seen. Mass spectrometric analysis of these revealed that pancreatic trypsinogens are sulfated at tyrosine 154 (Tyr154), whereas TAT-2 from a colon carcinoma cell line is not. Tyr154 is located within the primary substrate binding pocket of trypsin. Thus, Tyr154 sulfation is likely to influence substrate binding. The previously known differences in charge and substrate binding between pancreatic and tumor-associated trypsinogens are suggested to be caused by sulfation of Tyr154 in pancreatic trypsinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Itkonen
- Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa - HUSLAB and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Rosendahl J, Rónai Z, Kovacs P, Teich N, Wittenburg H, Blüher M, Stumvoll M, Mössner J, Keim V, Bradbury AR, Sahin-Tóth M. Sequence analysis of the human tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase-2 gene in subjects with chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2010; 10:165-72. [PMID: 20460947 PMCID: PMC2899149 DOI: 10.1159/000231979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Human trypsinogens are post-translationally sulfated on Tyr154 by the Golgi resident enzyme tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase-2 (TPST2). Tyrosine sulfation stimulates the autoactivation of human cationic trypsinogen. Because increased trypsinogen autoactivation has been implicated as a pathogenic mechanism in chronic pancreatitis, we hypothesized that genetic variants of TPST2 might alter the risk for the disease. METHODS We sequenced the 4 protein-coding exons and the adjacent intronic sequences of TPST2 in 151 subjects with chronic pancreatitis and in 169 healthy controls. The functional effect of TPST2 variants on trypsinogen sulfation was analyzed in transfected HEK 293T cells. RESULTS We detected 10 common polymorphic variants, including 6 synonymous variants and 4 intronic variants, with similar frequencies in patients and controls. None of the 8 common haplotypes reconstructed from the frequent variants showed an association with chronic pancreatitis. In addition, we identified 5 rare TPST2 variants, which included 3 synonymous alterations, the c.458G>A (p.R153H) nonsynonymous variant and the c.-9C>T variant in the 5' untranslated region. The p.R153H variant was found in a family with hereditary pancreatitis; however, it did not segregate with the disease. In functional assays, both the p.R153H and c.-9C>T TPST2 variants catalyzed trypsinogen sulfation as well as wild-type TPST2. CONCLUSION Genetic variants of human TPST2 exert no influence on the risk of chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Rosendahl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany,*Jonas Rosendahl, Department für Innere Medizin, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, DE–04103 Leipzig (Germany), Tel. +49 341 97 13223, Fax +49 341 97 12209, E-Mail
| | - Zsolt Rónai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Mass., USA
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Niels Teich
- Internistische Gemeinschaftspraxis für Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselerkrankungen, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henning Wittenburg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joachim Mössner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volker Keim
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew R.M. Bradbury
- Biosciences Division, TA-43, HRL-1, MS M888, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, N. Mex., USA
| | - Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Mass., USA
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A common African polymorphism abolishes tyrosine sulfation of human anionic trypsinogen (PRSS2). Biochem J 2009; 418:155-61. [PMID: 18986305 DOI: 10.1042/bj20081848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human pancreatic trypsinogens undergo post-translational sulfation on Tyr(154), catalysed by the Golgi-resident enzyme tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase 2. Sequence alignments suggest that the sulfation of Tyr(154) is facilitated by a unique sequence context which is characteristically found in primate trypsinogens. In the search for genetic variants that might alter this sulfation motif, we identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (c.457G>C) in the PRSS2 (serine protease 2, human anionic trypsinogen) gene, which changed Asp(153) to a histidine residue (p.D153H). The p.D153H variant is common in subjects of African origin, with a minor allele frequency of 9.2%, whereas it is absent in subjects of European descent. We demonstrate that Asp(153) is the main determinant of tyrosine sulfation in anionic trypsinogen, as both the natural p.D153H variation and the p.D153N mutation result in a complete loss of trypsinogen sulfation. In contrast, mutation of Asp(156) and Glu(157) only slightly decrease tyrosine sulfation, whereas mutation of Gly(151) and Pro(155) has no effect. With respect to the biological relevance of the p.D153H variant, we found that tyrosine sulfation had no significant effect on the activation of anionic trypsinogen or the catalytic activity and inhibitor sensitivity of anionic trypsin. Taken together with previous studies, the observations of the present study suggest that the primary role of trypsinogen sulfation in humans is to stimulate autoactivation of PRSS1 (serine protease 1, human cationic trypsinogen), whereas the sulfation of anionic trypsinogen is unimportant for normal digestive physiology. As a result, the p.D153H polymorphism which eliminates this modification could become widespread in a healthy population.
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Itkonen O, Helin J, Saarinen J, Kalkkinen N, Ivanov KI, Stenman UH, Valmu L. Mass spectrometric detection of tyrosine sulfation in human pancreatic trypsinogens, but not in tumor-associated trypsinogen. FEBS J 2007; 275:289-301. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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